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Lin JQ, Wang JX, Yu S, Fu SH, Zhang YJ. Newly discovered molecules associated with trimetazidine on improvement of skeletal muscle function in aging: evidence from myoblasts and mice. Exp Gerontol 2022; 161:111733. [PMID: 35143872 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Poor muscle function is increasingly obvious with aging and needs effective and safe medicine for treatment. Trimetazidine (TMZ) has potential benefits for the condition but has not yet been fully recognized. In the randomized-control pilot study part, fifty-three old patients were assigned to the TMZ group or control group. For the TMZ group, a dose of 35 mg of oral TMZ was administered with a meal twice a day for 3 months. Only conventional treatments were administrated in the control group. Muscle strength, gait speed, muscle endurance, and balance maintenance were measured during the visits. In the experiments part, thirty mice were screened and randomly assigned to three groups: model group received a D-gal (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection every two days for six weeks, the control group received saline at the same condition, and the intervention group received 5 mg/kg TMZ solution every two days by gavage for two weeks. Swimming tests and forelimb grip strength measurements were also performed. Furthermore, significantly clustered profiles from differentially expressed genes were found by RNA-seq and verified by qRT-PCR and WB. Myofiber analyses were done by H&E staining. Here, we found the improvement of skeletal performance in aged individuals and aged mouse. The dominant handgrip strength (HS) was increased by 24.4% and dominant pinch strength (PS) by 12.4% in participants with TMZ modified-release tablets consumption. Exhaustive time was increased by 23.6% and upper limb grip strength by 44.1% in aged mouse with TMZ-treated. Besides, we also identified some newly discovered molecules associated with TMZ on muscle function improvement during aging. To aged C2C12 cells and aged mouse muscle, TMZ-treated was related to a statistically significant decrease in the expressions of NOS3 and MMP-9, but a statistically significant increase in the expressions of OMD and MyoG. In summary, TMZ modified-release tablets can improve the muscle strength of elderly patients. Besides, the improvement of skeletal muscle function affected by TMZ was associated with reducing NOS3 expression in senescent myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qiong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Xin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Independent Researcher, Loyal Bioscience Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Hui Fu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Pathophysiology of Acute Illness and Injury. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES AND RECENT ADVANCES IN ACUTE CARE AND EMERGENCY SURGERY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95114-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of acute illness and injury recognizes three main effectors: infection, trauma, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Each of them can act by itself or in combination with the other two in developing a systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS) that is a generalized reaction to the morbid event. The time course of SIRS is variable and influenced by the number and severity of subsequent insults (e.g., reparative surgery, acquired hospital infections). It occurs simultaneously with a complex of counter-regulatory mechanisms (compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, CARS) that limit the aggressive effects of SIRS. In adjunct, a progressive dysfunction of the acquired (lymphocytes) immune system develops with increased risk for immunoparalysis and associated infectious complications. Both humoral and cellular effectors participate to the development of SIRS and CARS. The most important humoral mediators are pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines and chemokines, complement, leukotrienes, and PAF. Effector cells include neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. The endothelium is a key factor for production of remote organ damage as it exerts potent chemo-attracting effects on inflammatory cells, allows for leukocyte trafficking into tissues and organs, and promotes further inflammation by cytokines release. Moreover, the loss of vasoregulatory properties and the increased permeability contribute to the development of hypotension and tissue edema. Finally, the disseminated activation of the coagulation cascade causes the widespread deposition of microthrombi with resulting maldistribution of capillary blood flow and ultimately hypoxic cellular damage. This mechanism together with increased vascular permeability and vasodilation is responsible for the development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
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Neuronal nitric oxide synthase regulation of skeletal muscle functional hyperemia: exercise training and moderate compensated heart failure. Nitric Oxide 2017; 74:1-9. [PMID: 29288804 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) modulates oxygen delivery-utilization matching in resting and contracting skeletal muscle. Recent reports indicate that neuronal NO synthase (nNOS)-mediated vasoregulation during contractions is enhanced with exercise training and impaired with chronic heart failure (HF). Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that selective nNOS inhibition (S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline; SMTC, 2.1 μmol/kg) would produce attenuated reductions in muscle blood flow during moderate/heavy submaximal exercise in sedentary HF rats compared to their healthy counterparts. In addition, SMTC was expected to evoke greater reductions in exercising muscle blood flow in trained compared to sedentary healthy and HF rats. Blood flow during submaximal treadmill running (20 min/m, 5% grade) was determined via radiolabeled microspheres pre- and post-SMTC administration in healthy sedentary (Healthy + Sed, n = 8), healthy exercise trained (Healthy + ExT, n = 8), HF sedentary (HF + Sed, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) = 12 ± 1 mmHg, n = 8), and HF exercise trained (HF + ExT, LVEDP = 16 ± 2 mmHg, n = 7) rats. nNOS contribution to exercising total hindlimb blood flow (ml/min/100 g) was not increased by training in either healthy or HF groups (Healthy + Sed: 105 ± 11 vs. 108 ± 16; Healthy + ExT: 96 ± 9 vs. 91 ± 7; HF + Sed: 124 ± 6 vs. 110 ± 12; HF + ExT: 107 ± 13 vs. 101 ± 8; control vs. SMTC, respectively; p > .05 for all). Similarly, SMTC did not reduce exercising blood flow in the majority of individual hindlimb muscles in any group (p > .05 for all, except for the semitendinosus and adductor longus in HF + Sed and the adductor longus in HF + ExT; p < .05). Contrary to our hypothesis, we find no support for either upregulation of nNOS function contributing to exercise hyperemia after training or its dysregulation with chronic HF.
