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Resting Energy Expenditure of Physically Active Boys in Southeastern Poland-The Accuracy and Validity of Predictive Equations. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120493. [PMID: 33271803 PMCID: PMC7760554 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of energy intake in the diet of young athletes is of primary importance. In addition to the energy expenditure associated with their body development, the demand resulting from intensive physical activity also increases. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of formulas commonly used for resting energy expenditure (REE) calculations with values obtained from measurements using indirect calorimetry among male children and adolescents practicing football. The study was conducted among 184 boys aged 9 to 17 using a calorimeter and a device for assessing body composition by means of electrical bioimpedance using a segment analyzer. The mean error ranged from −477 kcal/d by the Maffeis formula to −182 kcal/d for the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IMNA) formula. A statistically significant difference was found for all formulas in the calculated value in relation to the measured REE value (p < 0.0001). Most “ready-to-use” formulas underestimate REE, which can be a risk in determining the total energy demand in a group that requires more calories, especially when due to intensive growth and development and the expenditure associated with regular training and increased physical activity.
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Ando T, Piaggi P, Bogardus C, Krakoff J. VO 2max is associated with measures of energy expenditure in sedentary condition but does not predict weight change. Metabolism 2019; 90:44-51. [PMID: 30385380 PMCID: PMC6317969 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Energy expenditure measured under sedentary conditions predicts weight change but evidence that directly measured VO2max is associated with weight change is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the associations of VO2max with measures of predominantly sedentary 24-h thermogenesis, and subsequent weight change. SUBJECTS/METHODS Three hundred fifty-seven individuals (162 females; 27 Blacks, 72 Caucasians, and 258 American Indians) had measures of body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and intermittent treadmill run test for assessment of VO2max. On a separate day, 24-h energy expenditure (EE), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) expressed as "awake and fed" thermogenesis (AFT), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) were measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Follow-up weight for 217 individuals was available (median follow-up time, 9.5 y; mean weight change, 12.4 ± 14.9 kg). RESULTS After adjustment for fat free mass, fat mass, age, sex, and race, a higher VO2max was associated with a higher RMR (β = 68.2 kcal/day per L/min, P < 0.01) and 24-h EE (β = 62.2 kcal/day per L/min, P < 0.05) and including additional adjustment for energy intake higher AFT (β = 66.1 kcal/day per L/min, P = 0.01). Neither SMR (P > 0.2) nor SPA (P > 0.8) were associated with VO2max. VO2max at baseline did not predict follow-up weight after adjustment for baseline weight, follow-up time, sex, and race (P > 0.4). CONCLUSION VO2max is associated with measures of EE including 24-h EE, RMR and DIT implying a common mechanism regulating the energetics of skeletal muscle during exercise and thermogenesis. However, this did not translate to VO2max as a predictor of weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ando
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Kim JH, Kim MH, Kim GS, Park JS, Kim EK. Accuracy of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in Korean athletic and non-athletic adolescents. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:370-8. [PMID: 26244075 PMCID: PMC4523480 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Athletes generally desire changes in body composition in order to enhance their athletic performance. Often, athletes will practice chronic energy restrictions to attain body composition changes, altering their energy needs. Prediction of resting metabolic rates (RMR) is important in helping to determine an athlete's energy expenditure. This study compared measured RMR of athletic and non-athletic adolescents with predicted RMR from commonly used prediction equations to identify the most accurate equation applicable for adolescent athletes. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 50 athletes (mean age of 16.6 ± 1.0 years, 30 males and 20 females) and 50 non-athletes (mean age of 16.5 ± 0.5 years, 30 males and 20 females) were enrolled in the study. The RMR of subjects was measured using indirect calorimetry. The accuracy of 11 RMR prediction equations was evaluated for bias, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Until more accurate prediction equations are developed, our findings recommend using the formulas by Cunningham (-29.8 kcal/day, limits of agreement -318.7 and +259.1 kcal/day) and Park (-0.842 kcal/day, limits of agreement -198.9 and +196.9 kcal/day) for prediction of RMR when studying male adolescent athletes. Among the new prediction formulas reviewed, the formula included in the fat-free mass as a variable [RMR = 730.4 + 15 × fat-free mass] is paramount when examining athletes. CONCLUSIONS The RMR prediction equation developed in this study is better in assessing the resting metabolic rate of Korean athletic adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-702, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-702, Korea
