1
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Scepanovic G, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Should I shrink or should I grow: cell size changes in tissue morphogenesis. Genome 2024; 67:125-138. [PMID: 38198661 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cells change shape, move, divide, and die to sculpt tissues. Common to all these cell behaviours are cell size changes, which have recently emerged as key contributors to tissue morphogenesis. Cells can change their mass-the number of macromolecules they contain-or their volume-the space they encompass. Changes in cell mass and volume occur through different molecular mechanisms and at different timescales, slow for changes in mass and rapid for changes in volume. Therefore, changes in cell mass and cell volume, which are often linked, contribute to the development and shaping of tissues in different ways. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which cells can control and alter their size, and we discuss how changes in cell mass and volume contribute to tissue morphogenesis. The role that cell size control plays in developing embryos is only starting to be elucidated. Research on the signals that control cell size will illuminate our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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2
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Wang H, Liu H, Cheng H, Xue X, Ge Y, Wang X, Yuan J. Klotho Stabilizes the Podocyte Actin Cytoskeleton in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy through Regulating the TRPC6/CatL Pathway. Am J Nephrol 2024; 55:345-360. [PMID: 38330925 DOI: 10.1159/000537732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to explore the renoprotective effects of Klotho on podocyte injury mediated by complement activation and autoantibodies in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). METHODS Rat passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) was induced as an IMN model. Urine protein levels, serum biochemistry, kidney histology, and podocyte marker levels were assessed. In vitro, sublytic podocyte injury was induced by C5b-9. The expression of Klotho, transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), and cathepsin L (CatL); its substrate synaptopodin; and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration were detected via immunofluorescence. RhoA/ROCK pathway activity was measured by an activity quantitative detection kit, and the protein expression of phosphorylated-LIMK1 (p-LIMK1) and p-cofilin in podocytes was detected via Western blotting. Klotho knockdown and overexpression were performed to evaluate its role in regulating the TRPC6/CatL pathway. RESULTS PHN rats exhibited proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, decreased Klotho and Synaptopodin levels, and increased TRPC6 and CatL expression. The RhoA/ROCK pathway was activated by the increased phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin. Similar changes were observed in C5b-9-injured podocytes. Klotho knockdown exacerbated podocyte injury, while Klotho overexpression partially ameliorated podocyte injury. CONCLUSION Klotho may protect against podocyte injury in IMN patients by inhibiting the TRPC6/CatL pathway. Klotho is a potential target for reducing proteinuria in IMN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yamei Ge
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Gong X, Nguyen R, Chen Z, Wen Z, Zhang X, Mak M. Volumetric Compression Shifts Rho GTPase Balance and Induces Mechanobiological Cell State Transition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.08.561452. [PMID: 37873466 PMCID: PMC10592676 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.08.561452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
During development and disease progression, cells are subject to osmotic and mechanical stresses that modulate cell volume, which fundamentally influences cell homeostasis and has been linked to a variety of cellular functions. It is not well understood how the mechanobiological state of cells is programmed by the interplay of intracellular organization and complex extracellular mechanics when stimulated by cell volume modulation. Here, by controlling cell volume via osmotic pressure, we evaluate physical phenotypes (including cell shape, morphodynamics, traction force, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling) and molecular signaling (YAP), and we uncover fundamental transitions in active biophysical states. We demonstrate that volumetric compression shifts the ratiometric balance of Rho GTPase activities, thereby altering mechanosensing and cytoskeletal organization in a reversible manner. Specifically, volumetric compression controls cell spreading, adhesion formation, and YAP nuclear translocation, while maintaining cell contractile activity. Furthermore, we show that on physiologically relevant fibrillar collagen I matrices, which are highly non-elastic, cells exhibit additional modes of cell volume-dependent mechanosensing that are not observable on elastic substrates. Notably, volumetric compression regulates the dynamics of cell-ECM interactions and irreversible ECM remodeling via Rac-directed protrusion dynamics, at both the single-cell level and the multicellular level. Our findings support that cell volume is a master biophysical regulator and reveal its roles in cell mechanical state transition, cell-ECM interactions, and biophysical tissue programming.
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4
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Zhou X, Xiao B, Zeng J, Zhou L, Wang X, Zhao S, Li X, Zhang H, Su Y, Zhao Z, Li X. Identification of Cofilin‐1 as a novel biomarker of atopic dermatitis using
iTRAQ
quantitative proteomics. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24751. [DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Liying Zhou
- Research and Development Center Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Beijing China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Dermatology First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Shangqi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Huiqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences Tianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Yanjun Su
- Department of Lung Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Departments of Pharmacy, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien‐I Memorial Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Xichuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences Tianjin Normal University Tianjin China
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5
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Miyano T, Suzuki A, Sakamoto N. Hyperosmotic stress induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through rearrangements of focal adhesions in tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261345. [PMID: 34932568 PMCID: PMC8691603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells is a hallmark of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and is associated with chronic renal injury as well as acute renal injury. As one of the incidences and risk factors for acute renal injury, increasing the osmolality in the proximal tubular fluid by administration of intravenous mannitol has been reported, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Hyperosmotic conditions caused by mannitol in the tubular tissue may generate not only osmotic but also mechanical stresses, which are known to be able to induce EMT in epithelial cells, thereby contributing to renal injury. Herein, we investigate the effect of hyperosmolarity on EMT in tubular epithelial cells. Normal rat kidney (NRK)-52E cells were exposed to mannitol-induced hyperosmotic stress. Consequently, the hyperosmotic stress led to a reduced expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an enhanced expression of the mesenchymal marker, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which indicates an initiation of EMT in NKR-52E cells. The hyperosmotic condition also induced time-dependent disassembly and rearrangements of focal adhesions (FAs) concomitant with changes in actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, prevention of FAs rearrangements by cotreatment with Y-27632, a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, could abolish the effects of hyperosmotic mannitol treatment, thus attenuating the expression of α-SMA to the level in nontreated cells. These results suggest that hyperosmotic stress may induce EMT through FAs rearrangement in proximal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyano
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (NS)
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (NS)
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6
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Miranda MZ, Lichner Z, Szászi K, Kapus A. MRTF: Basic Biology and Role in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116040. [PMID: 34204945 PMCID: PMC8199744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A lesser known but crucially important downstream effect of Rho family GTPases is the regulation of gene expression. This major role is mediated via the cytoskeleton, the organization of which dictates the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of a set of transcription factors. Central among these is myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), which upon actin polymerization translocates to the nucleus and binds to its cognate partner, serum response factor (SRF). The MRTF/SRF complex then drives a large cohort of genes involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, contractility, extracellular matrix organization and many other processes. Accordingly, MRTF, activated by a variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli, affects a plethora of functions with physiological and pathological relevance. These include cell motility, development, metabolism and thus metastasis formation, inflammatory responses and—predominantly-organ fibrosis. The aim of this review is twofold: to provide an up-to-date summary about the basic biology and regulation of this versatile transcriptional coactivator; and to highlight its principal involvement in the pathobiology of kidney disease. Acting through both direct transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, MRTF plays a key (yet not fully appreciated) role in the induction of a profibrotic epithelial phenotype (PEP) as well as in fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, prime pathomechanisms in chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zena Miranda
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Lichner
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - András Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.Z.M.); (Z.L.); (K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Jiang Q, Tang G, Fu J, Yang J, Xu T, Tan CH, Wang Y, Chen YM. Lim Kinase1 regulates seizure activity via modulating actin dynamics. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Ma XX, Xu JL, Jia YY, Zhang YX, Wang W, Li C, He W, Zhou SY, Zhang BL. Enhance transgene responses through improving cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking by bio-inspired non-viral vectors. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:26. [PMID: 32005170 PMCID: PMC6995230 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy remains a significant challenge due to lots of barriers limiting the genetic manipulation technologies. As for non-viral delivery vectors, they often suffer insufficient performance due to inadequate cellular uptake and gene degradation in endosome or lysosome. The importance of overcoming these conserved intracellular barriers is increasing as the delivery of genetic cargo. Results A surface-functionalized non-viral vector involving the biomimetic mannitol moiety is initiated, which can control the cellular uptake and promote the caveolae-mediated pathway and intracellular trafficking, thus avoiding acidic and enzymatic lysosomal degradation of loaded gene internalized by clathrin-mediated pathway. Different degrees of mannitol moiety are anchored onto the surface of the nanoparticles to form bio-inspired non-viral vectors and CaP-MA-40 exhibits remarkably high stability, negligible toxicity, and significantly enhanced transgene expression both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This strategy highlights a paradigmatic approach to construct vectors that need precise intracellular delivery for innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing-Liang Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi-Yang Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ya-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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9
