1
|
El Yousfi Y, Mora-Molina R, López-Rivas A, Yerbes R. Role of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD Transcriptional Complex in the Metabolic Control of TRAIL Sensitivity by the Mevalonate Pathway in Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2370. [PMID: 37830584 PMCID: PMC10571597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have reported that inhibiting the mevalonate pathway with statins may increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), although the signaling mechanism leading to this sensitization remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of the YAP (Yes-associated protein)/TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif)-TEAD (TEA/ATTS domain) transcriptional complex in the metabolic control of TRAIL sensitivity by the mevalonate pathway. We show that depleting nuclear YAP/TAZ in tumor cells, either via treatment with statins or by silencing YAP/TAZ expression with siRNAs, facilitates the activation of apoptosis by TRAIL. Furthermore, the blockage of TEAD transcriptional activity either pharmacologically or through the ectopic expression of a disruptor of the YAP/TAZ interaction with TEAD transcription factors, overcomes the resistance of tumor cells to the induction of apoptosis by TRAIL. Our results show that the mevalonate pathway controls cellular the FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) expression in tumor cells. Importantly, inhibiting the YAP/TAZ-TEAD signaling pathway induces cFLIP down-regulation, leading to a marked sensitization of tumor cells to apoptosis induction by TRAIL. Our data suggest that a combined strategy of targeting TEAD activity and selectively activating apoptosis signaling by agonists of apoptotic TRAIL receptors could be explored as a potential therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes El Yousfi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Rocío Mora-Molina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Abelardo López-Rivas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Rosario Yerbes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
- Medical Physiology and Biophysics Department, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Zadeh SST, Momtaz S, Abbasifard M, Reiner Ž, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. Statins block mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: a possible novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory, malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:57-75. [PMID: 36574095 PMCID: PMC9792946 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in several diseases such as cancer, gastric, heart and nervous system diseases. Data suggest that the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in epithelial cells leads to inflammation. Statins, the inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), seem to be able to inhibit the mTOR. Statins are considered to have favorable effects on inflammatory diseases by reducing the complications caused by inflammation and by regulating the inflammatory process and cytokines secretion. This critical review collected data on this topic from clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies published between 1998 and June 2022 in English from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gora AH, Rehman S, Kiron V, Dias J, Fernandes JMO, Olsvik PA, Siriyappagouder P, Vatsos I, Schmid-Staiger U, Frick K, Cardoso M. Management of Hypercholesterolemia Through Dietary ß-glucans–Insights From a Zebrafish Model. Front Nutr 2022; 8:797452. [PMID: 35096942 PMCID: PMC8790573 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.797452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of lipid-rich foods can increase the blood cholesterol content. β-glucans have hypocholesterolemic effect. However, subtle changes in their molecular branching can influence bioactivity. Therefore, a comparative investigation of the cholesterol-lowering potential of two β-glucans with different branching patterns and a cholesterol-lowering drug, namely simvastatin was undertaken employing the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Fish were allocated to 5 dietary treatments; a control group, a high cholesterol group, two β-glucan groups, and a simvastatin group. We investigated plasma total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, histological changes in the tissues, and explored intestinal transcriptomic changes induced by the experimental diets. Dietary cholesterol likely caused the suppression of endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis, induced dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and altered the histomorphology of the intestine. The two β-glucans and simvastatin significantly abated the rise in plasma cholesterol levels and restored the expression of specific genes to alleviate the endoplasmic reticulum-related effects induced by the dietary cholesterol. Furthermore, the distinct patterns of transcriptomic changes in the intestine elicited by the oat and microalga β-glucans impacted processes such as fatty acid metabolism, protein catabolic processes, and nuclear division. Oat and microalgal β-glucans also altered the pattern of lipid deposition in the liver. Our study provides insights into the effectiveness of different β-glucans to alleviate dysfunctions in lipid metabolism caused by dietary cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saima Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Viswanath Kiron
