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Dlamini M, Khathi A. Prediabetes-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle Function and Their Possible Links with Diabetes: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:469. [PMID: 38203642 PMCID: PMC10778616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle plays a critical role in regulating systemic blood glucose homeostasis. Impaired skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been observed to significantly affect the whole-body glucose homeostasis, thereby resulting in other diabetic complications. T2DM does not only affect skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis, but it also affects skeletal muscle structure and functional capacity. Given that T2DM is a global health burden, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic medical therapies that will aid in the management of T2DM. Prediabetes (PreDM) is a prominent risk factor of T2DM that usually goes unnoticed in many individuals as it is an asymptomatic condition. Hence, research on PreDM is essential because establishing diabetic biomarkers during the prediabetic state would aid in preventing the development of T2DM, as PreDM is a reversible condition if it is detected in the early stages. The literature predominantly documents the changes in skeletal muscle during T2DM, but the changes in skeletal muscle during prediabetes are not well elucidated. In this review, we seek to review the existing literature on PreDM- and T2DM-associated changes in skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andile Khathi
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South Africa;
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2
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Hoh JFY. Developmental, physiologic and phylogenetic perspectives on the expression and regulation of myosin heavy chains in mammalian skeletal muscles. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01499-0. [PMID: 37277594 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of myosin controls the speed and power of muscle contraction. Mammalian skeletal muscles express twelve kinetically different myosin heavy chain (MyHC) genes which provides a wide range of muscle speeds to meet different functional demands. Myogenic progenitors from diverse craniofacial and somitic mesoderm specify muscle allotypes with different repertoires for MyHC expression. This review provides a brief synopsis on the historical and current views on how cell lineage, neural impulse patterns, and thyroid hormone influence MyHC gene expression in muscles of the limb allotype during development and in adult life and the molecular mechanisms thereof. During somitic myogenesis, embryonic and foetal myoblast lineages form slow and fast primary and secondary myotube ontotypes which respond differently to postnatal neural and thyroidal influences to generate fully differentiated fibre phenotypes. Fibres of a given phenotype may arise from myotubes of different ontotypes which retain their capacity to respond differently to neural and thyroidal influences during postnatal life. This gives muscles physiological plasticity to adapt to fluctuations in thyroid hormone levels and patterns of use. The kinetics of MyHC isoforms vary inversely with animal body mass. Fast 2b fibres are specifically absent in muscles involved in elastic energy saving in hopping marsupials and generally absent in large eutherian mammals. Changes in MyHC expression are viewed in the context of the physiology of the whole animal. The roles of myoblast lineage and thyroid hormone in regulating MyHC gene expression are phylogenetically the most ancient while that of neural impulse patterns the most recent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Foon Yoong Hoh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- , PO Box 152, Killara, NSW, 2071, Australia.
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3
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Palmitic Acid Inhibits Myogenic Activity and Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain MHC IIb in Muscle Cells through Phosphorylation-Dependent MyoD Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065847. [PMID: 36982919 PMCID: PMC10054354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia associated with aging and obesity is characterized by the atrophy of fast-twitch muscle fibers and an increase in intramuscular fat deposits. However, the mechanism of fast-twitch fiber-specific atrophy remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of palmitic acid (PA), the most common fatty acid component of human fat, on muscle fiber type, focusing on the expression of fiber-type-specific myosin heavy chain (MHC). Myotubes differentiated from C2C12 myoblasts were treated with PA. The PA treatment inhibited myotube formation and hypertrophy while reducing the gene expression of MHC IIb and IIx, specific isoforms of fast-twitch fibers. Consistent with this, a significant suppression of MHC IIb protein expression in PA-treated cells was observed. A reporter assay using plasmids containing the MHC IIb gene promoter revealed that the PA-induced reduction in MHC IIb gene expression was caused by the suppression of MyoD transcriptional activity through its phosphorylation. Treatment with a specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor recovered the reduction in MHC IIb gene expression levels in PA-treated cells, suggesting the involvement of the PA-induced activation of PKC. Thus, PA selectively suppresses the mRNA and protein expression of fast-twitch MHC by modulating MyoD activity. This finding provides a potential pathogenic mechanism for age-related sarcopenia.
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4
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Zhou H, Liao Y, Chen D, Yu B. Effects of breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expression patterns of paired box genes and myogenic regulatory factors in pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 75:474-488. [PMID: 35227137 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2006542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expressions of paired box (Pax) genes and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in pigs. Thirty Large White (LW) barrows and thirty Chenghua (CH, a native breed of China) barrows were performed in experiment 1. Results exhibited that in the CH pigs the abundances of Pax3 at 105 and 220 d of age, Mrf4 at 63 d of age, Myf5 and Mrf4 at 220 d of age were higher than those in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expressions of MyHC-І and ІІa in the CH pigs were upregulated, and the abundance of MyHC-ІІb were downregulated compared with those in the LW pigs at 105 and 220 d of age (p < 0.05). Moreover, the meat quality of the CH pigs was better than in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, sixty LW pigs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments meeting their nutrient requirements (NRC) or a diet with moderately reduced digestible energy, crude protein and Lys level by 560 kJ/kg, 1.48% and 0.34%, respectively (LOW diet). The results showed that the reduced dietary nutrient level increased (p < 0.05) the expressions of MyoG and Mrf4 at 105 d of age, Pax3, Myf5, and Mrf4 at 220 d of age, and upregulated (p < 0.05) the abundance of MyHC-ІІa at 105 and 220 d of age in LW pigs. In addition, a decrease in dietary nutrient level improved the meat quality in LW pigs (p < 0.05). Collectively, the expressions of Pax genes and MRFs were markedly different between the CH and LW pigs. The CH pigs exhibited higher expression levels of Pax3, Myf5, Mrf4, MyHC-І and ІІa, which may improved the meat quality. A decrease in dietary nutrient level upregulated the abundances Pax3, Mrf4, Myf5, MyoG, and MyHC-ІІa, and might enhance the meat quality in the LW pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuxue Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Barrett P, Quick TJ, Mudera V, Player DJ. Neuregulin 1 Drives Morphological and Phenotypical Changes in C2C12 Myotubes: Towards De Novo Formation of Intrafusal Fibres In Vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:760260. [PMID: 35087826 PMCID: PMC8787273 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle spindles are sensory organs that detect and mediate both static and dynamic muscle stretch and monitor muscle position, through a specialised cell population, termed intrafusal fibres. It is these fibres that provide a key contribution to proprioception and muscle spindle dysfunction is associated with multiple neuromuscular diseases, aging and nerve injuries. To date, there are few publications focussed on de novo generation and characterisation of intrafusal muscle fibres in vitro. To this end, current models of skeletal muscle focus on extrafusal fibres and lack an appreciation for the afferent functions of the muscle spindle. The goal of this study was to produce and define intrafusal bag and chain myotubes from differentiated C2C12 myoblasts, utilising the addition of the developmentally associated protein, Neuregulin 1 (Nrg-1). Intrafusal bag myotubes have a fusiform shape and were assigned using statistical morphological parameters. The model was further validated using immunofluorescent microscopy and western blot analysis, directed against an extensive list of putative intrafusal specific markers, as identified in vivo. The addition of Nrg-1 treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase in intrafusal bag myotubes (as assessed by morphology) and increased protein and gene expression of the intrafusal specific transcription factor, Egr3. Surprisingly, Nrg-1 treated myotubes had significantly reduced gene and protein expression of many intrafusal specific markers and showed no specificity towards intrafusal bag morphology. Another novel finding highlights a proliferative effect for Nrg-1 during the serum starvation-initiated differentiation phase, leading to increased nuclei counts, paired with less myotube area per myonuclei. Therefore, despite no clear collective evidence for specific intrafusal development, Nrg-1 treated myotubes share two inherent characteristics of intrafusal fibres, which contain increased satellite cell numbers and smaller myonuclear domains compared with their extrafusal neighbours. This research represents a minimalistic, monocellular C2C12 model for progression towards de novo intrafusal skeletal muscle generation, with the most extensive characterisation to date. Integration of intrafusal myotubes, characteristic of native, in vivo intrafusal skeletal muscle into future biomimetic tissue engineered models could provide platforms for developmental or disease state studies, pre-clinical screening, or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Barrett
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Quick
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Research Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Player