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Le Moal E, Pialoux V, Juban G, Groussard C, Zouhal H, Chazaud B, Mounier R. Redox Control of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:276-310. [PMID: 28027662 PMCID: PMC5685069 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle shows high plasticity in response to external demand. Moreover, adult skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration after injury, due to the properties of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), the satellite cells, which follow a tightly regulated myogenic program to generate both new myofibers and new MuSCs for further needs. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have long been associated with skeletal muscle physiology, their implication in the cell and molecular processes at work during muscle regeneration is more recent. This review focuses on redox regulation during skeletal muscle regeneration. An overview of the basics of ROS/RNS and antioxidant chemistry and biology occurring in skeletal muscle is first provided. Then, the comprehensive knowledge on redox regulation of MuSCs and their surrounding cell partners (macrophages, endothelial cells) during skeletal muscle regeneration is presented in normal muscle and in specific physiological (exercise-induced muscle damage, aging) and pathological (muscular dystrophies) contexts. Recent advances in the comprehension of these processes has led to the development of therapeutic assays using antioxidant supplementation, which result in inconsistent efficiency, underlying the need for new tools that are aimed at precisely deciphering and targeting ROS networks. This review should provide an overall insight of the redox regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration while highlighting the limits of the use of nonspecific antioxidants to improve muscle function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 276-310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Le Moal
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Juban
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Groussard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
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Asano S, Arvapalli R, Manne NDPK, Maheshwari M, Ma B, Rice KM, Selvaraj V, Blough ER. Cerium oxide nanoparticle treatment ameliorates peritonitis-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6215-25. [PMID: 26491293 PMCID: PMC4599716 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s89783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe inflammation observed during sepsis is thought to cause diaphragm dysfunction, which is associated with poor patient prognosis. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been posited to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities suggesting that these particles may be of potential use for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To investigate this possibility, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham control, CeO2 nanoparticle treatment only (0.5 mg/kg iv), sepsis, and sepsis+CeO2 nanoparticles. Sepsis was induced by the introduction of cecal material (600 mg/kg) directly into the peritoneal cavity. Nanoparticle treatment decreased sepsis-associated impairments in diaphragmatic contractile (P(o)) function (sham: 25.6±1.6 N/cm(2) vs CeO2: 23.4±0.8 N/cm(2) vs Sep: 15.9±1.0 N/cm(2) vs Sep+CeO2: 20.0±1.0 N/cm(2), P<0.05). These improvements in diaphragm contractile function were accompanied by a normalization of protein translation signaling (Akt, FOXO-1, and 4EBP1), diminished proteolysis (caspase 8 and ubiquitin levels), and decreased inflammatory signaling (Stat3 and iNOS). Histological analysis suggested that nanoparticle treatment was associated with diminished sarcolemma damage and diminished inflammatory cell infiltration. These data indicate CeO2 nanoparticles may improve diaphragmatic function in the septic laboratory rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asano
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | | | - Nandini D P K Manne
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Mani Maheshwari
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kevin M Rice
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Vellaisamy Selvaraj
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Eric R Blough
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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Yamada T, Abe M, Lee J, Tatebayashi D, Himori K, Kanzaki K, Wada M, Bruton JD, Westerblad H, Lanner JT. Muscle dysfunction associated with adjuvant-induced arthritis is prevented by antioxidant treatment. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:20. [PMID: 26161253 PMCID: PMC4496877 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to the primary symptoms arising from inflamed joints, muscle weakness is prominent and frequent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we investigated the mechanisms of arthritis-induced muscle dysfunction in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods AIA was induced in the knees of rats by injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant and was allowed to develop for 21 days. Muscle contractile function was assessed in isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. To assess mechanisms underlying contractile dysfunction, we measured redox modifications, redox enzymes and inflammatory mediators, and activity of actomyosin ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase. Results EDL muscles from AIA rats showed decreased tetanic force per cross-sectional area and slowed twitch contraction and relaxation. These contractile dysfunctions in AIA muscles were accompanied by marked decreases in actomyosin ATPase and SR Ca2+-ATPase activities. Actin aggregates were observed in AIA muscles, and these contained high levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde-protein adducts. AIA muscles showed increased protein expression of NADPH oxidase 2/gp91phox, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Treatment of AIA rats with EUK-134 (3 mg/kg/day), a superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, prevented both the decrease in tetanic force and the formation of actin aggregates in EDL muscles without having any beneficial effect on the arthritis development. Conclusions Antioxidant treatment prevented the development of oxidant-induced actin aggregates and contractile dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of AIA rats. This implies that antioxidant treatment can be used to effectively counteract muscle weakness in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, 060-8556, Sapporo Japan
| | - Masami Abe
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, 060-8556, Sapporo Japan
| | - Jaesik Lee
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, 060-8556, Sapporo Japan
| | - Daisuke Tatebayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, 060-8556, Sapporo Japan
| | - Koichi Himori
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, 060-8556, Sapporo Japan
| | - Keita Kanzaki
- Faculty of Food Culture, Kurashiki Sakuyo University, 3515 Nagao-Tamashima, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Wada
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Higashi, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Friedrich O, Reid MB, Van den Berghe G, Vanhorebeek I, Hermans G, Rich MM, Larsson L. The Sick and the Weak: Neuropathies/Myopathies in the Critically Ill. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1025-109. [PMID: 26133937 PMCID: PMC4491544 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness polyneuropathies (CIP) and myopathies (CIM) are common complications of critical illness. Several weakness syndromes are summarized under the term intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW). We propose a classification of different ICUAW forms (CIM, CIP, sepsis-induced, steroid-denervation myopathy) and pathophysiological mechanisms from clinical and animal model data. Triggers include sepsis, mechanical ventilation, muscle unloading, steroid treatment, or denervation. Some ICUAW forms require stringent diagnostic features; CIM is marked by membrane hypoexcitability, severe atrophy, preferential myosin loss, ultrastructural alterations, and inadequate autophagy activation while myopathies in pure sepsis do not reproduce marked myosin loss. Reduced membrane excitability results from depolarization and ion channel dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to energy-dependent processes. Ubiquitin proteasome and calpain activation trigger muscle proteolysis and atrophy while protein synthesis is impaired. Myosin loss is more pronounced than actin loss in CIM. Protein quality control is altered by inadequate autophagy. Ca(2+) dysregulation is present through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. We highlight clinical hallmarks, trigger factors, and potential mechanisms from human studies and animal models that allow separation of risk factors that may trigger distinct mechanisms contributing to weakness. During critical illness, altered inflammatory (cytokines) and metabolic pathways deteriorate muscle function. ICUAW prevention/treatment is limited, e.g., tight glycemic control, delaying nutrition, and early mobilization. Future challenges include identification of primary/secondary events during the time course of critical illness, the interplay between membrane excitability, bioenergetic failure and differential proteolysis, and finding new therapeutic targets by help of tailored animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Reid
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Van den Berghe
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Vanhorebeek
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hermans
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Rich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Larsson
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yamada T, Fedotovskaya O, Cheng AJ, Cornachione AS, Minozzo FC, Aulin C, Fridén C, Turesson C, Andersson DC, Glenmark B, Lundberg IE, Rassier DE, Westerblad H, Lanner JT. Nitrosative modifications of the Ca2+ release complex and actin underlie arthritis-induced muscle weakness. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1907-14. [PMID: 24854355 PMCID: PMC4602262 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle weakness is a prominent clinical feature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. Here we investigate the mechanisms behind arthritis-induced skeletal muscle weakness with special focus on the role of nitrosative stress on intracellular Ca(2+) handling and specific force production. METHODS Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, degree of nitrosative stress and composition of the major intracellular Ca(2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor 1, RyR1) complex were measured in muscle. Changes in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and force production were assessed in single-muscle fibres and isolated myofibrils using atomic force cantilevers. RESULTS The total neuronal NOS (nNOS) levels were increased in muscles both from collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and patients with RA. The nNOS associated with RyR1 was increased and accompanied by increased [Ca(2+)]i during contractions of muscles from CIA mice. A marker of peroxynitrite-derived nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) was increased on the RyR1 complex and on actin of muscles from CIA mice. Despite increased [Ca(2+)]i, individual CIA muscle fibres were weaker than in healthy controls, that is, force per cross-sectional area was decreased. Furthermore, force and kinetics were impaired in CIA myofibrils, hence actin and myosin showed decreased ability to interact, which could be a result of increased 3-NT content on actin. CONCLUSIONS Arthritis-induced muscle weakness is linked to nitrosative modifications of the RyR1 protein complex and actin, which are driven by increased nNOS associated with RyR1 and progressively increasing Ca(2+) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Fedotovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anabelle S Cornachione
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education and Department of Physics and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fabio C Minozzo
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education and Department of Physics and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cecilia Aulin
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Fridén
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Turesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel C Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Glenmark
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education and Department of Physics and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Alamdari N, Toraldo G, Aversa Z, Smith I, Castillero E, Renaud G, Qaisar R, Larsson L, Jasuja R, Hasselgren PO. Loss of muscle strength during sepsis is in part regulated by glucocorticoids and is associated with reduced muscle fiber stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R1090-9. [PMID: 23019215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00636.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with impaired muscle function but the role of glucocorticoids in sepsis-induced muscle weakness is not known. We tested the role of glucocorticoids in sepsis-induced muscle weakness by treating septic rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. In addition, normal rats were treated with dexamethasone to further examine the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of muscle strength. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture, and muscle force generation (peak twitch and tetanic tension) was determined in lower extremity muscles. In other experiments, absolute and specific force as well as stiffness (reflecting the function of actomyosin cross bridges) were determined in isolated skinned muscle fibers from control and septic rats. Sepsis and treatment with dexamethasone resulted in reduced maximal twitch and tetanic force in intact isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles. The absolute and specific maximal force in isolated muscle fibers was reduced during sepsis together with decreased fiber stiffness. These effects of sepsis were blunted (but not abolished) by RU38486. The results suggest that muscle weakness during sepsis is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids and reflects loss of contractility at the cellular (individual muscle fiber) level. In addition, the results suggest that reduced function of the cross bridges between actin and myosin (documented as reduced muscle fiber stiffness) may be involved in sepsis-induced muscle weakness. An increased understanding of mechanisms involved in loss of muscle strength will be important for the development of new treatment strategies in patients with this debilitating consequence of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Alamdari
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a reactive oxidant produced from nitric oxide and superoxide, which reacts with proteins, lipids, and DNA, and promotes cytotoxic and proinflammatory responses. Here, we overview the role of peroxynitrite in various forms of circulatory shock. Immunohistochemical and biochemical evidences demonstrate the production of peroxynitrite in various experimental models of endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock both in rodents and in large animals. In addition, biological markers of peroxynitrite have been identified in human tissues after circulatory shock. Peroxynitrite can initiate toxic oxidative reactions in vitro and in vivo. Initiation of lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane Na+/K+ ATPase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels, and other oxidative protein modifications contribute to the cytotoxic effect of peroxynitrite. In addition, peroxynitrite is a potent trigger of DNA strand breakage, with subsequent activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which promotes cellular energetic collapse and cellular necrosis. Additional actions of peroxynitrite that contribute to the pathogenesis of shock include inactivation of catecholamines and catecholamine receptors (leading to vascular failure) and endothelial and epithelial injury (leading to endothelial and epithelial hyperpermeability and barrier dysfunction), as well as myocyte injury (contributing to loss of cardiac contractile function). Neutralization of peroxynitrite with potent peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts provides cytoprotective and beneficial effects in rodent and large-animal models of circulatory shock.