| | | | | | - Pål Asgeir Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Ioannis Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Innovation Field Algae Biotechnology-Development, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haxhi J, Thompson PD. Rationale for the use of metformin and exercise to counteract statin-associated side effects. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13900. [PMID: 33277775 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are the most widely prescribed drugs for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. They are usually well-tolerated, but have two main safety concerns: statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) and new-onset type 2 diabetes (NOD). METHODS A PubMed search was carried out using the following key words were used: statins, statin-associated muscle symptoms, statin myalgia, statin-associated diabetes, metformin and statins, exercise and statins. RESULTS Mitochondrial damage and muscle atrophy are likely the central mechanisms producing SAMS, whereas decreased glucose transport, fatty acid oxidation and insulin secretion are likely involved in the development of NOD. Metformin and exercise training share many pathways that could potentially contrast SAMS and NOD. Clinical evidence also supports the combination of statins with metformin and exercise. CONCLUSION This combination appears attractive both from a clinical and an economical viewpoint, since all three therapies are highly cost-effective and their combination could result in diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonida Haxhi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Differential Effect of Lovastatin versus Simvastatin in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0162-20.2020. [PMID: 32651266 PMCID: PMC7433894 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
6
|
Considerations for Clinical Therapeutic Development of Statins for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0392-19.2020. [PMID: 32071072 PMCID: PMC7070444 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0392-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
7
|
Lorza-Gil E, García-Arevalo M, Favero BC, Gomes-Marcondes MCC, Oliveira HCF. Diabetogenic effect of pravastatin is associated with insulin resistance and myotoxicity in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Transl Med 2019; 17:285. [PMID: 31455371 PMCID: PMC6712816 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia and prevent cardiovascular disease. Statins are generally well tolerated, but adverse reactions may occur, particularly myopathy and new onset of diabetes. The exact mechanism of statin-induced myopathy and diabetes has not been fully elucidated. We have previously shown that treatment of hypercholesterolemic (LDLr−/−) mice with pravastatin for 2 months decreased pancreatic islet insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress and cell death, but no glucose intolerance was observed. The purpose of the current work was to study long-term pravastatin effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, muscle protein turnover and cell viability. Methods LDLr−/− mice were treated with pravastatin for 3, 6 and 10 months. Glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were evaluated. The rates of protein synthesis and degradation were determined in gastrocnemius muscle after 10 months of treatment. Insulin signalling, oxidative stress and cell death were analysed in vitro using C2C12 myotubes. Results After 6 and 10 months of treatment, these mice became glucose intolerant, and after 10 months, they exhibited marked insulin resistance. Reduced islet glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was observed after the 3rd month of treatment. Mice treated for 10 months showed significantly decreased body weight and increased muscle protein degradation. In addition, muscle chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity and lysosomal cathepsin were markedly elevated. C2C12 myotubes exposed to increasing concentrations of pravastatin presented dose-dependent impairment of insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, increased apoptotic markers (Bax protein and cleaved caspase-3) and augmented superoxide anion production. Conclusions In addition to reduced insulin secretion, long-term pravastatin treatment induces insulin resistance and muscle wasting. These results suggest that the diabetogenic effect of statins is linked to the appearance of myotoxicity induced by oxidative stress, impaired insulin signalling, proteolysis and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Lorza-Gil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marta García-Arevalo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cristine Favero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina C Gomes-Marcondes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanvee GM, Bouitbir J, Krähenbühl S. Insulin prevents and reverts simvastatin-induced toxicity in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7409. [PMID: 31092879 PMCID: PMC6520350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is an inhibitor of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase used for decreasing low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in patients. It is well-tolerated but can cause myopathy. Our aims were to enlarge our knowledge regarding mechanisms and effects of insulin on simvastatin-associated myotoxicity in C2C12 myotubes. Simvastatin (10 µM) reduced membrane integrity and ATP content in myotubes treated for 24 hours, which could be prevented and partially reversed concentration- and time-dependently by insulin. Furthermore, simvastatin impaired the phosphorylation of Akt (Protein Kinase B) mainly at Ser473 and less at Thr308, indicating impaired activity of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2). Impaired activation of Akt increased mRNA expression of the muscle atrophy F-Box (MAFbx), decreased activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) and stimulated apoptosis by impairing the Ser9 