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Vijayakumar K, Arumugam VA, Ramasamy M, Natesan M, Palanisamy S, Thajuddin NB, Balasubramanian B, Meyyazhagan A. Hepatoprotective effects of Psidium guajava on mitochondrial enzymes and inflammatory markers in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:2041-2050. [PMID: 33121271 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1843474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava (P. guajva) and its isolated quercetin fraction on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were divided into 6 groups and each group contained 6 rats. CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg b.w.) was used to induce the hepatotoxicity. Ethanolic extract of P. guajava (300 mg/kg b.w.), isolated quercetin fraction (20 mg/kg b.w.) were used as a treatment and silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w.) was used as a standard drug. After the study period, the liver tissues were collected and evaluate the levels of liver functional markers, mitochondrial enzymes, histopathological analysis and the expressions of inflammatory markers. RESULTS The levels of liver functional markers were increased and protein, albumin and A/G ratio levels were decreased and the decreased levels of mitochondrial enzymes were noted in CCl4-induced rats and the levels were restored near to normal significantly when the administration ethanolic extract of P. guajava, isolated quercetin fraction and silymarin. The normal architecture of liver tissues were altered and the mRNA expressions were up-regulated in CCl4-induced rats and the liver tissues were normalized and the mRNA and protein expressions were down-regulated near to normal significantly when the administration of ethanolic extract of P. guajava, isolated quercetin fraction and silymarin. CONCLUSION From these results, the isolated quercetin fractions have better activity than that of the ethanolic extract of P. guajava leaves. Hence, the isolated quercetin may be used as the safest drug for hepatotoxicity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Manikandan Ramasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, M.I.E.T Arts and Science College, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Manoharan Natesan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | | | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Euro Espes Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
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7
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Hitachi K, Nakatani M, Funasaki S, Hijikata I, Maekawa M, Honda M, Tsuchida K. Expression Levels of Long Non-Coding RNAs Change in Models of Altered Muscle Activity and Muscle Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051628. [PMID: 32120896 PMCID: PMC7084395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ that is necessary for homeostasis and health of the human body. The size of skeletal muscle changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although protein-coding RNAs including myostatin, NF-κβ, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have pivotal roles in determining the skeletal muscle mass, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed expression profiling of nine skeletal muscle differentiation-related lncRNAs (DRR, DUM1, linc-MD1, linc-YY1, LncMyod, Neat1, Myoparr, Malat1, and SRA) and three genomic imprinting-related lncRNAs (Gtl2, H19, and IG-DMR) in mouse skeletal muscle. The expression levels of these lncRNAs were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in six skeletal muscle atrophy models (denervation, casting, tail suspension, dexamethasone-administration, cancer cachexia, and fasting) and two skeletal muscle hypertrophy models (mechanical overload and deficiency of the myostatin gene). Cluster analyses of these lncRNA expression levels were successfully used to categorize the muscle atrophy models into two sub-groups. In addition, the expression of Gtl2, IG-DMR, and DUM1 was altered along with changes in the skeletal muscle size. The overview of the expression levels of lncRNAs in multiple muscle atrophy and hypertrophy models provides a novel insight into the role of lncRNAs in determining the skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hitachi
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Masashi Nakatani
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Shiori Funasaki
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Ikumi Hijikata
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Mizuki Maekawa
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Masahiko Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan;
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.H.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-562-93-9384
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8
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Calcineurin Broadly Regulates the Initiation of Skeletal Muscle-Specific Gene Expression by Binding Target Promoters and Facilitating the Interaction of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Enzyme. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00063-19. [PMID: 31308130 PMCID: PMC6751634 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00063-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (Cn) is a calcium-activated serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is broadly implicated in diverse cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. During skeletal muscle differentiation, Cn activates the nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) transcription factor but also promotes differentiation by counteracting the negative influences of protein kinase C beta (PKCβ) via dephosphorylation and activation of Brg1, an enzymatic subunit of the mammalian SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme. Here we identified four major temporal patterns of Cn-dependent gene expression in differentiating myoblasts and determined that Cn is broadly required for the activation of the myogenic gene expression program. Mechanistically, Cn promotes gene expression through direct binding to myogenic promoter sequences and facilitating the binding of Brg1, other SWI/SNF subunit proteins, and MyoD, a critical lineage determinant for skeletal muscle differentiation. We conclude that the Cn phosphatase directly impacts the expression of myogenic genes by promoting ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and formation of transcription-competent promoters.
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Ji GG, Shu JT, Zhang M, Ju XJ, Shan YJ, Liu YF, Tu YJ. Transcriptional regulatory region and DNA methylation analysis of TNNI1 gene promoters in Gaoyou duck skeletal muscle ( Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:202-208. [PMID: 30968708 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1602250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The slow skeletal muscle troponin I (TNNI1) gene has been found to be specifically expressed in slow muscle fibres and plays an important role in muscle development. The aim of this study was to determine the active control area of duck TNNI1 and identify the potential cis-regulatory elements in the promoter. 2. In this study, the TNNI1 promoter was first cloned by genome walking and the sequences were analysed using bioinformatics software. Firefly luciferase reporter gene vectors, driven by a series of constructs with progressive deletions, were used to identify the core transcriptional regulatory region of the duck TNNI1 gene. The methylation status of the CpG island in the TNNI1 promoter was detected in skeletal muscle on embryonic days 21 and 27, by bisulphite sequencing PCR (BSP). 3. The results showed two CpG islands presented in the promoter region, with one of the CpG islands located in the core transcriptional regulatory region (-2078/-885 bp). The total methylation levels of the 14 CpG sites were not altered between breast and leg muscles on embryonic days 21 and 27. However, four CpG sites (loci of positions 4, 11, 13, and 14) showed dramatically different methylation levels between breast and leg muscles at embryonic days 21 and 27. Analysis showed that multiple CpG sites had a significant correlation between the methylation levels of the CpG sites and mRNA expressions in skeletal muscle. Multiple transcription factor binding sites including Sp1, c-Myc, Oct-1 and NF-kB motifs were identified and might be responsible for transcriptional regulation of the TNNI1 gene. 4. These findings contribute to further understanding of the fundamental mechanism for transcriptional regulation of the TNNI1 gene in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-G Ji
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - J-T Shu
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - M Zhang
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - X-J Ju
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - Y-J Shan
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - Y-F Liu
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
| | - Y-J Tu
- a Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science , Yangzhou , China
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10
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Tsukamoto S, Shibasaki A, Naka A, Saito H, Iida K. Lactate Promotes Myoblast Differentiation and Myotube Hypertrophy via a Pathway Involving MyoD In Vitro and Enhances Muscle Regeneration In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113649. [PMID: 30463265 PMCID: PMC6274869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a metabolic substrate mainly produced in muscles, especially during exercise. Recently, it was reported that lactate affects myoblast differentiation; however, the obtained results are inconsistent and the in vivo effect of lactate remains unclear. Our study thus aimed to evaluate the effects of lactate on myogenic differentiation and its underlying mechanism. The differentiation of C2C12 murine myogenic cells was accelerated in the presence of lactate and, consequently, myotube hypertrophy was achieved. Gene expression analysis of myogenic regulatory factors showed significantly increased myogenic determination protein (MyoD) gene expression in lactate-treated cells compared with that in untreated ones. Moreover, lactate enhanced gene and protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC). In particular, lactate increased gene expression of specific MHC isotypes, MHCIIb and IId/x, in a dose-dependent manner. Using a reporter assay, we showed that lactate increased promoter activity of the MHCIIb gene and that a MyoD binding site in the promoter region was necessary for the lactate-induced increase in activity. Finally, peritoneal injection of lactate in mice resulted in enhanced regeneration and fiber hypertrophy in glycerol-induced regenerating muscles. In conclusion, physiologically high lactate concentrations modulated muscle differentiation by regulating MyoD-associated networks, thereby enhancing MHC expression and myotube hypertrophy in vitro and, potentially, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakuka Tsukamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Ayako Shibasaki
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Ayano Naka
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan..
