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Gugliucci A. Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5660. [PMID: 37685728 PMCID: PMC10488931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of sugar has expanded over the past 50 years, due to improved industrial processes and corn subsidies, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages. This correlates with a surge in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, which has brought this issue back into the spotlight for public health. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of fructose in the genesis of cardiometabolic dyslipidemia (an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL): VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their remnants) bringing together the most recent data on humans, which demonstrates the crucial interaction between glucose and fructose, increasing the synthesis while decreasing the catabolism of these particles in a synergistic downward spiral. After reviewing TRL metabolism, we discuss the fundamental principles governing the metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver and the effects of dysregulated fructolysis, in conjunction with the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) by glucose and the resulting crosstalk. The first byproduct of fructose catabolism, fructose-1-P, is highlighted for its function as a signaling molecule that promotes fat synthesis. We emphasize the role of fructose/glucose interaction in the liver, which enhances de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, and VLDL production. In addition, we draw attention to current research that demonstrates how fructose affects the activity of lipoprotein lipase by increasing the concentration of inhibitors such as apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which reduce the catabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons and cause the building up of their atherogenic remnants. The end outcome is a dual, synergistic, and harmful action that encourages atherogenesis. Thus, considering the growing concerns regarding the connection between sugar consumption and cardiometabolic disease, current research strongly supports the actions of public health organizations aimed at reducing sugar intake, including dietary guidance addressing "safe" limits for sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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Anajirih N, O'Sullivan SE, Alexander SP. Endocannabinoid hydrolases differentially distribute in platelets and red blood cells and are differentially released by thrombin. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 164:106692. [PMID: 36372184 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma levels of the major endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylgycerol (2AG) and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) have been identified to vary independently with particular pathological conditions. The levels of these endocannabinoids are tightly regulated by two hydrolytic enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), respectively. OBJECTIVES In this study, we have quantified these enzyme activities in the major blood fractions. PATIENTS/METHODS In blood fractions from human volunteers, radiometric assays were used to quantify monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase. Tagging with fluorophosphonate-rhodamine allowed quantification of platelet serine hydrolase activities. RESULTS Fatty acid amide hydrolase activity was highest in platelets, while MAGL activity was most abundant in erythrocytes. Sampling the blood of donors on two further occasions 15 days apart showed no significant change in platelet FAAH or erythrocyte MAGL activities. Activities were not different when comparing female donors with males. Storage of these blood fractions at - 80 °C was associated with a rapid loss in enzyme activities, which could largely by avoided by storage in liquid nitrogen. Incubation of platelets and erythrocytes in the presence of thrombin lead to release of measurable FAAH, but not MAGL, activity. Tagging of serine hydrolase activities with fluorophosphonate-rhodamine allowed confirmation of MAGL activity in platelet preparations, as well as multiple other enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These investigations suggest a potential role for FAAH in regulation of coagulation, while the role of MAGL in blood requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Anajirih
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Stephen Ph Alexander
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Avalos B, Argueta DA, Perez PA, Wiley M, Wood C, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors in the Intestinal Epithelium Are Required for Acute Western-Diet Preferences in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092874. [PMID: 32962222 PMCID: PMC7551422 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the intake of palatable food. For example, endocannabinoid signaling in the upper small-intestinal epithelium is increased (i) in rats after tasting dietary fats, which promotes intake of fats, and (ii) in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, which promotes overeating via impaired nutrient-induced gut-brain satiation signaling. We now utilized a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral approaches to identify roles for cannabinoid CB1Rs in upper small-intestinal epithelium in preferences for a western-style diet (WD, high-fat/sucrose) versus a standard rodent diet (SD, low-fat/no sucrose). Mice were maintained on SD in automated feeding chambers. During testing, mice were given simultaneous access to SD and WD, and intakes were recorded. Mice displayed large preferences for the WD, which were inhibited by systemic pretreatment with the cannabinoid CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, AM251, for up to 3 h. We next used our novel intestinal epithelium-specific conditional cannabinoid CB1R-deficient mice (IntCB1-/-) to investigate if intestinal CB1Rs are necessary for WD preferences. Similar to AM251 treatment, preferences for WD were largely absent in IntCB1-/- mice when compared to control mice for up to 6 h. Together, these data suggest that CB1Rs in the murine intestinal epithelium are required for acute WD preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Avalos
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Donovan A. Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pedro A. Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Mark Wiley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Courtney Wood
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Nicholas V. DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (B.A.); (D.A.A.); (P.A.P.); (M.W.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-951-827-7252
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Johnson RJ, Gomez-Pinilla F, Nagel M, Nakagawa T, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan DR, Lanaspa MA. Cerebral Fructose Metabolism as a Potential Mechanism Driving Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:560865. [PMID: 33024433 PMCID: PMC7516162 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.560865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease is pathologically linked with neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid deposition, and loss of neuronal communication. Cerebral insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as important contributors to pathogenesis supporting our hypothesis that cerebral fructose metabolism is a key initiating pathway for Alzheimer's disease. Fructose is unique among nutrients because it activates a survival pathway to protect animals from starvation by lowering energy in cells in association with adenosine monophosphate degradation to uric acid. The fall in energy from fructose metabolism stimulates foraging and food intake while reducing energy and oxygen needs by decreasing mitochondrial function, stimulating glycolysis, and inducing insulin resistance. When fructose metabolism is overactivated systemically, such as from excessive fructose intake, this can lead to obesity and diabetes. Herein, we present evidence that Alzheimer's disease may be driven by overactivation of cerebral fructose metabolism, in which the source of fructose is largely from endogenous production in the brain. Thus, the reduction in mitochondrial energy production is hampered by neuronal glycolysis that is inadequate, resulting in progressive loss of cerebral energy levels required for neurons to remain functional and viable. In essence, we propose that Alzheimer's disease is a modern disease driven by changes in dietary lifestyle in which fructose can disrupt cerebral metabolism and neuronal function. Inhibition of intracerebral fructose metabolism could provide a novel way to prevent and treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria Nagel
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dean R Tolan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Moradi H, Park C, Igarashi M, Streja E, Argueta DA, Soohoo M, Daglian J, You AS, Rhee CM, Kashyap ML, DiPatrizio NV, Vaziri ND, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Piomelli D. Serum Endocannabinoid Levels in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1869-1880. [PMID: 31583368 PMCID: PMC6767629 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy metabolism through the actions of its main mediators, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA). OBJECTIVE We examined serum levels of major endocannabinoid mediators and their association with clinical parameters in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DESIGN AND SETTING Serum concentrations of 2-AG and AEA were measured in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and controls, and correlations with various clinical and laboratory indices were examined. 2-AG was also measured in age and sex-matched healthy subjects for comparison of levels in patients undergoing MHD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Serum 2-AG. RESULTS Serum 2-AG levels were significantly elevated in patients with ESRD compared with healthy controls. Higher levels of 2-AG were found in patients on MHD compared to healthy subjects, and similar findings were seen in a second set of subjects in independent analyses. Among 96 patients on MHD, 2-AG levels correlated significantly and positively with serum triglycerides (ρ = 0.43; P < 0.0001), body mass index (ρ = 0.40; P < 0.0001), and body anthropometric measures and negatively with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ρ = -0.33; P = 0.001) following adjustment for demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS In patients on MHD, levels of serum 2-AG, a major endocannabinoid mediator, were increased. In addition, increasing serum 2-AG levels correlated with increased serum triglycerides and markers of body mass. Future studies will need to evaluate the potential mechanisms responsible for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Moradi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Christina Park
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Elani Streja
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California
| | - Melissa Soohoo
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Jennifer Daglian
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Moti L Kashyap
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
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