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Decreased phosphorylation of Akt at both phosphorylation sites and of downstream substrates as well as apoptosis were prevented concentration-dependently by insulin. In addition, simvastatin caused accumulation of the insulin receptor β-chain in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and increased cleavage of procaspase-12, indicating ER stress. Insulin reduced the expression of the insulin receptor β-chain but increased procaspase-12 activation in the presence of simvastatin. In conclusion, simvastatin impaired activation of Akt Ser473 most likely as a consequence of reduced activity of mTORC2. Insulin could prevent the effects of simvastatin on the insulin signaling pathway and on apoptosis, but not on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda M Sanvee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouitbir J, Sanvee GM, Panajatovic MV, Singh F, Krähenbühl S. Mechanisms of statin-associated skeletal muscle-associated symptoms. Pharmacol Res 2019; 154:104201. [PMID: 30877064 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Statins lower the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular events by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. Although the safety of statins is documented, many patients ingesting statins may suffer from skeletal muscle-associated symptoms (SAMS). Importantly, SAMS are a common reason for stopping the treatment with statins. Statin-associated muscular symptoms include fatigue, weakness and pain, possibly accompanied by elevated serum creatine kinase activity. The most severe muscular adverse reaction is the potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. The frequency of SAMS is variable but in up to 30% of the patients ingesting statins, depending on the population treated and the statin used. The mechanisms leading to SAMS are currently not completely clarified. Over the last 15 years, several research articles focused on statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a reason for SAMS. Statins can impair the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby reducing ATP and increasing ROS production. This can induce mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and induce apoptosis. In parallel, statins inhibit activation of Akt, mainly due to reduced function of mTORC2, which may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction by statins is also responsible for activation of AMPK, which is associated with impaired activation of mTORC1. Reduced activation of mTORC1 leads to increased skeletal muscle protein degradation, impaired protein synthesis and stimulation of apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss some of the different hypotheses how statins affect skeletal muscle in more detail, focusing particularly on those related to mitochondrial dysfunction and the impairment of the Akt/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerda M Sanvee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miljenko V Panajatovic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Singh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gonçalves TM, de Almeida Regitano LC, Koltes JE, Cesar ASM, da Silva Andrade SC, Mourão GB, Gasparin G, Moreira GCM, Fritz-Waters E, Reecy JM, Coutinho LL. Gene Co-expression Analysis Indicates Potential Pathways and Regulators of Beef Tenderness in Nellore Cattle. Front Genet 2018; 9:441. [PMID: 30344530 PMCID: PMC6182065 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef tenderness, a complex trait affected by many factors, is economically important to beef quality, industry, and consumer’s palatability. In this study, RNA-Seq was used in network analysis to better understand the biological processes that lead to differences in beef tenderness. Skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles from 24 Nellore steers, selected by extreme estimated breeding values (EBVs) for shear force after 14 days of aging, were analyzed and 22 differentially expressed transcripts were identified. Among these were genes encoding ribosomal proteins, glutathione transporter ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 (ABCC4), and synaptotagmin IV (SYT4). Complementary co-expression analyses using Partial Correlation with Information Theory (PCIT), Phenotypic Impact Factor (PIF) and the Regulatory Impact Factor (RIF) methods identified candidate regulators and related pathways. The PCIT analysis identified ubiquitin specific peptidase 2 (USP2), growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GBR10), anoctamin 1 (ANO1), and transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 (TMBIM4) as the most differentially hubbed (DH) transcripts. The transcripts that had a significant correlation with USP2, GBR10, ANO1, and TMBIM4 enriched for proteasome KEGG pathway. RIF analysis identified microRNAs as candidate regulators of variation in tenderness, including bta-mir-133a-2 and bta-mir-22. Both microRNAs have target genes present in the calcium signaling pathway and apoptosis. PIF analysis identified myoglobin (MB), enolase 3 (ENO3), and carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) as potentially having fundamental roles in tenderness. Pathways identified in our study impacted in beef tenderness included: calcium signaling, apoptosis, and proteolysis. These findings underscore some of the complex molecular mechanisms that control beef tenderness in Nellore cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Sónia Cristina da Silva Andrade
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Gasparin