| | - Hazuki Saito
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Kaoruko Iida
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
- The Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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11
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Das S, Morvan F, Morozzi G, Jourde B, Minetti GC, Kahle P, Rivet H, Brebbia P, Toussaint G, Glass DJ, Fornaro M. ATP Citrate Lyase Regulates Myofiber Differentiation and Increases Regeneration by Altering Histone Acetylation. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3003-3011. [PMID: 29241530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACL) plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial function, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. We report here that ACL silencing impairs myoblast and satellite cell (SC) differentiation, and it is accompanied by a decrease in fast myosin heavy chain isoforms and MYOD. Conversely, overexpression of ACL enhances MYOD levels and promotes myogenesis. Myogenesis is dependent on transcriptional but also other mechanisms. We show that ACL regulates the net amount of acetyl groups available, leading to alterations in acetylation of H3(K9/14) and H3(K27) at the MYOD locus, thus increasing MYOD expression. ACL overexpression in murine skeletal muscle leads to improved regeneration after cardiotoxin-mediated damage. Thus, our findings suggest a mechanism for regulating SC differentiation and enhancing regeneration, which might be exploited for devising therapeutic approaches for treating skeletal muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Morvan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Morozzi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Jourde
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulia C Minetti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kahle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helene Rivet
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Brebbia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gauthier Toussaint
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J Glass
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mara Fornaro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Saneyasu T, Tsuchihashi T, Kitashiro A, Tsuchii N, Kimura S, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. The IGF-1/Akt/S6 pathway and expressions of glycolytic myosin heavy chain isoforms are upregulated in chicken skeletal muscle during the first week after hatching. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1779-1787. [PMID: 28594135 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is an important trait in the animal industry. We previously reported an age-dependent downregulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/Akt/S6 pathway, major protein synthesis pathway, in chicken breast muscle after 1 week of age, despite a continuous increase of breast muscle weight. Myosin heavy chain (HC), a major protein in muscle fiber, has several isoforms depending on chicken skeletal muscle types. HC I (fast-twitch glycolytic type) is known to be expressed in adult chicken breast muscle. However, little is known about the changes in the expression levels of protein synthesis-related factors and HC isoforms in perihatching chicken muscle. In the present study, protein synthesis-related factors, such as IGF-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, phosphorylation of Akt, and phosphorylated S6 content, increased in an age-dependent manner after post-hatch day (D) 0. The mRNA levels of HC I, III and V (fast-twitch glycolytic type) dramatically increased after D0. The increase ratio of breast muscle weight was approximately 1100% from D0 to D7. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence that upregulation of protein synthesis pathway and transcription of fast twitch glycolytic HC isoforms play critical roles in the increase of chicken breast muscle weight during the first week after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaoki Saneyasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Ayana Kitashiro
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nami Tsuchii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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13
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Potential involvement of dietary advanced glycation end products in impairment of skeletal muscle growth and muscle contractile function in mice. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:21-29. [PMID: 28093090 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diets enriched with advanced glycation end products (AGE) have recently been related to muscle dysfunction processes. However, it remains unclear whether long-term exposure to an AGE-enriched diet impacts physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles. Therefore, we explored the differences in skeletal muscle mass, contractile function and molecular responses between mice receiving a diet high in AGE (H-AGE) and low in AGE (L-AGE) for 16 weeks. There were no significant differences between L-AGE and H-AGE mice with regard to body weight, food intake or epididymal fat pad weight. However, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and plantaris (PLA) muscle weights in H-AGE mice were lower compared with L-AGE mice. Higher levels of N ε -(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine, a marker for AGE, in EDL muscles of H-AGE mice were observed compared with L-AGE mice. H-AGE mice showed lower muscle strength and endurance in vivo and lower muscle force production of PLA muscle in vitro. mRNA expression levels of myogenic factors including myogenic factor 5 and myogenic differentiation in EDL muscle were lower in H-AGE mice compared with L-AGE mice. The phosphorylation status of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase Thr389, an indicator of protein synthesis signalling, was lower in EDL muscle of H-AGE mice than that of L-AGE mice. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to an AGE-enriched diet impairs skeletal muscle growth and muscle contractile function, and that these muscle dysfunctions may be attributed to the inhibition of myogenic potential and protein synthesis.
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14
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Abdella EM, Mahmoud AM, El-Derby AM. Brown seaweeds protect against azoxymethane-induced hepatic repercussions through up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and attenuation of oxidative stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2496-2504. [PMID: 27050090 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Seaweeds of the genera Turbinaria and Padina have long been used as food and in traditional medicine for treating several diseases. OBJECTIVE The current study determines the protective efficacy of the brown seaweeds Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh (Sargassaceae) and Padina pavonia (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux (Dictyotaceae) against liver injury induced by azoxymethane (AOM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Swiss mice received 10 mg/kg AOM once a week for two consecutive weeks and then 100 mg/kg daily dose of either T. ornata or P. pavonia ethanolic extract. Thirteen weeks after the first AOM administration and 24 h after the last treatment, overnight fasted mice were sacrificed and samples collected. RESULTS Compared with the AOM group, both T. ornata and P. pavonia significantly decreased the activity of aminotransferases and the concentration of bilirubin while increased albumin levels in the serum. The antioxidative effect of both extracts was observed from the increased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver, both of which were decreased by AOM. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were reduced, and histological findings also confirmed the antihepatotoxic activity. In addition, treatment with T. ornata and P. pavonia significantly increased PPARγ and decreased NF-κB expression in the liver of AOM-administered mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the protective function of T. ornata and P. pavonia on AOM-induced liver injury may be possibly exerted by multiple pathways including abolishment of inflammation and oxidative damage, and activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M Abdella
- a Cell Biology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- b Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
| | - Azza M El-Derby
- a Cell Biology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
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15
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Chen JL, Colgan TD, Walton KL, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA. The TGF-β Signalling Network in Muscle Development, Adaptation and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:97-131. [PMID: 27003398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable ability to change its size and force-producing capacity in response to physiological stimuli. Impairment of the cellular processes that govern these attributes also affects muscle mass and function in pathological conditions. Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β family, has been identified as a key regulator of muscle development, and adaptation in adulthood. In muscle, myostatin binds to its type I (ALK4/5) and type II (ActRIIA/B) receptors to initiate Smad2/3 signalling and the regulation of target genes that co-ordinate the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Interestingly, evidence is emerging that other TGF-β proteins act in concert with myostatin to regulate the growth and remodelling of skeletal muscle. Consequently, dysregulation of TGF-β proteins and their associated signalling components is increasingly being implicated in muscle wasting associated with chronic illness, ageing, and inactivity. The growing understanding of TGF-β biology in muscle, and its potential to advance the development of therapeutics for muscle-related conditions is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colgan
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Sato H, Funaki A, Kimura Y, Sumitomo M, Yoshida H, Fukata H, Ueno K. Ethanol extract of Cyclolepis genistoides D. Don (palo azul) induces formation of myotubes, which involves differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells. Nutr Res 2016; 36:731-41. [PMID: 27262535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the cell differentiation effect of an ethanol extract of Cyclolepis genistoides D. Don, a herbaceous perennial belonging to the family Asteraceae (vernacular name: palo azul). Palo azul has numerous physiological effects that contribute to the prevention of metabolic syndromes, although the mechanism remains unclear. We previously suggested that palo azul has antidiabetic activity via an adipose differentiation effect. Here, we focused on whether palo azul promoted the differentiation of myoblasts. The mouse muscle myoblast cell line C2C12 was cultured and differentiated using horse serum with or without an ethanol extract of palo azul (12.5-200 μg/mL). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate differentiation markers, including insulin-like growth factor-1 and myogenin. To evaluate myotube formation, myosin heavy-chain (MHC) expression and localization were detected by immunohistochemistry. Palo azul increased the expression of the differentiation markers. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed increased formation of MHC myotubes after palo azul treatment along with increased diameter and fusion indices of the myotubes. The expression level of MHC was also increased. In conclusion, palo azul may increase muscle mass in the body and improve insulin resistance conditions by facilitating the formation of myotubes by promoting myocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Asami Funaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mai Sumitomo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yoshida
