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Krycer JR, Quek LE, Francis D, Fazakerley DJ, Elkington SD, Diaz-Vegas A, Cooke KC, Weiss FC, Duan X, Kurdyukov S, Zhou PX, Tambar UK, Hirayama A, Ikeda S, Kamei Y, Soga T, Cooney GJ, James DE. Lactate production is a prioritized feature of adipocyte metabolism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:83-98. [PMID: 31690627 PMCID: PMC6952601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is essential for whole-body glucose homeostasis, with a primary role in lipid storage. It has been previously observed that lactate production is also an important metabolic feature of adipocytes, but its relationship to adipose and whole-body glucose disposal remains unclear. Therefore, using a combination of metabolic labeling techniques, here we closely examined lactate production of cultured and primary mammalian adipocytes. Insulin treatment increased glucose uptake and conversion to lactate, with the latter responding more to insulin than did other metabolic fates of glucose. However, lactate production did not just serve as a mechanism to dispose of excess glucose, because we also observed that lactate production in adipocytes did not solely depend on glucose availability and even occurred independently of glucose metabolism. This suggests that lactate production is prioritized in adipocytes. Furthermore, knocking down lactate dehydrogenase specifically in the fat body of Drosophila flies lowered circulating lactate and improved whole-body glucose disposal. These results emphasize that lactate production is an additional metabolic role of adipose tissue beyond lipid storage and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Krycer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Deanne Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D Elkington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alexis Diaz-Vegas
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona C Weiss
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Duan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sergey Kurdyukov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ping-Xin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Uttam K Tambar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Satsuki Ikeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Yushi Kamei
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - David E James
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Hartig SM, Bader DA, Abadie KV, Motamed M, Hamilton MP, Long W, York B, Mueller M, Wagner M, Trauner M, Chan L, Bajaj M, Moore DD, Mancini MA, McGuire SE. Ubc9 Impairs Activation of the Brown Fat Energy Metabolism Program in Human White Adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1320-33. [PMID: 26192107 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) result from an inability to efficiently store and catabolize surplus energy in adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipocytes protect against insulin resistance and T2DM by coupling differentiation with the induction of brown fat gene programs for efficient energy metabolism. Mechanisms that disrupt these programs in adipocytes are currently poorly defined, but represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of T2DM. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we performed a high-throughput microscopy screen that identified ubiquitin carrier protein 9 (Ubc9) as a negative regulator of energy storage in human sc adipocytes. Ubc9 depletion enhanced energy storage and induced the brown fat gene program in human sc adipocytes. Induction of adipocyte differentiation resulted in decreased Ubc9 expression commensurate with increased brown fat gene expression. Thiazolidinedione treatment reduced the interaction between Ubc9 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, suggesting a mechanism by which Ubc9 represses PPARγ activity. In support of this hypothesis, Ubc9 overexpression remodeled energy metabolism in human sc adipocytes by selectively inhibiting brown adipocyte-specific function. Further, Ubc9 overexpression decreased uncoupling protein 1 expression by disrupting PPARγ binding at a critical uncoupling protein 1 enhancer region. Last, Ubc9 is significantly elevated in sc adipose tissue isolated from mouse models of insulin resistance as well as diabetic and insulin-resistant humans. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a critical role for Ubc9 in the regulation of sc adipocyte energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kathleen V Abadie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Massoud Motamed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mark P Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michaela Mueller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mandeep Bajaj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.M.H., D.A.B., K.V.A., M.Mo., M.P.H., W.L., B.Y., L.C., D.D.M., M.A.M., S.E.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.L.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435; Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology (M.Mu., M.T.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology (M.W.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C., M.B.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030; and Division of Radiation Oncology (S.E.M.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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