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Weber-Carstens S, Deja M, Koch S, Spranger J, Bubser F, Wernecke KD, Spies CD, Spuler S, Keh D. Risk factors in critical illness myopathy during the early course of critical illness: a prospective observational study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:R119. [PMID: 20565863 PMCID: PMC2911767 DOI: 10.1186/cc9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-excitable muscle membrane indicates critical illness myopathy (CIM) during early critical illness. We investigated predisposing risk factors for non-excitable muscle membrane at onset of critical illness. METHODS We performed sequential measurements of muscle membrane excitability after direct muscle stimulation (dmCMAP) in 40 intensive care unit (ICU) patients selected upon a simplified acute physiology (SAPS-II) score >OR= 20 on 3 successive days within 1 week after ICU admission. We then investigated predisposing risk factors, including the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system, inflammatory, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters, as well as suspected medical treatment prior to first occurrence of abnormal dmCMAP. Nonparametric analysis of two-factorial longitudinal data and multivariate analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS 22 patients showed abnormal muscle membrane excitability during direct muscle stimulation within 7 (5 to 9.25) days after ICU admission. Significant risk factors for the development of impaired muscle membrane excitability in univariate analysis included inflammation, disease severity, catecholamine and sedation requirements, as well as IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-I), but did not include either adjunctive hydrocortisone treatment in septic shock, nor administration of neuromuscular blocking agents or aminoglycosides. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, interleukin-6 remained the significant risk factor for the development of impaired muscle membrane excitability (HR 1.006, 95%-CI (1.002 to 1.011), P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Systemic inflammation during early critical illness was found to be the main risk factor for development of CIM during early critical illness. Inflammation-induced impairment of growth-factor mediated insulin sensitivity may be involved in the development of CIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Weber-Carstens
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Endotoxin and interferon-gamma inhibit translation in skeletal muscle cells by stimulating nitric oxide synthase activity. Shock 2010; 32:416-26. [PMID: 19295495 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181a034d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that endogenous NO negatively affects translation in skeletal muscle cells after exposure to a combination of endotoxin (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Individually, LPS and IFN-gamma did not alter protein synthesis, but in combination, they inhibited protein synthesis by 80% in C2C12 myotubes. The combination of LPS and IFN-gamma dramatically downregulated the autophosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and its substrates S6K1 and 4EBP-1. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was decreased, whereas phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 and raptor was enhanced, consistent with defects in both translation initiation and elongation. Reduced S6 phosphorylation occurred 8 to 18 h after LPS/IFN-gamma and coincided with a prolonged upregulation of NOS2 messenger RNA and protein. NOS2 protein expression and the LPS/IFN-gamma-induced fall in phosphorylated S6 were prevented by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. The general NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, and the specific NOS2 inhibitor, 1400W, also prevented the LPS/IFN-gamma-induced decrease in protein synthesis and restored translational signaling. LPS/IFN-gamma downregulated the phosphorylation of multiple Akt substrates, including the proline-rich Akt substrate 40, while enhancing the phosphorylation of raptor on a 5'-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-regulated site. The negative effects of LPS/IFN-gamma were blunted by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. The data suggest that, in combination, LPS and IFN-gamma induce a prolonged expression of NOS2 and excessive production of NO that reciprocally alter Akt and AMPK activity and consequently downregulate translation via reduced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.
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Yamada T, Place N, Kosterina N, Ostberg T, Zhang SJ, Grundtman C, Erlandsson-Harris H, Lundberg IE, Glenmark B, Bruton JD, Westerblad H. Impaired myofibrillar function in the soleus muscle of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:3280-9. [PMID: 19877058 DOI: 10.1002/art.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progressive muscle weakness is a common feature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about whether the intrinsic contractile properties of muscle fibers are affected in RA. This study was undertaken to investigate muscle contractility and the myoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in the soleus, a major postural muscle, in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Muscle contractility and [Ca2+](i) were assessed in whole muscle and intact single-fiber preparations, respectively. The underlying mechanisms of contractile dysfunction were assessed by investigating redox modifications using Western blotting and antibodies against nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), carbonyl, malondialdehyde (MDA), and S-nitrosocysteine (SNO-Cys). RESULTS The tetanic force per cross-sectional area was markedly decreased in the soleus muscle of mice with CIA, and the change was not due to a decrease in the amplitude of [Ca2+](i) transients. The reduction in force production was accompanied by slowing of the twitch contraction and relaxation and a decrease in the maximum shortening velocity. Immunoblot analyses showed a marked increase in neuronal NOS expression but not in inducible or endothelial NOS expression, which, together with the observed decrease in SOD2 expression, favors peroxynitrite formation. These changes were accompanied by increased 3-NT, carbonyl, and MDA adducts content in myofibrillar proteins from the muscles of mice with CIA. Moreover, there was a significant increase in SNO-Cys content in myosin heavy-chain and troponin I myofibrillar proteins from the soleus muscle of mice with CIA. CONCLUSION These findings show impaired contractile function in the soleus muscle of mice with CIA and suggest that this abnormality is due to peroxynitrite-induced modifications in myofibrillar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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McNicol FJ, Hoyland JA, Cooper RG, Carlson GL. Skeletal muscle contractile properties and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in human endotoxaemia. Br J Surg 2009; 97:434-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Muscle dysfunction associated with sepsis contributes to morbidity and mortality but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined whether muscle weakness relates to an intrinsic defect in contraction, or to central mechanisms associated with acute illness, and whether systemic endotoxaemia induces changes in gene expression for proinflammatory cytokines within human muscle in vivo.
Methods
In this experimental study, 12 healthy men received intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 ng/kg) or saline (control). Voluntary and electrically stimulated quadriceps contraction, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α mRNA expression in quadriceps muscle biopsies were studied before and after the infusion.
Results
Endotoxaemia induced transient weakness of voluntary quadriceps contraction, equivalent to a 7·8 (95 per cent confidence interval 2·1 to 13·5) per cent reduction in contractile force at 180 min (P = 0·027) and a 9·0 (5·2 to 12·8) per cent reduction at 300 min (P = 0·008). Electrically stimulated contraction was unaffected. LPS administration resulted in an apparent fibre-specific induction of TNF-α mRNA.