- IHM Inc, 7-22-17, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukata
- JPD Co. Ltd, 7-98, Kitaitami, Itami-shi, Hyogo 664-0831, Japan
| | - Koichi Ueno
- Center of Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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17
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Chen JB, Zhang HX, Guo XF, Wang H, Zhang HS. Boron-chelating fluorescent probe (BOPB) in the red region combined with CE-LIF for the detection of NO in mice liver. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:609-15. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP; Mianyang P. R. China
| | - Hui-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
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18
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Zhang Y, Li W, Zhu M, Li Y, Xu Z, Zuo B. FHL3 differentially regulates the expression of MyHC isoforms through interactions with MyoD and pCREB. Cell Signal 2015; 28:60-73. [PMID: 26499038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, muscle fiber types are defined by four adult myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Four and a half LIM domain protein 3 (FHL3) regulates myoblasts differentiation and gene expression by acting as a transcriptional co-activator or co-repressor. However, how FHL3 regulates MyHC expression is currently not clear. In this study, we found that FHL3 down-regulated the expression of MyHC 1/slow and up-regulated the expression of MyHC 2a and MyHC 2b, whereas no significant effect was found on MyHC 2x expression. MyoD and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) played important roles in the regulation of MyHC 1/slow and MyHC 2a expression by FHL3, respectively. FHL3 could interact with MyoD, CREB and pCREB in vivo. pCREB had stronger interaction with the cyclic AMP-responsive elements (CRE) of the MyHC 2a promoter compared with CREB, and FHL3 significantly affected the binding capacity of pCREB to CRE. We established a model in which FHL3 promotes the expression of MyHC 2a through CREB-mediated transcription and inhibits the expression of MyHC 1/slow by inhibiting MyoD transcription activity during myogenesis. Our data support the notion that FHL3 plays important roles in the regulation of muscle fiber type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Wentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Mingfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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19
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Dong Z, Su L, Esmaili S, Iseli TJ, Ramezani-Moghadam M, Hu L, Xu A, George J, Wang J. Adiponectin attenuates liver fibrosis by inducing nitric oxide production of hepatic stellate cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1327-39. [PMID: 26153548 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adiponectin protects against liver fibrosis, but the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that adiponectin upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in hepatic non-parenchymal cells, particularly in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and increased nitric oxide (NO2-/NO3-) concentration in HSC-conditioned medium. Adiponectin attenuated HSC proliferation and migration but promoted apoptosis in a NO-dependent manner. More advanced liver fibrosis with decreased iNOS/NO levels was observed in adiponectin knockout mice comparing to wide-type mice when administered with CCI4 while NO donor supplementation rescued the phenotype. Further experiments demonstrated that adiponectin-induced iNOS/NO system activation is mediated through adipoR2-AMPK-JNK/Erk1/2-NF-κB signaling. These data suggest that adiponectin inhibits HSC function, further limiting the development of liver fibrosis at least in part through adiponectin-induced NO release. Therefore, adiponectin-mediated NO signaling may be a novel target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. KEY MESSAGES • Adiponectin activates HSC iNOS/NO and SEC eNOS/NO systems. • Adiponectin inhibits HSC proliferation and migration but promotes its apoptosis. • Adiponectin inhibits CCL4-induced liver fibrosis by modulation of liver iNOS/NO. • Adiponectin stimulates HSC iNOS/NO via adipoR2-AMPK-JNK/ErK1/2-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Lin Su
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Saeed Esmaili
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Tristan J Iseli
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ramezani-Moghadam
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Liangshuo Hu
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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20
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Stanimirovic J, Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Resanovic I, Bogdanovic N, Gluvic Z, Mousa SA, Isenovic ER. Effects of altered hepatic lipid metabolism on regulation of hepatic iNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Expression of the myosin heavy chain IIB gene in porcine skeletal muscle: the role of the CArG-Box promoter response element. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114365. [PMID: 25469802 PMCID: PMC4255089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its similarity to humans, the pig is increasingly being considered as a good animal model for studying a range of human diseases. Despite their physiological similarities, differential expression of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIB gene (MYH4) exists in the skeletal muscles of these species, which is associated with a different muscle phenotype. The expression of different MyHC isoforms is a critical determinant of the contractile and metabolic characteristics of the muscle fibre. We aimed to elucidate whether a genomic mechanism was responsible for the drastically different expression of MYH4 between pigs and humans, thus improving our understanding of the pig as a model for human skeletal muscle research. We utilized approximately 1 kb of the MYH4 promoter from a domestic pig and a human (which do and do not express MYH4, respectively) to elucidate the role of the promoter sequence in regulating the high expression of MYH4 in porcine skeletal muscle. We identified a 3 bp genomic difference within the proximal CArG and E-box region of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans that dictates the differential activity of these promoters during myogenesis. Subtle species-specific genomic differences within the CArG-box region caused differential protein-DNA interactions at this site and is likely accountable for the differential MYH4 promoter activity between pigs and humans. We propose that the genomic differences identified herein explain the differential activity of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans, which may contribute to the differential expression patterns displayed in these otherwise physiologically similar mammals. Further, we report that both the pig and human MYH4 promoters can be induced by MyoD over-expression, but the capacity to activate the MYH4 promoter is largely influenced by the 3 bp difference located within the CArG-box region of the proximal MYH4 promoter.
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Mahmoud AM. Hesperidin protects against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity by upregulation of PPARγ and abrogation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:717-24. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most important reason for the non-approval and withdrawal of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration is hepatotoxicity. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of hesperidin against cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. The rats received a single intraperitoneal dose of CYP of 200 mg/kg body mass, followed by treatment with hesperidin, orally, at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg for 11 consecutive days. CYP induced hepatic damage, as evidenced by the significantly elevated levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, serum transaminases, liver lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide. As a consequence, there was reduced glutathione content, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were markedly reduced. In addition, CYP administration induced a considerable downregulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and upregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. Hesperidin, in a dose-dependent manner, rejuvenated the altered markers to an almost normal state. In conclusion, hesperidin showed a potent protective effect against CYP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation leading to hepatotoxicity. The study suggests that hesperidin exerts its protective effect against CYP-induced hepatotoxicity through upregulation of hepatic PPARγ expression and abrogation of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt
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23
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Smith HK, Matthews KG, Oldham JM, Jeanplong F, Falconer SJ, Bass JJ, Senna-Salerno M, Bracegirdle JW, McMahon CD. Translational signalling, atrogenic and myogenic gene expression during unloading and reloading of skeletal muscle in myostatin-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94356. [PMID: 24718581 PMCID: PMC3981781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles of myostatin null (Mstn(−/−)) mice are more susceptible to atrophy during hind limb suspension (HS) than are muscles of wild-type mice. Here we sought to elucidate the mechanism for this susceptibility and to determine if Mstn(−/−) mice can regain muscle mass after HS. Male Mstn(−/−) and wild-type mice were subjected to 0, 2 or 7 days of HS or 7 days of HS followed by 1, 3 or 7 days of reloading (n = 6 per group). Mstn(−/−) mice lost more mass from muscles expressing the fast type IIb myofibres during HS and muscle mass was recovered in both genotypes after reloading for 7 days. Concentrations of MAFbx and MuRF1 mRNA, crucial ligases regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but not MUSA1, a BMP-regulated ubiquitin ligase, were increased more in muscles of Mstn(−/−) mice, compared with wild-type mice, during HS and concentrations decreased in both genotypes during reloading. Similarly, concentrations of LC3b, Gabarapl1 and Atg4b, key effectors of the autophagy-lysosomal system, were increased further in muscles of Mstn(−/−) mice, compared with wild-type mice, during HS and decreased in both genotypes during reloading. There was a greater abundance of 4E-BP1 and more bound to eIF4E in muscles of Mstn(−/−) compared with wild-type mice (P<0.001). The ratio of phosphorylated to total eIF2α increased during HS and decreased during reloading, while the opposite pattern was observed for rpS6. Concentrations of myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myf5 and myogenin) mRNA were increased during HS in muscles of Mstn(−/−) mice compared with controls (P<0.001). We attribute the susceptibility of skeletal muscles of Mstn(−/−) mice to atrophy during HS to an up- and downregulation, respectively, of the mechanisms regulating atrophy of myofibres and translation of mRNA. These processes are reversed during reloading to aid a faster rate of recovery of muscle mass in Mstn(−/−) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jenny M. Oldham
