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Chen S, Liang H, Ji Y, Kou H, Zhang C, Shang G, Shang C, Song Z, Yang L, Liu L, Wang Y, Liu H. Curcumin Modulates the Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Ameliorate Osteogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634650. [PMID: 33634135 PMCID: PMC7900185 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone healing is thought to be influenced by the cross-talk between bone forming and immune cells. In particular, macrophages play a crucial role in the regulation of osteogenesis. Curcumin, the major bioactive polyphenolic ingredient of turmeric, has been shown to regulate inflammatory response and osteogenic activities. However, whether curcumin could regulate macrophage polarization and subsequently influence osteogenesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, the potential immunomodulatory capability of curcumin on inflammatory response and phenotype switch of macrophages and the subsequent impact on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs are investigated. We demonstrated that curcumin exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect by polarizing the macrophages toward anti-inflammatory phenotype, with increased expression of IL-4, IL-10, and CD206, and decreased expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, CCR7, and iNOS. In addition, curcumin could improve the osteo-immune microenvironment via promoting osteogenesis-related regenerative cytokine BMP-2 and TGF-β production. Moreover, the co-cultured test of macrophages and BMSCs showed that curcumin-modulated macrophages conditioned medium could promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs with increased gene (ALP, Runx-2, OCN, and OPN) and protein (Runx-2 and OCN) expression levels, enhanced ALP activity, and obvious formation of mineralized nodules. Taken together, with the interaction between curcumin-conditioned macrophage and curcumin-stimulated BMSCs, curcumin could remarkably enhance the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in LPS-activated inflammatory macrophage-BMSCs coculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhui Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guowei Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongmian Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gebauer PH, Turzo M, Lasitschka F, Weigand MA, Busch CJ. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase restores hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in endotoxemic mice. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020915831. [PMID: 33403098 PMCID: PMC7745575 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020915831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia impairs hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which leads to systemic hypoxemia. This derogation is attributable to increased activity of nitric oxide synthase 2 and arginase metabolism. Gene expression analysis has shown increased expression of ornithine decarboxylase in lungs of endotoxemic mice, a downstream enzyme of arginase metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase increases hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in lungs of endotoxemic mice. Mice received lipopolysaccharides or saline intraperitoneal, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was measured using an isolated perfused mouse lung model. Additional mice with and without endotoxemia were pretreated with the ornithine decarboxylase-inhibitor difluoromethylornithine before examination of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was defined as the difference of pulmonary arterial pressure between normoxic and hypoxic ventilation. In addition, lung tissue was analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Lipopolysaccharides caused an up-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA level (2.73 ± 0.19-fold increase, p < 0.05) as well as ornithine decarboxylase protein level (4.05 ± 0.37-fold increase, p < 0.05). Endotoxemia attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction when compared with untreated control mice (26.3 ± 9.7% vs. 67.0 ± 17.5%). Difluoromethylornithine (20, 100, 500 mg kg−1 body weight intraperitoneal) restored hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in lungs of endotoxemic mice in a dose-dependent way (25.8 ± 9.9%, 57.3 ± 17.2%, 62.3 ± 12.4%) and decreased hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in control mice (53.6 ± 13.6%, 40.0 ± 14.9%, 35.9 ± 12.4%). These results show that endotoxemia induces ornithine decarboxylase expression and suggest that ornithine decarboxylase contributes to the endotoxemia-induced impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase might be a target in the therapy of diseases with inflammation impaired hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, like the sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Gebauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Turzo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C J Busch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Obesity is often associated with increased pain, but little is known about the effects of obesity and diet on postoperative pain. In this study, effects of diet and obesity were examined in the paw incision model, a preclinical model of postoperative pain. Long-Evans rats were fed high-fat diet (40% calories from butter fat) or low-fat normal chow. Male rats fed high-fat diet starting 6 weeks before incision (a diet previously shown to induce markers of obesity) had prolonged mechanical hypersensitivity and an overall increase in spontaneous pain in response to paw incision, compared with normal chow controls. Diet effects in females were minor. Removing high-fat diet for 2 weeks before incision reversed the diet effects on pain behaviors, although this was not enough time to reverse high-fat diet-induced weight gain. A shorter (1 week) exposure to high-fat diet before incision also increased pain behaviors in males, albeit to a lesser degree. The 6-week high-fat diet increased macrophage density as examined immunohistochemically in lumbar dorsal root ganglion even before paw incision, especially in males, and sensitized responses of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide stimuli in vitro. The nerve regeneration marker growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in skin near the incision (day 4) was higher in the high-fat diet group, and wound healing was delayed. In summary, high-fat diet increased postoperative pain particularly in males, but some diet effects did not depend on weight gain. Even short-term dietary manipulations, that do not affect obesity, may enhance postoperative pain.
