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Schomakers BV, Jillings SL, van Weeghel M, Vaz FM, Salomons GS, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. Ophthalmic acid is a glutathione regulating tripeptide. FEBS J 2024; 291:3317-3330. [PMID: 38245827 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1958 in the lens of cows, ophthalmic acid (OPH) has stood in the shadow of its anti-oxidant analog: glutathione (GSH). Lacking the thiol group that gives GSH many of its important properties, ophthalmic acid's function has remained elusive, and it has been widely presumed to be an accidental product of the same enzymes. In this review, we compile evidence demonstrating that OPH is a ubiquitous metabolite found in bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals, produced through several layers of metabolic regulation. We discuss the limitations of the oft-repeated suggestions that aberrations in OPH levels should solely indicate GSH deficiency or oxidative stress. Finally, we discuss the available literature and suggest OPH's role in metabolism as a GSH-regulating tripeptide; controlling both cellular and organelle influx and efflux of GSH, as well as modulating GSH-dependent reactions and signaling. Ultimately, we hope that this review reinvigorates and directs more research into this versatile metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauke V Schomakers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia L Jillings
- Green Biotechnology, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, The Netherlands
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2
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Ugonabo O, Udoh UAS, Rajan PK, Reeves H, Arcand C, Nakafuku Y, Joshi T, Finley R, Pierre SV, Sanabria JR. The Current Status of the Liver Liquid Biopsy in MASH Related HCC: Overview and Future Directions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1369. [PMID: 37759769 PMCID: PMC10526956 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is one of the major risk factors for chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of MASH in Western countries continues to rise, driving HCC as the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC has become a major global health challenge, partly from the obesity epidemic promoting metabolic cellular disturbances but also from the paucity of biomarkers for its early detection. Over 50% of HCC cases are clinically present at a late stage, where curative measures are no longer beneficial. Currently, there is a paucity of both specific and sensitive biological markers for the early-stage detection of HCC. The search for biological markers in the diagnosis of early HCC in high-risk populations is intense. We described the potential role of surrogates for a liver biopsy in the screening and monitoring of patients at risk for nesting HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye Ugonabo
- Department of Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (O.U.); (T.J.)
| | - Utibe-Abasi Sunday Udoh
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Rajan
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Heather Reeves
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Christina Arcand
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Yuto Nakafuku
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Tejas Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (O.U.); (T.J.)
| | - Rob Finley
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Juan Ramon Sanabria
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolomic Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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3
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Oliva CR, Ali MY, Flor S, Griguer CE. Effect of Expression of Nuclear-Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 4 Isoforms on Metabolic Profiles of Glioma Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080748. [PMID: 36005623 PMCID: PMC9415780 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although often effective at treating newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM), increasing evidence suggests that chemo- and radiotherapy-induced alterations in tumor metabolism promote GBM recurrence and aggressiveness, as well as treatment resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that alterations in glioma cell metabolism, induced by a switch in the isoform expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4), a key regulatory subunit of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase, could promote these effects. To understand how the two COX4 isoforms (COX4-1 and COX4-2) differentially affect glioma metabolism, glioma samples harvested from COX4-1- or COX4-2-overexpressing U251 cells were profiled using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC-MS and Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry LC-MS/MS metabolomics platforms. The concentration of 362 metabolites differed significantly in the two cell types. The two most significantly upregulated pathways associated with COX4-1 overexpression were purine and glutathione metabolism; the two most significantly downregulated metabolic pathways associated with COX4-1 expression were glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. Our study provides new insights into how Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) regulatory subunits affect cellular metabolic networks in GBM and identifies potential targets that may be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R. Oliva
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Md Yousuf Ali
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Susanne Flor
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Corinne E. Griguer