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ferenc Jeanplong
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - James J. Bass
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Salvatore D, Simonides WS, Dentice M, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle--new insights and potential implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:206-14. [PMID: 24322650 PMCID: PMC4037849 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone signalling regulates crucial biological functions, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, development and growth. The skeletal muscle is a major target of thyroid hormone signalling. The type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3, respectively) have been identified in skeletal muscle. DIO2 expression is tightly regulated and catalyses outer-ring monodeiodination of the secreted prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) to generate the active hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3). T3 can remain in the myocyte to signal through nuclear receptors or exit the cell to mix with the extracellular pool. By contrast, DIO3 inactivates T3 through removal of an inner-ring iodine. Regulation of the expression and activity of deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism for controlling the intracellular concentration of T3. This local control of T3 activity is crucial during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of T3 in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis, with a focus on the emerging local deiodinase-mediated control of T3 signalling. Moreover, we discuss these novel findings in the context of both muscle homeostasis and pathology, and examine how skeletal muscle deiodinase activity might be therapeutically harnessed to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in patients with skeletal muscle disorders, muscle atrophy or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhang HX, Chen JB, Guo XF, Wang H, Zhang HS. Highly sensitive low-background fluorescent probes for imaging of nitric oxide in cells and tissues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3115-23. [PMID: 24564742 DOI: 10.1021/ac4041718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes in combination with fluorescent microscopy can be a powerful tool to provide real-time detection and high spatiotemporal resolution of transient molecules in cells and bodies. For the design of fluorescent probes for transient molecule imaging, high detection sensitivity is crucial. In this report, two new fluorescent probes, 8-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-di(1,2-dihydro)naphtho[b,g]-s-indacene (DANPBO-H) and 8-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-1,7-dimethyl-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-di(1,2-dihydro)naphtho[b,g]-s-indacene (DANPBO-M), have been developed for nitric oxide (NO) imaging. The detection sensitivity has been efficiently improved by use of these probes through increasing NO detection signals and decreasing background fluorescence. Fluorescence in the far-red region is enhanced by 400- and 550-fold after reaction with NO is achieved and remains stable for at least 24 h under the irradiation of xenon lamp. Excitation and emission wavelengths longer than 600 nm and excellent intracellular retention of these probes and their NO products create dark background inside and outside cells and tissues. What is more, the excellent intracellular retention of these compounds is obtained by their strong lipophilicity, which is a novel design concept diametrically opposite to the traditional approaches. The high sensitivity and dark background make DANPBO-H and DANPBO-M competitive for NO imaging in cells and tissues. The lipophilicity-based intracellular retention mechanism as a design strategy has great potential in the development of fluorescent probes for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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Daou N, Lecolle S, Lefebvre S, della Gaspera B, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C, Armand AS. A new role for the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in neonatal myosin heavy chain expression via the NFATc2/MyoD complex during mouse myogenesis. Development 2014; 140:4914-25. [PMID: 24301466 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) signaling pathway is involved in the modulation of the adult muscle fiber type, but its role in the establishment of the muscle phenotype remains elusive. Here, we show that the NFAT member NFATc2 cooperates with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MyoD to induce the expression of a specific myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform, the neonatal one, during embryogenesis. We found this cooperation to be crucial, as Myod/Nfatc2 double-null mice die at birth, with a dramatic reduction of the major neonatal MHC isoform normally expressed at birth in skeletal muscles, such as limb and intercostal muscles, whereas its expression is unaffected in myofibers mutated for either factor alone. Using gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we identified NFATc2 bound to the neonatal Mhc gene, whereas NFATc1 and NFATc3 would preferentially bind the embryonic Mhc gene. We provide evidence that MyoD synergistically cooperates with NFATc2 at the neonatal Mhc promoter. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that the calcineurin/NFAT pathway plays a new role in establishing the early muscle fiber type in immature myofibers during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Daou
- Centre d'Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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Hetzler KL, Collins BC, Shanely RA, Sue H, Kostek MC. The homoeobox gene SIX1 alters myosin heavy chain isoform expression in mouse skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:415-28. [PMID: 24102895 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Six1 is necessary for the genesis of several tissues, but in adults, it is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle where its function is unclear. Overexpression of Six1 with a cofactor in skeletal muscle causes slow-to-fast fibre-type transition. We sought to characterize the effects of a physiologically relevant Six1 knockdown. METHODS The tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of C57BL/6 mice were electroporated with Six1 knockdown vector (siRNA) or empty vector. Muscles were collected at 2 or 14 days after transfection for Six1 and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression analysis. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were grown in standard conditions. Cells were cotransfected with MHC promoter vectors and Six1 expression vectors. Cells were harvested after 4 days of differentiation. RESULTS In vivo, the Six1 siRNA caused a decreased expression of Six1,1.8-fold (±0.1, P < 0.05). With decreased Six1, MHC IIB expression decreased 2.7-fold (±0.7, P = 0.04). Proportion of muscle fibres expressing MHC IIB decreased (45.3 ± 4.8% vs. 65.1 ± 7.3% in control group, P = 0.04), and total area expressing MHC IIB decreased with decreased Six1 (59.6 ± 4.3% vs. 75.2 ± 5.4% in control group, P < 0.05). Decreased Six1 increased MHC IIA expression 1.9-fold (±0.3, P = 0.04). In vitro, Six1 overexpression increased promoter activation of MHC IIB 2.9-fold (±0.3, P < 0.01). Six1 knockdown repressed MHC IIB promoter 2.9-fold (±0.1, P < 0.05) and MHC IIX 3.7-fold (±0.08, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Six1 knockdown caused a fast-to-slow shift in MHC isoform, and this was confirmed by promoter activity of MHC genes. Six1 may ultimately control the contractile and metabolic properties that define muscle fibre phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Hetzler
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - B. C. Collins
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - R. A. Shanely
- Appalachian State University-North Carolina Research Campus Human Performance Laboratory; Appalachian State University; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - H. Sue
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - M. C. Kostek
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
- Department of Physical Therapy; Duquesne University; Pittsburgh PA USA
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TNF- α and IFN-s-dependent muscle decay is linked to NF-κB- and STAT-1α-stimulated Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes in C2C12 myotubes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:171437. [PMID: 24453411 PMCID: PMC3877628 DOI: 10.1155/2013/171437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α was shown to stimulate mitogenicity in C2C12 myoblasts. Selected cytokines TNF-α, IFNα, or IFNγ reduced the expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC IIa) when given together. Molecular mechanisms of cytokine activities were controlled by NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, as metabolic inhibitors, curcumin and AG490, inhibited some of TNF-α and IFNα/IFNγ effects. Insulin was hardly antagonistic to TNF-α- and IFNα/IFNγ-dependent decrease in MyHC IIa protein expression. Cytokines used individually or together also repressed myogenesis of C2C12 cells. Moreover, TNF-α- and IFNα/IFNγ-dependent effects on C2C12 myotubes were associated with increased activity of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes, which code ubiquitin ligases. MyHC IIa gene activity was unaltered by cytokines. Inhibition of NF-κB or JAK/STAT with specific metabolic inhibitors decreased activity of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 but not MyHC IIa gene. Overall, these results suggest cooperation between cytokines in the reduction of MyHC IIa protein expression level via NF-κB/JAK/STAT signaling pathways and activation of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes as their molecular targets. Insulin cotreatment or pretreatment does not protect against muscle decay induced by examined proinflammatory cytokines.