| | - Gwi-Sun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-702, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-702, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-702, Korea
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Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Bogardus C, Thearle MS. Lower "awake and fed thermogenesis" predicts future weight gain in subjects with abdominal adiposity. Diabetes 2013; 62:4043-51. [PMID: 23974925 PMCID: PMC3837038 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Awake and fed thermogenesis (AFT) is the energy expenditure (EE) of the nonactive fed condition above the minimum metabolic requirement during sleep and is composed of the thermic effect of food and the cost of being awake. AFT was estimated from whole-room 24-h EE measures in 509 healthy subjects (368 Native Americans and 141 whites) while subjects consumed a eucaloric diet. Follow-up data were available for 290 Native Americans (median follow-up time: 6.6 years). AFT accounted for ~10% of 24-h EE and explained a significant portion of deviations from expected energy requirements. Energy intake was the major determinant of AFT. AFT, normalized as a percentage of intake, was inversely related to age and fasting glucose concentration and showed a nonlinear relationship with waist circumference and BMI. Spline analysis demonstrated that AFT becomes inversely related to BMI at an inflection point of 29 kg/m(2). The residual variance of AFT, after accounting for covariates, predicted future weight change only in subjects with a BMI >29 kg/m(2). AFT may influence daily energy balance, is reduced in obese individuals, and predicts future weight gain in these subjects. Once central adiposity develops, a blunting of AFT may occur that then contributes to further weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
- Obesity Research Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Corresponding author: Paolo Piaggi, ,
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
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Christensen B, Nellemann B, Larsen MS, Thams L, Sieljacks P, Vestergaard PF, Bibby BM, Vissing K, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Whole body metabolic effects of prolonged endurance training in combination with erythropoietin treatment in humans: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E879-89. [PMID: 23921143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Erythropoietin (Epo) administration improves aerobic exercise capacity and insulin sensitivity in renal patients and also increases resting energy expenditure (REE). Similar effects are observed in response to endurance training. The aim was to compare the effects of endurance training with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) treatment in healthy humans. Thirty-six healthy untrained men were randomized to 10 wk of either: 1) placebo (n = 9), 2) ESA (n = 9), 3) endurance training (n = 10), or 4) ESA and endurance training (n = 8). In a single-blinded design, ESA/placebo was injected one time weekly. Training consisted of biking for 1 h at 65% of wattmax three times per week. Measurements performed before and after the intervention were as follows: body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, insulin sensitivity, REE, and palmitate turnover. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mRNA levels were assessed in skeletal muscle. Fat mass decreased after training (P = 0.003), whereas ESA induced a small but significant increase in intrahepatic fat (P = 0.025). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels and palmitate turnover decreased significantly in response to training, whereas the opposite pattern was found after ESA. REE corrected for lean body mass increased in response to ESA and training, and muscle UCP2 mRNA levels increased after ESA (P = 0.035). Insulin sensitivity increased only after training (P = 0.011). IN CONCLUSION 1) insulin sensitivity is not improved after ESA treatment despite improved exercise capacity, 2) the calorigenic effects of ESA may be related to increased UCP2 gene expression in skeletal muscle, and 3) training and ESA exert opposite effects on lipolysis under basal conditions, increased FFA levels and liver fat fraction was observed after ESA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Frisard MI, Broussard A, Davies SS, Roberts LJ, Rood J, de Jonge L, Fang X, Jazwinski SM, Deutsch WA, Ravussin E. Aging, resting metabolic rate, and oxidative damage: results from the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:752-9. [PMID: 17634323 PMCID: PMC2692620 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.7.