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Jamshidi N, Xu X, von Löhneysen K, Soldau K, Mohney RP, Karoly ED, Scott M, Friedman JS. Metabolome Changes during In Vivo Red Cell Aging Reveal Disruption of Key Metabolic Pathways. iScience 2020; 23:101630. [PMID: 33103072 PMCID: PMC7575880 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms for cellular aging is a fundamental question in biology. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) survive for approximately 100 days, and their survival is likely limited by functional decline secondary to cumulative damage to cell constituents, which may be reflected in altered metabolic capabilities. To investigate metabolic changes during in vivo RBC aging, labeled cell populations were purified at intervals and assessed for abundance of metabolic intermediates using mass spectrometry. A total of 167 metabolites were profiled and quantified from cell populations of defined ages. Older RBCs maintained ATP and redox charge states at the cost of altered activity of enzymatic pathways. Time-dependent changes were identified in metabolites related to maintenance of the redox state and membrane structure. These findings illuminate the differential metabolic pathway usage associated with normal cellular aging and identify potential biomarkers to determine average RBC age and rates of RBC turnover from a single blood sample. Altered glycolytic, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism occurs in normal RBC aging GSH pools are maintained in spite of age-dependent shifts in enzyme synthesis Changes in choline and GPC suggest alterations in membrane lipid metabolism Ophthalmate, GPC, and ergothioneine are candidate metabolic clocks for RBC aging
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Jamshidi
- University of California, San Diego, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiological Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuling Xu
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Katrin Soldau
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Scott
- San Diego Mesa College, Chemistry Department, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Friedman
- Friedman Bioventure, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,DTx Pharma, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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5
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Yu Y, Newman H, Shen L, Sharma D, Hu G, Mirando AJ, Zhang H, Knudsen E, Zhang GF, Hilton MJ, Karner CM. Glutamine Metabolism Regulates Proliferation and Lineage Allocation in Skeletal Stem Cells. Cell Metab 2019; 29:966-978.e4. [PMID: 30773468 PMCID: PMC7062112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are postulated to provide a continuous supply of osteoblasts throughout life. However, under certain conditions, the SSC population can become incorrectly specified or is not maintained, resulting in reduced osteoblast formation, decreased bone mass, and in severe cases, osteoporosis. Glutamine metabolism has emerged as a critical regulator of many cellular processes in diverse pathologies. The enzyme glutaminase (GLS) deaminates glutamine to form glutamate-the rate-limiting first step in glutamine metabolism. Using genetic and metabolic approaches, we demonstrate GLS and glutamine metabolism are required in SSCs to regulate osteoblast and adipocyte specification and bone formation. Mechanistically, transaminase-dependent α-ketoglutarate production is critical for the proliferation, specification, and differentiation of SSCs. Collectively, these data suggest stimulating GLS activity may provide a therapeutic approach to expand SSCs in aged individuals and enhance osteoblast differentiation and activity to increase bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hunter Newman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leyao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guoli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Everett Knudsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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6
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Servillo L, Castaldo D, Giovane A, Casale R, D'Onofrio N, Cautela D, Balestrieri ML. Ophthalmic acid is a marker of oxidative stress in plants as in animals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:991-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Kim MC van M, Dello SAWG, de Jong MC, van Eijk HMH, de Kok TM, Briedé JJ, Schaap FG, Damink SWMO, Dejong CHC. Ophthalmic acid as a read-out for hepatic glutathione metabolism in humans. J Clin Transl Res 2018; 3:366-374. [PMID: 30873484 PMCID: PMC6412618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Animal studies indicated that systemic ophthalmic acid (OPH) is a biomarker for hepatic glutathione (GSH) homeostasis, an important determinant of liver function. We aimed to clarify whether OPH levels can be used as a read-out for hepatic GSH homeostasis after paracetamol (APAP) challenges during pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) or partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS Nineteen patients undergoing PPPD (n=7, control group) or PH (n=12) were included. APAP (1000 mg) was administered intravenously before resection (first challenge), and six and twelve hours later, with sequential blood sampling during this period. Arterial, hepatic and portal venous blood samples and liver biopsies were taken on three occasions during the first APAP challenge. Plasma and hepatic OPH and GSH levels were quantified, and venous-arterial differences were calculated to study hepatic release. RESULTS Systemic GSH levels decreased during the course of the APAP challenge in both surgical groups, without notable change in OPH levels. Hepatic GSH and OPH content was not affected within ˜3 hours after administration of the first APAP dose in patients undergoing PPPD or PH. In this period, net release of OPH by the liver was observed only in patients undergoing PPPD. CONCLUSION The drop in circulating GSH levels following APAP administrations, did not result in an increase in plasma OPH in both patients with an intact liver and in those undergoing liver resection. Hepatic content of GSH and OPH was not affected during the first APAP dose. It is uncertain whether hepatic GSH homeostasis was sufficiently challenged in the present study. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS In the present study, plasma OPH seemed not useful as a marker for GSH depletion because APAP administration during liver surgery did not lead to (immediate) GSH depletion or increased OPH levels. Based on stable levels of hepatic GSH, OPH and thiyl radicals during surgery, standard APAP administration seems to be safe in a postoperative care program with regards to GSH homeostasis in this specific population. However, no general statements can be made on the basis of the current experiment, since GSH homeostasis and susceptibility to xenobiotic toxicity are influenced by several metabolic and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mierlo Kim MC van
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Simon AWG Dello
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mechteld C de Jong
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans MH van Eijk
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- 3Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,4Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob J Briedé
- 3Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,4Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank G Schaap
- 2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands,5Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven WM Olde Damink
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands,5Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany,6UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius HC Dejong
- 1Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands,2Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands,4Maastricht University, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands,5Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Sanabria JR, Kombu RS, Zhang GF, Sandlers Y, Ai J, Ibarra RA, Abbas R, Goyal K, Brunengraber H. Glutathione species and metabolomic prints in subjects with liver disease as biological markers for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18:979-990. [PMID: 28340971 PMCID: PMC5144552 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of liver disease is increasing in USA. Animal models had shown glutathione species in plasma reflects liver glutathione state and it could be a surrogate for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The present study aimed to translate methods to the human and to explore the role of glutathione/metabolic prints in the progression of liver dysfunction and in the detection of HCC. Treated plasma from healthy subjects (n = 20), patients with liver disease (ESLD, n = 99) and patients after transplantation (LTx, n = 7) were analyzed by GC- or LC/MS. Glutathione labeling profile was measured by isotopomer analyzes of 2H2O enriched plasma. Principal Component Analyzes (PCA) were used to determined metabolic prints. RESULTS There was a significant difference in glutathione/metabolic profiles from patients with ESLD vs healthy subjects and patients after LTx. Similar significant differences were noted on patients with ESLD when stratified by the MELD score. PCA analyses showed myristic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, l-methionine, d-threitol, fumaric acid, pipecolic acid, isoleucine, hydroxy-butyrate and glycolic, steraric and hexanoic acids were discriminative metabolites for ESLD-HCC+ vs ESLD-HCC- subject status. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione species and metabolic prints defined liver disease severity and may serve as surrogate for the detection of HCC in patients with established cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Surgery and Research, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago, IL, USA,Correspondence Juan R. Sanabria, Department of Surgery at Marshall University or Department of Proteomics and Metabolmics Core Facilities at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.Department of Surgery at Marshall University or Department of Proteomics and Metabolmics Core Facilities at Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Rajan S. Kombu
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yana Sandlers
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jizhou Ai
- Department of Surgery and Research, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rafael A. Ibarra
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rime Abbas
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kush Goyal
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facilities, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Li L, Zhang GF, Lee K, Lopez R, Previs SF, Willard B, McCullough A, Kasumov T. A Western diet induced NAFLD in LDLR(-/)(-) mice is associated with reduced hepatic glutathione synthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:13-21. [PMID: 27036364 PMCID: PMC5297627 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Glutathione is the major anti-oxidant involved in cellular oxidative defense, however there are currently no simple non-invasive methods for assessing hepatic glutathione metabolism in patients with NAFLD. As a primary source of plasma glutathione, liver plays an important role in interorgan glutathione homeostasis. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that measurements of plasma glutathione turnover could be used to assess the hepatic glutathione metabolism in LDLR(-/)(-) mice, a mouse model of diet-induced NAFLD. Mice were fed a standard low fat diet (LFD) or a high fat diet containing cholesterol (a Western type diet (WD)). The kinetics of hepatic and plasma glutathione were quantified using the (2)H2O metabolic labeling approach. Our results show that a WD leads to reduced fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of hepatic (25%/h in LFD vs. 18%/h in WD, P<0.05) and plasma glutathione (43%/h in LFD vs. 21%/h in WD, P<0.05), without any significant effect on their absolute production rates (PRs). WD-induced concordant changes in both hepatic and plasma glutathione turnover suggest that the plasma glutathione turnover measurements could be used to assess hepatic glutathione metabolism. The safety, simplicity, and low cost of the (2)H2O-based glutathione turnover approach suggest that this method has the potential for non-invasive probing of hepatic glutathione metabolism in patients with NAFLD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Rocio Lopez
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Department of Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Arthur McCullough
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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10
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Zhou H, Wang SP, Herath K, Kasumov T, Sadygov RG, Previs SF, Kelley DE. Tracer-based estimates of protein flux in cases of incomplete product renewal: evidence and implications of heterogeneity in collagen turnover. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E115-21. [PMID: 26015435 PMCID: PMC4596733 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of various molecules can be estimated by measuring the incorporation of a labeled precursor into a product of interest. Unfortunately, a central problem in many studies has been an inability to estimate the intracellular dilution of the precursor and therein correctly calculate the synthesis of the product; it is generally assumed that measuring the true product labeling is straightforward. We initiated a study to examine liver collagen synthesis and identified an apparent problem with assumptions regarding measurements of the product labeling. Since it is well known that collagen production is relatively slow, we relied on the use of [(2)H]H2O labeling (analogous to a primed infusion) and sampled animals over the course of 16 days. Although the water labeling (the precursor) remained stable and we observed the incorporation of labeled amino acids into collagen, the asymptotic protein labeling was considerably lower than what would be expected based on the precursor labeling. Although this observation is not necessarily surprising (i.e., one might expect that a substantial fraction of the collagen pool would appear "inert" or turn over at a very slow rate), its implications are of interest in certain areas. Herein, we discuss a novel situation in which tracers are used to quantify rates of flux under conditions where a product may not undergo complete replacement. We demonstrate how heterogeneity in the product pool can lead one to the wrong conclusions regarding estimates of flux, and we outline an approach that may help to minimize errors surrounding data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sheng-Ping Wang
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey;
| | - David E Kelley
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
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11
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The Evaluation and Quantitation of Dihydrogen Metabolism Using Deuterium Isotope in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130687. [PMID: 26103048 PMCID: PMC4477931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite the significant interest in molecular hydrogen as an antioxidant in the last eight years, its quantitative metabolic parameters in vivo are still lacking, as is an appropriate method for determination of hydrogen effectivity in the mammalian organism under various conditions. Basic Procedures Intraperitoneally-applied deuterium gas was used as a metabolic tracer and deuterium enrichment was determined in the body water pool. Also, in vitro experiments were performed using bovine heart submitochondrial particles to evaluate superoxide formation in Complex I of the respiratory chain. Main Findings A significant oxidation of about 10% of the applied dose was found under physiological conditions in rats, proving its antioxidant properties. Hypoxia or endotoxin application did not exert any effect, whilst pure oxygen inhalation reduced deuterium oxidation. During in vitro experiments, a significant reduction of superoxide formation by Complex I of the respiratory chain was found under the influence of hydrogen. The possible molecular mechanisms of the beneficial effects of hydrogen are discussed, with an emphasis on the role of iron sulphur clusters in reactive oxygen species generation and on iron species-dihydrogen interaction. Principal Conclusions According to our findings, hydrogen may be an efficient, non-toxic, highly bioavailable and low-cost antioxidant supplement for patients with pathological conditions involving ROS-induced oxidative stress.
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12