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Zhao N, Feng Z, Shao M, Cao J, Wang F, Liu C. Stability Profiles and Therapeutic Effect of Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Chemically Coupled to O-Quaternary Chitosan Derivatives against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061121. [PMID: 28538700 PMCID: PMC5485945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has attracted considerable attention on treatment of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related disorders. We previously conjugated Cu/Zn SOD to O-quaternary chitosan derivatives (O-HTCC) to yield a polymer–enzyme conjugate O-HTCC-SOD that demonstrated superior therapeutic effect to native SOD. The present study demonstrated that O-HTCC-SOD had wider pH activity range, better thermal stability, excellent long-term stability for storage, as well as unique reinstatement of activity exposure to proteolytic degradation that was helpful for longer half-life in vivo. O-HTCC-SOD exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages by down-regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intracellular ROS. O-HTCC-SOD significantly attenuated dextran sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice as observed by the colitis severity, neutrophil infiltration and histopathological damage, whereas native SOD failed to do so. In conclusion, conjugation of O-HTCC conferred SOD with better stability and enhanced therapeutic potential, offering a promising option in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhaolong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Meng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jichao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Kim SY, Lim EJ, Yoon YS, Ahn YH, Park EM, Kim HS, Kang JL. Liver X receptor and STAT1 cooperate downstream of Gas6/Mer to induce anti-inflammatory arginase 2 expression in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29673. [PMID: 27406916 PMCID: PMC4942780 DOI: 10.1038/srep29673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mer signaling increases the transcriptional activity of liver X receptor (LXR) to promote the resolution of acute sterile inflammation. Here, we aimed to understand the pathway downstream of Mer signaling after growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) treatment that leads to LXR expression and transcriptional activity in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM). Gas6-induced increases in LXRα and LXRβ and expression of their target genes were inhibited in BMDM from STAT1−/− mice or by the STAT1-specific inhibitor fludarabine. Gas6-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, LXR activation, and LXR target gene expression were inhibited in BMDM from Mer−/− mice or by inhibition of PI3K or Akt. Gas6-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited in BMDM from STAT1−/− mice or in the presence of fludarabine. Gas6-induced LXR activity was enhanced through an interaction between LXRα and STAT1 on the DNA promoter of Arg2. Additionally, we found that Gas6 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production in a STAT1 and LXR pathway-dependent manner in BMDM. Additionally, Mer-neutralizing antibody reduced LXR and Arg2 expression in lung tissue and enhanced NO production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Our data suggest the possibility that the Gas6-Mer-PI3K/Akt-STAT1-LXR-Arg2 pathway plays an essential role for resolving inflammatory response in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Young-So Yoon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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Gibon E, Loi F, Córdova LA, Pajarinen J, Lin T, Lu L, Nabeshima A, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Aging Affects Bone Marrow Macrophage Polarization: Relevance to Bone Healing. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:98-104. [PMID: 28138512 PMCID: PMC5270653 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of the inflammatory cascade by initiating and modulating the processes leading to tissue regeneration and bone healing. Depending on the local environment, macrophages can be polarized into M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. In order to assess the effects of aging on macrophage function, bone marrow macrophage polarization using primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) from young (8 weeks old) and aged (72 weeks old) wild-type male C57BL/6J mice was analyzed. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis (CD11b, iNOS, CD206), qRT-PCR (iNOS, TNF-α, CD206, Arginase 1), and ELISA (TNF-α, IL-1ra) were performed to compare the M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in young and aged mouse macrophages. Once M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes were confirmed, the results showed that TNF-α mRNA was significantly upregulated in aged M1s after interferon gamma (INF-γ) exposure. Arginase 1 and CD206 mRNA expression were still upregulated with IL4 stimulation in aged macrophages, but to a lesser extend than those from younger animals. TNF-α secretion was also significantly increased in aged M1s compared to young M1s, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. However, the IL-1ra secretion did not increase accordingly in aged mice. The results demonstrate that, compared to younger animals, aging of bone marrow derived macrophages increases the resting levels of oxidative stress, and the ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory markers. These age-related changes in macrophage polarization may explain in part the attenuated response to adverse stimuli and delay in processes such as fracture healing seen in the elderly. LAY SUMMARY Bone healing is a complex process that involves both biological and mechanical factors. Macrophages are key cells that regulate the events involved in bone healing, especially the initial inflammatory phase. In this biological cascade of events, macrophages present as different functional phenotypes including uncommitted (M0), pro-inflammatory (M1), and anti-inflammatory (M2), a process called macrophage polarization. A clear understanding of the effects of aging on macrophage polarization is critical to modulating adverse events such as fractures, atraumatic bone loss, and tissue regeneration in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gibon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Biomatériaux Ostéo-Articulaires -UMR CNRS 7052, Faculté de Médecine - Université Paris7, 10 avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Cochin, APHP, Université Paris5, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - F Loi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis A Córdova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Chile-Conicyt, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Nabeshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Z Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, R116, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and (by courtesy) Bioengineering, Stanford University Medical Center Outpatient Center, 450 Broadway St., M/C 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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7
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Loi F, Córdova LA, Zhang R, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Goodman SB, Yao Z. The effects of immunomodulation by macrophage subsets on osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26801095 PMCID: PMC4724110 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone formation and remodeling are influenced by the inflammatory state of the local microenvironment. In this regard, macrophages are postulated to play a crucial role in modulating osteogenesis. However, the differential effects of macrophage subsets and their plasticity on bone formation are currently unknown. Methods Polarized primary murine macrophages and preosteoblastic MC3T3 cells were co-cultured to investigate the effect of non-activated M0, pro-inflammatory M1, and tissue-regenerative M2 macrophages on the osteogenic ability of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, to model the physiological transition from inflammation to tissue regeneration, M1-MC3T3 co-cultures were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) at different time points to modulate the M1 phenotype towards M2. Macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A time course study of osteogenic markers at different time points was conducted: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA levels were evaluated at week 1, ALP activity and osteocalcin and osteopontin mRNA levels at week 2, and matrix mineralization and osteocalcin and osteopontin protein concentrations at week 3. Supernatant collected 72 hours after seeding or IL-4 treatment, whichever was later, was analyzed for oncostatin M, a cytokine released by macrophages that has been recognized to enhance osteogenesis. Unpaired t test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s or Dunnett’s post hoc tests were used for statistical comparison of the groups. Results Co-culture with any of the macrophage subtypes increased the osteogenic ability of MC3T3 cells as indicated by increases in ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Increased ALP activity, osteocalcin concentration, and matrix mineralization demonstrated that osteogenesis by M1-MC3T3 co-cultures was further enhanced by macrophage phenotype modulation to M2 via IL-4 treatment 72 hours after seeding. Increased oncostatin M protein concentration in untreated M1-MC3T3 co-cultures and M1-MC3T3 co-cultures treated with IL-4 at 72 hours correlated with greater ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Conclusions These results suggest that a transient inflammatory phase is crucial for enhanced bone formation. Macrophage plasticity may offer new strategies for modulating the local inflammatory microenvironment with the aim of potentially enhancing bone repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Loi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Luis A Córdova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Tzu-hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R114, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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8