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Elyn Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khelfi A, Azzouz M, Abtroun R, Reggabi M, Alamir B. [Direct mechanism of action in toxic myopathies]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2017; 75:323-343. [PMID: 28526123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toxic myopathies are a large group of disorders generated by surrounding agents and characterized by structural and/or functional disturbances of muscles. The most recurrent are those induced by commonly used medications. Illicit drugs, environmental toxins from animals, vegetables, or produced by micro-organisms as well as chemical products commonly used are significant causes of such disorders. The muscle toxicity results from multiple mechanisms at different biological levels. Many agents can induce myotoxicity through a direct mechanism in which statins, glucocorticoids and ethyl alcohol are the most representative. Diverse mechanisms were highlighted as interaction with macromolecules and induction of metabolic and cellular dysfunctions. Muscle damage can be related to amphiphilic properties of some drugs (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, etc.) leading to specific lysosomal disruptions and autophagic dysfunctions. Some agents affect the whole muscle fiber by inducing oxidative stress (ethyl alcohol and some statins) or triggering cell death pathways (apoptosis or necrosis) resulting in extensive alterations. More studies on these mechanisms are needed. They would allow a better knowledge of the intracellular mediators involved in these pathologies in order to develop targeted therapies of high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Khelfi
- Service de toxicologie, CHU Bab-El-Oued, rue Mohamed-Lamine-Debaghine, 16009 Alger, Algérie; Centre national de toxicologie, route du Petit-Staouali-Delly-Brahim, 16062 Alger, Algérie.
| | - M Azzouz
- Laboratoire central de biologie et de toxicologie, EHS Ait-Idir, rue Abderrezak-Hahad-Casbah, 16017 Alger, Algérie
| | - R Abtroun
- Service de toxicologie, CHU Bab-El-Oued, rue Mohamed-Lamine-Debaghine, 16009 Alger, Algérie
| | - M Reggabi
- Laboratoire central de biologie et de toxicologie, EHS Ait-Idir, rue Abderrezak-Hahad-Casbah, 16017 Alger, Algérie
| | - B Alamir
- Service de toxicologie, CHU Bab-El-Oued, rue Mohamed-Lamine-Debaghine, 16009 Alger, Algérie; Centre national de toxicologie, route du Petit-Staouali-Delly-Brahim, 16062 Alger, Algérie
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Piette AB, Dufresne SS, Frenette J. A short-term statin treatment changes the contractile properties of fast-twitch skeletal muscles. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:449. [PMID: 27793139 PMCID: PMC5084426 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cumulative evidence indicates that statins induce myotoxicity. However, the lack of understanding of how statins affect skeletal muscles at the structural, functional, and physiological levels hampers proper healthcare management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the early after-effects of lovastatin on the slow-twitch soleus (Sol) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were orally administrated with placebo or lovastatin [50 mg/kg/d] for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the isometric ex vivo contractile properties of the Sol and EDL muscles were measured. Subtetanic and tetanic contractions were assessed and contraction kinetics were recorded. The muscles were then frozen for immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by an a posteriori Tukey’s test. Results The short-term lovastatin treatment did not induce muscle mass loss, muscle fiber atrophy, or creatine kinase (CK) release. It had no functional impact on slow-twitch Sol muscles. However, subtetanic stimulations at 10 Hz provoked greater force production in fast-twitch EDL muscles. The treatment also decreased the maximal rate of force development (dP/dT) of twitch contractions and prolonged the half relaxation time (1/2RT) of tetanic contractions of EDL muscles. Conclusions An early short-term statin treatment induced subtle but significant changes in some parameters of the contractile profile of EDL muscles, providing new insights into the selective initiation of statin-induced myopathy in fast-twitch muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boulanger Piette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Dufresne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
D'Antona G, Tedesco L, Ruocco C, Corsetti G, Ragni M, Fossati A, Saba E, Fenaroli F, Montinaro M, Carruba MO, Valerio A, Nisoli E. A Peculiar Formula of Essential Amino Acids Prevents Rosuvastatin Myopathy in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:595-608. [PMID: 27245589 PMCID: PMC5065032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Myopathy, characterized by mitochondrial oxidative stress, occurs in ∼10% of statin-treated patients, and a major risk exists with potent statins such as rosuvastatin (Rvs). We sought to determine whether a peculiar branched-chain amino acid-enriched mixture (BCAAem), found to improve mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress in muscle of middle-aged mice, was able to prevent Rvs myopathy. RESULTS Dietary supplementation of BCAAem was able to prevent the structural and functional alterations of muscle induced by Rvs in young mice. Rvs-increased plasma 3-methylhistidine (a marker of muscular protein degradation) was prevented by BCAAem. This was obtained without changes of Rvs ability to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood. Rather, BCAAem promotes de novo protein synthesis and reduces proteolysis in cultured myotubes. Morphological alterations of C2C12 cells induced by statin were counteracted by amino acids, as were the Rvs-increased atrogin-1 mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, BCAAem maintained mitochondrial mass and density and citrate synthase activity in skeletal muscle of Rvs-treated mice beside oxygen consumption and ATP levels in C2C12 cells exposed to statin. Notably, BCAAem assisted Rvs to reduce oxidative stress and to increase the anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense system in skeletal muscle. Innovation and Conclusions: The complex interplay between proteostasis and antioxidant properties may underlie the mechanism by which a specific amino acid formula preserves mitochondrial efficiency and muscle health in Rvs-treated mice. Strategies aimed at promoting protein balance and controlling mitochondrial ROS level may be used as therapeutics for the treatment of muscular diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction, such as statin myopathy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 595-608.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Antona