Conclusion
Endotoxaemia results in a reduction in voluntary muscle contractile force without an apparent defect in stimulated muscle contraction. Loss of volition may be a more important factor than intrinsic dysfunction in acute sepsis-associated human muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J McNicol
- Infection, Injury and Inflammation Research Group, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - J A Hoyland
- University of Manchester School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - R G Cooper
- Infection, Injury and Inflammation Research Group, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - G L Carlson
- Infection, Injury and Inflammation Research Group, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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Kim HC, Mofarrahi M, Hussain SNA. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 3:637-58. [PMID: 19281080 PMCID: PMC2650609 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease characterized by inflammation-induced airflow limitation and parenchymal destruction. In addition to pulmonary manifestations, patients with COPD develop systemic problems, including skeletal muscle and other organ-specific dysfunctions, nutritional abnormalities, weight loss, and adverse psychological responses. Patients with COPD often complain of dyspnea on exertion, reduced exercise capacity, and develop a progressive decline in lung function with increasing age. These symptoms have been attributed to increases in the work of breathing and in impairments in gas exchange that result from airflow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation. However, there is mounting evidence to suggest that skeletal muscle dysfunction, independent of lung function, contributes significantly to reduced exercise capacity and poor quality of life in these patients. Limb and ventilatory skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD patients has been attributed to a myriad of factors, including the presence of low grade systemic inflammatory processes, nutritional depletion, corticosteroid medications, chronic inactivity, age, hypoxemia, smoking, oxidative and nitrosative stresses, protein degradation and changes in vascular density. This review briefly summarizes the contribution of these factors to overall skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, with particular attention paid to the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Cheol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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Houngbédji GM, Côté CH, Small PL, Frenette J. Limited repair and structural damages displayed by skeletal muscles loaded with mycolactone. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
In septic patients increased central drive and increased metabolic demands combine to increase energy demands on the ventilatory muscles. This occurs at a time when energy supplies are limited and energy production hindered, and it leads to an energy supply-demand imbalance and often ventilatory failure. Problems related to contractile function of the ventilatory muscles also contribute, especially when the clinical course is prolonged. The increased ventilatory activity increases interactions between the ventilatory and cardiovascular systems, and when ventilatory muscles fail and mechanical ventilatory support is required a new set of problems emerges. In this review I discuss factors related to ventilatory muscle failure, giving emphasis to mechanical and supply demand aspects. I also review the implications of changes in ventilatory patterns for heart-lung interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Magder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Doursout MF, Oguchi T, Fischer UM, Liang Y, Chelly B, Hartley CJ, Chelly JE. Distribution of NOS isoforms in a porcine endotoxin shock model. Shock 2008; 29:692-702. [PMID: 17909454 PMCID: PMC3341620 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181598b77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. NO, an endogenous vasodilator, has been associated with the hypotension, catecholamine hyporesponsiveness, and myocardial depression of septic shock. Although iNOS is thought to be responsible for the hypotension and loss of vascular tone occurring several hours after endotoxin administration, little is known on the effects of constitutive eNOS on LPS-induced organ dysfunction. This study assessed the distribution of eNOS and iNOS in various vascular beds in conscious pigs challenged with LPS. Cardiac and regional hemodynamic parameters were recorded over 8 h in the presence and absence of aminoguanidine, a rather selective inhibitor of iNOS activity, and N-methyl-L-arginine, a nonspecific NOS inhibitor. Our data show that LPS-induced cardiac depression was associated with coronary, renal, and mesenteric vasoconstrictions and a hepatic vasodilatation. LPS also induced increases in eNOS in the heart and lungs, whereas iNOS was mostly detected in the liver. Nitrotyrosine formation was mainly detected in the lungs, with traces in the kidney, liver, and gut. Accordingly, our results suggest that the early decrease in blood pressure and cardiac depression are likely due to activated eNOS, whereas both isoforms are involved in the hepatic vasodilation. In contrast, carotid, coronary, mesenteric, and renal vasoconstrictions were significant at 5 and/ or 6 h after LPS infusion, suggesting that NO is not the primary mediator, facilitating and/or unmasking the release of vasoconstrictor mediators. Consequently, developing newer tissue- or isoform-specific NOS inhibitors can lead to novel therapeutic agents in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Doursout
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Anesthesiology, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.020, Houston, TX 77030-1503, USA.
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Septic impairment of capillary blood flow requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase but not nitric oxide synthase and is rapidly reversed by ascorbate through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2355-62. [PMID: 18596627 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818024f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in the impairment of capillary blood flow in sepsis and in the reversal of this impairment by ascorbate. DESIGN Prospective, controlled laboratory study. SETTING Animal laboratory in research institute. SUBJECTS Adult male wild type (WT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-/-, inducible NOS (iNOS)-/-, endothelial NOS (eNOS)-/-, and gp91phox-/- mice. INTERVENTIONS Sepsis was induced by feces injection into peritoneum (FIP). A bolus of ascorbate or NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin was injected intravenously at 6 hrs post-FIP. Alternatively, NOS cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4) or nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was superfused on the surface of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Capillary blood flow impairment and NOS activity in the extensor digitorum longus muscle were measured by intravital microscopy and by enzymatic assay, respectively. Sepsis at 6 hrs impaired flow in WT mice. Apocynin, and knockout of gp91phox but not of any NOS isoforms, rescued this impairment. Constitutive NOS activity was unaffected by sepsis, but it was abolished by nNOS knockout (iNOS activity was negligible in all mice). Ascorbate rapidly (10 mins) rescued impaired flow in WT, nNOS-/-, iNOS-/- but not eNOS-/- mice. Ascorbate also improved survival of WT mice after FIP. BH4 and SNAP rescued flow in WT mice, while BH4 failed to rescue it in eNOS-/- mice. CONCLUSION Capillary blood flow impairment in septic skeletal muscle requires NADPH oxidase but not NOS, and it is rapidly reversed by ascorbate and BH4 through an eNOS-dependent mechanism.
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome increases immobility-induced neuromuscular weakness. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:910-6. [PMID: 18431280 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181659669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and immobility are comorbid etiological factors inducing muscle weakness in critically ill patients. This study establishes a rat model to examine the effect of inflammation and immobilization alone and in combination on muscle contraction, histology, and acetylcholine receptor regulation. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, experimental study. SETTING Animal laboratory of a university hospital. SUBJECTS Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS To produce systemic inflammation, rats (n = 34) received three consecutive intravenous injections of Corynebacterium parvum on days 0, 4, and 8. Control rats (n = 21) received saline. Both groups were further divided to have one hind limb either immobilized by pinning of knee and ankle joints or sham-immobilized (surgical leg). The contralateral nonsurgical leg of each animal served as control (nonsurgical leg). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After 12 days, body weight and muscle mass were significantly reduced in all C. parvum animals compared with saline-injected rats. Immobilization led to local muscle atrophy. Normalized to muscle mass, tetanic contraction was reduced in the surgical leg after immobilization (7.64 +/- 1.91 N/g) and after inflammation (8.71 +/- 2.0 N/g; both p < .05 vs. sham immobilization and saline injection, 11.03 +/- 2.26 N/g). Histology showed an increase in inflammatory cells in all C. parvum-injected animals. Immobilization in combination with C. parvum injection had an additive effect on inflammation. Acetylcholine receptors were increased in immobilized muscles and in all muscles of C. parvum-injected animals. CONCLUSIONS The muscle weakness in critically ill patients can be replicated in our novel rat model. Inflammation and immobilization independently lead to muscle weakness.