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Niedzwiecki MM, Hall MN, Liu X, Slavkovich V, Ilievski V, Levy D, Alam S, Siddique AB, Parvez F, Graziano JH, Gamble MV. Interaction of plasma glutathione redox and folate deficiency on arsenic methylation capacity in Bangladeshi adults. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:67-74. [PMID: 24726863 PMCID: PMC4111991 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic(As) is metabolized through a series of methylation reactions catalyzed by arsenic(III)-methyltransferase (AS3MT), resulting in the generation of monomethylarsonic (MMAs) and dimethylarsinic acids (DMAs). AS3MT activity requires the presence of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, a product of folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism, and a reductant. Although glutathione (GSH), the primary endogenous antioxidant, is not required for As methylation, GSH stimulates As methylation rates in vitro. However, the relationship between GSH redox and As methylation capacity in humans is unknown. We wished to test the hypothesis that a more oxidized plasma GSH redox status is associated with decreased As methylation capacity and examine whether these associations are modified by folate nutritional status. Concentrations of plasma GSH and GSSG, plasma folate, total blood As (bAs), total urinary As (uAs), and uAs metabolites were assessed in a cross-sectional study of n=376 Bangladeshi adults who were chronically exposed to As in drinking water. We observed that a decreased plasma GSH/GSSG ratio (reflecting a more oxidized redox state) was significantly associated with increased urinary %MMA, decreased urinary %DMA, and increased total bAs in folate-deficient individuals (plasma folate ≤ 9.0 nmol/L). Concentrations of plasma GSH and GSSG were independently associated with increased and decreased As methylation capacity, respectively. No significant associations were observed in folate-sufficient individuals, and interactions by folate status were statistically significant. Our findings suggest that GSH/GSSG redox regulation might contribute to the large interindividual variation in As methylation capacity observed in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Megan N Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Diane Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shafiul Alam
- Columbia University Arsenic Project in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu B Siddique
- Columbia University Arsenic Project in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph H Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Li Q, Sadhukhan S, Berthiaume JM, Ibarra RA, Tang H, Deng S, Hamilton E, Nagy LE, Tochtrop GP, Zhang GF. 4-Hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) catabolism and formation of HNE adducts are modulated by β oxidation of fatty acids in the isolated rat heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:35-44. [PMID: 23328733 PMCID: PMC3723455 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a novel metabolic pathway functionally catabolizes 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) via two parallel pathways, which rely heavily on β-oxidation pathways. The hypothesis driving this report is that perturbations of β oxidation will alter the catabolic disposal of HNE, favoring an increase in the concentrations of HNE and HNE-modified proteins that may further exacerbate pathology. This study employed Langendorff perfused hearts to investigate the impact of cardiac injury modeled by ischemia/reperfusion and, in a separate set of perfusions, the effects of elevated lipid (typically observed in obesity and type II diabetes) by perfusing with increased fatty acid concentrations (1mM octanoate). During ischemia, HNE concentrations doubled and the glutathione-HNE adduct and 4-hydroxynonanoyl-CoA were increased by 7- and 10-fold, respectively. Under conditions of increased fatty acid, oxidation to 4-hydroxynonenoic acid was sustained; however, further catabolism through β oxidation was nearly abolished. The inhibition of HNE catabolism was not compensated for by other disposal pathways of HNE, rather an increase in HNE-modified proteins was observed. Taken together, this study presents a mechanistic rationale for the accumulation of HNE and HNE-modified proteins in pathological conditions that involve alterations to β oxidation, such as myocardial ischemia, obesity, and high-fat diet-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Li
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Rafael A. Ibarra
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Departments of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shuang Deng
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Departments of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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14
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Dello SAWG, Neis EPJG, de Jong MC, van Eijk HMH, Kicken CH, Olde Damink SWM, Dejong CHC. Systematic review of ophthalmate as a novel biomarker of hepatic glutathione depletion. Clin Nutr 2012. [PMID: 23182341 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainability of hepatic glutathione (GSH) homeostasis is an important cellular defense against oxidative stress. Therefore, knowledge of liver GSH status is important. However, measurement of plasma GSH and tissue is difficult due to its instability. Alternatively, ophthalmate (OPH), an endogenous tripeptide analog of GSH, has been suggested as a potential indicator to assess GSH depletion. AIM To provide an overview of present knowledge with respect to the usefulness of OPH as a biomarker for oxidative stress and hepatic GSH homeostasis. METHODS A systematic, computerized search combined with a cross-reference search of the literature described in PubMed (January 1975 to January 2012) was conducted, key words: 'ophthalmate' and 'ophthalmic acid'. RESULTS Twenty-two articles were included. Hepatic OPH levels increase inversely proportional to a drop in hepatic GSH in mice with paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. Little is known about the stability of OPH in human plasma. To measure the very low physiological concentrations of plasma OPH, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques can be employed. OPH synthesis can be measured in humans, using stable isotope labeling with a deuterated water ((2)H2O) load. CONCLUSION OPH may be a promising biomarker to indicate hepatic glutathione depletion, but the suggested biological pathways need further unraveling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A W G Dello