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Jahn N, Lamberts RR, Busch CJ, Voelker MT, Busch T, Koel-Simmelink MJA, Teunissen CE, Oswald DD, Loer SA, Kaisers UX, Weimann J. Inhaled carbon monoxide protects time-dependently from loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in endotoxemic mice. Respir Res 2015; 16:119. [PMID: 26415503 PMCID: PMC4587582 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) appears to have beneficial effects on endotoxemia-induced impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). This study aims to specify correct timing of CO application, it’s biochemical mechanisms and effects on inflammatory reactions. Methods Mice (C57BL/6; n = 86) received lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and subsequently breathed 50 ppm CO continuously during defined intervals of 3, 6, 12 or 18 h. Two control groups received saline intraperitoneally and additionally either air or CO, and one control group received LPS but breathed air only. In an isolated lung perfusion model vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.01) was quantified by measurements of pulmonary artery pressure. Pulmonary capillary pressure was estimated by double occlusion technique. Further, inflammatory plasma cytokines and lung tissue mRNA of nitric-oxide-synthase-2 (NOS-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured. Results HPV was impaired after LPS-challenge (p < 0.01). CO exposure restored HPV-responsiveness if administered continuously for full 18 h, for the first 6 h and if given in the interval between the 3rd and 6th hour after LPS-challenge (p < 0.05). Preserved HPV was attributable to recovered arterial resistance and associated with significant reduction in NOS-2 mRNA when compared to controls (p < 0.05). We found no effects on inflammatory plasma cytokines. Conclusion Low-dose CO prevented LPS-induced impairment of HPV in a time-dependent manner, associated with a decreased NOS-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jahn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Regis R Lamberts
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelius J Busch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maria T Voelker
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thilo Busch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marleen J A Koel-Simmelink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurological Laboratory and Biobank, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurological Laboratory and Biobank, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel D Oswald
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stephan A Loer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Udo X Kaisers
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Weimann
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Wijnands KAP, Castermans TMR, Hommen MPJ, Meesters DM, Poeze M. Arginine and citrulline and the immune response in sepsis. Nutrients 2015; 7:1426-63. [PMID: 25699985 PMCID: PMC4377861 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes, which convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and ornithine, respectively. Limitations in arginine availability during inflammatory conditions regulate macrophages and T-lymfocyte activation. Furthermore, over the past years more evidence has been gathered which showed that arginine and citrulline deficiencies may underlie the detrimental outcome of inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and endotoxemia. Not only does the immune response contribute to the arginine deficiency, also the impaired arginine de novo synthesis in the kidney has a key role in the eventual observed arginine deficiency. The complex interplay between the immune response and the arginine-NO metabolism is further underscored by recent data of our group. In this review we give an overview of physiological arginine and citrulline metabolism and we address the experimental and clinical studies in which the arginine-citrulline NO pathway plays an essential role in the immune response, as initiator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A P Wijnands
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessy M R Castermans
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Merel P J Hommen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis M Meesters
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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10
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Prion protein participates in the protection of mice from lipopolysaccharide infection by regulating the inflammatory process. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:279-287. [PMID: 24838383 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming evidence of the involvement of prion protein (PrP) in prion disease pathogenesis, the normal functions of this cell surface glycoprotein remain unclear. Previously, we showed that PrP may have a dual regulatory role by regulating the opposite poles of pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation as well as tissue repair in activated microglia. In the present work, we compared the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2, and IL-10) and IL-4-related alternative activation markers (Arg1 and Mrc1) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in the brain and spleen and examined peripheral leukocyte recovery and LPS-induced mortality in PrP knockout mice (PrP(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. During the acute phase, WT mice exhibited higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain and spleen than in PrP(-/-) mice, while PrP(-/-) mice sustained higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, Arg1, and Mrc1 during the later phase. PrP(-/-) mice also exhibited a slower peripheral leukocyte recovery process and higher mortality in response to LPS-induced septic shock. These results suggest that the PrP may participate in the protection of mice from LPS infection by regulating the process of inflammatory response.
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Piletz JE, Klenotich S, Lee KS, Zhu QL, Valente E, Collins MA, Jones V, Lee SN, Yangzheng F. Putative agmatinase inhibitor for hypoxic-ischemic new born brain damage. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:176-90. [PMID: 23334804 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous brain metabolite, decarboxylated arginine, which has neuroprotective properties when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into rat pups following hypoxic-ischemia. A previous screen for compounds based on rat brain lysates containing agmatinase with assistance from computational chemistry, led to piperazine-1-carboxamidine as a putative agmatinase inhibitor. Herein, the neuroprotective properties of piperazine-1-carboxamidine are described both in vitro and in vivo. Organotypic entorhinal-hippocampal slices were firstly prepared from 7-day-old rat pups and exposed in vitro to atmospheric oxygen depletion for 3 h. Upon reoxygenation, the slices were treated with piperazine-1-carboxamidine or agmatine (50 μg/ml agents), or saline, and 15 h later propidium iodine was used to stain. Piperazine-1-carboxamidine or agmatine produced substantial in vitro protection compared to post-reoxygenated saline-treated controls. An in vivo model involved surgical right carotid ligation followed by exposure to hypoxic-ischemia (8 % oxygen) for 2.5 h. Piperazine-1-carboxamidine at 50 mg/kg i.p. was given 15 min post-reoxygenation and continued twice daily for 3 days. Cortical agmatine levels were elevated (+28.5 %) following piperazine-1-carboxamidine treatment with no change in arginine or its other major metabolites. Histologic staining with anti-Neun monoclonal antibody also revealed neuroprotection of CA1-3 layers of the hippocampus. Until endpoint at 22 days of age, no adverse events were observed in treated pups' body weights, rectal temperatures, or prompted ambulation. Piperazine-1-carboxamidine therefore appears to be a neuroprotective agent of a new category, agmatinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Piletz
- Department of Psychiatry, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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12
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McKenna KC, Beatty KM, Scherder RC, Li F, Liu H, Chen AF, Ghosh A, Stuehr DJ. Ascorbate in aqueous humor augments nitric oxide production by macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:556-64. [PMID: 23241881 PMCID: PMC3538947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive molecules within the aqueous humor (AqH) are thought to preserve ocular immune privilege by inhibiting proinflammatory NO production by macrophages (MΦs). Consistent with previous observations, we observed that although MΦs stimulated in the presence of AqH expressed NO synthase 2 (NOS2) protein, nitrite concentrations in culture supernatants, an indirect measure of NO production, did not increase. Interestingly, NOS2 enzymatic activity, as measured by the conversion of L-arginine (L-Arg) into L-citrulline, was augmented in lysates of MΦs stimulated in the presence of AqH. These data suggested that intracellular L-Arg may have been limited by AqH. However, we observed increased mRNA expression of the L-Arg transporter, cationic amino acid transporter 2B, and increased L-Arg uptake in MΦs stimulated in the presence of AqH. Arginases were expressed by stimulated Ms, but competition for L-Arg with NOS2 was excluded. Expression of GTP cyclohydrolase, which produces tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B), an essential cofactor for NOS2 homodimerization, increased after M stimulation in the presence or absence of AqH and NOS2 homodimers formed. Taken together, these data provided no evidence for inhibited NOS2 enzymatic activity by AqH, suggesting that a factor within AqH may have interfered with the measurement of nitrite. Indeed, we observed that nitrite standards were not measurable in the presence of AqH, and this effect was due to ascorbate in AqH. Controlling for interference by ascorbate revealed that AqH augmented NO production in MΦs via ascorbate, which limited degradation of H(4)B. Therefore, AqH may augment NO production in macrophages by stabilizing H(4)B and increasing intracellular L-Arg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Bonhomme S, Belabed L, Blanc MC, Neveux N, Cynober L, Darquy S. Arginine-supplemented enteral nutrition in critically ill diabetic and obese rats: A dose-ranging study evaluating nutritional status and macrophage function. Nutrition 2013; 29:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Modulation of Asthma Pathogenesis by Nitric Oxide Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e89-e94. [PMID: 23976894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, a chronic airway inflammatory disease is typically associated with high levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO). Over the past decades, extensive research has revealed that NO participates in a number of metabolic pathways that contribute to animal models of asthma and human asthma. In asthmatic airway, high levels of NO lead to greater formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which modify proteins adversely affecting functional activities. In contrast, high levels of NO are associated with lower than normal levels of S-nitrosothiols, which serve a bronchodilator function in the airway. Detailed mechanistic studies have enabled the development of compounds that target NO metabolic pathways, and provide opportunities for novel asthma therapy. This review discusses the role of NO in asthma with the primary focus on therapeutic opportunities developed in recent years.