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21
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Capasso M, Di Muzio A, Pandolfi A, Pace M, Di Tomo P, Ragno M, Uncini A. Possible role for nitric oxide dysregulation in critical illness myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2008; 37:196-202. [PMID: 17924542 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fiber inexcitability and myosin loss underlie weakness in critical illness myopathy (CIM). Nitric oxide (NO) takes part in the maintenance of muscle fiber resting potential and, in pathological conditions accompanied by oxidative stress, may damage proteins through peroxynitrite generation. Sepsis and other conditions associated with CIM may differentially affect expression of NO synthases (NOSs), so that both downregulation and upregulation with excessive peroxynitrite production can be hypothesized. In six patients with CIM we studied NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. To investigate peroxynitrite production, we performed immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine and measured nitrotyrosine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In three patients, sarcolemmal staining for NOS1 was selectively absent. In the others, it was absent in atrophic fibers and absent or reduced in non-atrophic fibers. Total NOS1 protein content was reduced by 41% in patients compared to controls, whereas no significant changes were found in levels and localization of NOS2, NOS3, and nitrotyrosine. Further studies are warranted to determine whether NOS1 loss plays a role in the pathophysiology of CIM, possibly reducing the release of NO at the sarcolemma and affecting muscle fiber excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Capasso
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Center for Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale SS Annunziata, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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22
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Hypoventilation and Respiratory Muscle Dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Vassilakopoulos T, Hussain SNA. Ventilatory muscle activation and inflammation: cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:1687-95. [PMID: 17185492 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01273.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strenuous diaphragmatic contractions that are induced by inspiratory resistive breathing initiate an inflammatory response that involves the elevation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines within the diaphragm, which may then spill into the circulation. The production of reactive oxygen species within working respiratory muscles increases in response to these strenuous diaphragmatic contractions. At the same time, diaphragmatic nitric oxide (NO) production declines significantly, despite a time-dependent increase in NO synthase isoform protein expression. The increase in adhesion molecule expression and infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages that follows may contribute to the contraction-induced diaphragm injury. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress augmentation, reduced NO production, and glycogen depletion are potential stimuli for the cytokine induction that is secondary to strenuous diaphragmatic contractions. This production of cytokines within the diaphragm may contribute to the diaphragmatic muscle fiber injury that occurs with strenuous contractions or to the expected repair process. TNF-α is a cytokine that compromises diaphragmatic contractility and may contribute to muscle wasting. IL-6 is a cytokine that may have beneficial systemic effects by mobilizing glucose from the liver and free fatty acids from the adipose tissue and providing them to the strenuously working respiratory muscles. Thus cytokine upregulation within the working diaphragm may be adaptive and maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
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24
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Abstract
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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25
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Crimi E, Sica V, Slutsky AS, Zhang H, Williams-Ignarro S, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Role of oxidative stress in experimental sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2006; 40:665-72. [PMID: 16983993 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600669612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Massive increase in radical species can lead to oxidative stress, promoting cell injury and death. This review focuses on experimental evidence of oxidative stress in critical illnesses, sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction. Oxidative stress could negatively affect organ injury and thus overall survival of experimental models. Based on this experimental evidence, we could improve the rationale of supplementation of antioxidants alone or in combination with standard therapies aimed to reduce oxidative stress as novel adjunct treatment in critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Crimi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
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Smith MA, Reid MB. Redox modulation of contractile function in respiratory and limb skeletal muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 151:229-41. [PMID: 16481226 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the last half century, scientists have studied the biological importance of free radicals in respiratory and limb muscles. We now know that muscle fibers continually produce both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and that both cascades play critical roles in contractile regulation. Under basal conditions, muscle-derived ROS and NO exert opposing effects. Low-level ROS activity is an essential part of the homeostatic milieu and is required for normal force production whereas NO derivatives function as a brake on the system, limiting force. The modulatory effects of ROS and NO are disrupted by conditions that exaggerate production including mechanical unloading, inflammatory disease, and strenuous exercise. Marked increases in ROS or NO levels cause contractile dysfunction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. These principles provide a foundation for ongoing research to identify the mechanisms of ROS and NO action and develop interventions that protect muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Escames G, López LC, Tapias V, Utrilla P, Reiter RJ, Hitos AB, León J, Rodríguez MI, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Melatonin counteracts inducible mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of septic mice. J Pineal Res 2006; 40:71-8. [PMID: 16313501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) produces nitric oxide (NO) to modulate mitochondrial respiration. Besides a constitutive mtNOS isoform it was recently suggested that mitochondria express an inducible isoform of the enzyme during sepsis. Thus, the mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and energy failure underlying skeletal muscle contractility failure observed in sepsis may reflect the high levels of NO produced by inducible mtNOS. The fact that mtNOS is induced during sepsis suggests its relation to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Thus, we examined the changes in mtNOS activity and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of wild-type (iNOS(+/+)) and iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice after sepsis. We also studied the effects of melatonin administration on mitochondrial damage in this experimental paradigm. After sepsis, iNOS(+/+) but no iNOS(-/-) mice showed an increase in mtNOS activity and NO production and a reduction in electron transport chain activity. These changes were accompanied by a pronounced oxidative stress reflected in changes in lipid peroxidation levels, oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione ratio, and glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities. Melatonin treatment counteracted both the changes in mtNOS activity and rises in oxidative stress; the indole also restored mitochondrial respiratory chain in septic iNOS(+/+) mice. Mitochondria from iNOS(-/-) mice were unaffected by either sepsis or melatonin treatment. The data suggest that inducible mtNOS, which is coded by the same gene as that for iNOS, is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction during sepsis. The results also suggest the use of melatonin for the protection against mtNOS-mediated mitochondrial failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Escames
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Lanone S, Taillé C, Boczkowski J, Aubier M. Diaphragmatic fatigue during sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1611-7. [PMID: 16189683 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lanone
- INSERM U 700 and IFR 02, Faculté Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
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Luiking YC, Hallemeesch MM, Lamers WH, Deutz NEP. NOS3 is involved in the increased protein and arginine metabolic response in muscle during early endotoxemia in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E1258-64. [PMID: 15644457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe catabolic condition. The loss of skeletal muscle protein mass is characterized by enhanced release of the amino acids glutamine and arginine, which (in)directly affects interorgan arginine and the related nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. To establish whether changes in muscle amino acid and protein kinetics are regulated by NO synthesized by nitric oxide synthase-2 or -3 (NOS2 or NOS3), we studied C57BL6/J wild-type (WT), NOS2-deficient (NOS2-/-), and NOS3-deficient (NOS3-/-) mice under control (unstimulated) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated conditions. Muscle amino acid metabolism was studied across the hindquarter by infusing the stable isotopes L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, L-[ring-2H2]tyrosine, L-[guanidino-15N2]arginine, and L-[ureido-13C,2H2]citrulline. Muscle blood flow was measured using radioactive p-aminohippuric acid dilution. Under baseline conditions, muscle blood flow was halved in NOS2-/- mice (P < 0.1), with simultaneous reductions in muscle glutamine, glycine, alanine, arginine release and glutamic acid, citrulline, valine, and leucine uptake (P < 0.1). After LPS treatment, (net) muscle protein synthesis increased in WT and NOS2-/- mice [LPS vs. control: 13 +/- 3 vs. 8 +/- 1 (SE) nmol.10 g(-1).min(-1) (WT), 18 +/- 5 vs. 7 +/- 2 nmol.10 g(-1).min(-1) (NOS2-/-); P < 0.05 for LPS vs. control]. This response was absent in NOS3-/- mice (LPS vs. control: 11 +/- 4 vs. 10 +/- 2 nmol.10 g(-1).min(-1)). In agreement, the increase in muscle arginine turnover after LPS was also absent in NOS3-/- mice. In conclusion, disruption of the NOS2 gene compromises muscle glutamine release and muscle blood flow in control mice, but had only minor effects after LPS. NOS3 activity is crucial for the increase in muscle arginine and protein turnover during early endotoxemia.