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Fermented Soybean (Nutrient Enriched Soybean Tempeh) against Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:274274. [PMID: 24058369 PMCID: PMC3766609 DOI: 10.1155/2013/274274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soybean tempeh has received great attention due to many advantages such as higher nutritional value, lower production cost, and shorter fermentation time. In this study, the in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of nutrient enriched soybean tempeh (NESTE) were determined. NESTE fermentation process which involved anaerobic incubation was previously proclaimed to increase the content of amino acids and antioxidant properties remarkably. The evaluation of histological sections, serum biochemical markers (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)), liver immune response level (nitric oxide (NO)) and liver antioxidant level (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) was conducted in order to compare the effects of nonfermented soybean extract (SBE) and fermented soybean extract (NESTE) on alcohol-induced liver damage in mice. Results demonstrated that 1000 mg/kg of NESTE can significantly reduce the levels of AST, ALT, cholesterol, TG, MDA, and NO. On the other hand, it also raised the level of SOD and FRAP. Furthermore, the histological examination on 1000 mg/kg NESTE treatment group showed that this extract was capable of recovering the damaged hepatocytes to their normal structures. Thus, it can be concluded that NESTE produced through fermentation process was able to enhance hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in vivo.
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Miura S, Kai Y, Tadaishi M, Tokutake Y, Sakamoto K, Bruce CR, Febbraio MA, Kita K, Chohnan S, Ezaki O. Marked phenotypic differences of endurance performance and exercise-induced oxygen consumption between AMPK and LKB1 deficiency in mouse skeletal muscle: changes occurring in the diaphragm. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E213-29. [PMID: 23695215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00114.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 phosphorylates members of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family. LKB1 and AMPK in the skeletal muscle are believed to regulate not only fuel oxidation during exercise but also exercise capacity. LKB1 was also required to prevent diaphragm fatigue, which was shown to affect exercise performance. Using mice expressing dominant negative (DN) mutants of LKB1 and AMPK, specifically in the skeletal muscle but not in the heart, we investigated the roles of LKB1 and AMPK activity in exercise performance and the effects of these kinases on the characteristics of respiratory and locomotive muscles. In the diaphragm and gastrocnemius, both AMPK-DN and LKB1-DN mice showed complete loss of AMPKα2 activity, and LKB1-DN mice showed a reduction in LKB1 activity. Exercise capacity was significantly reduced in LKB1-DN mice, with a marked reduction in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during exercise. The diaphragm from LKB1-DN mice showed an increase in myosin heavy chain IIB and glycolytic enzyme expression. Normal respiratory chain function and CPT I activity were shown in the isolated mitochondria from LKB1-DN locomotive muscle, and the expression of genes related to fiber type, mitochondria function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and capillarization in locomotive muscle was not different between LKB1-DN and AMPK-DN mice. We concluded that LKB1 in the skeletal muscle contributes significantly to exercise capacity and oxygen uptake during exercise. LKB1 mediated the change of fiber-type distribution in the diaphragm independently of AMPK and might be responsible for the phenotypes we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Wang K, Lin B. Pathophysiological Significance of Hepatic Apoptosis. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2012; 2013:740149. [PMID: 27335822 PMCID: PMC4890876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/740149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a classical pathological feature in liver diseases caused by various etiological factors such as drugs, viruses, alcohol, and cholestasis. Hepatic apoptosis and its deleterious effects exacerbate liver function as well as involvement in fibrosis/cirrhosis and carcinogenesis. An imbalance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities is a prominent characteristic of liver injury. The regulation of apoptosis and antiapoptosis can be a pivotal step in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Bingliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Wang L, Liu X, Niu F, Wang H, He H, Gu Y. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes and combined genotypes in MYH₃ gene and their associations with growth and carcass traits in Qinchuan cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:417-26. [PMID: 23073773 PMCID: PMC3518803 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MYH₃ is a major contractile protein which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy through the ATP hydrolysis. MYH₃ is mainly expressed in the skeletal muscle in different stages especially embryonic period, and it has a role in the development of skeletal muscle and heart. In this study, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to analyze the genetic variations of the MYH₃ gene and verify the effect on growth and carcass traits in a total of 365 Qinchuan cattles. The PCR product was digested with some restriction enzyme and demonstrated the polymorphism in the population, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at nucleotides g. +1215T>C, g. +3377C>T, and g. +28625C>T were in linkage disequilibrium with each other. The result of haplotype analysis showed that nineteen different haplotypes were identified among the five SNPs. The statistical analyses indicated that the five SNPs were significant association with growth and carcass traits (P < 0.05, N = 365); whereas the five SNPs were no significant association between 18 combined genotypes of MYH₃ gene and growth and carcass traits. Taken together, our results provide the evidence that polymorphisms in MYH₃ are associated with growth and carcass traits in Qinchuan cattle, and may be used as a possible candidate for marker-assisted selection and management in beef cattle breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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33
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Canová NK, Martínek J, Kmonícková E, Zídek Z, Kameníková L, Farghali H. Modulation of spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and apoptosis by d-galactosamine in rat hepatocyte culture: the significance of combinations of different methods. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 18:63-74. [PMID: 20020892 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701738421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Apoptotic markers and signals produced by xenobiotics as hepatotoxic D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are extensively investigated in vivo. The contribution of various cells and factors as nitric oxide (NO) in mediating hepatocyte apoptosis in a rat model of systemic endotoxemia was reported. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the in vitro effect of D-GalN on nonstimulated or LPS-treated rat hepatocytes in culture and the potential involvement of NO in this process. Our results showed that the spontaneous and LPS-induced NO production was completely blocked by D-GalN during 0 to 24 hours. However, D-GalN slightly enhanced NO production during 24 to 48 hours. D-GalN was more potent to induce hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis during 24 to 48 than 0 to 24 hours as evidenced morphologically (Annexin V/propidium iodide staining) and biochemically (caspase-3-like activity, alanine-aminotransferase leakage, MTT test). Interestingly, D-GalN treatment suppressed mitochondrial cytochrome C release throughout the study. LPS addition to D-GalN considerably aggravated apoptotic/necrotic markers only during 0 to 24 hours. Surprisingly, a share of apoptotic cells was distinctly lower after LPS + GalN treatment than after LPS alone during 0 to 24 hours, while 24- to 48-hour incubation produced massive apoptotic/necrotic hepatocytes. It may be concluded that there is a significant modulation of NO production by D-GalN. Because the role of NO is only partly decisive in the apoptotic/necrotic events, and considering the fraction of the cells completing apoptosis while others that turn toward necrosis (aponecrosis), caution should be exercised in apoptosis data interpretation and combinations of different test methods should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kutinová Canová
- Institute of Pharmacology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Stachowicz-Stencel T, Synakiewicz A. Glutamine as a supplemental treatment in pediatric and adult oncology patients. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1861-71. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.717929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hadi M, Chen Y, Starokozhko V, Merema MT, Groothuis GM. Mouse Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an ex Vivo Model To Study Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1938-47. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Hadi
- Division of Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicology and Targeting,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yixi Chen
- Division of Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicology and Targeting,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicology and Targeting,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn T. Merema
- Division of Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicology and Targeting,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M.M. Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicology and Targeting,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hammond JS, Lobo DN. Emerging roles for biomaterials in the treatment of liver disease. Expert Rev Med Devices 2012; 9:181-8. [PMID: 22404778 DOI: 10.1586/erd.11.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review explores potential roles for biomaterials in the field of liver surgery and hepatology. The studies reviewed are presented in three sections. The first section discusses liver regeneration and strategies to modulate it. The second section outlines the pathophysiology of liver inflammation and fibrosis and highlights novel therapeutic targets. The final section summarises the current challenges in liver surgery and discusses how biomaterials may be used to address these challenges and focuses on early translational applications for biomaterials for drug delivery and liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Hammond
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Park CM, Jin KS, Cho CW, Lee YW, Huh GH, Cha YS, Song YS. Luteolin inhibits inflammatory responses by downregulating the JNK, NF-κB, and AP-1 pathways in TNF-α activated HepG2 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Myosin heavy chain mRNA isoforms are expressed in two distinct cohorts during C2C12 myogenesis. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:383-90. [PMID: 22012579 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of muscle fibre transitions has mainly been studied in vivo using conventional histological or immunohistochemical techniques. In order to investigate the molecular regulation of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression in cell culture studies, we first characterised the normal transitions in endogenous expression of the MyHC isoforms and the myogenic regulatory factors during differentiation of C2C12 muscle cells. Interestingly, across the time course of differentiation, MyHC mRNA isoforms were expressed in a distinct temporal pattern as two distinct cohorts, one including MyHC I, embryonic and neonatal, the other including MyHC IIa, IIx and IIb. The pattern of expression suggests a transition in MyHC isoforms, from one cohort to another, occurs during muscle cell differentiation and that these transitions occur independent of nerve innervation. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive analysis of in vitro MyHC mRNA isoform transitions and provides important information for studying the regulation of transitions in MyHC isoforms in cell culture systems.