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Taubenberger AV, Girardo S, Träber N, Fischer-Friedrich E, Kräter M, Wagner K, Kurth T, Richter I, Haller B, Binner M, Hahn D, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Guck J. 3D Microenvironment Stiffness Regulates Tumor Spheroid Growth and Mechanics via p21 and ROCK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900128. [PMID: 32648654 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment contribute to breast cancer progression. While mechanosensing has been extensively studied using 2D substrates, much less is known about it in a physiologically more relevant 3D context. Here it is demonstrated that breast cancer tumor spheroids, growing in 3D polyethylene glycol-heparin hydrogels, are sensitive to their environment stiffness. During tumor spheroid growth, compressive stresses of up to 2 kPa build up, as quantitated using elastic polymer beads as stress sensors. Atomic force microscopy reveals that tumor spheroid stiffness increases with hydrogel stiffness. Also, constituent cell stiffness increases in a Rho associated kinase (ROCK)- and F-actin-dependent manner. Increased hydrogel stiffness correlated with attenuated tumor spheroid growth, a higher proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, and elevated levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Drug-mediated ROCK inhibition not only reverses cell stiffening upon culture in stiff hydrogels but also increases tumor spheroid growth. Taken together, a mechanism by which the growth of a tumor spheroid can be regulated via cytoskeleton rearrangements in response to its mechanoenvironment is revealed here. Thus, the findings contribute to a better understanding of how cancer cells react to compressive stress when growing under confinement in stiff environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Taubenberger
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Salvatore Girardo
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Träber
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Wagner
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabel Richter
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Haller
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Binner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik Hahn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Canuto LP, Collares-Buzato CB. Increased osmolality enhances the tight junction-mediated barrier function in a cultured renal epithelial cell line. Cell Biol Int 2018; 43:73-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro P. Canuto
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carla B. Collares-Buzato
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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11
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Miyamoto K, Ishikura KI, Kume K, Ohsawa M. Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle sensitizes nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Glia 2018; 67:27-36. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Ishikura
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
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12
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Jia X, Zhang X, Hu Y, Hu M, Han X, Sun Y, Han L. Role of Downregulation and Phosphorylation of Cofilin in Polarized Growth, MpkA Activation and Stress Response of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2667. [PMID: 30455681 PMCID: PMC6230985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus causes most of aspergillosis in clinic and comprehensive function analysis of its key protein would promote anti-aspergillosis. In a previous study, we speculated actin depolymerizing factor cofilin might be essential for A. fumigatus viability and found its overexpression upregulated oxidative response and cell wall polysaccharide synthesis of this pathogen. Here, we constructed a conditional cofilin mutant to determine the essential role of cofilin. And the role of cofilin downregulation and phosphorylation in A. fumigatus was further analyzed. Cofilin was required for the polarized growth and heat sensitivity of A. fumigatus. Downregulation of cofilin caused hyphal cytoplasmic leakage, increased the sensitivity of A. fumigatus to sodium dodecyl sulfonate but not to calcofluor white and Congo Red and farnesol, and enhanced the basal phosphorylation level of MpkA, suggesting that cofilin affected the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling. Downregulation of cofilin also increased the sensitivity of A. fumigatus to alkaline pH and H2O2. Repressing cofilin expression in A. fumigatus lead to attenuated virulence, which manifested as lower adherence and internalization rates, weaker host inflammatory response and shorter survival rate in a Galleria mellonella model. Expression of non-phosphorylated cofilin with a mutation of S5A had little impacts on A. fumigatus, whereas expression of a mimic-phosphorylated cofilin with a mutation of S5E resulted in inhibited growth, increased phospho-MpkA level, and decreased pathogenicity. In conclusion, cofilin is crucial to modulating the polarized growth, stress response, CWI and virulence of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China.,Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, Beijing 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsong Hu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Mandong Hu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
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13
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Role of the small GTPase Rho1 in cell wall integrity, stress response, and pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 120:30-41. [PMID: 30205199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major pathogen of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The small GTPase, Rho1, of A. fumigatus is reported to comprise a potential regulatory subunit of β-1,3-glucan synthase and is indispensable for fungal viability; however, the role of AfRho1 on the growth, cell wall integrity, and pathogenesis of A. fumigatus is still poorly understood. We constructed A. fumigatus mutants with conditional- and overexpression of Rho1 and found that defects of AfRho1 expression led to the reduction of β-1,3-glucan and glucosamine moieties on the cell wall, with down-regulated transcription of genes in the cell wall integrity signaling pathway and a decrease of calcofluor white (CFW)-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MpkA) phosphorylation and cytoplasmic leakage compared to those of the wild-type strain (WT). In addition, down-regulation of AfRho1 expression caused much higher sensitivity of A. fumigatus to H2O2 and alkaline pH compared to that of WT. Decrease of AfRho1 expression also attenuated the A. fumigatus pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella and inhibited conidial internalization into lung epithelial cells and inflammatory factor release. In contrast, overexpression of Rho1 did not alter A. fumigatus morphology, susceptibility to cell wall stresses, or pathogenicity relative to its parental strain. Taken together, our findings support AfRho1 as an essential regulator of the cell wall integrity, stress response, and pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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14
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Ziesemer S, Eiffler I, Schönberg A, Müller C, Hochgräfe F, Beule AG, Hildebrandt JP. Staphylococcus aureusα-Toxin Induces Actin Filament Remodeling in Human Airway Epithelial Model Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:482-491. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0207oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ziesemer
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute, and
| | - Ina Eiffler
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute, and
| | | | | | - Falko Hochgräfe
- Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, Competence Center Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Achim G. Beule
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Greifswald University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany; and
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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15
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Mayfield AB, Chen YJ, Lu CY, Chen CS. The proteomic response of the reef coral Pocillopora acuta to experimentally elevated temperatures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192001. [PMID: 29385204 PMCID: PMC5792016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most reef-building corals live near the upper threshold of their thermotolerance, some scleractinians are resilient to temperature increases. For instance, Pocillopora acuta specimens from an upwelling habitat in Southern Taiwan survived a nine-month experimental exposure to 30°C, a temperature hypothesized to induce stress. To gain a greater understanding of the molecular pathways underlying such high-temperature acclimation, the protein profiles of experimental controls incubated at 27°C were compared to those of conspecific P. acuta specimens exposed to 30°C for two, four, or eight weeks, and differentially concentrated proteins (DCPs) were removed from the gels and sequenced with mass spectrometry. Sixty unique DCPs were uncovered across both eukaryotic compartments of the P. acuta-dinoflagellate (genus Symbiodinium) mutualism, and Symbiodinium were more responsive to high temperature at the protein-level than the coral hosts in which they resided at the two-week sampling time. Furthermore, proteins involved in the stress response were more likely to be documented at different cellular concentrations across temperature treatments in Symbiodinium, whereas the temperature-sensitive host coral proteome featured numerous proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure, immunity, and metabolism. These proteome-scale data suggest that the coral host and its intracellular dinoflagellates have differing strategies for acclimating to elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson B. Mayfield
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD, United States of America
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi-Jyun Chen
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
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16
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Oswald J, Büttner M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Jacobs R, Rosenstock P, Kielstein H. Leptin affects filopodia and cofilin in NK-92 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Eur J Histochem 2018; 62:2848. [PMID: 29569869 PMCID: PMC5806502 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2018.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperleptinemia, associated with obesity, is related with immune dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Natural Killer (NK) cells, a major component of the innate immune system are mediators of anti-tumor immunity and the most actively migrating cells among leukocytes. Actin rearrangement, promoted by cofilin plays a central role in cellular migration. Leptin affects the phosphorylation-dependent activity of cofilin and thus actin remodeling. We used human NK-92 cells to explore the in vitro effects of leptin on co-localization of cofilin and F-actin and on morphological changes in NK cells. NK-92 cells were incubated with different leptin concentrations (10 and 100 ng/mL) for 30 min and 24 h and immunocytochemically stained. Results demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent influence of leptin on cellular morphology. Utilizing confocal microscopy, we observed that the co-localization of cofilin-1 and F-actin was slightly influenced by leptin. In summary, the present study demonstrates an impact of a physiological leptin stimulation on the filopodia length, and a time-dependent effect on the co-localization of cofilin and F-actin in NK-92 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Oswald
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.
