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Lékó AH, Cservenák M, Dobolyi Á. Suckling induced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) release in mother rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:7-12. [PMID: 29031906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactation involves significant neuroendocrine changes. The elevated prolactin (PRL) release from the pituitary, induced markedly by suckling, is the most relevant example. Suckling also causes a significant and rapid elevation in growth hormone (GH) levels. GH is necessary for milk synthesis as milk yield is stopped completely in the absence of PRL and GH, while the absence of PRL alone causes only a 50% reduction. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in the GH axis. GH exerts its effects through IGF-1 in the periphery, for example in the mammary gland. In addition, IGF-1 is responsible for the long-loop feedback control of GH secretion. DESIGN IGF-1 secretion has not been established yet in mothers. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of suckling on serum IGF-1 level in rat mothers and correlated it with serum PRL levels. We examined a potential mechanism of the regulation of IGF-1 level during suckling by administering IGF-1 into the lateral ventricle of rat mothers continuously for 12days, or acutely, right before the start of suckling. RESULTS We described that suckling affected IGF-1 release based on one-way repeated measures ANOVA (F=10.8 and p<0.001) and caused a marked increase of IGF-1 level 30min after the start of suckling (p<0.001). We demonstrated a significant (p<0.05; the correlation coefficient was 0.29) correlation to PRL level during suckling which supports that PRL could induce IGF-1 release. The prolonged central IGF-1 administration diminished the suckling-induced IGF-1 surge (F=9.19 and p<0.001) while the acute treatment did not have any effect compared to artificial cerebrospinal fluid injection, analysed with two-way repeated measures ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, suckling induces IGF-1 release either by elevating PRL or GH. Long-loop feedback via IGF-1 in the GH axis can diminish this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- András H Lékó
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Melinda Cservenák
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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Damerill I, Biggar KK, Abu Shehab M, Li SSC, Jansson T, Gupta MB. Hypoxia Increases IGFBP-1 Phosphorylation Mediated by mTOR Inhibition. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:201-16. [PMID: 26714229 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In fetal growth restriction (FGR), fetal growth is limited by reduced nutrient and oxygen supply. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a key regulator of fetal growth and IGF binding protein -1(IGFBP-1) is the principal regulator of fetal IGF-I bioavailability. Phosphorylation enhances IGFBP-1's affinity for IGF-I. Hypoxia induces IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation, markedly decreasing IGF-I bioavailability. We recently reported that fetal liver IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation is associated with inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in a nonhuman primate model of FGR. Here, we test the hypothesis that IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in response to hypoxia is mediated by mTOR inhibition. We inhibited mTOR either by rapamycin or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting raptor (mTOR complex [mTORC]1) and/or rictor (mTORC2) in HepG2 cells cultured under hypoxia (1% O2) or basal (20% O2) conditions. Conversely, we activated mTORC1 or mTORC1+mTORC2 by silencing endogenous mTOR inhibitors (tuberous sclerosis complex 2/DEP-domain-containing and mTOR-interacting protein). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that both hypoxia and inhibition of mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 induced similar degrees of IGFBP-1 phosphorylation at Ser101/119/169 and reduced IGF-I receptor autophosphorylation. Activation of mTORC1+mTORC2 or mTORC1 alone prevented IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in response to hypoxia. Multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry showed that rapamycin and/or hypoxia increased phosphorylation also at Ser98 and at a novel site Ser174. In silico structural analysis indicated that Ser174 was in close proximity to the IGF-binding site. Together, we demonstrate that signaling through the mTORC1 or mTORC2 pathway is sufficient to induce IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in response to hypoxia. This study provides novel understanding of the cellular mechanism that controls fetal IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in hypoxia, and we propose that mTOR inhibition constitutes a mechanistic link between hypoxia, reduced IGF-I bioavailability and FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Damerill
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
| | - Kyle K Biggar
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
| | - Majida Abu Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
| | - Shawn Shun-Cheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
| | - Madhulika B Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry (I.D., K.K.B., S.S.-C.L., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Department of Pediatrics (M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, N6C 2V5 Canada; and Children's Health Research Institute (M.A.S., M.B.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada
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Maternal low-protein diet causes body weight loss in male, neonate Sprague-Dawley rats involving UCP-1-mediated thermogenesis. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:729-35. [PMID: 25858881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in regulating body weight (BW) by modifying thermogenesis. Maternal low protein (LP) diets reduce offspring birth weight. Increased BAT thermogenesis in utero may be one mechanism for the lower BW. However, whether maternal LP nutrition alters BAT thermogenesis and BW of offspring in utero is not yet known. We fed obese-prone Sprague-Dawley dams 8% LP or 20% normal protein (NP) diets for 3 weeks prior to breeding and through pregnancy. BW and gene expression of interscapular BAT (iBAT) thermogenic markers were measured in male fetal (gestation day 18) and neonatal (day 0 or 1) offspring. BW of neonatal LP males was lower than NP males but no difference was observed in females. Gene and protein expression of UCP-1 and transcription factors PRDM16 and PPARα in iBAT were 2- to 6-fold greater in LP than in NP male neonatal offspring. FNDC5, a precursor of irisin and activator of thermogenesis, was expressed 2-fold greater in neonatal LP iBAT than NP males. However, fetal iBAT UCP-1, PRDM16, PPARα and irisin mRNA did not differ between LP and NP groups. Maternal LP diet had no effects on placental irisin and UCP-2 expression. These results suggest that prenatal protein restriction increases the risk for low BW through mechanisms affecting full-term offspring iBAT thermogenesis but not greatly altering fetal iBAT or placental thermogenesis.