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging process occurs at variable rates both among and within species and may be related to the variability in oxygen consumption and free radical production impacting oxidative stress. The current study was designed to test whether nonagenarians have a relatively low metabolic rate and whether it is associated with low levels of oxidative stress relative to age. METHODS Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and markers of oxidative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA were measured in three groups of individuals aged 20-34 (n=47), 60-74 (n=49), and>or=90 years (n=74). RESULTS RMR, adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, and sex, was lower in both older groups when compared to the young group (p<or=.0001). There were no significant differences in urinary isoprostanes, serum protein carbonyls, or DNA fragmentation between groups, and RMR was not related to any markers of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms an age-related decline in RMR independent of changes in body composition but surprisingly did not show an accumulation of oxidative damage with increasing age. Our data challenge the theory that RMR is a significant determinant of oxidative stress and therefore contributes to the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - Xiaobing Fang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Kostyak JC, Kris-Etherton P, Bagshaw D, DeLany JP, Farrell PA. Relative fat oxidation is higher in children than adults. Nutr J 2007; 6:19. [PMID: 17705825 PMCID: PMC2014754 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepubescent children may oxidize fatty acids more readily than adults. Therefore, dietary fat needs would be higher for children compared with adults. The dietary fat recommendations are higher for children 4 to 18 yrs (i.e., 25 to 35% of energy) compared with adults (i.e., 20 to 35% of energy). Despite this, many parents and children restrict dietary fat for health reasons. METHODS This study assessed whether rates of fat oxidation are similar between prepubescent children and adults. Ten children (8.7 +/- 1.4 yr, 33 +/- 13 kg mean +/- SD) in Tanner stage 1 and 10 adults (41.6 +/- 8 yr, 74 +/- 13 kg) were fed a weight maintenance diet for three days to maintain body weight and to establish a consistent background for metabolic rate measurements (all foods provided). Metabolic rate was measured on three separate occasions before and immediately after breakfast and for 9 hrs using a hood system (twice) or a room calorimeter (once) where continuous metabolic measurements were taken. RESULTS During all three sessions whole body fat oxidation was higher in children (lower RQ) compared to adults (mean RQ= 0.84 +/- .016 for children and 0.87 +/- .02, for adults, p < 0.02). Although, total grams of fat oxidized was similar in children (62.7 +/- 20 g/24 hrs) compared to adults (51.4 +/- 19 g/24 hrs), the grams of fat oxidized relative to calorie expenditure was higher in children (0.047 +/- .01 g/kcal, compared to adults (0.032 +/- .01 p < 0.02). Females oxidized more fat relative to calorie expenditure than males of a similar age. A two way ANOVA showed no interaction between gender and age in terms of fat oxidation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that fat oxidation relative to total calorie expenditure is higher in prepubescent children than in adults. Consistent with current dietary guidelines, a moderate fat diet is appropriate for children within the context of a diet that meets their energy and nutrient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kostyak
- Department of Biology, University of Delaware, 305 Wolf Hall, Newark, Delaware, 9716, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, S-126 Henderson Bldg., University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Deborah Bagshaw
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, S-126 Henderson Bldg., University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - James P DeLany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, BSTWR E1140, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Peter A Farrell
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, East Carolina University, 176 Minges Academic Wing, Greenville, North Carolina, 27858, USA
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Saris WHM, Schrauwen P. Substrate oxidation differences between high- and low-intensity exercise are compensated over 24 hours in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:759-65. [PMID: 15052277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise has been proposed as a tool for the prevention of obesity. Apart from an effect on energy expenditure, in particular low-intensity (LI) exercise might also influence substrate metabolism in favour of fat oxidation. It is however unclear what is the most beneficial exercise regime for obese people. We therefore studied the effect of either high-intensity (HI) or LI exercise on 24 h energy expenditure (24 h EE) and substrate metabolism. METHODS Eight healthy obese male volunteers (age: 38+/-1 y, BMI: 31+/-1 kg/m(2), W(max): 235+/-16 W) stayed in the respiration chamber for two nights and the day in-between. In the chamber they cycled either at a HI (three times 30 min in a interval protocol (2.5 min 80/50% W(max))) or LI (three times 60 min continuously at 38% W(max)) protocol with an equicaloric energy expenditure. In the chamber subjects were fed in energy balance (37/48/15% of energy as fat/carbohydrate/protein). RESULTS The 24 h EE was not significantly different between protocols. In both protocols, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) was elevated after the exercise (average+6.7%). The 24 h respiratory quotient (24 h RQ) was not different between protocols. During exercise, RQ was higher in the HI compared to the LI protocol (0.93 vs 0.91 resp., P<0.05), whereas in the postexercise period RQ tended to be lower in the HI compared to the LI protocol (P=0.06). CONCLUSION 24 h EE is not differently affected by HI or LI exercise in obese men. Similarly, the differences in HI and LI exercise, RQ are compensated postexercise leading to similar substrate oxidation patterns over 24 h independently of the level of exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H M Saris