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17
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Mayfield AB, Chen YJ, Lu CY, Chen CS. Exploring the Environmental Physiology of the Indo-Pacific Reef Coral <em>Seriatopora hystrix</em> with Differential Proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2018.82012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Manaenko A, Yang P, Nowrangi D, Budbazar E, Hartman RE, Obenaus A, Pearce WJ, Zhang JH, Tang J. Inhibition of stress fiber formation preserves blood-brain barrier after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:87-102. [PMID: 27864464 PMCID: PMC5757435 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16679169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents the deadliest subtype of all strokes. The development of brain edema, a consequence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, is the most life-threatening event after ICH. Pathophysiological conditions activate the endothelium, one of the components of BBB, inducing rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Upon activation, globular actin assembles into a filamentous actin resulting in the formation of contractile actin bundles, stress fibers. The contraction of stress fibers leads to the formation of intercellular gaps between endothelial cells increasing the permeability of BBB. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ICH on stress fiber formation in CD1 mice. We hypothesized that ICH-induced formation of stress fiber is triggered by the activation of PDGFR-β and mediated by the cortactin/RhoA/LIMK pathway. We demonstrated that ICH induces formation of stress fibers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the inhibition of PDGFR-β and its downstream reduced the number of stress fibers, preserving BBB and resulting in the amelioration of brain edema and improvement of neurological functions in mice after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Manaenko
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peng Yang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,3 Department of Emergency Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Derek Nowrangi
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Enkhjargal Budbazar
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard E Hartman
- 4 Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William J Pearce
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,6 Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7 Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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19
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Jia X, Zhang X, Hu Y, Hu M, Tian S, Han X, Sun Y, Han L. Role of actin depolymerizing factor cofilin in Aspergillus fumigatus oxidative stress response and pathogenesis. Curr Genet 2017; 64:619-634. [PMID: 29170805 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major fungal pathogen that is responsible for approximately 90% of human aspergillosis. Cofilin is an actin depolymerizing factor that plays crucial roles in multiple cellular functions in many organisms. However, the functions of cofilin in A. fumigatus are still unknown. In this study, we constructed an A. fumigatus strain overexpressing cofilin (cofilin OE). The cofilin OE strain displayed a slightly different growth phenotype, significantly increased resistance against H2O2 and diamide, and increased activation of the high osmolarity glycerol pathway compared to the wild-type strain (WT). The cofilin OE strain internalized more efficiently into lung epithelial A549 cells, and induced increased transcription of inflammatory factors (MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-8) compared to WT. Cofilin overexpression also resulted in increased polysaccharides including β-1, 3-glucan and chitin, and increased transcription of genes related to oxidative stress responses and polysaccharide synthesis in A. fumigatus. However, the cofilin OE strain exhibited similar virulence to the wild-type strain in murine and Galleria mellonella infection models. These results demonstrated for the first time that cofilin, a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, might play a critical role in the regulation of oxidative stress responses and cell wall polysaccharide synthesis in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsong Hu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Mandong Hu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tian
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dongda Str., 100071, Beijing, China.
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20
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Dumond JF, Zhang X, Izumi Y, Ramkissoon K, Wang G, Gucek M, Wang X, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. Peptide affinity analysis of proteins that bind to an unstructured region containing the transactivating domain of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:835-849. [PMID: 27764768 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NFAT5 is a transcription factor originally identified because it is activated by hypertonicity and that activation increases expression of genes that protect against the adverse effects of the hypertonicity. However, its targets also include genes not obviously related to tonicity. The transactivating domain of NFAT5 is contained in its COOH-terminal region, which is predicted to be unstructured. Unstructured regions are common in transcription factors particularly in transactivating domains where they can bind co-regulatory proteins essential to their function. To identify potential binding partners of NFAT5 from either cytoplasmic or nuclear HEK293 cell extracts, we used peptide affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Peptide aptamer-baits consisted of overlapping 20 amino acid peptides within the predicted COOH-terminal unstructured region of NFAT5. We identify a total of 351 unique protein preys that associate with at least one COOH-terminal peptide bait from NFAT5 in either cytoplasmic or nuclear extracts from cells incubated at various tonicities (NaCl varied). In addition to finding many proteins already known to associate with NFAT5, we found many new ones whose function suggest novel aspects of NFAT5 regulation, interaction, and function. Relatively few of the proteins pulled down by peptide baits from NFAT5 are generally involved in transcription, and most, therefore, are likely to be specifically related to the regulation of NFAT5 or its function. The novel associated proteins are involved with cancer, effects of hypertonicity on chromatin, development, splicing of mRNA, transcription, and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna F Dumond
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xue Zhang
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and.,Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kevin Ramkissoon
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xujing Wang
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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21
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Zhao J, Hakvoort TBM, Willemsen AM, Jongejan A, Sokolovic M, Bradley EJ, de Boer VCJ, Baas F, van Kampen AHC, Lamers WH. Effect of Hyperglycemia on Gene Expression during Early Organogenesis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158035. [PMID: 27433804 PMCID: PMC4951019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular and neural malformations are common sequels of diabetic pregnancies, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that maternal hyperglycemia would affect the embryos most shortly after the glucose-sensitive time window at embryonic day (ED) 7.5 in mice. Methods Mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin, treated with slow-release insulin implants and mated. Pregnancy aggravated hyperglycemia. Gene expression profiles were determined in ED8.5 and ED9.5 embryos from diabetic and control mice using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression and deep sequencing. Results Maternal hyperglycemia induced differential regulation of 1,024 and 2,148 unique functional genes on ED8.5 and ED9.5, respectively, mostly in downward direction. Pathway analysis showed that ED8.5 embryos suffered mainly from impaired cell proliferation, and ED9.5 embryos from impaired cytoskeletal remodeling and oxidative phosphorylation (all P ≤ E-5). A query of the Mouse Genome Database showed that 20–25% of the differentially expressed genes were caused by cardiovascular and/or neural malformations, if deficient. Despite high glucose levels in embryos with maternal hyperglycemia and a ~150-fold higher rate of ATP production from glycolysis than from oxidative phosphorylation on ED9.5, ATP production from both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation was reduced to ~70% of controls, implying a shortage of energy production in hyperglycemic embryos. Conclusion Maternal hyperglycemia suppressed cell proliferation during gastrulation and cytoskeletal remodeling during early organogenesis. 20–25% of the genes that were differentially regulated by hyperglycemia were associated with relevant congenital malformations. Unexpectedly, maternal hyperglycemia also endangered the energy supply of the embryo by suppressing its glycolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Marcel Willemsen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milka Sokolovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J. Bradley
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Department of Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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22