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Suh JH, Kim RY, Lee DS. A new metabolomic assay to examine inflammation and redox pathways following LPS challenge. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:37. [PMID: 23036094 PMCID: PMC3507808 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Shifts in intracellular arginine (Arg) and sulfur amino acid (SAA) redox metabolism modulate macrophage activation, polarization and phenotype. Despite their importance in inflammation and redox regulatory pathways, comprehensive analysis of these metabolic networks was not previously possible with existing analytical methods. METHODS The Arg/thiol redox LC-MS/MS metabolomics assay permits simultaneous assessment of amino acids and derivative products generated from Arg and SAA metabolism. Using this assay, LPS-induced changes in macrophage amino acid metabolism were monitored to identify pathway shifts during activation and their linkage to cellular redox regulation. RESULTS Metabolite concentrations most significantly changed after treatment of a macrophage-like cell line (RAW) with LPS for 24 hrs were citrulline (Cit) (48-fold increase), ornithine (Orn) (8.5-fold increase), arginine (Arg) (66% decrease), and aspartic acid (Asp) (73% decrease). The ratio Cit + Orn/Arg + Asp (CO/AA) was more sensitive to LPS stimulation than other amino acid ratios commonly used to measure LPS-dependent inflammation (e.g., SAM/SAH, GSH/GSSG) and total media NOx. The CO/AA ratio was also the first ratio to change significantly after LPS treatment (4 hrs). Changes in the overall metabolomic profile over time indicated that metabolic pathways shifted from Arg catabolism to thiol oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous quantification of Arg and SAA metabolic pathway shifts following LPS challenge of macrophage indicate that, in this system, the Arg-Citrulline/NO cycle and arginase pathways are the amino acid metabolic pathways most sensitive to LPS-challenge. The cellular (Cit + Orn)/(Arg + Asp) ratio, which summarizes this pathway, was more responsive to lower concentrations of LPS and responded earlier than other metabolic biomarkers of macrophage activation including GSH redox. It is suggested that the CO/AA ratio is a redox- independent early biomarker of macrophage activation. The ability to measure both the CO/AA and GSH-redox ratios simultaneously permits quantification of the relative effects of LPS challenge on macrophage inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. The use of this assay in humans is discussed, as are clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert Y Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Lee
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Ljubisavljevic S, Stojanovic I, Pavlovic R, Sokolovic D, Pavlovic D, Cvetkovic T, Stevanovic I. Modulation of nitric oxide synthase by arginase and methylated arginines during the acute phase of experimental multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2012; 318:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Osorio EY, Zhao W, Espitia C, Saldarriaga O, Hawel L, Byus CV, Travi BL, Melby PC. Progressive visceral leishmaniasis is driven by dominant parasite-induced STAT6 activation and STAT6-dependent host arginase 1 expression. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002417. [PMID: 22275864 PMCID: PMC3261917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinicopathological features of the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) closely mimic active human disease. Studies in humans and hamsters indicate that the inability to control parasite replication in VL could be related to ineffective classical macrophage activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the pathogenesis of VL might be driven by a program of alternative macrophage activation. Indeed, the infected hamster spleen showed low NOS2 but high arg1 enzyme activity and protein and mRNA expression (p<0.001) and increased polyamine synthesis (p<0.05). Increased arginase activity was also evident in macrophages isolated from the spleens of infected hamsters (p<0.05), and arg1 expression was induced by L. donovani in primary hamster peritoneal macrophages (p<0.001) and fibroblasts (p<0.01), and in a hamster fibroblast cell line (p<0.05), without synthesis of endogenous IL-4 or IL-13 or exposure to exogenous cytokines. miRNAi-mediated selective knockdown of hamster arginase 1 (arg1) in BHK cells led to increased generation of nitric oxide and reduced parasite burden (p<0.005). Since many of the genes involved in alternative macrophage activation are regulated by Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-6 (STAT6), and because the parasite-induced expression of arg1 occurred in the absence of exogenous IL-4, we considered the possibility that L. donovani was directly activating STAT6. Indeed, exposure of hamster fibroblasts or macrophages to L. donovani resulted in dose-dependent STAT6 activation, even without the addition of exogenous cytokines. Knockdown of hamster STAT6 in BHK cells with miRNAi resulted in reduced arg1 mRNA expression and enhanced control of parasite replication (p<0.0001). Collectively these data indicate that L. donovani infection induces macrophage STAT6 activation and STAT6-dependent arg1 expression, which do not require but are amplified by type 2 cytokines, and which contribute to impaired control of infection. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani, is a progressive, potentially fatal infection found in many resource-poor regions of the world. We initiated these studies of an experimental model of VL to better understand the molecular and cellular determinants underlying this disease. We found that host macrophages or fibroblasts, when infected with Leishmania donovani or exposed to products secreted by the parasite, are permissive to infection because they fail to metabolize arginine to generate nitric oxide, the effector molecule needed to kill the intracellular parasites. Instead, the infected host cells are activated in a way that leads to the expression of arginase, an enzyme that metabolizes arginine to produce polyamines, which support parasite growth. This detrimental activation pathway was dependent on the parasite-induced activation of the transcription factor STAT6, but contrary to the previously accepted paradigm, did not require (but was amplified by) the presence of polarized Th2 cells or type 2 cytokines. Knockdown of host arginase or STAT6 enhanced control of the infection, indicating that this activation pathway has a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Interventions designed to inhibit the STAT6-arginase-polyamine pathway could help in the treatment or prevention of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Yaneth Osorio
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudia Espitia
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Omar Saldarriaga
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leo Hawel
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Craig V. Byus
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu B, Trikudanathan S, Zozulya AL, Sandoval-Garcia C, Kennedy JK, Atochina O, Norberg T, Castagner B, Seeberger P, Fabry Z, Harn D, Khoury SJ, Guleria I. Immune modulation by Lacto-N-fucopentaose III in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:351-61. [PMID: 22264636 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections frequently lead to immune deviation or suppression. However, the application of specific parasitic molecules in regulating autoimmune responses remains to be explored. Here we report on the immune modulatory function of Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII), a schistosome glycan, in an animal model for multiple sclerosis. We found that LNFPIII treatment significantly reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and CNS inflammation, and skewed peripheral immune response to a Th2 dominant profile. Inflammatory monocytes (IMCs) purified from LNFPIII-treated mice had increased expression of nitric oxide synthase 2, and mediated T cell suppression. LNFPIII treatment also significantly increased mRNA expression of arginase-1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 subfamily A2, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and heme oxygenase 1 in splenic IMCs. Furthermore, LNFPIII treatment significantly reduced trafficking of dendritic cells across brain endothelium in vitro. In summary, our study demonstrates that LNFPIII glycan treatment suppresses EAE by modulating both innate and T cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Upregulation of arginase-II contributes to decreased age-related myocardial contractile reserve. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2933-41. [PMID: 22160208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Arginase-II (Arg-II) reciprocally regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and offsets basal myocardial contractility. Furthermore, decreased or absent myocardial NOS activity is associated with a depression in myocardial contractile reserve. We therefore hypothesized that upregulation of Arg-II might in part be responsible for depressed myocardial contractility associated with age. We studied arginase activity/expression, NOS expression, NO production in the presence and absence of the arginase inhibitor S-(2-boronoethyl)-L: -cysteine (BEC) in old (22 months) and young (3 months) rat hearts and myocytes. The spatial confinement of Arg-II and NOS was determined with immuno-electron-miocrographic (IEM) and immuno-histochemical studies. We tested the effect of BEC on the force frequency response (FFR) in myocytes, as well as NOS abundance and activity. Arginase activity and Arg-II expression was increased in old hearts (2.27 ± 0.542 vs. 0.439 ± 0.058 nmol urea/mg protein, p = 0.02). This was associated with a decrease in NO production, which was restored with BEC (4.54 ± 0.582 vs. 12.88 ± 0.432 μmol/mg, p < 0.01). IEM illustrates increased mitochondrial density in old myocytes (51.7 ± 1.8 vs. 69 ± 2.2 × 10(6)/cm(2), p < 0.01), potentially contributing to increased Arg-II abundance and activity. Immunohistochemistry revealed an organized pattern of mitochondria and Arg-II that appears disrupted in old myocytes. The FFR was significantly depressed in old myocytes (61.42 ± 16.04 vs. -5.15 ± 5.65%), while inhibition of Arg-II restored the FFR (-5.15 ± 5.65 vs. 70.98 ± 6.10%). NOS-2 is upregulated sixfold in old hearts contributing to increased production of reactive oxygen species which is attenuated with NOS-2 inhibition by 1400 W (4,735 ± 427 vs. 4,014 ± 314 RFU/min/mg protein, p = 0.005). Arg-II upregulation in aging rat hearts contributes to age-related decreased contractile function.
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Ghosh S, Erzurum SC. Nitric oxide metabolism in asthma pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1008-16. [PMID: 21718755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease is typically characterized by bronchoconstriction and airway hyper-reactivity. SCOPE OF REVIEW A wealth of studies applying chemistry, molecular and cell biology to animal model systems and human asthma over the last decade has revealed that asthma is associated with increased synthesis of the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO). MAJOR CONCLUSION The high NO levels in the oxidative environment of the asthmatic airway lead to greater formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and subsequent oxidation and nitration of proteins, which adversely affect protein functions that are biologically relevant to chronic inflammation. In contrast to the high levels of NO and nitrated products, there are lower levels of beneficial S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), which mediate bronchodilation, due to greater enzymatic catabolism of RSNO in the asthmatic airways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review discusses the rapidly accruing data linking metabolic products of NO as critical determinants in the chronic inflammation and airway reactivity of asthma. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudakshina Ghosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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21
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Puntambekar SS, Davis DS, Hawel L, Crane J, Byus CV, Carson MJ. LPS-induced CCL2 expression and macrophage influx into the murine central nervous system is polyamine-dependent. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:629-39. [PMID: 21237263 PMCID: PMC3081407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased polyamine production is observed in a variety of chronic neuroinflammatory disorders, but in vitro and in vivo studies yield conflicting data on the immunomodulatory consequences of their production. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous polyamine production. To identify the role of polyamine production in CNS-intrinsic inflammatory responses, we defined CNS sites of ODC expression and the consequences of inhibiting ODC in response to intracerebral injection of LPS±IFNγ. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that both neurons and non-neuronal cells rapidly respond to LPS±IFNγ by increasing ODC expression. Inhibiting ODC by co-injecting DFMO decreased LPS-induced CCL2 expression and macrophage influx into the CNS, without altering LPS-induced microglial or macrophage activation. Conversely, intracerebral injection of polyamines was sufficient to trigger macrophage influx into the CNS of wild-type but not CCL2KO mice, demonstrating the dependence of macrophage influx on CNS expression of CCL2. Consistent with these data, addition of putrescine and spermine to mixed glial cultures dramatically increased CCL2 expression and to a much lesser extent, TNF expression. Addition of all three polyamines to mixed glial cultures also decreased the numbers and percentages of oligodendrocytes present. However, in vivo, inhibiting the basal levels of polyamine production was sufficient to induce expression of apolipoprotein D, a marker of oxidative stress, within white matter tracts. Considered together, our data indicate that: (1) CNS-resident cells including neurons play active roles in recruiting pro-inflammatory TREM1-positive macrophages into the CNS via polyamine-dependent induction of CCL2 expression and (2) modulating polyamine production in vivo may be a difficult strategy to limit inflammation and promote repair due to the dual homeostatic and pro-inflammatory roles played by polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta S. Puntambekar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA,Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California Riverside, USA
| | - Deirdre S. Davis
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, USA
| | - Leo Hawel
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA
| | - Janelle Crane
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA
| | - Craig V. Byus
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA
| | - Monica J. Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Monica J Carson Division of Biomedical Sciences Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, CA 92521
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Costa DL, Carregaro V, Lima-Júnior DS, Silva NM, Milanezi CM, Cardoso CR, Giudice Â, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Almeida RP, Silva JS. BALB/c mice infected with antimony treatment refractory isolate of Leishmania braziliensis present severe lesions due to IL-4 production. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e965. [PMID: 21390155 PMCID: PMC3046967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Protection against infection is related to development of Th1 responses, but the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility are still poorly understood. Murine models have been the most important tools in understanding the immunopathogenesis of L. major infection and have shown that Th2 responses favor parasite survival. In contrast, L. braziliensis–infected mice develop strong Th1 responses and easily resolve the infection, thus making the study of factors affecting susceptibility to this parasite difficult. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe an experimental model for the evaluation of the mechanisms mediating susceptibility to L. braziliensis infection. BALB/c mice were inoculated with stationary phase promastigotes of L. braziliensis, isolates LTCP393(R) and LTCP15171(S), which are resistant and susceptible to antimony and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. Mice inoculated with LTCP393(R) presented larger lesions that healed more slowly and contained higher parasite loads than lesions caused by LTCP15171(S). Inflammatory infiltrates in the lesions and production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β were similar in mice inoculated with either isolate, indicating that these factors did not contribute to the different disease manifestations observed. In contrast, IL-4 production was strongly increased in LTCP393(R)-inoculated animals and also arginase I (Arg I) expression. Moreover, anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment resulted in decreased lesion thickness and parasite burden in animals inoculated with LTCP393(R), but not in those inoculated with LTCP15171(S). Conclusion/Significance We conclude that the ability of L. braziliensis isolates to induce Th2 responses affects the susceptibility to infection with these isolates and contributes to the increased virulence and severity of disease associated with them. Since these data reflect what happens in human infection, this model could be useful to study the pathogenesis of the L. braziliensis infection, as well as to design new strategies of therapeutic intervention. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 12 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the cutaneous disease is more prevalent with about 28,000 new cases reported each year, and L. braziliensis is the main causative agent. The interesting data about the infection with this parasite is the wide variety of clinical manifestations that ranges from single ulcerated lesions to mucocutaneous and disseminated disease. However, experimental models to study the infection with this parasite are difficult to develop due to high resistance of most mouse strains to the infection, and the mechanisms underlying the distinct manifestations remain poorly understood. Here, the authors use a mouse experimental model of infection with different L. braziliensis isolates, known to induce diseases with distinct severity in the human hosts, to elucidate immune mechanisms that may be involved in the different manifestations. They showed that distinct parasite isolates may modulate host response, and increased IL-4 production and Arg I expression was related to more severe disease, resulting in longer length of disease with larger lesions and reduced parasite clearance. These findings may be useful in the identification of immunological targets to control L. braziliensis infection and potential clinical markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Neide M. Silva
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina R. Cardoso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Ângela Giudice
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgar Santos Universitary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Amélia R. de Jesus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgar Santos Universitary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roque P. Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Krotova K, Patel JM, Block ER, Zharikov S. Hypoxic upregulation of arginase II in human lung endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1541-8. [PMID: 20861464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00068.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated arginase has been implicated in many diseases including cancer, immune cell dysfunction, infections, and vascular disease. Enhanced arginase activity has been reported in lungs of patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. We used hypoxia as a model for pulmonary hypertension and studied the effect of exposure to hypoxia on arginase activity in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). Hypoxia induces upregulation of arginase activity as well as mRNA and protein levels of arginase II (Arg II), the only arginase isoform we were able to identify in HMVEC. In endothelial cells, arginase shares and competes for the substrate l-arginine with nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). Through regulation of substrate availability for NOS, arginase is able to modulate NO production. To evaluate the role of Arg II in regulation of NO production under hypoxia, we compared NO output (RFL-6 reporter assay) in cells with normal and silenced Arg II. Exposure to hypoxia led to an increase in NO levels produced by HMVEC. Inhibition of Arg II by specific small interfering RNA or by the pharmacological inhibitor BEC additionally enhanced the levels of NO. Another possible role for activated arginase is involvement in regulation of cell proliferation. However, we showed that hypoxia decreased cell proliferation and upregulated Arg II did not have an effect on cell proliferation. Since hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are a family of transcriptional factors activated by hypoxia, we tested the possibility of involvement of HIF-1 and HIF-2 in regulation of Arg II under hypoxia. The silencing of HIF-2 but not HIF-1 prevented the activation of Arg II by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Krotova
- Dept. of Medicine, MSB Rm. M452, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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24
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Toby IT, Chicoine LG, Cui H, Chen B, Nelin LD. Hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells depends on epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L600-6. [PMID: 20139181 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00122.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that hypoxia would activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, leading to increased arginase expression and resulting in proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (hPMVEC). To test this hypothesis, hPMVEC were incubated in normoxia (20% O(2), 5% CO(2)) or hypoxia (1% O(2), 5% CO(2)). Immunoblotting for EGFR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was done, and protein levels of both total EGFR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were greater in hypoxic hPMVEC than in normoxic hPMVEC. Furthermore, hypoxic hPMVEC had greater levels of EGFR activity than did normoxic hPMVEC. Hypoxic hPMVEC had a twofold greater level of proliferation compared with normoxic controls, and this increase in proliferation was prevented by the addition of AG-1478 (a pharmacological inhibitor of EGFR). Immunoblotting for arginase I and arginase II demonstrated a threefold induction in arginase II protein levels in hypoxia, with little change in arginase I protein levels. The hypoxic induction of arginase II protein was prevented by treatment with AG-1478. Proliferation assays were performed in the presence of arginase inhibitors, and hypoxia-induced proliferation was also prevented by arginase inhibition. Finally, treatment with an EGFR small interfering RNA prevented hypoxia-induced proliferation and urea production. These findings demonstrate that hypoxia activates EGFR tyrosine kinase, leading to arginase expression and thereby promoting proliferation in hPMVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inimary T Toby
- Pulmonary Hypertension Group, Center for Perinatal Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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25
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Menzies FM, Henriquez FL, Alexander J, Roberts CW. Sequential expression of macrophage anti-microbial/inflammatory and wound healing markers following innate, alternative and classical activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:369-79. [PMID: 20059482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the temporal dynamics of macrophage activation marker expression in response to variations in stimulation. We demonstrate that markers can be categorized as 'early' (expressed most abundantly at 6 h post-stimulation) or 'late' (expressed at 24 h post-stimulation). Thus nos2 and p40 (IL-12/IL-23) are early markers of innate and classical activation, while dectin-1 and mrc-1 are early markers and fizz1 (found in inflammatory zone-1) and ym1 are late markers of alternative activation. Furthermore, argI is a late marker of both innate and alternative activation. The ability of interferon (IFN)-gamma to alter these activation markers was studied at both the protein level and gene level. As reported previously, IFN-gamma was able to drive macrophages towards the classical phenotype by enhancing nos2 gene expression and enzyme activity and p40 (IL-12/IL-23) gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. IFN-gamma antagonized alternative macrophage activation, as evident by reduced expression of dectin-1, mrc-1, fizz1 and ym1 mRNA transcripts. In addition, IFN-gamma antagonized arginase activity irrespective of whether macrophages were activated innately or alternatively. Our data explain some apparent contradictions in the literature, demonstrate temporal plasticity in macrophage activation states and define for the first time 'early' and 'late' markers associated with anti-microbial/inflammatory and wound healing responses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Menzies
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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26
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Colton CA. Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:399-418. [PMID: 19655259 PMCID: PMC2773116 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain's innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Colton
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710 NC, USA.