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Sara Y, Ertunc M, Onur R. The role of nitric oxide on contractile impairment during endotoxemia in rat diaphragm muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 505:177-86. [PMID: 15556151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) on the contractile impairment in diaphragm muscles of endotoxemic rats. Force-frequency relationship was depressed 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. 7-Nitroindazole, aminoguanidine and 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazole (4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) partially restored the contractile impairment, Nomega-Nitro-L-Arginine (L-NNA) was ineffective. K+ contractions were reduced by 50% in endotoxemic muscles, 7-nitroindazole partially recovered, while aminoguanidine and L-NNA were ineffective. Verapamil reduced contractility to a greater extent in endotoxemic muscles. Caffeine and ryanodine contractions were augmented during endotoxemia without NOS contribution. L-NNA, 7-nitroindazole, ODQ and hemoglobin did not affect, but aminoguanidine completely restored partially inhibited neurotransmission by d-tubocurarine. Endotoxemia did not change membrane potentials and neurotransmitter release but slightly increased excitability. At this stage of endotoxemia, (1) constitutive NOS appears to be the dominant isoform, (2) NO does not have a major role on contractile dysfunction and (3) impairment could be explained by altered sensitivity of the voltage sensor. (4) NO does not substantially modulate neuromuscular transmission in normal and endotoxemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildirim Sara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
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31
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Frost RA, Lang CH. Skeletal muscle cytokines: regulation by pathogen-associated molecules and catabolic hormones. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8:255-63. [PMID: 15809527 DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000165003.16578.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will update clinicians and basic scientists who study the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting associated with infection, trauma, cancer cachexia, and AIDS. A special emphasis is placed on recent studies that examine the interaction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and proinflammatory cytokines as positive and negative regulators of muscle mass. RECENT FINDINGS Potential mediators of the wasting syndromes include catabolic hormones, such as glucocorticoids, as well as the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor, IL-1, and IL-6. Cytokines may function either systemically or locally within muscle per se. Lipopolysaccharide and other pathogen-associated molecules stimulate cytokine expression in muscle. The failure to clear pathogen-associated molecules or the introduction of muscle damage may initiate a protracted activation of enzymes and transcription factors that orchestrate a genetic programme that ultimately produces muscle wasting. SUMMARY This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the expression of the afferent and efferent limbs of the innate immune system in skeletal muscle. A special emphasis is placed on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecules by skeletal muscle cells and how these molecules regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and other muscle genes to result in muscle wasting, and when sustained, the erosion of lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Frost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, 17033, USA.
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Minnaard R, Drost MR, Wagenmakers AJM, van Kranenburg GP, Kuipers H, Hesselink MKC. Skeletal Muscle wasting and contractile performance in septic rats. Muscle Nerve 2005; 31:339-48. [PMID: 15751123 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the temporal effects of sepsis on muscle wasting and function in order to study the contribution of wasting to the decline in muscle function; we also studied the fiber-type specificity of this muscle wasting. Sepsis was induced by injecting rats intraperitoneally with a zymosan suspension. At 2 h and at 2, 6, and 11 days after injection, muscle function was measured using in situ electrical stimulation, Zymosan injection induced severe muscle wasting compared to pair-fed and ad libitum fed controls. At 6 days, isometric force-generating capacity was drastically reduced in zymosan-treated rats. We conclude that this was fully accounted fo by the reduction of muscle mas. At day 6, we also observed increased activity of the 20S proteasome in gastrocnemius but not soleus muscle from septic rats. In tibialis anterior but not in soleus, muscle wasting occurred in a fiber-type specific fashion, i.e., the reduction in cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in type 1 than type 2A and 2B/X fibers. These findings suggest that both the inherent function of a muscle and the muscle fiber-type distribution affect the responsiveness to catabolic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minnaard
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Depatment of Movement Sciencs, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Qi WN, Chen LE, Zhang L, Eu JP, Seaber AV, Urbaniak JR. Reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle is reduced in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:1323-8. [PMID: 15180976 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00380.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) participates in many pathological events, and selective inhibition of iNOS has been shown to reduce ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in different tissues. To further confirm its role in this injury process, I/R injury was observed in denervated cremaster muscles of iNOS-deficient (iNOS−/−) and wild-type mice. After 3-h ischemia and 90-min reperfusion, blood flow in reperfused muscle was 80 ± 8.5% (mean ± SE) of baseline at 10-min reperfusion and completely returned to the preischemia baseline after 20 min in iNOS−/− mice. In contrast, blood flow was 32 ± 7.4% at 10 min and increased to 60 ± 20% of the baseline level at 90 min in wild-type mice ( P < 0.001 vs. iNOS−/− mice at all time points). The increased muscle blood flow in iNOS−/− mice was associated with significantly less vasospasm in all three sizes of arterial vessel size categories. The weight ratio to the contralateral muscle not subjected to I/R was greater in wild-type mice (173 ± 11%) than in iNOS−/− mice (117 ± 3%; P < 0.01). Inflammation and neutrophil extravasation were also more severe in wild-type mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated an absence of iNOS protein band in iNOS−/− mice and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in wild-type mice. Our results confirm the importance of iNOS in I/R injury. Upregulated iNOS exacerbates I/R injury and appears to be a therapeutic target in protection of tissues against this type of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ning Qi
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Box 3093, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:509-39, table of contents. [PMID: 15258091 PMCID: PMC452556 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.3.509-539.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now wide acceptance of the concept that the similarity between many acute infectious diseases, be they viral, bacterial, or parasitic in origin, is caused by the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines initiated when the organism interacts with the innate immune system. This is also true of certain noninfectious states, such as the tissue injury syndromes. This review discusses the historical origins of these ideas, which began with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and spread from their origins in malaria research to other fields. As well the more established proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF, interleukin-1, and lymphotoxin, the roles of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, which are chiefly inhibitory, are discussed. The established and potential roles of two more recently recognized contributors, overactivity of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and the escape of high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) protein from its normal location into the circulation, are also put in context. The pathogenesis of the disease caused by falciparum malaria is then considered in the light of what has been learned about the roles of these mediators in these other diseases, as well as in malaria itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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35
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Barreiro E, Gea J, Corominas JM, Hussain SNA. Nitric oxide synthases and protein oxidation in the quadriceps femoris of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:771-8. [PMID: 12816735 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0138oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to poor exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increased oxygen radicals and nitric oxide (NO) have been proposed as mechanisms. In this study, we assessed the levels of protein oxidation (carbonyl formation), lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal formation), catalase and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) expressions, nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), and protein tyrosine nitration in quadriceps muscles of 12 patients with patients with COPD and 6 control subjects. Lipid peroxidation was elevated in muscles of patients with patients with COPD as compared with control subjects, but protein oxidation was not. Muscle Mn-SOD but not catalase protein expression was significantly higher (200%) in patients with patients with COPDas compared with control subjects. Expression of neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS isoforms did not differ between control subjects and patients with COPD, whereas no inducible NOS protein expression was detected in limb muscles of the two groups of subjects. In patients with COPD, neuronal NOS expression correlated negatively with the degree of the airway obstruction (%FEV1 predicted). 3-Nitrotyrosine levels were significantly elevated in muscles of patients with COPDas compared with control subjects, and correlated positively with nNOS protein levels. These results indicate the development of both oxidative and nitrosative stresses in the quadriceps of patients with COPD, suggesting their involvement in muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Room L3.05, 687 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, PQ, H3A 1A1 Canada
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36