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Galea LAM, Frick KM, Hampson E, Sohrabji F, Choleris E. Why estrogens matter for behavior and brain health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 76:363-379. [PMID: 27039345 PMCID: PMC5045786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex affects certain medical conditions and allowed the development of sex-specific treatment protocols. However, NIH's policy did not previously apply to basic research, and the NIH recently introduced a new policy requiring all new grant applications to explicitly address sex as a biological variable. The policy itself is grounded in the results of numerous investigations in animals and humans illustrating the existence of sex differences in the brain and behavior, and the importance of sex hormones, particularly estrogens, in regulating physiology and behavior. Here, we review findings from our laboratories, and others, demonstrating how estrogens influence brain and behavior in adult females. Research from subjects throughout the adult lifespan on topics ranging from social behavior, learning and memory, to disease risk will be discussed to frame an understanding of why estrogens matter to behavioral neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M HSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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23
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Kannan N, Tang VW. Synaptopodin couples epithelial contractility to α-actinin-4-dependent junction maturation. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:407-34. [PMID: 26504173 PMCID: PMC4621826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tension-sensitive junctional protein, synaptopodin, can relay biophysical input from cellular actomyosin contractility to induce biochemical changes at cell–cell contacts, resulting in structural reorganization of the junctional complex and epithelial barrier maturation. The epithelial junction experiences mechanical force exerted by endogenous actomyosin activities and from interactions with neighboring cells. We hypothesize that tension generated at cell–cell adhesive contacts contributes to the maturation and assembly of the junctional complex. To test our hypothesis, we used a hydraulic apparatus that can apply mechanical force to intercellular junction in a confluent monolayer of cells. We found that mechanical force induces α-actinin-4 and actin accumulation at the cell junction in a time- and tension-dependent manner during junction development. Intercellular tension also induces α-actinin-4–dependent recruitment of vinculin to the cell junction. In addition, we have identified a tension-sensitive upstream regulator of α-actinin-4 as synaptopodin. Synaptopodin forms a complex containing α-actinin-4 and β-catenin and interacts with myosin II, indicating that it can physically link adhesion molecules to the cellular contractile apparatus. Synaptopodin depletion prevents junctional accumulation of α-actinin-4, vinculin, and actin. Knockdown of synaptopodin and α-actinin-4 decreases the strength of cell–cell adhesion, reduces the monolayer permeability barrier, and compromises cellular contractility. Our findings underscore the complexity of junction development and implicate a control process via tension-induced sequential incorporation of junctional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Kannan
- Program in Global Public Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
| | - Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
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24
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DuMond JF, Ramkissoon K, Zhang X, Izumi Y, Wang X, Eguchi K, Gao S, Mukoyama M, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. Peptide affinity analysis of proteins that bind to an unstructured NH2-terminal region of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:290-305. [PMID: 26757802 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00110.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NFAT5 is an osmoregulated transcription factor that particularly increases expression of genes involved in protection against hypertonicity. Transcription factors often contain unstructured regions that bind co-regulatory proteins that are crucial for their function. The NH2-terminal region of NFAT5 contains regions predicted to be intrinsically disordered. We used peptide aptamer-based affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify protein preys pulled down by one or more overlapping 20 amino acid peptide baits within a predicted NH2-terminal unstructured region of NFAT5. We identify a total of 467 unique protein preys that associate with at least one NH2-terminal peptide bait from NFAT5 in either cytoplasmic or nuclear extracts from HEK293 cells treated with elevated, normal, or reduced NaCl concentrations. Different sets of proteins are pulled down from nuclear vs. cytoplasmic extracts. We used GeneCards to ascertain known functions of the protein preys. The protein preys include many that were previously known, but also many novel ones. Consideration of the novel ones suggests many aspects of NFAT5 regulation, interaction and function that were not previously appreciated, for example, hypertonicity inhibits NFAT5 by sumoylating it and the NFAT5 protein preys include components of the CHTOP complex that desumoylate proteins, an action that should contribute to activation of NFAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna F DuMond
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Kevin Ramkissoon
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Xue Zhang
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Xujing Wang
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Koji Eguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shouguo Gao
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda Maryland; and
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25
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Bao Z, Han X, Chen F, Jia X, Zhao J, Zhang C, Yong C, Tian S, Zhou X, Han L. Evidence for the involvement of cofilin in Aspergillus fumigatus internalization into type II alveolar epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:161. [PMID: 26268695 PMCID: PMC4542120 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus into alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is tightly controlled by host cellular actin dynamics, which require close modulation of the ADF (actin depolymerizing factor)/cofilin family. However, the role of cofilin in A. fumigatus internalization into AECs remains unclear. Results Here, we demonstrated that germinated A. fumigatus conidia were able to induce phosphorylation of cofilin in A549 cells during the early stage of internalization. The modulation of cofilin activity by overexpression, knockdown, or mutation of the cofilin gene in A549 cells decreased the efficacy of A. fumigatus internalization. Reducing the phosphorylation status of cofilin with BMS-5 (LIM kinase inhibitor) or overexpression of the slingshot phosphatases also impeded A. fumigatus internalization. Both the C. botulimun C3 transferase (a specific RhoA inhibitor) and Y27632 (a specific ROCK inhibitor) reduced the internalization of A. fumigatus and the level of phosphorylated cofilin. β-1,3-glucan (the major component of the conidial cell wall) and its host cell receptor dectin-1 did not seem to be associated with cofilin phosphorylation during A. fumigatus infection. Conclusion These results indicated that cofilin might be involved in the modulation of A. fumigatus internalization into type II alveolar epithelial cells through the RhoA-ROCK-LIM kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai first people's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Fangyan Chen
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Changjian Zhang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Chen Yong
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Shuguang Tian
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai first people's hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Li Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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27
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Silva RA, Palladino MV, Cavalheiro RP, Machado D, Cruz BLG, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Gomes-Marcondes MCC, Zambuzzi WF, Vasques L, Nader HB, Souza ACS, Justo GZ. Activation of the low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase in keratinocytes exposed to hyperosmotic stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119020. [PMID: 25781955 PMCID: PMC4363792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide new contribution to the mechanisms involved in keratinocytes response to hyperosmotic shock showing, for the first time, the participation of Low Molecular Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (LMWPTP) activity in this event. We reported that sorbitol-induced osmotic stress mediates alterations in the phosphorylation of pivotal cytoskeletal proteins, particularly Src and cofilin. Furthermore, an increase in the expression of the phosphorylated form of LMWPTP, which was followed by an augment in its catalytic activity, was observed. Of particular importance, these responses occurred in an intracellular milieu characterized by elevated levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased expression of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Altogether, our results suggest that hyperosmostic stress provides a favorable cellular environment to the activation of LMWPTP, which is associated with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, high levels of GSH and inhibition of Src kinase. Finally, the real contribution of LMWPTP in the hyperosmotic stress response of keratinocytes was demonstrated through analysis of the effects of ACP1 gene knockdown in stressed and non-stressed cells. LMWPTP knockdown attenuates the effects of sorbitol induced-stress in HaCaT cells, mainly in the status of Src kinase, Rac and STAT5 phosphorylation and activity. These results describe for the first time the participation of LMWPTP in the dynamics of cytoskeleton rearrangement during exposure of human keratinocytes to hyperosmotic shock, which may contribute to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelly V. Palladino
- Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan P. Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daisy Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bread L. G. Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar J. Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. C. Gomes-Marcondes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian F. Zambuzzi
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, IBB, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Vasques
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S. Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselle Z. Justo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica (Campus São Paulo) and Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (Campus Diadema), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yin Y, Zheng K, Eid N, Howard S, Jeong JH, Yi F, Guo J, Park CM, Bibian M, Wu W, Hernandez P, Park H, Wu Y, Luo JL, LoGrasso PV, Feng Y. Bis-aryl urea derivatives as potent and selective LIM kinase (Limk) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1846-61. [PMID: 25621531 DOI: 10.1021/jm501680m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The discovery/optimization of bis-aryl ureas as Limk inhibitors to obtain high potency and selectivity and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties through systematic SAR studies is reported. Docking studies supported the observed SAR. Optimized Limk inhibitors had high biochemical potency (IC50 < 25 nM), excellent selectivity against ROCK and JNK kinases (>400-fold), potent inhibition of cofilin phosphorylation in A7r5, PC-3, and CEM-SS T cells (IC50 < 1 μM), and good in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. In the profiling against a panel of 61 kinases, compound 18b at 1 μM inhibited only Limk1 and STK16 with ≥80% inhibition. Compounds 18b and 18f were highly efficient in inhibiting cell-invasion/migration in PC-3 cells. In addition, compound 18w was demonstrated to be effective on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) on rat eyes. Taken together, these data demonstrated that we had developed a novel class of bis-aryl urea derived potent and selective Limk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Facility, Translational Research Institute, ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and ⊥Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, No. 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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29
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Salt and osmosensing: role of cytoplasmic hydrogel. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:475-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Oleinik NV, Helke KL, Kistner-Griffin E, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. Rho GTPases RhoA and Rac1 mediate effects of dietary folate on metastatic potential of A549 cancer cells through the control of cofilin phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26383-26394. [PMID: 25086046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate, an important nutrient in the human diet, has been implicated in cancer, but its role in metastasis is not established. We have shown previously that the withdrawal of medium folate leads to the inhibition of migration and invasion of A549 lung carcinoma cells. Here we have demonstrated that medium folate regulates the function of Rho GTPases by enabling their carboxyl methylation and translocation to plasma membrane. Conversely, the lack of folate leads to the retention of these proteins in endoplasmic reticulum. Folate also promoted the switch from inactive (GDP-bound) to active (GTP-bound) GTPases, resulting in the activation of downstream kinases p21-activated kinase and LIM kinase and phosphorylation of the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin. We have further demonstrated that in A549 cells two GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, but not Cdc42, are immediate sensors of folate status: the siRNA silencing of RhoA or Rac1 blocked effects of folate on cofilin phosphorylation and cellular migration and invasion. The finding that folate modulates metastatic potential of cancer cells was confirmed in an animal model of lung cancer using tail vein injection of A549 cells in SCID mice. A folate-rich diet enhanced lung colonization and distant metastasis to lymph nodes and decreased overall survival (35 versus 63 days for mice on a folate-restricted diet). High folate also promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells and experimental mouse tumors. Our study provides experimental evidence for a mechanism of metastasis promotion by dietary folate and highlights the interaction between nutrients and metastasis-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Comparative Medicine and Laboratory Animal Resources, and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Emily Kistner-Griffin
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Natalia I Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
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31
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Ohsawa M, Otake S, Murakami T, Yamamoto S, Makino T, Ono H. Gabapentin prevents oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:292-9. [PMID: 24990115 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14058fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy drug, frequently causes acute and chronic peripheral neuropathies including mechanical hyperalgesia. These adverse effects hinder anticancer therapy with the drug. In this study, we examined several drugs that might prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of oxaliplatin (10 mg/kg) induced cold allodynia (acetone test) and mechanical hyperalgesia (von Frey test). Gabapentin, but not simvastatin and atorvastatin, prevented oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia without affecting cold allodynia. Moreover, oxaliplatin caused phosphorylation of cofilin protein in the spinal cord, which has been shown to be involved in the neuropathic hyperalgesia. This increased phosphorylation of cofilin was also attenuated by gabapentin treatment. These results suggest that gabapentin is useful for relieving oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and that the pathogenic mechanisms of cold allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohsawa
- Laboratory of CNS Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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32
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Leptin activates RhoA/ROCK pathway to induce cytoskeleton remodeling in nucleus pulposus cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1176-88. [PMID: 24441571 PMCID: PMC3907862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperleptinemia is implicated in obesity-associated lumbar disc degeneration. Nevertheless, the effect of leptin on the intracellular signaling of nucleus pulposus cells is not clear. The current study sought to delineate the possible involvement of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in leptin-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization in nucleus pulposus cells. Nucleus pulposus cells isolated from scoliosis patients were treated with 10 ng/mL of leptin. Fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis was used to determine the activation of RhoA signaling in nucleus pulposus cells. The protein expression of LIMK1 and cofilin-2 were analyzed by western blot analysis. F-actin cytoskeletal reorganization was assessed by rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin immunoprecipitation. Leptin induced F-actin reorganization and stress fiber formation in nucleus pulposus cells, accompanied by localized RhoA activation and phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin. The RhoA inhibitor C3 exoenzyme or the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 potently attenuated the effects of leptin on F-actin reorganization and stress fiber formation. Both inhibitors also prevented leptin-induced phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin-2. Our study demonstrated that leptin activated the RhoA/ROCK/LIMK/cofilin-2 cascade to induce cytoskeleton reorganization in nucleus pulposus cells. These findings may provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanism of obesity-associated lumbar disc degeneration.
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33
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Genome-wide pathway analysis in neuroblastoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3471-85. [PMID: 24293394 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that might play a role in susceptibility to neuroblastoma, elucidate their potential mechanisms, and generate SNP-to-gene-to-pathway hypotheses. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset of neuroblastoma that included 442,976 SNPs from 1,627 neuroblastoma patients and 3,254 control subjects of European descent was used in this study. The identify candidate causal SNPs and pathways (ICSNPathway) analysis was applied to the GWAS dataset. ICSNPathway analysis identified 15 candidate SNPs, 10 genes, and 31 pathways, which revealed 10 hypothetical biological mechanisms. The strongest hypothetical biological mechanism was one wherein SNPrs40401 modulates the role of IL3 in several pathways and conditions, including the stem pathway, asthma (hsa05310), the dendritic cell pathway, and development (0.001 < p < 0.004; 0.001 < FDR < 0.033). The second strongest mechanism identified was that in which rs1048108 and rs16852600 alter the function of BARD1, which negatively regulates developmental process and modulates processes including cell development and programmed cell death (0.001 < p < 0.004; 0.001 < FDR < 0.033). The third mechanism identified was one wherein rs1939212 modulated CFL1, resulting in negative regulation of development, cell death, neural crest cell migration, and apoptosis (0.001 < p < 0.004; 0.001 < FDR < 0.033). By using the ICSNPathway to analyze neuroblastoma GWAS data, 15 candidate SNPs, 10 genes including IL3, BARD1, and CFL, and 31 pathways were identified that might contribute to the susceptibility of patients to neuroblastoma.