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Gray C, Li M, Patel R, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. Let-7 miRNA profiles are associated with the reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension in adult male offspring from mothers undernourished during pregnancy after preweaning growth hormone treatment. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4808-17. [PMID: 25264936 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition (UN) is known to cause cardiac hypertrophy, elevated blood pressure, and endothelial dysfunction in adult offspring. Maternal UN may also lead to disturbances in GH regulation in offspring. Because GH plays a key role in cardiac development, we used a model of maternal UN to examine the effects of neonatal GH treatment on cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac micro RNA (miRNA) profiles, and associated gene regulation in adult offspring. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a standard control diet (CON) or 50% of CON intake throughout pregnancy (UN). From neonatal day 3 until weaning (d 21), CON and UN pups received either saline (S) (CON-S, UN-S) or GH (2.5 μg/g·d) (CON-GH, UN-GH). Heart structure was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and miRNA was isolated from cardiac tissue and miRNA expression analyzed using Cardiovascular miRNA gene Arrays (SABiosciences Ltd). Maternal UN caused marked increases in cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular cardiomyocyte area, which were reversed by preweaning GH treatment. Systolic blood pressure was increased in UN-S groups and normalized in UN-GH groups (CON-S 121 ± 2 mmHg, CON-GH 115 ± 3 mm Hg, UN-S 146 ± 3 mmHg, and UN-GH 127 ± 2 mmHg). GH treatment during early development facilitated a reversal of pathological changes in offspring hearts caused by UN during pregnancy. Specific cardiac miRNA profiles were exhibited in response to maternal UN, accompanied by up-regulation of the lethal-7 (LET-7) miRNA family in GH-treated offspring. miRNA target analysis revealed a number of genes associated with inflammation and cardiovascular development, which may be involved in the altered cardiac function of these offspring. Up-regulation of the LET-7 family of miRNAs observed in GH groups may mediate the reversal of cardiac hypertrophy observed in adult offspring males of UN mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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Milona A, Owen BM, van Mil S, Dormann D, Mataki C, Boudjelal M, Cairns W, Schoonjans K, Milligan S, Parker M, White R, Williamson C. The normal mechanisms of pregnancy-induced liver growth are not maintained in mice lacking the bile acid sensor Fxr. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G151-8. [PMID: 19815629 PMCID: PMC2822506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00336.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rodents undergo gestational hepatomegaly to meet the increased metabolic demands on the maternal liver during pregnancy. This is an important physiological process, but the mechanisms and signals driving pregnancy-induced liver growth are not known. Here, we show that liver growth during pregnancy precedes maternal body weight gain, is proportional to fetal number, and is a result of hepatocyte hypertrophy associated with cell-cycle progression, polyploidy, and altered expression of cell-cycle regulators p53, Cyclin-D1, and p27. Because circulating reproductive hormones and bile acids are raised in normal pregnant women and can cause liver growth in rodents, these compounds are candidates for the signal driving gestational liver enlargement in rodents. Administration of pregnancy levels of reproductive hormones was not sufficient to cause liver growth, but mouse pregnancy was associated with increased serum bile acid levels. It is known that the bile acid sensor Fxr is required for normal recovery from partial hepatectomy, and we demonstrate that Fxr(-/-) mice undergo gestational liver growth by adaptive hepatocyte hyperplasia. This is the first identification of any component that is required to maintain the normal mechanisms of gestational hepatomegaly and also implicates Fxr in a physiologically normal process that involves control of the hepatocyte cell cycle. Understanding pregnancy-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy in mice could suggest mechanisms for safely increasing functional liver capacity in women during increased metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryn M. Owen
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
| | - Saskia van Mil
- 2Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk Dormann
- 3MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London;
| | - Chikage Mataki
- 4Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Milligan
- 6Reproduction and Rhythms Group, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm Parker
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
| | - Roger White
- 1Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and
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Theys N, Clippe A, Bouckenooghe T, Reusens B, Remacle C. Early low protein diet aggravates unbalance between antioxidant enzymes leading to islet dysfunction. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6110. [PMID: 19568427 PMCID: PMC2699474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islets from adult rat possess weak antioxidant defense leading to unbalance between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hydrogen peroxide-inactivating enzymatic activities, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) rending them susceptible to oxidative stress. We have shown that this vulnerability is influenced by maternal diet during gestation and lactation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study investigated if low antioxidant activity in islets is already observed at birth and if maternal protein restriction influences the development of islet antioxidant defenses. Rats were fed a control diet (C group) or a low protein diet during gestation (LP) or until weaning (LPT), after which offspring received the control diet. We found that antioxidant enzymatic activities varied with age. At birth and after weaning, normal islets possessed an efficient GPX activity. However, the antioxidant capacity decreased thereafter increasing the potential vulnerability to oxidative stress. Maternal protein malnutrition changed the antioxidant enzymatic activities in islets of the progeny. At 3 months, SOD activity was increased in LP and LPT islets with no concomitant activation of CAT and GPX. This unbalance could lead to higher hydrogen peroxide production, which may concur to oxidative stress causing defective insulin gene expression due to modification of critical factors that modulate the insulin promoter. We found indeed that insulin mRNA level was reduced in both groups of malnourished offspring compared to controls. Analyzing the expression of such critical factors, we found that c-Myc expression was strongly increased in islets from both protein-restricted groups compared to controls. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Modification in antioxidant activity by maternal low protein diet could predispose to pancreatic islet dysfunction later in life and provide new insights to define a molecular mechanism responsible for intrauterine programming of endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Theys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - André Clippe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouckenooghe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reusens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Nedić O, Masnikosa R. Separation of the molecular forms of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-Binding proteins by affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:743-6. [PMID: 19233744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Association of IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 with other proteins in human serum and placental cell membranes was investigated using affinity chromatography matrix with immobilized antibodies. Circulating IGFBP-1 was found to be predominantly bound to alpha(2)-macroglobulin and not in the binary complex with its ligand, IGFBP-2 complexes and/or polymers were detected, which was not acknowledged before, and IGFBP-3 molecular forms were differentiated into those that form binary/ternary complexes and those that form stable associations with other serum proteins. As for placental membranes, both IGFBP-1 dimers and high molecular mass IGFBP-1 associations, most probably with alpha(2)-macroglobulin, were recognized and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Nedić
- INEP-Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Seferovic MD, Ali R, Kamei H, Liu S, Khosravi JM, Nazarian S, Han VKM, Duan C, Gupta MB. Hypoxia and leucine deprivation induce human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 hyperphosphorylation and increase its biological activity. Endocrinology 2009; 150:220-31. [PMID: 18772238 PMCID: PMC2630895 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is often caused by uteroplacental insufficiency that leads to fetal hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Elevated IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 expression associated with fetal growth restriction has been documented. In this study we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia and nutrient deprivation induce IGFBP-1 phosphorylation and increase its biological potency in inhibiting IGF actions. HepG2 cells were subjected to hypoxia and leucine deprivation to mimic the deprivation of metabolic substrates. The total IGFBP-1 levels measured by ELISA were approximately 2- to 2.5-fold higher in hypoxia and leucine deprivation-treated cells compared with the controls. Two-dimensional immunoblotting showed that whereas the nonphosphorylated isoform is the predominant IGFBP-1 in the controls, the highly phosphorylated isoforms were dominant in hypoxia and leucine deprivation-treated cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed four serine phosphorylation sites: three known sites (pSer 101, pSer 119, and pSer 169); and a novel site (pSer 98). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to estimate the changes of phosphorylation upon treatment. Biacore analysis indicated that the highly phosphorylated IGFBP-1 isoforms found in hypoxia and leucine deprivation-treated cells had greater affinity for IGF-I [dissociation constant 5.83E (times 10 to the power)--0 m and 6.40E-09 m] relative to the IGFBP-1 from the controls (dissociation constant approximately 1.54E-07 m). Furthermore, the highly phosphorylated IGFBP-1 had a stronger effect in inhibiting IGF-I-stimulated cell proliferation. These findings suggest that IGFBP-1 phosphorylation may be a novel mechanism of fetal adaptive response to hypoxia and nutrient restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim D Seferovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, VRL Room A5-136 (WC), 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Remacle C, Dumortier O, Bol V, Goosse K, Romanus P, Theys N, Bouckenooghe T, Reusens B. Intrauterine programming of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9 Suppl 2:196-209. [PMID: 17919194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed strong relationships between poor foetal growth and subsequent development of the metabolic syndrome. Persisting effects of early malnutrition become translated into pathology, thereby determine chronic risk for developing glucose intolerance and diabetes. These epidemiological observations identify the phenomena of foetal programming without explaining the underlying mechanisms that establish the causal link. Animal models have been established and studies have demonstrated that reduction in the availability of nutrients during foetal development programs the endocrine pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. Whatever the type of foetal malnutrition, whether there are not enough calories or protein in food or after placental deficiency, malnourished pups are born with a defect in their beta-cell population that will never completely recover, and insulin-sensitive tissues will be definitively altered. Despite the similar endpoint, different cellular and physiological mechanisms are proposed. Hormones operative during foetal life like insulin itself, insulin-like growth factors and glucocorticoids, as well as specific molecules like taurine, or islet vascularization were implicated as possible factors amplifying the defect. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intrauterine programming of the beta cells are still elusive, but two hypotheses recently emerged: the first one implies programming of mitochondria and the second, epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Gianazza E, Wait R, Begum S, Eberini I, Campagnoli M, Labò S, Galliano M. Mapping the 5–50-kDa fraction of human amniotic fluid proteins by 2-DE and ESI-MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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