- 1 Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Pavia University , Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Tedesco
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- 3 Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University , Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Fossati
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Saba
- 4 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University , Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fenaroli
- 4 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University , Brescia, Italy
| | - Mery Montinaro
- 4 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University , Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- 4 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University , Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Milan University , Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekhart C, de Jong L, Gross-Martirosyan L, van Hunsel F. Muscle rupture associated with statin use. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:473-7. [PMID: 27074553 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Statins are used in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. They are among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Statins have been linked to musculoskeletal adverse drug reactions. However muscle rupture has not been discussed as an adverse drug reaction to statins so far. The aim of this article is to give an overview of cases of muscle rupture associated with the use of statins. METHOD We analyzed the cases of muscle rupture associated with the use of statins that were collected by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb complemented with the review of cases from the EudraVigilance database. RESULTS Fifteen cases of muscle rupture associated with statin use have been identified in the database of the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre. Overall, there was a plausible temporal association of events in most cases. In addition, the EudraVigilance database contained 165 reports of muscle rupture reported in patients using statins. Muscle rupture was disproportionally associated with statin use in both databases. The reporting odds ratio was 23.4 (95% CI 11.9, 46.0) and 14.6 (95% CI 12.3, 17.2), respectively. CONCLUSION Data from spontaneous reporting systems suggest that use of statins is associated with muscle rupture. Physicians and patients should be aware that this can occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corine Ekhart
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Loek de Jong
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florence van Hunsel
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stoichiometry of the eIF2B complex is maintained by mutual stabilization of subunits. Biochem J 2015; 473:571-80. [PMID: 26614765 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2B is a multi-subunit complex with a crucial role in the regulation of global protein synthesis in the cell. The complex comprises five subunits, termed α through ε in order of increasing size, arranged as a heterodecamer with two copies of each subunit. Regulation of the co-stoichiometric expression of the eIF2B subunits is crucial for the proper function and regulation of the eIF2B complex in cells. We have investigated the control of stoichiometric eIF2B complexes through mutual stabilization of eIF2B subunits. Our data show that the stable expression of the catalytic eIF2Bε subunit in human cells requires co-expression of eIF2Bγ. Similarly, stable expression of eIF2Bδ requires both eIF2Bβ and eIF2Bγ+ε. The expression of these subunits decreases despite there being no change in either the levels or the translation of their mRNAs. Instead, these subunits are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The data allow us to propose a model for the formation of stoichiometric eIF2B complexes which can ensure their stoichiometric incorporation into the holocomplex.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bonifacio A, Sanvee GM, Bouitbir J, Krähenbühl S. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays a key role in statin-induced myotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1841-9. [PMID: 25913013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are drugs that lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. They are generally well-tolerated, but myopathy is a potentially severe adverse reaction of these compounds. The mechanisms by which statins induce myotoxicity are not completely understood, but may be related to inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway. The current studies were performed to explore the down-stream effects of the statin-associated inhibition of AKT within the AKT signaling pathway and on myocyte biology and morphology in C2C12 myotubes and in mice in vivo. We exposed C2C12 myotubes to 10 μM or 50 μM simvastatin, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin for 24 h. Simvastatin and atorvastatin inhibited AKT phosphorylation and were cytotoxic starting at 10 μM, whereas similar effects were observed for rosuvastatin at 50 μM. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation was associated with impaired phosphorylation of S6 kinase, ribosomal protein S6, 4E-binding protein 1 and FoxO3a, resulting in reduced protein synthesis, accelerated myofibrillar degradation and atrophy of C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, impaired AKT phosphorylation was associated with activation of caspases and PARP, reflecting induction of apoptosis. Similar findings were detected in skeletal muscle of mice treated orally with 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin for 3 weeks. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in statin-induced myotoxicity and reveals potential drug targets for treatment of patients with statin-associated myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bonifacio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerda M Sanvee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bonifacio A, Mullen PJ, Mityko IS, Navegantes LC, Bouitbir J, Krähenbühl S. Simvastatin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and increased atrogin-1 expression in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and mice in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:203-15. [PMID: 25300705 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is effective and well tolerated, with adverse reactions mainly affecting skeletal muscle. Important mechanisms for skeletal muscle toxicity include mitochondrial impairment and increased expression of atrogin-1. The aim was to study the mechanisms of toxicity of simvastatin on H9c2 cells (a rodent cardiomyocyte cell line) and on the heart of male C57BL/6 mice. After, exposure to 10 μmol/L simvastatin for 24 h, H9c2 cells showed impaired oxygen consumption, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and a decreased activity of several enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The cellular ATP level was also decreased, which was associated with phosphorylation of AMPK, dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of FoxO3a as well as increased mRNA expression of atrogin-1. Markers of apoptosis were increased in simvastatin-treated H9c2 cells. Treatment of mice with 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin for 21 days was associated with a 5 % drop in heart weight as well as impaired activity of several enzyme complexes of the ETC and increased mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and of markers of apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Cardiomyocytes exposed to simvastatin in vitro or in vivo sustain mitochondrial damage, which causes AMPK activation, dephosphorylation and nuclear transformation of FoxO3a as well as increased expression of atrogin-1. Mitochondrial damage and increased atrogin-1 expression are associated with apoptosis and increased protein breakdown, which may cause myocardial atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bonifacio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Mullen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ileana Scurtu Mityko
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luiz C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Translational insight into statin-induced muscle toxicity: from cell culture to clinical studies. Transl Res 2014; 164:85-109. [PMID: 24530275 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins are lipid-lowering drugs used widely to prevent and treat cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. These drugs are among the most commonly prescribed medicines intended for long-term use. In general, statins are well tolerated. However, muscular adverse effects appear to be the most common obstacle that limits their use, resulting in poor patient compliance or even drug discontinuation. In addition, rare but potentially fatal cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported with the use of these drugs, especially in the presence of certain risk factors. Previous reports have investigated statin-induced myotoxicity in vivo and in vitro using a number of cell lines, muscle tissues, and laboratory animals, in addition to randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports. None of them have compared directly results from laboratory investigations with clinical observations of statin-related muscular adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge this is the first review article that combines laboratory investigation with clinical aspects of statin-induced myotoxicity. By reviewing published literature of in vivo, in vitro, and clinically relevant studies of statin myotoxicity, we aim to translate this important drug-related problem to establish a clear picture of proposed mechanisms that explain the risk factors and describe the diagnostic approaches currently used for evaluating the degree of muscle damage induced by these agents. This review provides baseline novel translational insight that can be used to enhance the safety profile, to minimize the chance of progression of these adverse effects to more severe and potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis, and to improve the overall patient compliance and adherence to long-term statin therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dolfi SC, Chan LLY, Qiu J, Tedeschi PM, Bertino JR, Hirshfield KM, Oltvai ZN, Vazquez A. The metabolic demands of cancer cells are coupled to their size and protein synthesis rates. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:20. [PMID: 24279929 PMCID: PMC4178206 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although cells require nutrients to proliferate, most nutrient exchange rates of the NCI60 panel of cancer cell lines correlate poorly with their proliferation rate. Here, we provide evidence indicating that this inconsistency is rooted in the variability of cell size. Results We integrate previously reported data characterizing genome copy number variations, gene expression, protein expression and exchange fluxes with our own measurements of cell size and protein content in the NCI60 panel of cell lines. We show that protein content, DNA content, and protein synthesis per cell are proportional to the cell volume, and that larger cells proliferate slower than smaller cells. We estimate the metabolic fluxes of these cell lines and show that their magnitudes are proportional to their protein synthesis rate and, after correcting for cell volume, to their proliferation rate. At the level of gene expression, we observe that genes expressed at higher levels in smaller cells are enriched for genes involved in cell cycle, while genes expressed at higher levels in large cells are enriched for genes expressed in mesenchymal cells. The latter finding is further corroborated by the induction of those same genes following treatment with TGFβ, and the high vimentin but low E-cadherin protein levels in the larger cells. We also find that aromatase inhibitors, statins and mTOR inhibitors preferentially inhibit the in vitro growth of cancer cells with high protein synthesis rates per cell. Conclusions The NCI60 cell lines display various metabolic activities, and the type of metabolic activity that they possess correlates with their cell volume and protein content. In addition to cell proliferation, cell volume and/or biomarkers of protein synthesis may predict response to drugs targeting cancer metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Dolfi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tuckow AP, Kazi AA, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Identification of ubiquitin-modified lysine residues and novel phosphorylation sites on eukaryotic initiation factor 2B epsilon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:41-6. [PMID: 23707720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2Bε (eIF2Bε) plays a critical role in the initiation of mRNA translation and its expression and guanine nucleotide exchange activity are major determinants of the rate of protein synthesis. In this work we provide evidence that the catalytic epsilon subunit of eIF2B is subject to ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Lysates of C2C12 myoblasts treated with proteasome inhibitor were subjected to sequential immunoprecipitations for eIF2Bε followed by ubiquitin. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of immunoprecipitated proteins resulted in the identification of five peptides containing ubiquitin (diglycine) modifications on eIF2Bε. The specific lysine residues containing the ubiquitin modifications were localized as Lys-56, Lys-98, Lys-136, Lys-212 and Lys-500 (corresponding to the rat protein sequence). In addition three novel phosphorylation sites were identified including Ser-22, Ser-125, and Thr-317. Moreover, peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of the E3 ligase NEDD4 were also detected in the LC-MS/MS analysis, and an interaction between endogenous eIF2Bε with NEDD4 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Tuckow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dennis MD, Jefferson LS, Kimball SR. Role of p70S6K1-mediated phosphorylation of eIF4B and PDCD4 proteins in the regulation of protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42890-9. [PMID: 23105104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of mRNA binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit during translation initiation controls not only global rates of protein synthesis but also regulates the pattern of protein expression by allowing for selective inclusion, or exclusion, of mRNAs encoding particular proteins from polysomes. The mRNA binding step is modulated by signaling through a protein kinase known as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 directly phosphorylates the translational repressors eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BP) 1 and 2, releasing them from the mRNA cap binding protein eIF4E, thereby promoting assembly of the eIF4E·eIF4G complex. mTORC1 also phosphorylates the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), which subsequently phosphorylates eIF4B, and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which sequesters eIF4A from the eIF4E·eIF4G complex, resulting in repressed translation of mRNAs with highly structured 5'-untranslated regions. In the present study, we compared the role of the 4E-BPs in the regulation of global rates of protein synthesis to that of eIF4B and PDCD4. We found that maintenance of eIF4E interaction with eIF4G was not by itself sufficient to sustain global rates of protein synthesis in the absence of mTORC1 signaling to p70S6K1; phosphorylation of both eIF4B and PDCD4 was additionally required. We also found that the interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G was maintained in the liver of fasted rats as well as in serum-deprived mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking both 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2, suggesting that the interaction of eIF4G with eIF4E is controlled primarily through the 4E-BPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Urakami C, Kurosaka D, Tamada K, Kishimoto S, Tezuka Y, Nishigori H. Lovastatin Alters TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Porcine Lens Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:479-85. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.665121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|