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Hu YJ, Wang YD, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Regulation of paracellular permeability: factors and mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6123-42. [PMID: 24062072 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial permeability is composed of transcellular permeability and paracellular permeability. Paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junctions (TJs). Claudins and occludin are two major transmembrane proteins in TJs, which directly determine the paracellular permeability to different ions or large molecules. Intracellular signaling pathways including Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase, protein kinase Cs, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, modulate the TJ proteins to affect paracellular permeability in response for diverse stimuli. Cytokines, growth factors and hormones in organism can regulate the paracellular permeability via signaling pathway. The transcellular transporters such as Na-K-ATPase, Na(+)-coupled transporters and chloride channels, can interact with paracellular transport and regulate the TJs. In this review, we summarized the factors affecting paracellular permeability and new progressions of the related mechanism in recent studies, and pointed out further research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
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35
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Ho H, Soto Hopkin A, Kapadia R, Vasudeva P, Schilling J, Ganesan AK. RhoJ modulates melanoma invasion by altering actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:218-25. [PMID: 23253891 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate diverse processes in human melanoma ranging from tumor formation to metastasis and chemoresistance. In this study, a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches was utilized to determine whether RHOJ, a CDC42 homologue that regulates melanoma chemoresistance, also controls melanoma migration. Depletion or overexpression of RHOJ altered cellular morphology, implicating a role for RHOJ in modulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics. RHOJ depletion inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion in vitro and melanoma tumor growth and lymphatic spread in mice. Molecular studies revealed that RHOJ alters actin cytoskeletal dynamics by inducing the phosphorylation of LIMK, cofilin, and p41-ARC (ARP2/3 complex subunit) in a PAK1-dependent manner in vitro and in tumor xenografts. Taken together, these observations identify RHOJ as a melanoma linchpin determinant that regulates both actin cytoskeletal dynamics and chemoresistance by activating PAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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36
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Ly DL, Waheed F, Lodyga M, Speight P, Masszi A, Nakano H, Hersom M, Pedersen SF, Szászi K, Kapus A. Hyperosmotic stress regulates the distribution and stability of myocardin-related transcription factor, a key modulator of the cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C115-27. [PMID: 23054059 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00290.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress initiates several adaptive responses, including the remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Besides maintaining structural integrity, the cytoskeleton has emerged as an important regulator of gene transcription. Myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), an actin-regulated coactivator of serum response factor, is a major link between the actin skeleton and transcriptional control. We therefore investigated whether MRTF is regulated by hyperosmotic stress. Here we show that hypertonicity induces robust, rapid, and transient translocation of MRTF from the cytosol to the nucleus in kidney tubular cells. We found that the hyperosmolarity-triggered MRTF translocation is mediated by the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROK) pathway. Moreover, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 is activated by hyperosmotic stress, and it is a key contributor to the ensuing RhoA activation and MRTF translocation, since siRNA-mediated GEF-H1 downregulation suppresses these responses. While the osmotically induced RhoA activation promotes nuclear MRTF accumulation, the concomitant activation of p38 MAP kinase mitigates this effect. Moderate hyperosmotic stress (600 mosM) drives MRTF-dependent transcription through the cis-element CArG box. Silencing or pharmacological inhibition of MRTF prevents the osmotic stimulation of CArG-dependent transcription and renders the cells susceptible to osmotic shock-induced structural damage. Interestingly, strong hyperosmolarity promotes proteasomal degradation of MRTF, concomitant with apoptosis. Thus, MRTF is an osmosensitive and osmoprotective transcription factor, whose intracellular distribution is regulated by the GEF-H1/RhoA/ROK and p38 pathways. However, strong osmotic stress destabilizes MRTF, concomitant with apoptosis, implying that hyperosmotically induced cell death takes precedence over epithelial-myofibroblast transition, a potential consequence of MRTF-mediated phenotypic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Ly
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brocker C, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:345-364. [PMID: 22977648 PMCID: PMC3438915 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2012-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress is an often overlooked process that potentially contributes to a number of human diseases. Whereas renal hyperosmolarity is a well-studied phenomenon, recent research provides evidence that many non-renal tissues routinely experience hyperosmotic stress that may contribute significantly to disease initiation and progression. Moreover, a growing body of evidence implicates hyperosmotic stress as a potent inflammatory stimulus by triggering proinflammatory cytokine release and inflammation. Under physiological conditions, the urine concentrating mechanism within the inner medullary region of the mammalian kidney exposes cells to high extracellular osmolarity. As such, renal cells have developed many adaptive strategies to compensate for increased osmolarity. Hyperosmotic stress is linked to many maladies, including acute and chronic, as well as local and systemic, inflammatory disorders. Hyperosmolarity triggers cell shrinkage, oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest, thus rendering cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, many adaptive mechanisms exist to counter the deleterious effects of hyperosmotic stress, including cytoskeletal rearrangement and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, transporters, and heat shock proteins. Osmolyte synthesis is also up-regulated and many of these compounds have been shown to reduce inflammation. The cytoprotective mechanisms and associated regulatory pathways that accompany the renal response to hyperosmolarity are found in many non-renal tissues, suggesting cells are commonly confronted with hyperosmotic conditions. Osmoadaptation allows cells to survive and function under potentially cytotoxic conditions. This review covers the pathological consequences of hyperosmotic stress in relation to disease and emphasizes the importance of considering hyperosmolarity in inflammation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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38
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Specific inhibition of AQP1 water channels in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells by small interfering RNAs. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:150-61. [PMID: 22310126 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318230e25d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin (AQP)-1 is expressed in most microvasculature endothelial cells forming water channels that play major roles in a variety of physiologic processes. Our aim was to investigate the regulatory functions of AQP1 on trancellular and paracellular permeability. METHODS We designed, synthesized, and used small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) selective for AQP1 and investigated their effectiveness in altering AQP1-mediated permeability in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after transfection of ECs with siRNAs targeting two different regions of the AQP1 transcript, AQP1 protein was inhibited by 47.8% to 74.6%. siRNAs containing the same percent of base pairs as the AQP1-siRNAs but in random sequence (i.e., scrambled siRNAs) had no effect. Suppression of AQP1 expression in ECs resulted in decreases in epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and Na-K ATPase of ECs, and the suppression ENaC α, β, γ, and Na-K ATPase were 43.1% to 48.2%,70.0% to 76.0%, 52.6% to 55.0%, and 72.7% to 79.3%, respectively. The reduced AQP1expression also resulted in decreased cell-cell junction protein level of VE-cadherin, which was suppressed by 36.5% to 59.5% but had no effect on occludin protein. Tube formation assay and tranwell assay showed AQP1 siRNAs induced high permeability of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Rho-kinase (ROCK) I and ROCK II were increased by 46.0% to 50.0% and 59% to 81%, respectively, AQP1 siRNA treatment accelerated the formation of F-actin bundles, demonstrating the activation of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential after AQP1 siRNA treatment, showing an important event of apoptosis process. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that AQP1 is a critical participate in regulating endothelial permeability and barrier function and provide direct evidence of the contribution of AQP1 to blood vessel formation.