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Namba T, Tanaka KI, Ito Y, Ishihara T, Hoshino T, Gotoh T, Endo M, Sato K, Mizushima T. Positive role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, a transcription factor involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the development of colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1786-98. [PMID: 19359519 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although recent reports suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is induced in association with the development of inflammatory bowel disease, its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) is a transcription factor that is involved in the ER stress response, especially ER stress-induced apoptosis. In this study, we found that experimental colitis was ameliorated in CHOP-null mice, suggesting that CHOP exacerbates the development of colitis. The mRNA expression of Mac-1 (CD11b, a positive regulator of macrophage infiltration), Ero-1alpha, and Caspase-11 (a positive regulator of interleukin-1beta production) in the intestine was induced with the development of colitis, and this induction was suppressed in CHOP-null mice. ERO-1alpha is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); an increase in ROS production, which is associated with the development of colitis in the intestine, was suppressed in CHOP-null mice. A greater number of apoptotic cells in the intestinal mucosa of wild-type mice were observed to accompany the development of colitis compared with CHOP-null mice, suggesting that up-regulation of CHOP expression exacerbates the development of colitis. Furthermore, this CHOP activity appears to involve various stimulatory mechanisms, such as macrophage infiltration via the induction of Mac-1, ROS production via the induction of ERO-1alpha, interleukin-1beta production via the induction of Caspase-11, and intestinal mucosal cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Namba
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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28
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Djordjevic B, Skugor S, Jørgensen SM, Overland M, Mydland LT, Krasnov A. Modulation of splenic immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed lentinan, a beta-glucan from mushroom Lentinula edodes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:201-209. [PMID: 19010422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants (IS) are considered a promising approach for improving resistance to pathogens in fish aquaculture. At present, development of IS are complicated due to limited knowledge on the mechanisms of their action. To assess the use of global gene expression analysis for screening of candidate IS we applied lentinan, a beta-glucan from the mushroom Lentinula edodes, as a model. After feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with lentinan-supplemented (L) and control (C) diets for 37 days, fish were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical inducer of inflammation. Gene expression was analyzed in LPS-challenged compared to saline-injected fish using a salmonid 1.8k cDNA microarray (SFA2.0 immunochip) and real-time qPCR. Spleen was selected for data analyses due to highest magnitude of responses and its key role in the fish immune system. A group of genes implicated in acute inflammatory responses was higher induced in C versus L, including IFN-related and TNF-dependent genes (galectins and receptors, signal transducers and transcription factors), genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation and leukocyte recruitment. A similar trend was observed in metabolism of iron and xenobiotics, markers of oxidative and cellular stress. Interestingly, differences between C and L were similar to those observed between salmon with low and high resistance to infectious salmon anemia virus. Genes with equal responses to LPS in L and C were related to cell communication (cytokines, chemokines and receptors), signal transduction, activation of immune cells, apoptosis, cellular maintenance and energy metabolism. In conclusion, lentinan decreased the expression of genes involved in acute inflammatory reactions to the inflammatory agent while major parts of the immune response remained unchanged. Such effects are expected for IS, which should modify immunity by enhancing beneficial and reducing detrimental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Djordjevic
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, As NO-1432, Norway
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29
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Chatterjee A, Black SM, Catravas JD. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and its pathophysiologic regulation. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 49:134-40. [PMID: 18692595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous lipophilic free radical generated by three distinct isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), type 1 or neuronal (nNOS), type 2 or inducible (iNOS) and type 3 or endothelial NOS (eNOS). Expression of eNOS is altered in many types of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and hypertension. The ubiquitous chaperone heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) associates with NOS and is important for its proper folding and function. Current studies point toward a therapeutic potential by modulating hsp90-NOS association in various vascular diseases. Here we review the transcriptional regulation of endothelial NOS and factors affecting eNOS activity and function, as well as the important vascular pathologies associated with altered NOS function, focusing on the regulatory role of hsp90 and other factors in NO-associated pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuran Chatterjee
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2500, USA
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30
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Lara A, Khatri SB, Wang Z, Comhair SAA, Xu W, Dweik RA, Bodine M, Levison BS, Hammel J, Bleecker E, Busse W, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, Curran-Everett D, Gaston B, Israel E, Jarjour N, Moore W, Peters SP, Teague WG, Wenzel S, Hazen SL, Erzurum SC. Alterations of the arginine metabolome in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:673-81. [PMID: 18635886 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200710-1542oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE As the sole nitrogen donor in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and key intermediate in the urea cycle, arginine and its metabolic pathways are integrally linked to cellular respiration, metabolism, and inflammation. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that arginine (Arg) bioavailability would be associated with airflow abnormalities and inflammation in subjects with asthma, and would be informative for asthma severity. METHODS Arg bioavailability was assessed in subjects with severe and nonsevere asthma and healthy control subjects by determination of plasma Arg relative to its metabolic products, ornithine and citrulline, and relative to methylarginine inhibitors of NO synthases, and by serum arginase activity. Inflammatory parameters, including fraction of exhaled NO (Fe(NO)), IgE, skin test positivity to allergens, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood eosinophils, were also evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Subjects with asthma had greater Arg bioavailability, but also increased Arg catabolism compared with healthy control subjects, as evidenced by higher levels of Fe(NO) and serum arginase activity. However, Arg bioavailability was positively associated with Fe(NO) only in healthy control subjects; Arg bioavailability was unrelated to Fe(NO) or other inflammatory parameters in severe or nonsevere asthma. Inflammatory parameters were related to airflow obstruction and reactivity in nonsevere asthma, but not in severe asthma. Conversely, Arg bioavailability was related to airflow obstruction in severe asthma, but not in nonsevere asthma. Modeling confirmed that measures of Arg bioavailabilty predict airflow obstruction only in severe asthma. CONCLUSIONS Unlike Fe(NO), Arg bioavailability is not a surrogate measure of inflammation; however, Arg bioavailability is strongly associated with airflow abnormalities in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lara
- Department of Pathobiology, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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31