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Dello SAWG, van Eijk HMH, Neis EPJG, de Jong MC, Olde Damink SWM, Dejong CHC. Ophthalmate detection in human plasma with LC-MS-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:1-6. [PMID: 22831884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on animal experimentations, ophthalmate (OPH) has recently been suggested as a potential plasma biomarker to probe hepatic GSH homeostasis. Up until now, the inability to accurately determine OPH concentrations in human plasma prohibited further studies of OPH metabolism in humans. This study therefore aimed to study the influence of delayed sample preparation on OPH concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Venous plasma samples from 5 healthy human volunteers were incubated for varying times (5, 30, 60 and 120 min) at temperatures of 4 °C and 37 °C to investigate potential enzymatic degradation. At 37 °C, the decrease in OPH reached significance after 120 min (74.6% (range: 56.2-100.0%; p<0.0001)). At 4 °C, the same trend was observed but did not reach significance. These findings indicate ongoing enzymatic activity, stressing the need for immediate sample deproteinization to obtain reliable plasma concentrations. To investigate the feasibility of the here developed method, baseline arterial plasma values of 21 patients scheduled for partial liver resection were determined to be 0.06±0.03 μmol/l (mean±s.d.). In addition, in pooled samples from 3 patients, an OPH calibration curve was spiked to arterial plasma, arterial whole blood and liver biopsy material, resulting in a linear calibration curve in all cases. Individual measurements of baseline samples revealed that both arterial whole blood and liver biopsy material contained significant levels of endogenous OPH, namely 16.1 (11.8-16.4) μmol/l and 80.0 (191.8-349.2) μmol/kg, respectively. In conclusion, the present LC-MS/MS assay enables the accurate measurement of OPH in human plasma, whole blood and liver biopsies. Freshly prepared samples and immediate deproteinization are mandatory to block enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A W G Dello
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Li Q, Tomcik K, Zhang S, Puchowicz MA, Zhang GF. Dietary regulation of catabolic disposal of 4-hydroxynonenal analogs in rat liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1043-53. [PMID: 22245097 PMCID: PMC3289253 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work in perfused rat livers has demonstrated that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is catabolized predominantly via β oxidation. Therefore, we hypothesized that perturbations in β oxidation, such as diet-altered fatty acid oxidation activity, could lead to changes in HNE levels. To test our hypothesis, we (i) developed a simple and sensitive GC/MS method combined with mass isotopomer analysis to measure HNE and HNE analogs, 4-oxononenal (ONE) and 1,4-dihydroxynonene (DHN), and (ii) investigated the effects of four diets (standard, low-fat, ketogenic, and high-fat mix) on HNE, ONE, and DHN concentrations in rat livers. Our results showed that livers from rats fed the ketogenic diet or high-fat mix diet had high ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and markers of oxidative stress. However, high concentrations of HNE (1.6 ± 0.5 nmol/g) and ONE (0.9 ± 0.2 nmol/g) were found only in livers from rats fed the high-fat mix diet. Livers from rats fed the ketogenic diet had low HNE (0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g) and ONE (0.4 ± 0.07 nmol/g), similar to rats fed the standard diet. A possible explanation is that the predominant pathway of HNE catabolism (i.e., β oxidation) is activated in the liver by the ketogenic diet. This is consistent with a 10-fold decrease in malonyl-CoA in livers from rats fed a ketogenic diet compared to a standard diet. The accelerated catabolism of HNE lowers HNE and HNE analog concentrations in livers from rats fed the ketogenic diet. On the other hand, rats fed the high-fat mix diet had high rates of lipid synthesis and low rates of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in the slowing down of the catabolic disposal of HNE and HNE analogs. Thus, decreased HNE catabolism from a high-fat mix diet induces high concentrations of HNE and HNE analogs. The results of this work suggest a potential causal relationship to metabolic syndrome induced by Western diets (i.e., high-fat mix), as well as the effects of a ketogenic diet on the catabolism of lipid peroxidation products in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Li
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
| | - Kristyen Tomcik
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
| | | | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
- Corresponding author: Guo-Fang Zhang, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., W-G48, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4954, Tel.: 216 368 6533, Fax: 216 368 6560,