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39
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Changes in hippocampal synapses and learning-memory abilities in a streptozotocin-treated rat model and intervention by using fasudil hydrochloride. Neuroscience 2012; 200:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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The ADF/Cofilin-Pathway and Actin Dynamics in Podocyte Injury. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2012:320531. [PMID: 22190940 PMCID: PMC3235464 DOI: 10.1155/2012/320531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ADF/cofilins are the major regulators of actin dynamics in mammalian cells. The activation of ADF/cofilins is controlled by a variety of regulatory mechanisms. Dysregulation of ADF/cofilin may result in loss of a precisely organized actin cytoskeletal architecture and can reduce podocyte migration and motility. Recent studies suggest that cofilin-1 can be regulated through several extracellular signals and slit diaphragm proteins. Cofilin knockdown and knockout animal models show dysfunction of glomerular barrier and filtration with foot process effacement and loss of secondary foot processes. This indicates that cofilin-1 is necessary for modulating actin dynamics in podocytes. Podocyte alterations in actin architecture may initiate or aid the progression of a large variety of glomerular diseases, and cofilin activity is required for reorganization of an intact filtration barrier. Since almost all proteinuric diseases result from a similar phenotype with effacement of the foot processes, we propose that cofilin-1 is at the centre stage of the development of proteinuria and thus may be an attractive drug target for antiproteinuric treatment strategies.
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Martin-Martin N, Dan Q, Amoozadeh Y, Waheed F, McMorrow T, Ryan MP, Szászi K. RhoA and Rho kinase mediate cyclosporine A and sirolimus-induced barrier tightening in renal proximal tubular cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:178-88. [PMID: 22062948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and maintenance of the paracellular transport in renal tubular epithelia is vital for kidney functions. Combination of the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) exerts powerful immunosuppression, but also causes nephrotoxicity. We have previously shown that CsA and SRL elevate transepithelial resistance (TER) in kidney tubular cells partly through MEK/ERK1/2. In this work we examined the hypothesis that the RhoA pathway may also be mediating effects of CsA and SRL. We show that CsA and the CsA/SRL combination activated RhoA, induced cofilin phosphorylation and promoted stress fiber generation. The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor, Y27632, prevented CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cofilin phosphorylation and actin remodelling, reduced the TER increase and prevented the rise in claudin-7 levels caused by the drugs. Expression of the exchange factor GEF-H1/lfc was elevated in cells treated with CsA and CsA/SRL. GEF-H1 silencing inhibited RhoA activation by ≈50%, and potently reduced cofilin phosphorylation and stress fiber formation induced by CsA and CsA/SRL. However, GEF-H1 downregulation did not prevent the TER change. Thus the Rho/Rho kinase pathway was involved in mediating CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and TER changes via claudin-7 expression. Our data however point to differential regulation of Rho activation involved in central cytoskeleton remodelling, that is GEF-H1-dependent and junctional permeability that does not require GEF-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martin-Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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42
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Zhou H, Zhang KX, Li YJ, Guo BY, Wang M, Wang M. Fasudil hydrochloride hydrate, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, suppresses high glucose-induced proliferation and collagen synthesis in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:387-94. [PMID: 21457293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Hyperglycaemia promotes the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and collagen synthesis in CFs. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of fasudil hydrochloride hydrate, a Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, on high glucose (HG)-induced proliferation of CFs and collagen production in rat CFs and to investigate the molecular mechanism of action of fasudil. 2. Rat CFs were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, supplemented with 5.5 or 25 mmol/L d-glucose or 5.5 mmol/L d-glucose + 19.5 mmol/L mannose, in the presence of absence of fasudil (50 or 100 μmol/L). Proliferation was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, whereas the production of Type I collagen was evaluated using ELISA and the expression of ROCK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Type I procollagen mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular Type I procollagen protein levels were evaluated using immunocytochemistry. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), JNK and Smad2/3, as well as c-jun protein levels. 3. Both concentrations of fasudil effectively inhibited HG (25 mmol/L d-glucose)-induced increases in the proliferation of CFs and collagen synthesis, concomitant with suppression of HG-induced upregulation of ROCK1 and JNK mRNA expression and c-jun protein levels, as well as the phosphorylation of MYPT1, JNK and Smad2/3. 4. These data suggest that ROCK activation is essential for the proliferation of CFs and collagen synthesis induced by HG. Fasudil suppressed HG-induced increases in the proliferation of CFs and collagen synthesis, which may be associated with inhibition of the JNK and transforming growth factor β/Smad pathways. The results of the present study indicate that inhibition of ROCK may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of diabetic cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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43
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Pedersen SF, Kapus A, Hoffmann EK. Osmosensory mechanisms in cellular and systemic volume regulation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1587-97. [PMID: 21852585 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010121284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations of cellular and systemic osmolarity severely challenge the function of all organisms and are consequently regulated very tightly. Here we outline current evidence on how cells sense volume perturbations, with particular focus on mechanisms relevant to the kidneys and to extracellular osmolarity and whole body volume homeostasis. There are a variety of molecular signals that respond to perturbations in cell volume and osmosensors or volume sensors responding to these signals. The early signals of volume perturbation include integrins, the cytoskeleton, receptor tyrosine kinases, and transient receptor potential channels. We also present current evidence on the localization and function of central and peripheral systemic osmosensors and conclude with a brief look at the still limited evidence on pathophysiological conditions associated with deranged sensing of cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Then C, Bergler T, Jeblick R, Jung B, Banas B, Krämer BK. Hypertonic stress promotes the upregulation and phosphorylation of zonula occludens 1. Nephron Clin Pract 2011; 119:p11-21. [PMID: 21734410 DOI: 10.1159/000327567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction molecules form a barrier between adjacent cells and mediate the cells' ability to develop membranes that constitute boundaries of different compartments within the body. Membranes with selective ion and water passage are important for the electrolyte and water homeostasis in the kidney. Due to their role in the urinary concentration process, renal medullary cells are exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Therefore, we were interested in the question of how mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD3) manage to maintain their cell-cell contacts, despite hypertonicity-induced cell shrinkage. Employing mRNA expression analysis, we found that the zonula occludens type 1 (Zo-1), multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) and cortactin mRNA levels were upregulated in a tonicity-dependent manner. Using Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, we show that the Zo-1 protein is upregulated, phosphorylated and linked to the actin cytoskeleton in response to hypertonic stress. After cell exposure to hypertonicity, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton resulted in a stronger colocalization of actin fibres with Zo-1. Urea, which generates hyperosmolality, but no transcellular gradient, did not induce changes in Zo-1 protein expression or actin rearrangement. This data indicates that Zo-1 is a response protein to inner medullary tonicity and that extracellular stressors can promote Zo-1 protein expression, tyrosine phosphorylation and cytoskeleton association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Then
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Rac1/osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 contributes via phospholipase C-gamma1 to activation of the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12155-60. [PMID: 21712438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Separate reports that hypertonicity activates p38 via a Rac1-OSM-MEKK3-MKK3-p38 pathway and that p38α contributes to activation of TonEBP/OREBP led us to the hypothesis that Rac1 might activate TonEBP/OREBP via p38. The present studies examine that possibility. High NaCl is hypertonic. We find that siRNA knockdown of Rac1 reduces high NaCl-induced increase of TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity (by reducing its transactivating activity but not its nuclear localization). Similarly, siRNA knockdown of osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM) also reduces high NaCl-dependent TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional and transactivating activities. Simultaneous siRNA knockdown of Rac1 and OSM is not additive in reduction of TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity, indicating a common pathway. However, siRNA knockdown of MKK3 does not reduce TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity, although siRNA knockdown of MKK6 does. Nevertheless, the effect of Rac1 on TonEBP/OREBP is also independent of MKK6 because it occurs in MKK6-null cells. Furthermore, we find that siRNA knockdown of Rac1 or OSM actually increases activity (phosphorylation) of p38, rather than decreasing it, as previously reported. Thus, the effect of Rac1 on TonEBP/OREBP is independent of p38. We find instead that phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) is involved. When transfected into PLC-γ1-null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, catalytically active Rac1 does not increase TonEBP/OREBP transcriptional activity unless PLC-γ1 is reconstituted. Similarly, dominant-negative Rac1 also does not inhibit TonEBP/OREBP in PLC-γ1-null cells unless PLC-γ1 is reconstituted. We conclude that Rac1/OSM supports TonEBP/OREBP activity and that this activity is mediated via PLC-γ1, not p38.