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Jones TE, Baar K, Ojuka E, Chen M, Holloszy JO. Exercise induces an increase in muscle UCP3 as a component of the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E96-101. [PMID: 12388129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00316.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that exercise acutely induces large increases in uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) in skeletal muscle, whereas endurance training results in marked decreases in muscle UCP3. Because UCP3 expression appears to be regulated by the same mechanism as other mitochondrial constituents, it seemed unlikely that exercise would result in such large and divergent changes in mitochondrial composition. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that major changes in UCP3 protein concentration do not occur independently of mitochondrial biogenesis and that UCP3 increases as a component of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria. We found a large increase in UCP3 mRNA immediately and 3 h after a bout of swimming. UCP3 protein concentration was increased approximately 35% 18 h after a single exercise bout, approximately 63% after 3 days, and approximately 84% after 10 days of exercise. These increases in UCP3 roughly paralleled those of other mitochondrial marker proteins. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that endurance exercise induces an adaptive increase in mitochondria that have a normal content of UCP3.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Ion Channels
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Physical Exertion/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Swimming
- Uncoupling Protein 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry E Jones
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Sjödin AM, Forslund AH, Westerterp KR, Andersson AB, Forslund JM, Hambraeus LM. The influence of physical activity on BMR. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28:85-91. [PMID: 8775359 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199601000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to factors such as fat free mass, hormonal status, genetics and energy balance, previous physical activity has been shown to influence energy turnover during resting (RMR = resting metabolic rate) or basal conditions (BMR = basal metabolic rate). This article presents data on BMR from elite endurance athletes (4 female and 4 male), at least 39 h after their last training session, in comparison with sedentary nonathletic controls matched for sex and fat free mass (FFM). Comparisons with theoretical calculations of BMR were also made. The athletes were shown to have a significantly higher BMR than was expected from calculations based on body mass (16%, P < 0.05) or body composition (12%, P < 0.05). There were no corresponding differences found in the nonathletic control group. The athletes had a 13% higher (P < 0.001) BMR than controls if related to FFM and 16% (P = 0.001) if related to both FFM and fat mass (FM). The athletes were also found to have 10% lower R-values (P < 0.01) indicating higher fat oxidation. The conformity of these findings with the present literature and the possible mechanisms behind them as well as its influence on theoretical calculations of energy turnover (ET) based on activity factors expressed as multiples of RMR are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Uppsala University, SWEDEN
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Fontvieille AM, Lillioja S, Ferraro RT, Schulz LO, Rising R, Ravussin E. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure in Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1992; 35:753-9. [PMID: 1511802 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus on energy metabolism, 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate and sleeping metabolic rate were measured in a respiratory chamber in 151 Pima Indians, 102 with normal glucose tolerance (67 male/35 female, (mean +/- SD) 28 +/- 7 years, 99 +/- 24 kg, 32 +/- 9% body fat) and in 49 with Type 2 diabetes (22 male/27 female, 35 +/- 11 years, 107 +/- 33 kg, 39 +/- 7% body fat), after at least 3 days on a weight maintaining diet. After adjustment for differences in fat-free mass, fat mass, age and sex, 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate and sleeping metabolic rate were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects (72 kcal/day, p less than 0.05; 99 kcal/day, p less than 0.005; 99 kcal/day, p less than 0.001 respectively). Spontaneous physical activity was similar in both groups whereas the thermic effect of food, calculated as the mean energy expenditure corrected for activity throughout the day above sleeping metabolic rate and expressed as a percentage of energy intake, was significantly lower in Type 2 diabetic patients (17.1 +/- 7.1 vs 19.8 +/- 5.6%, p less than 0.05). Adjusted values of 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate and sleeping metabolic rate were correlated with hepatic endogenous glucose production (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05; r = 0.22, p less than 0.05; r = 0.31, p less than 0.01 respectively). Therefore, increased basal and sleeping metabolic rates, resulting in increased 24-h sedentary energy expenditure may play a role in the weight loss so often observed in Type 2 diabetic subjects in addition to the energy loss from glycosuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fontvieille
- Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
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