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Zhou H, Li W, Wang SP, Mendoza V, Rosa R, Hubert J, Herath K, McLaughlin T, Rohm RJ, Lassman ME, Wong KK, Johns DG, Previs SF, Hubbard BK, Roddy TP. Quantifying apoprotein synthesis in rodents: coupling LC-MS/MS analyses with the administration of labeled water. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1223-31. [PMID: 22389331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d021295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracer studies of apoprotein flux in rodent models present difficulties as they require working with small volumes of plasma. We demonstrate the ability to measure apoprotein flux by administering either (2)H- or (18)O-labeled water to mice and then subjecting samples to LC-MS/MS analyses; we were able to simultaneously determine the labeling of several proteolytic peptides representing multiple apoproteins. Consistent with relative differences reported in the literature regarding apoprotein flux in humans, we found that the fractional synthetic rate of apoB is greater than apoA1 in mice. In addition, the method is suitable for quantifying acute changes in protein flux: we observed a stimulation of apoB production in mice following an intravenous injection of Intralipid and a decrease in apoB production in mice treated with an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. In summary, we demonstrate a high-throughput method for studying apoprotein kinetics in rodent models. Although notable differences exist between lipoprotein profiles that are observed in rodents and humans, we expect that the method reported here has merit in studies of dyslipidemia as i) rodent models can be used to probe target engagement in cases where one aims to modulate apoprotein production and ii) the approach should be adaptable to studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhou
- Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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18
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Disturbances in the glutathione/ophthalmate redox buffer system in the woodchuck model of hepatitis virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2011; 2011:789323. [PMID: 21941408 PMCID: PMC3175733 DOI: 10.1155/2011/789323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The incidence of liver tumors is rising in USA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate liver oxido-reductive status in the presence of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods. Glutathione species and ophthalmate (OA) concentrations were measured by LC-MS in processed plasma and red blood cells (RBC) from infected Woodchuck with hepatitis virus (WHV). Blood samples were obtained from: (i) infected animals with tumors (WHV+/HCC+), (ii) infected animals without tumors (WHV+/HCC−) and (iii) healthy animals (WHC−/HCC−). Results. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the ratio GSH/GSG were lower in plasma from WHV+/HCC+ animals when compared to WHV+/HCC− and WHV−/HCC− (P < 0.01). In contrast, the concentration of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was found to be higher in plasma from WHV+/HCC+ animals when compared to WHV+/HCC− and WHV−/HCC− (P < 0.01). The Glutathione species and its ratio from the RBC compartment were similar among all groups. OA concentration in both plasma and RBC was significantly higher from WHV+/HCC+ when compared to WHV+/HCC− and WHV−/HCC− (P < 0.01). Conclusions. Disturbances of the glutathione redox buffer system and higher concentrations of OA were found in the WCV+/HCC+ animal model. The role of these compounds as biomarkers of early tumor development in patients with end stage liver disease remains to be determined.
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Herath K, Bhat G, Miller PL, Wang SP, Kulick A, Andrews-Kelly G, Johnson C, Rohm RJ, Lassman ME, Previs SF, Johns DG, Hubbard BK, Roddy TP. Equilibration of (2)H labeling between body water and free amino acids: enabling studies of proteome synthesis. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:197-9. [PMID: 21596013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis can be estimated by measuring the incorporation of a labeled amino acid into a proteolytic peptide. Although prelabeled amino acids are typically administered, recent studies have tested (2)H(2)O; the assumption is that there is rapid equilibration of (2)H (in body water) with the carbon-bound hydrogens of amino acids before those amino acids are incorporated into a protein(s). We have determined the temporal changes in (2)H labeling of body water and amino acids which should build confidence in (2)H(2)O-based studies of protein synthesis when one aims to measure the (2)H labeling of proteolytic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kithsiri Herath
- Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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20
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The dynamics of glutathione species and ophthalmate concentrations in plasma from the VX2 rabbit model of secondary liver tumors. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2011; 2011:709052. [PMID: 21350723 PMCID: PMC3042630 DOI: 10.1155/2011/709052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Available tumor markers have low sensitivity/specificity for the diagnosis of liver tumors. The present study was designed to evaluate the oxidoreductive status of the liver as surrogates of tumor subsistence and growth. Methods. Glutathione species (GSH:GSSG), ophthalmate (OA) concentrations, and their turnover were measured in plasma of rabbits (n = 6) in their healthy state and in the state of tumor growth after implantation of the VX2 carcinoma in their liver. Tumors were allowed to grow for a period of 14 days when rabbits were sacrificed. Livers were removed and cysteine concentration was measured in liver tissue. Results. Tumor growth was found in 100% of the rabbits. Concentration and labeling of GSH/GSSG were similar in experimental animals before and after tumor implantation and to sham animals. In contrast, OA concentration increased significantly in experimental animals after tumor implantation when compared to same animals prior to tumor implantation and to sham animals (P < .05). The concentration of cysteine, a precursor of GSH, was found to be significantly lower in the liver tissue adjacent to the tumor (P < .05). Conclusion. Disturbances in the oxidoreductive state of livers appear to be a surrogate of early tumor growth.