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Wang S, Singh RD, Godin L, Pagano RE, Hubmayr RD. Endocytic response of type I alveolar epithelial cells to hypertonic stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L560-8. [PMID: 21257731 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present plasma membrane (PM) internalization responses of type I alveolar epithelial cells to a 50 mosmol/l increase in tonicity. Our research is motivated by interest in ATI repair, for which endocytic retrieval of PM appears to be critical. We validated pharmacological and molecular tools to dissect the endocytic machinery of these cells and used these tools to test the hypothesis that osmotic stress triggers a pathway-specific internalization of PM domains. Validation experiments confirmed the fluorescent analogs of lactosyl-ceramide, transferrin, and dextran as pathway-specific cargo of caveolar, clathrin, and fluid-phase uptake, respectively. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that hypertonic exposure causes a downregulation of clathrin and fluid-phase endocytosis while stimulating caveolar endocytosis. The tonicity-mediated increase in caveolar endocytosis was associated with the translocation of caveolin-1 from the PM and was absent in cells that had been transfected with dominant-negative dynamin constructs. In separate experiments we show that hypertonic exposure increases the probability of PM wound repair following micropuncture from 82 ± 4 to 94 ± 2% (P < 0.01) and that this effect depends on Src pathway activation-mediated caveolar endocytosis. The therapeutic and biological implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Manetti F. LIM kinases are attractive targets with many macromolecular partners and only a few small molecule regulators. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:968-98. [PMID: 22886629 DOI: 10.1002/med.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The LIM kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are dual specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases. Although they show significant structural similarity, LIMK1 and LIMK2 show different expression, subcellular localization, and functions. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as migration, cycle, and neuronal differentiation and also have a role in pathological processes, such as cancer cell invasion and metastatis, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders (namely, the William's syndrome). LIM kinases have a relevant number of known partners that are able to induce or limit the ability of LIMK1 and LIMK2 to phosphorylate and inactivate their major substrate, cofilin. On the contrary, only a limited number of small molecules that interact with the two proteins to modulate their kinase activity have been identified. In this review, the most important partners of LIM kinases and their modulating activity toward LIMKs are described. The small compounds identified as LIMK1 and LIMK2 modulators are also reported, as well as their role as possible therapeutic agents for LIMK-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Gabert BJ, Kültz D. Osmoprotective proteome adjustments in mouse kidney papilla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:435-48. [PMID: 21236367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The papilla of the mammalian kidney must tolerate greatly varying degrees of hyperosmotic stress during urine concentration and depending on whole organism hydration state. To identify proteome adaptations supporting cell function and survival in such a harsh environment we compared the proteome of a) the hyperosmotic renal papilla with that of adjacent iso-osmotic cortex tissue and b) the renal papilla of diuretic versus that of anti-diuretic mice. Though functionally distinct the papilla is in close physical proximity to the renal cortex, an iso-osmotic region. Proteomic differences between the papilla and cortex of C57BL6 mice were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. We found 37 different proteins characteristic of the cortex and 16 proteins over-represented in the papilla. Regional specificity was confirmed by Western blot and further substantiated by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins. Proteins that are characteristic of the renal papilla include αB crystallin, Hsp beta-1, Hsp90, 14-3-3 protein, glutathione S-transferase, aldose reductase, actin and tropomyosin. Gene ontology analysis confirmed a significant increase in molecular functions associated with protein chaperoning and cell stabilization. Proteins over-represented in the cortex were largely related to routine metabolism. During antidiuresis 15 different proteins changed significantly while 18 different proteins changed significantly during diuresis relative to normally hydrated controls. Changes were confirmed by Western blot for selected proteins. Proteins that are significantly altered by diuretic state are associated with cell structure (actin, tubulin), signaling (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, abhydrolase domain-containing protein 14B), chaperone functioning (Hsp beta-1, αB crystallin, T complex protein-1) and anti-oxidant functions (α-enolase, GAPDH and LDH). Taken together our study reveals that specific proteins involved in protein folding, cytoskeletal stabilization, antioxidant responses, and stress signaling contribute greatly to the unique hyperosmotic stress resistant phenotype of the kidney papilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gabert
- Department of Animal Science, University of Califonia, Davis, CA, USA
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Oeckler RA, Lee WY, Park MG, Kofler O, Rasmussen DL, Lee HB, Belete H, Walters BJ, Stroetz RW, Hubmayr RD. Determinants of plasma membrane wounding by deforming stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L826-33. [PMID: 20889673 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00217.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Once excess liquid gains access to air spaces of an injured lung, the act of breathing creates and destroys foam and thereby contributes to the wounding of epithelial cells by interfacial stress. Since cells are not elastic continua, but rather complex network structures composed of solid as well as liquid elements, we hypothesize that plasma membrane (PM) wounding is preceded by a phase separation, which results in blebbing. We postulate that interventions such as a hypertonic treatment increase adhesive PM-cytoskeletal (CSK) interactions, thereby preventing blebbing as well as PM wounds. We formed PM tethers in alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts and measured their retractive force as readout of PM-CSK adhesive interactions using optical tweezers. A 50-mOsm increase in media osmolarity consistently increased the tether retractive force in epithelial cells but lowered it in fibroblasts. The osmo-response was abolished by pretreatment with latrunculin, cytochalasin D, and calcium chelation. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts were exposed to interfacial stress in a microchannel, and the fraction of wounded cells were measured. Interventions that increased PM-CSK adhesive interactions prevented blebbing and were cytoprotective regardless of cell type. Finally, we exposed ex vivo perfused rat lungs to injurious mechanical ventilation and showed that hypertonic conditioning reduced the number of wounded subpleural alveolus resident cells to baseline levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that PM-CSK adhesive interactions are important determinants of the cellular response to deforming stress and pave the way for preclinical efficacy trials of hypertonic treatment in experimental models of acute lung injury.
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Miranda L, Carpentier S, Platek A, Hussain N, Gueuning MA, Vertommen D, Ozkan Y, Sid B, Hue L, Courtoy PJ, Rider MH, Horman S. AMP-activated protein kinase induces actin cytoskeleton reorganization in epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:656-61. [PMID: 20438708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known regulator of cellular and systemic energy balance, is now recognized to control cell division, cell polarity and cell migration, all of which depend on the actin cytoskeleton. Here we report the effects of A769662, a pharmacological activator of AMPK, on cytoskeletal organization and signalling in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We show that AMPK activation induced shortening or radiation of stress fibers, uncoupling from paxillin and predominance of cortical F-actin. In parallel, Rho-kinase downstream targets, namely myosin regulatory light chain and cofilin, were phosphorylated. These effects resembled the morphological changes in MDCK cells exposed to hyperosmotic shock, which led to Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK activation via calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta(CaMKKbeta), a known upstream kinase of AMPK. Indeed, hypertonicity-induced AMPK activation was markedly reduced by the STO-609 CaMKKbeta inhibitor, as was the increase in MLC and cofilin phosphorylation. We suggest that AMPK links osmotic stress to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miranda
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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