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Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later modulated by neural and hormonal factors. The relative proportion of the different fiber types varies strikingly between species, and in humans shows significant variability between individuals. Myosin heavy chain isoforms, whose complete inventory and expression pattern are now available, provide a useful marker for fiber types, both for the four major forms present in trunk and limb muscles and the minor forms present in head and neck muscles. However, muscle fiber diversity involves all functional muscle cell compartments, including membrane excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile machinery, cytoskeleton scaffold, and energy supply systems. Variations within each compartment are limited by the need of matching fiber type properties between different compartments. Nerve activity is a major control mechanism of the fiber type profile, and multiple signaling pathways are implicated in activity-dependent changes of muscle fibers. The characterization of these pathways is raising increasing interest in clinical medicine, given the potentially beneficial effects of muscle fiber type switching in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiaffino
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Furutani Y, Funaba M, Matsui T. Magnesium deficiency up-regulates Myod expression in rat skeletal muscle and C2C12 myogenic cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:577-81. [PMID: 21858842 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency induces the production of free radicals, increases cytosolic ionized calcium concentration, and modulates the function of skeletal muscle in rats. The present study examined the effects of Mg deficiency on the gene expression of molecules related to myogenesis in the gastrocnemius muscle as well as in C2C12 myogenic cells. Ingestion of an Mg-deficient diet resulted in a lower weight of the gastrocnemius muscle and higher concentration of muscular TBARSs, an index of oxidative stress. Mg deficiency also enhanced the expression of Myod and myogenin. In vivo effects of Mg deficiency on myogenic gene expression were partially reproduced in in vitro C2C12 cells; expression of Myod was up-regulated by a mixed culture of myoblasts and myotubes with Mg-deficient medium, which related to the simultaneous up-regulation of Myhc IIb, a myotube-specific protein. The culture with Mg-deficient medium did not increase the gene transcript level of HO-1, another marker of oxidative stress, suggesting that Mg deficiency-induced Myod expression does not result from oxidative stress. Furthermore, oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide did not increase Myod expression, whereas the expression of Myod, myogenin and Myhc IIb was decreased by oxidative stress from the initial phase of differentiation. The effects of Mg deficiency depended on the stages of myogenesis; myoblast culture in Mg-deficient differentiation medium did not affect the expression of Myod and Myhc IIb. The present study revealed stage-dependent effects of Mg deficiency on myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuma Furutani
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
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Choi JH, Kim DW, Yun N, Choi JS, Islam MN, Kim YS, Lee SM. Protective effects of hyperoside against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1055-1060. [PMID: 21428416 DOI: 10.1021/np200001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of hyperoside (1), a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Artemisia capillaris, have been examined against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with vehicle or 1 (50, 100, and 200 mg·kg(-1)) 30 min before and 2 h after CCl4 (20 μL·kg(-1)) injection. Levels of serum aminotransferases were increased 24 h after CCl4 injection, and these increases were attenuated by 1. Histological analysis showed that 1 prevented portal inflammation, centrizonal necrosis, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. Lipid peroxidation was increased and hepatic glutathione content was decreased significantly after CCl4 treatment, and these changes were reduced by administration of 1. Protein and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) significantly increased after CCl4 injection. Compound 1 suppressed TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and augmented HO-1 protein and mRNA expression and Nrf2 nuclear protein expression. These results suggest that 1 has protective effects against CCl4-induced acute liver injury, and this protection is likely due to enhancement of the antioxidative defense system and suppression of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeongi-do, 440-746, Korea
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Kim SJ, Moon YJ, Lee SM. Protective effects of baicalin against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:2003-2008. [PMID: 21087019 DOI: 10.1021/np100389z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytoprotective properties of baicalin (1), a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, have been investigated against injury to the liver caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Rats were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 5 h of reperfusion, and 1 was administered intraperitoneally 24 and 1 h before ischemia. Following I/R, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas the hepatic glutathione content was decreased, with these changes attenuated by 1. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were markedly increased by I/R, but suppressed by 1. Baicalin attenuated increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and TNF receptor 1-associated protein expression and augmented an increase in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and, COX-2 mRNA expression was attenuated by 1, while the increase in HO-1 mRNA expression was augmented. Nuclear factor-κB nuclear localization was inhibited by 1, and this compound limited the rate of mitochondrial swelling and the activation of caspases-3 and -8 observed in I/R rats. Rats treated with 1 had markedly fewer apoptotic cells than I/R rats. It was concluded that baicalin (1) exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, which protect against hepatocellular I/R-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Kang LHD, Hoh JFY. Regulation of jaw-specific isoforms of myosin-binding protein-C and tropomyosin in regenerating cat temporalis muscle innervated by limb fast and slow motor nerves. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:989-1004. [PMID: 20679518 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat jaw-closing muscles are a distinct muscle allotype characterized by the expression of masticatory-specific myofibrillar proteins. Transplantation studies showed that expression of masticatory myosin heavy chain (m-MyHC) is promoted by fast motor nerves, but suppressed by slow motor nerves. We investigated whether masticatory myosin-binding protein-C (m-MBP-C) and masticatory tropomyosin (m-Tm) are similarly regulated. Temporalis muscle strips were transplanted into limb muscle beds to allow innervation by fast or slow muscle nerve during regeneration. Regenerated muscles were examined postoperatively up to 168 days by peroxidase IHC using monoclonal antibodies to m-MyHC, m-MBP-C, and m-Tm. Regenerates in both muscle beds expressed fetal and slow MyHCs, m-MyHC, m-MBP-C, and m-Tm during the first 4 weeks. Longer-term regenerates innervated by fast nerve suppressed fetal and slow MyHCs, retaining m-MyHC, m-MBP-C, and m-Tm, whereas fibers innervated by slow nerve suppressed fetal MyHCs and the three masticatory-specific proteins, induced slow MyHC, and showed immunohistochemical characteristics of jaw-slow fibers. We concluded that expression of m-MBP-C and m-Tm is coregulated by m-MyHC and that neural impulses to limb slow muscle are capable of suppressing masticatory-specific proteins and to channel gene expression along the jaw-slow phenotype unique to jaw-closing muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia H D Kang
- Discipline of Physiology, Building F13, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Cadena SM, Tomkinson KN, Monnell TE, Spaits MS, Kumar R, Underwood KW, Pearsall RS, Lachey JL. Administration of a soluble activin type IIB receptor promotes skeletal muscle growth independent of fiber type. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:635-42. [PMID: 20466801 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00866.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report that inhibition of negative regulators of skeletal muscle by a soluble form of activin type IIB receptor (ACE-031) increases muscle mass independent of fiber-type expression. This finding is distinct from the effects of selective pharmacological inhibition of myostatin (GDF-8), which predominantly targets type II fibers. In our study 8-wk-old C57BL/6 mice were treated with ACE-031 or vehicle control for 28 days. By the end of treatment, mean body weight of the ACE-031 group was 16% greater than that of the control group, and wet weights of soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, and extensor digitorum longus muscles increased by 33, 44, 46 and 26%, respectively (P<0.05). Soleus fiber-type distribution was unchanged with ACE-031 administration, and mean fiber cross-sectional area increased by 22 and 28% (P<0.05) in type I and II fibers, respectively. In the plantaris, a predominantly type II fiber muscle, mean fiber cross-sectional area increased by 57% with ACE-031 treatment. Analysis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform transcripts by real-time PCR indicated no change in transcript levels in the soleus, but a decline in MHC I and IIa in the plantaris. In contrast, electrophoretic separation of total soleus and plantaris protein indicated that there was no change in the proportion of MHC isoforms in either muscle. Thus these data provide optimism that ACE-031 may be a viable therapeutic in the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. Future studies should be undertaken to confirm that the observed effects are not age dependent or due to the relatively short study duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cadena