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Robertson DG, Watkins PB, Reily MD. Metabolomics in toxicology: preclinical and clinical applications. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S146-70. [PMID: 21127352 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Robertson
- Applied and Investigative Metabolomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Geenen S, Michopoulos F, Kenna JG, Kolaja KL, Westerhoff HV, Wilson I. HPLC-MS/MS methods for the quantitative analysis of ophthalmic acid in rodent plasma and hepatic cell line culture medium. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:1128-35. [PMID: 21176868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic acid (OA), an endogenous tripeptide analogue of glutathione, has been suggested as a potential biomarker for paracetamol/acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Here HPLC-MS/MS methods have been developed for the precise, sensitive and specific detection and quantification of OA in in vitro cell culture medium and plasma. For the cell culture medium the LLOQ was found to be 1 ng/ml, with less than 1% between sample carry over at all concentrations and precision below 15% for within day and below 9% for between day analyses. For rat plasma the presence of endogenous OA resulted in the LLOQ being 25 ng/ml (defined as the lowest concentration on the calibration curve where the base peak was less than 20% of the LLOQ). For the plasma assay the percentage carry over was less than 1% for all concentrations and within and between batch precision was below 21%. The methods were linear for both sample types from the LLOQ up to 5 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied to the determination of OA in samples obtained following the chronic administration of the rat hepatotoxin methapyrilene, where plasma OA concentrations were observed to show a weak negative correlation with those of established liver injury biomarkers such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Geenen
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Doctoral Training Centre ISBML, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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Tomcik K, Ibarra RA, Sadhukhan S, Han Y, Tochtrop GP, Zhang GF. Isotopomer enrichment assay for very short chain fatty acids and its metabolic applications. Anal Biochem 2010; 410:110-7. [PMID: 21112315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work illustrated an accurate GC/MS measurement for the low isotopomer enrichment assay of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic aicd, butyric acid, and pentanoic acid. The pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatives of these very short chain fatty acids have high sensitivity of isotopoic enrichment due to their low natural isotopomer distribution in negative chemical ionization mass spectrometric mode. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization reaction was optimized in terms of pH, temperature, reaction time, and the amount of pentafluorobenzyl bromide versus sample. The precision, stability, and accuracy of this method for the isotopomer analysis were validated. This method was applied to measure the enrichments of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the perfusate from rat liver exposed to Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer only, 0-1mM [3,4-(13)C(2)]-4-hydroxynonanoate, and 0-2mM [5,6,7-(13)C(3)]heptanoate. The enrichments of acetic acid and propionic acid in the perfusate are comparable to the labeling pattern of acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA in the rat liver tissues. The enrichment of the acetic acid assay is much more sensitive and precise than the enrichment of acetyl-CoA by LC-MS/MS. The reversibility of propionyl-CoA from succinyl-CoA was confirmed by the low labeling of M1 and M2 of propionic acid from [5,6,7-(13)C(3)]heptanoate perfusates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen Tomcik
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, W-G48, Cleveland, OH 44106-4954, USA
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Kasumov T, Sharma N, Huang H, Kombu RS, Cendrowski A, Stanley WC, Brunengraber H. Dipropionylcysteine ethyl ester compensates for loss of citric acid cycle intermediates during post ischemia reperfusion in the pig heart. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2010; 23:459-69. [PMID: 19967553 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-009-6208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During reperfusion, following myocardial ischemia, uncompensated loss of citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates may impair CAC flux and energy transduction. Propionate has an anaplerotic effect when converted to the CAC intermediate succinyl-CoA, and may improve contractile recovery during reperfusion. Antioxidant therapy with N-acetylcysteine decreases reperfusion injury. To synergize the antioxidant effects of cysteine with the anaplerotic effects of propionate, we synthesized a novel bi-functional compound, N,S-dipropionyl cysteine ethyl ester (DPNCE) and tested its anaplerotic and anti-oxidative capacity in anesthetized pigs. METHODS Ischemia was induced by a 70% reduction in left anterior descending coronary artery flow for one hour, followed by 1 h of reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia and throughout reperfusion animals were treated with saline or intravenous DPNCE (1.5 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), n = 8/group). Arterial concentrations and myocardial propionate, cysteine, free fatty acids, glucose and lactate uptakes, cardiac mechanical functions, myocardial content of CAC intermediates and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS Ischemia resulted in reduction in myocardial tissue concentration of CAC intermediates. DPNCE treatment elevated arterial propionate and cysteine concentrations and myocardial propionate uptake, and increased myocardial concentrations of citrate, succinate, fumarate, and malate compared to saline treated animals. DPNCE treatment did not affect blood pressure or myocardial contractile function, but increased arterial free fatty acid concentration and myocardial fatty acid uptake. Arterial cysteine concentration was elevated by DPNCE, but there was negligible myocardial cysteine uptake, and no change in markers of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION DPNCE elevated arterial cysteine and propionate, and increased myocardial concentration of CAC intermediates, but did not affect mechanical function or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takhar Kasumov
- Department Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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