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Bourdon L, Canini F, Saïssy JM, d’Aléo P, Koulmann N, Aubert M, Bigard AX. Le coup de chaleur d’exercice : II – Physiopathologie. Sci Sports 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(03)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Adams V, Späte U, Kränkel N, Schulze PC, Linke A, Schuler G, Hambrecht R. Nuclear factor-kappa B activation in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure: correlation with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 10:273-7. [PMID: 14555882 DOI: 10.1097/00149831-200308000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the advanced stages of chronic heart failure (CHF) the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in skeletal muscle (SM) may contribute to exercise intolerance and early fatigue. Cell culture studies and promoter analysis demonstrated that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is essential for iNOS-expression. The aim of this study was to assess whether NF-kappaB is activated in skeletal muscle of patients with CHF and linked to the expression of iNOS. METHODS Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from seven CHF patients and seven healthy controls (HC). Nuclear proteins were isolated and the content of activated NF-kappaB was analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in SM was determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The expression of iNOS (1.4 +/- 0.2 versus 0.5 +/- 0.08 arbitrary units, P=0.001) and the activation of NF-kappaB in the SM (0.5 +/- 0.1 versus 0.1 +/- 0.04 arbitrary units, P=0.009) was significantly increased in CHF patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, a linear correlation was observed between NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression (r=0.78, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate for the first time that in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB is increased and may represent one important regulatory factor for the expression of iNOS in patients. Nevertheless, due to the small sample size this observation has to be confirmed in subsequent studies with more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adams
- Clinic of Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Center, University Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
The act of breathing depends on coordinated activity of the respiratory muscles to generate subatmospheric pressure. This action is compromised by disease states affecting anatomical sites ranging from the cerebral cortex to the alveolar sac. Weakness of the respiratory muscles can dominate the clinical manifestations in the later stages of several primary neurologic and neuromuscular disorders in a manner unique to each disease state. Structural abnormalities of the thoracic cage, such as scoliosis or flail chest, interfere with the action of the respiratory muscles-again in a manner unique to each disease state. The hyperinflation that accompanies diseases of the airways interferes with the ability of the respiratory muscles to generate subatmospheric pressure and it increases the load on the respiratory muscles. Impaired respiratory muscle function is the most severe consequence of several newly described syndromes affecting critically ill patients. Research on the respiratory muscles embraces techniques of molecular biology, integrative physiology, and controlled clinical trials. A detailed understanding of disease states affecting the respiratory muscles is necessary for every physician who practices pulmonary medicine or critical care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Laghi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, 111 N. 5th Avenue and Roosevelt Road, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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Mahoney E, Reichner J, Bostom LR, Mastrofrancesco B, Henry W, Albina J. Bacterial colonization and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in murine wounds. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2143-52. [PMID: 12466130 PMCID: PMC1850895 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in two different murine wound models was investigated. Animals were subjected to either full-thickness linear skin incision with subcutaneous implantation of sterile polyvinyl alcohol sponges, or to 1.5 x 1.5-cm dorsal skin excision. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected iNOS mRNA in all cell samples retrieved from the sponges. Immunoblotting of lysates of inflammatory cells harvested from the sponges failed to detect iNOS protein, and immunohistochemistry of the incisional wound was mildly positive. Inflammatory cells of excisional wounds stained strongly positive for iNOS. Cutaneous wounds were found to be colonized with Staphylococcus aureus. The detection of iNOS in cells from sponges inoculated in vivo with heat-killed bacteria and the reduction of immunohistochemical signal for iNOS in excisional wounds of animals treated with antibiotics support a role of bacteria in the induction of iNOS in wounds. The expression of iNOS in excisional wounds requires interferon-gamma and functional lymphocytes because interferon-gamma knockout and SCID-Beige mice exhibited attenuated iNOS staining in excisional wounds. The expression of iNOS in the inflammatory cells of murine wounds is a response to bacterial colonization and not part of the normal repair process elicited by sterile tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mahoney
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Brown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Bruins MJ, Lamers WH, Meijer AJ, Soeters PB, Deutz NEP. In vivo measurement of nitric oxide production in porcine gut, liver and muscle during hyperdynamic endotoxaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:1225-36. [PMID: 12466232 PMCID: PMC1573617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 09/17/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. During prolonged endotoxaemia, an increase in arginine catabolism may result in limiting substrate availability for nitric oxide (NO) production. These effects were quantitated in a chronically instrumented porcine endotoxaemia model. 2. Ten days prior to the beginning of the experiments, pigs were catheterized. On day 0, pigs received a continuous infusion of endotoxin (3 microg kg(-1) h(-1)) over 24 h and were saline resuscitated. Blood was drawn from the catheters at 0 and 24 h during primed-infusion of (15)N(2)-arginine and P-aminohippurate to assess (15)N(2)-arginine to (15)N-citrulline conversion and plasma flow rates, respectively, across the portal-drained viscera, liver and hindquarter. 3. During endotoxin infusion a hyperdynamic circulation with elevated heart rate, cardiac index and decreased mean arterial pressure was achieved, characteristic of the human septic condition. 4. Endotoxin induced NO production by the portal-drained viscera and the liver. The increased NO production was quantitatively matched by an increase in arginine disposal. Nitrite/nitrate levels remained unchanged during endotoxaemia. 5. Despite an increased arginine production from the hindquarter and an increased whole-body arginine appearance rate during endotoxin infusion, the plasma arginine concentration was lower in endotoxin-treated animals than in controls. 6 On a whole-body level, the muscle was found to serve as a major arginine supplier and, considering the lowered arginine plasma levels, seems critical in providing arginine as precursor for NO synthesis in the splanchnic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J Bruins
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Barreiro E, Comtois AS, Mohammed S, Lands LC, Hussain SNA. Role of heme oxygenases in sepsis-induced diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L476-84. [PMID: 12114211 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00495.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs), essential enzymes for heme metabolism, play an important role in the defense against oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the expression and functional significance of HO-1 and HO-2 in the ventilatory muscles of normal rats and rats injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both HO-1 and HO-2 proteins were detected inside ventilatory and limb muscle fibers of normal rats. Diaphragmatic HO-1 and HO-2 expressions rose significantly within 1 and 12 h of LPS injection, respectively. Inhibition of the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats and absence of this isoform in iNOS(-/-) mice did alter sepsis-induced regulation of muscle HOs. Systemic inhibition of HO activity with chromium mesoporphyrin IX enhanced muscle protein oxidation and hydroxynonenal formation in both normal and septic rats. Moreover, in vitro diaphragmatic force generation declined substantially in response to HO inhibition both in normal and septic rats. We conclude that both HO-1 and HO-2 proteins play an important role in the regulation of muscle contractility and in the defense against sepsis-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital del Mar-Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Scott JA, Mehta S, Duggan M, Bihari A, McCormack DG. Functional inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1426-32. [PMID: 12016107 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is likely important in the pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the sepsis-mediated induction of iNOS is associated with a decrease in constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) activity (which is reversible following acute but not chronic sepsis). Whether this decreased cNOS activity is due to functional inhibition of cNOS by the high concentrations of NO produced by iNOS or to downregulation of cNOS expression is not clear. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that sepsis produces a reversible iNOS/NO-mediated inhibition of cNOS activity. Using a rat cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) model of sepsis, we examined the time course of the changes in iNOS and cNOS activities in lung and thoracic aortae. Reversibility of the sepsis-induced decrease in cNOS activity was assessed in vitro by enzyme activity determination following selective inhibition of iNOS. iNOS and endothelial cNOS protein concentrations were determined by Western blotting. In all septic tissues, cNOS activity was depressed at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CLP. Inhibition of the increased iNOS activity with aminoguanidine, in vitro, partially restored cNOS activity following acute (6-12 hours) but not chronic sepsis (24-48 hours post-CLP). Consistent with the irreversible depression of cNOS activities in tissues following chronic sepsis, endothelial NOS protein concentrations declined progressively during the time course of sepsis. We have demonstrated the restoration of cNOS activity following in vitro inhibition of iNOS, early, and the downregulation of endothelial NOS, later, in a rat CLP model of sepsis. This suggests that further study is required before iNOS-selective inhibition can be considered in human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Scott
- A. C. Burton Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario and London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barreiro
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.