- Acceleron Pharma Inc., 128 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Istrail S, Tarpine R, Schutter K, Aguiar D. Practical computational methods for regulatory genomics: a cisGRN-Lexicon and cisGRN-browser for gene regulatory networks. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 674:369-99. [PMID: 20827603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-854-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The CYRENE Project focuses on the study of cis-regulatory genomics and gene regulatory networks (GRN) and has three components: a cisGRN-Lexicon, a cisGRN-Browser, and the Virtual Sea Urchin software system. The project has been done in collaboration with Eric Davidson and is deeply inspired by his experimental work in genomic regulatory systems and gene regulatory networks. The current CYRENE cisGRN-Lexicon contains the regulatory architecture of 200 transcription factors encoding genes and 100 other regulatory genes in eight species: human, mouse, fruit fly, sea urchin, nematode, rat, chicken, and zebrafish, with higher priority on the first five species. The only regulatory genes included in the cisGRN-Lexicon (CYRENE genes) are those whose regulatory architecture is validated by what we call the Davidson Criterion: they contain functionally authenticated sites by site-specific mutagenesis, conducted in vivo, and followed by gene transfer and functional test. This is recognized as the most stringent experimental validation criterion to date for such a genomic regulatory architecture. The CYRENE cisGRN-Browser is a full genome browser tailored for cis-regulatory annotation and investigation. It began as a branch of the Celera Genome Browser (available as open source at http://sourceforge.net/projects/celeragb /) and has been transformed to a genome browser fully devoted to regulatory genomics. Its access paradigm for genomic data is zoom-to-the-DNA-base in real time. A more recent component of the CYRENE project is the Virtual Sea Urchin system (VSU), an interactive visualization tool that provides a four-dimensional (spatial and temporal) map of the gene regulatory networks of the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Istrail
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Zhong WWH, Withers KW, Hoh JFY. Effects of hypothyroidism on myosin heavy chain composition and fibre types of fast skeletal muscles in a small marsupial, Antechinus flavipes. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 180:531-44. [PMID: 20012435 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effects of drug-induced hypothyroidism on myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content and fibre types of fast skeletal muscles were studied in a small marsupial, Antechinus flavipes. SDS-PAGE of MyHCs from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius revealed four isoforms, 2B, 2X, 2A and slow, in that order of decreasing abundance. After 5 weeks treatment with methimazole, the functionally fastest 2B MyHC significantly decreased, while 2X, 2A and slow MyHCs increased. Immunohistochemistry using monospecific antibodies to each of the four MyHCs revealed decreased 2b and 2x fibres, and increased 2a and hybrid fibres co-expressing two or three MyHCs. In the normally homogeneously fast superficial regions of these muscles, evenly distributed slow-staining fibres appeared, resembling the distribution of slow primary myotubes in fast muscles during development. Hybrid fibres containing 2A and slow MyHCs were virtually absent. These results are more detailed but broadly similar to the earlier studies on eutherians. We hypothesize that hypothyroidism essentially reverses the effects of thyroid hormone on MyHC gene expression of muscle fibres during myogenesis, which differ according to the developmental origin of the fibre: it induces slow MyHC expression in 2b fibres derived from fast primary myotubes, and shifts fast MyHC expression in fibres of secondary origin towards 2A, but not slow, MyHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W H Zhong
- Discipline of Physiology and the Bosch Institute, Bldg F13, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Myogenic regulatory factor response to resistance exercise volume in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:771-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kim HJ, Güth R, Jonsson CB, Unguez GA. S. macrurus myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) induce mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation; evidence for functional conservation of MRFs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 53:993-1002. [PMID: 19598116 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082672hk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current-producing cells of the electric organ, i.e., electrocytes, in Sternopygus macrurus derive from skeletal muscle fibers. Mature electrocytes are not contractile, but they do retain some muscle proteins, are multinucleated, and receive cholinergic innervation. Electrocytes express the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) MyoD, myogenin, Myf5 and MRF4 despite their incomplete muscle phenotype. Although S. macrurus MRFs share functional domains which are highly conserved and their expression is confined to the myogenic lineage, their capability to induce the muscle phenotype has not been determined. To test the functional conservation of S. macrurus MRFs to transcriptionally activate skeletal muscle gene expression and induce the myogenic program, we transiently over-expressed S. macrurus MyoD (SmMyoD) and myogenin (SmMyoG) in mouse C3H/10T1/2 and NIH3T3 embryonic cells. RT-PCR and immunolabeling studies showed that SmMyoD and SmMyoG can efficiently convert these two cell lines into multinucleated myotubes which expressed differentiated muscle markers. The levels of myogenic induction by SmMyoD and SmMyoG were comparable to those obtained with mouse MRF homologs. Furthermore, SmMyoD and SmMyoG proteins were able to induce mouse MyoD and myogenin in C3H/10T1/2 cells. We conclude that S. macrurus MRFs are functionally conserved as they can transcriptionally activate skeletal muscle gene expression and induce the myogenic program in mammalian non-muscle cells. Hence, these data suggest that the partial muscle phenotype of electrocytes is not likely due to differences in the MRF-dependent transcriptional program between skeletal muscle and electric organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, USA
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McCall GE, Haddad F, Roy RR, Zhong H, Edgerton VR, Baldwin KM. Transcriptional regulation of the myosin heavy chain IIb gene in inactive rat soleus. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:411-9. [PMID: 19623632 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition of skeletal muscle is dependent, in part, on the functional demands of the muscle. The rat soleus muscle primarily expresses the slow-contracting type I MHC; however, chronic inactivity increases expression of the faster-contracting type II MHC isoforms. The purpose of this study was to identify the type IIb MHC promoter region(s) that regulate de novo transcription during chronic inactivity of the soleus induced by spinal cord isolation (SI; complete mid-thoracic and high sacral spinal cord transections plus deafferentation). Seven days after SI, transcription of IIb MHC was evidenced by increases in IIb pre-mRNA and mRNA. The activity of an approximately 2.2-kb IIb promoter-firefly luciferase reporter plasmid increased in SI soleus over control as compared to that of a promoterless plasmid. Deletion analyses indicated that the regions encompassing -2237 to -1431, -1048 to -461, and -192 to -161 basepairs (bp) each contributed to the increase in transcriptional activity. Moreover, deletions or mutations of AT-rich regions in the proximal -192 bp region abolished the increased promoter activity. These results provide important insights related to how proximal IIb MHC promoter elements regulate the increased expression of the IIb MHC gene in response to inactivity of a predominantly slow postural muscle as it undergoes a remodeling of its phenotype and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E McCall
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Rettino A, Rafanelli F, Genovese G, Goracci M, Cifarelli RA, Cittadini A, Sgambato A. Identification of Sp1 and GC-boxes as transcriptional regulators of mouse Dag1 gene promoter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1113-23. [PMID: 19657058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00189.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a widely expressed adhesion complex that anchors cells to the basement membrane and is involved in embryonic development and differentiation. Dystroglycan expression is frequently reduced in human dystrophies and malignancies, and its molecular functions are not completely understood. Several posttranslational mechanisms have been identified that regulate dystroglycan expression and/or function, while little is known about how expression of the corresponding Dag1 gene is regulated. This study aimed to clone the Dag1 gene promoter and to characterize its regulatory elements. Analysis of the mouse Dag1 gene 5'-flanking region revealed a TATA and CAAT box-lacking promoter including a GC-rich region. Transfection studies with serially deleted promoter constructs allowed us to identify a minimal promoter region containing three Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) sites and an E-box. Sp1 binding was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and Sp1 downregulation reduced dystroglycan expression in muscle cells. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A increased Dag1 mRNA expression levels in myoblasts, and methylation decreased promoter activity in vitro. Furthermore, Dag1 gene promoter methylation was reduced while its expression increased during differentiation of C(2)C(12) myoblast cells in myotubes. In conclusion, for the first time we have characterized the activity of the mouse Dag1 gene promoter, confirming a complex regulation by Sp1 transcription factor, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation, which might be relevant for a better understanding of the physiopathology of the dystroglycan complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rettino
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche Giovanni XXIII, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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