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Barreiro E, Comtois AS, Gea J, Laubach VE, Hussain SNA. Protein tyrosine nitration in the ventilatory muscles: role of nitric oxide synthases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:438-46. [PMID: 11919080 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.4.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of tyrosine residues and formation of 3-nitrotyrosine is one of the most commonly identified effects of reactive nitrogen species on proteins. In this study we evaluated the presence and localization of tyrosine nitration in various ventilatory and limb muscles. We also assessed the contribution of the neuronal (nNOS), the endothelial (eNOS), and the inducible (iNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to tyrosine nitration in skeletal muscles both under normal conditions and in response to severe sepsis. In normal rats and mice, muscle tyrosine nitration was detected at 52, 48, 40, 30, 18, and 10 kD protein bands. Tyrosine nitration of the majority of these protein bands was significantly reduced within 1 h of in vivo NOS inhibition in rats. Diaphragmatic protein tyrosine nitration in mice deficient in the inducible NOS (iNOS-/-) averaged ~ 50% of that detected in wild-type (iNOS+/+) mice. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in rats produced a significant rise in protein tyrosine nitration in the mitochondrial and membrane fractions but not in the cytosol of ventilatory muscles. Absence of iNOS expression (iNOS-/-), but not nNOS (nNOS-/-) or eNOS (eNOS-/-), in genetically altered mice resulted in a significant reduction in LPS-mediated rise in diaphragmatic nitrotyrosine. We conclude that tyrosine nitration of proteins occurs in normal muscle fibers and is dependent mainly on the activity of the iNOS isoform. Sepsis-mediated increase in protein tyrosine nitration is limited to the mitochondria and cell membrane and is highly dependent on the activity of the iNOS but not the nNOS or eNOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Critical Care Division, Royal Victoria Hospital and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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45
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Yang F, Comtois AS, Fang L, Hartman NG, Blaise G. Nitric oxide-derived nitrate anion contributes to endotoxic shock and multiple organ injury/dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:650-7. [PMID: 11990929 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200203000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because nitrate represents the major end-product of nitric oxide in vivo and can affect enzyme activity, cell electrophysiological functions, and cell membrane integrity, we hypothesized that overaccumulated nitric oxide-derived nitrate anion in tissues or organs in vivo may contribute to endotoxic shock and multiple organ injury/dysfunction during endotoxemia. DESIGN Prospective, experimental animal study. SETTING Laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide or saline and were studied in groups at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant differences were seen between nitrate concentrations in the heart, lung, kidney, liver, brain, aorta, diaphragm, spleen, thymus, testis or ovary, hind limb muscle, intestine, adipose tissue, bone, bladder, urine and plasma, which imply a nitrate gradient between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Lipopolysaccharide significantly increased nitrate concentration at 12 hrs in most tissues and organs, except in the brain, adipose tissue, and muscle. It increased more in plasma than in tissues. The lipopolysaccharide dose-dependent nitrate concentration was observed only in the aorta and lungs. The nitrate concentration change was paralleled by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as indicated by alterations of myeloperoxidase activity and by impaired histologic and cellular membrane integrity in tissues and organs. Mean arterial pressure was negatively correlated with nitrate concentration modifications in the aorta during 24 hrs of endotoxemia. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively indicate that overaccumulated nitric oxide-derived nitrate anion in tissues or organs in vivo contributes to endotoxic shock and multiple organ injury/dysfunction during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôpital Notre-Dame and Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Ebihara S, Hussain SNA, Danialou G, Cho WK, Gottfried SB, Petrof BJ. Mechanical ventilation protects against diaphragm injury in sepsis: interaction of oxidative and mechanical stresses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:221-8. [PMID: 11790659 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.2.2108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) with attendant oxidative and nitrosative stress has been implicated in sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Here we determined the impact of controlled mechanical ventilation (MV) on rat diaphragm sarcolemmal injury, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, and oxidative stress during endotoxemia. At 4 h after injection of endotoxin, impaired sarcolemmal integrity and decreased force production by the diaphragm were observed in spontaneously breathing rats. The use of MV during endotoxemia largely eliminated sarcolemmal damage and significantly improved diaphragm force production. These benefits were not associated with alterations in either iNOS expression or protein carbonyls (marker of oxidation), which remained abnormally elevated in septic diaphragms despite MV. Therefore, we hypothesized that the protection afforded by MV was due to its ability to decrease the level of mechanical stress placed on the sarcolemma, because the latter could be hyperfragile in the setting of increased oxidative stress. Using an in vitro system to independently modulate oxidative and mechanical stresses, we confirmed that these two factors act together in a synergistic fashion to favor sarcolemmal injury. Accordingly, our data suggest that MV protects the diaphragm during sepsis by abrogating an injurious interaction between oxidative and biomechanical stresses imposed on the sarcolemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ebihara
- Respiratory and Critical Care Divisions, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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WU FENG, CEPINSKAS GEDIMINAS, WILSON JOHNX, TYML KAREL. Nitric Oxide Attenuates but Superoxide Enhances iNOS Expression in Endotox in- and IFNγ-Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Endothelial Cells. Microcirculation 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2001.tb00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Deval C, Mordier S, Obled C, Bechet D, Combaret L, Attaix D, Ferrara M. Identification of cathepsin L as a differentially expressed message associated with skeletal muscle wasting. Biochem J 2001; 360:143-50. [PMID: 11696001 PMCID: PMC1222211 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of skeletal muscle protein breakdown is a hallmark of a set of pathologies, including sepsis, with negative consequences for recovery. The aim of the present study was to search for muscle markers associated with protein loss, which could help in predicting and understanding pathological wasting. With the use of differential display reverse transcription-PCR, we screened differentially expressed genes in muscle from septic rats in a long-lasting catabolic state. One clone was isolated, confirmed as being overexpressed in septic skeletal muscle and identified as encoding the lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase cathepsin L. Northern- and Western-blot analysis of cathepsin L in gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscles of septic rats confirmed an elevation (up to 3-fold) of both mRNA and protein levels as early as 2 days post-infection, and a further increase 6 days post-infection (up to 13-fold). At the same time, the increase in mRNAs encoding other lysosomal endopeptidases or components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway did not exceed 4-fold. Cathepsin L mRNA was also increased in tibialis anterior muscle of rats treated with the glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone, or rats bearing the Yoshida Sarcoma. The increase in cathepsin L mRNA was reduced by 40% when the tumour-bearing animals were treated with pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a positive and direct correlation between cathepsin L mRNA and protein level and the intensity of proteolysis, and identify cathepsin L as an appropriate early marker of muscle wasting. Cathepsin L presumably participates in the pathological response leading to muscle loss, with glucocorticoids and tumour necrosis factor-alpha potentially being involved in the up-regulation of cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deval
- Unité de Nutrition Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA de Theix-CRNH Auvergne, 63122 St Genes-Champanelle, France
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous cell-signaling molecule involved in regulation of numerous homeostatic mechanisms and in mediation of tissue injury. Nitric oxide influences contraction, blood flow, and metabolism, as well as myogenesis. Nitric oxide exerts its influence by activation of guanylate cyclase and nitrosylation of proteins, which include glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the ryanodine receptor and actomyosin ATPase. Skeletal muscle expresses all three isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase, including a muscle-specific splice variant; expression of the isoforms is fiber-type specific and influenced by age and disease. Nitric oxide produced with certain systemic conditions and local inflammation is likely toxic to skeletal muscle, either directly or in reactions with oxygen-derived radicals. Although nitric oxide impacts on many functions in muscle, its effects are subtle, and much work remains to be done to determine its importance in the pathogenesis of muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Lanone S, Mebazaa A, Heymes C, Valleur P, Mechighel P, Payen D, Aubier M, Boczkowski J. Sepsis is associated with reciprocal expressional modifications of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in human skeletal muscle: down-regulation of NOS1 and up-regulation of NOS3. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1720-5. [PMID: 11546971 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200109000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression (mRNA and protein) and activity of the constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS1 and NOS3) in a skeletal muscle of septic patients. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING An adult trauma/surgical intensive care unit in an urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen septic patients and 21 controls. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Samples of the rectus abdominis muscle were obtained during surgical procedure. NOS mRNA, protein, and activity were detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and the conversion of [3H]L-arginine to [3H]L-citrulline, respectively. The main results of this study are as follows: a) Levels of NOS1 mRNA and protein were significantly higher than those of NOS3 in the rectus abdominis muscle of control patients; b) NOS1 expression was down-regulated in septic patients, whereas NOS3 was up-regulated; c) these modulations were associated with a reduction in constitutive NOS activity; and d) modifications of NOS1 and NOS3 protein expression were correlated significantly with the severity of sepsis, assessed by the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis induces reciprocal expressional modifications of NOS1 and NOS3 in human skeletal muscle, which decreases muscular constitutive NOS activity. These modifications may have implications for muscle impairment in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lanone
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U408 and IFR 02, Faculté X. Bichat, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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