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Kitowska K, Zakrzewicz D, Königshoff M, Chrobak I, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Bulau P, Eickelberg O. Functional role and species-specific contribution of arginases in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L34-45. [PMID: 17934065 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by increased deposition of ECM, especially collagens, and enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts. l-arginine is a key precursor of nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and proline, an amino acid enriched in collagen. We hypothesized that l-arginine metabolism is altered in pulmonary fibrosis, ultimately affecting collagen synthesis. Expression analysis of key enzymes in the arginine pathway, protein arginine methyltransferases (Prmt), arginine transporters, and arginases by quantitative (q) RT-PCR and Western blot revealed significant upregulation of arginase-1 and -2, but not Prmt or arginine transporters, during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. HPLC revealed a concomitant, time-dependent decrease in pulmonary l-arginine levels. Arginase-1 and -2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in primary fibroblasts isolated from bleomycin-treated mice, compared with controls, and assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. TGF-beta1, a key profibrotic mediator, induced arginase-1 and -2 mRNA expression in primary and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Treatment of fibroblasts with the arginase inhibitor, NG-hydroxy-l-arginine, attenuated TGF-beta1-stimulated collagen deposition, but not collagen mRNA expression or Smad signaling, in fibroblasts. In human lungs derived from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, arginase activity was unchanged, but arginase-1 expression significantly decreased when compared with donor lungs. Our results thus demonstrate that arginase-1 is expressed and functionally important for collagen deposition in lung fibroblasts. TGF-beta1-induced upregulation of arginase-1 suggests an interplay between profibrotic agents and l-arginine metabolism during the course of lung fibrosis in the mouse, whereas species-specific regulatory mechanisms may account for the differences observed in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Medicine II, Univ. of Giessen School of Medicine, Aulweg 123, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Horowitz S, Binion DG, Nelson VM, Kanaa Y, Javadi P, Lazarova Z, Andrekopoulos C, Kalyanaraman B, Otterson MF, Rafiee P. Increased arginase activity and endothelial dysfunction in human inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1323-36. [PMID: 17218473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00499.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (.NO) generation from conversion of l-arginine to citrulline by nitric oxide synthase isoforms plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis. Loss of .NO is linked to vascular pathophysiology and is decreased in chronically inflamed gut blood vessels in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Mechanisms underlying decreased .NO production in IBD gut microvessels are not fully characterized. Loss of .NO generation may result from increased arginase (AR) activity, which enzymatically competes with nitric oxide synthase for the common substrate l-arginine. We characterized AR expression in IBD microvessels and endothelial cells and its contribution to decreased .NO production. AR expression was assessed in resected gut tissues and human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). AR expression significantly increased in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease microvessels and submucosal tissues compared with normal. TNF-alpha/lipopolysaccharide increased AR activity, mRNA and protein expression in HIMEC in a time-dependent fashion. RhoA/ROCK pathway, a negative regulator of .NO generation in endothelial cells, was examined. The RhoA inhibitor C3 exoenzyme and the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 both attenuated TNF-alpha/lipopolysaccharide-induced MAPK activation and blocked AR expression in HIMEC. A significantly higher AR activity and increased RhoA activity were observed in IBD submucosal tissues surrounding microvessels compared with normal control gut tissue. Functionally, inhibition of AR activity decreased leukocyte binding to HIMEC in an adhesion assay. Loss of .NO production in IBD microvessels is linked to enhanced levels of AR in intestinal endothelial cells exposed to chronic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Horowitz
- Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Talaue MT, Venketaraman V, Hazbón MH, Peteroy-Kelly M, Seth A, Colangeli R, Alland D, Connell ND. Arginine homeostasis in J774.1 macrophages in the context of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:4830-40. [PMID: 16788192 PMCID: PMC1482997 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01687-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The competition for L-arginine between the inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase contributes to the outcome of several parasitic and bacterial infections. The acquisition of L-arginine, however, is important not only for the host cells but also for the intracellular pathogen. In this study we observe that strain AS-1, the Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain lacking the Rv0522 gene, which encodes an arginine permease, perturbs l-arginine metabolism in J774.1 murine macrophages. Infection with AS-1, but not with wild-type BCG, induced l-arginine uptake in J774.1 cells. This increase in L-arginine uptake was independent of activation with gamma interferon plus lipopolysaccharide and correlated with increased expression of the MCAT1 and MCAT2 cationic amino acid transport genes. AS-1 infection also enhanced arginase activity in resting J774.1 cells. Survival studies revealed that AS-1 survived better than BCG within resting J774.1 cells. Intracellular growth of AS-1 was further enhanced by inhibiting arginase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in J774.1 cells using L-norvaline and difluoromethylornithine treatment, respectively. These results suggest that the arginine-related activities of J774.1 macrophages are affected by the arginine transport capacity of the infecting BCG strain. The loss of Rv0522 gene-encoded arginine transport may have induced other cationic amino acid transport systems during intracellular growth of AS-1, allowing better survival within resting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliza T Talaue
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ/ New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USA
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Holán V, Pindjáková J, Krulová M, Neuwirth A, Fric J, Zajícová A. Production of nitric oxide during graft rejection is regulated by the Th1/Th2 balance, the arginase activity, and L-arginine metabolism. Transplantation 2006; 81:1708-15. [PMID: 16794538 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000226067.89690.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of nitric oxide (NO) by graft infiltrating macrophages has been proposed as an important effector mechanism of allograft rejection. Although high levels of NO are generated during allograft rejection, undetectable or only limited amounts of NO were found in rejected skin xenografts. METHODS BALB/c mice were grafted with skin transplants from syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic (rat) donors. The production of NO, cytokines and arginase in the grafts was determined by spectrophotometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or polymerase chain reaction. Effects of depletion of CD4+ cells, neutralization of interleukin (IL)-4 or application of arginase inhibitors N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (L-NOHA) and L-valine on production of NO in rejected xenografts were evaluated. RESULTS Rejection of rat skin xenografts, on the contrary to rejection of allografts, was associated with a local high production of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, overexpression of arginase genes, strongly enhanced arginase activity and attenuated NO generation in the graft. The supernatants obtained after cultivation of skin xenograft (but not allograft or syngeneic graft) explants contained a high arginase activity and strongly suppressed NO production by activated macrophages. This suppression was completely inhibited by L-NOHA or was overcome by an excess of exogenous L-arginine, a substrate for NO synthesis. Cocultivation of xenograft explants that did not produce NO with arginase inhibitors L-NOHA or L-valine restored NO generation in the graft. CONCLUSION The results suggest that upregulation of arginase activity by Th2 cytokines during xenograft rejection limits the bioavailability of L-arginine for the inducible NO synthase and thus attenuates generation of NO by the graft-infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Holán
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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35
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Endo M, Oyadomari S, Suga M, Mori M, Gotoh T. The ER stress pathway involving CHOP is activated in the lungs of LPS-treated mice. J Biochem 2006; 138:501-7. [PMID: 16272146 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CHOP is a C/EBP family transcription factor involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. To determine if the ER stress pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of LPS-treated mouse lung injury, mice were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally. The mRNAs for activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 and X-box binding protein (XBP) 1, transcriptional activators of the CHOP gene, and that for CHOP were induced by or after the LPS treatment. Apoptosis induced by LPS treatment was suppressed in the lungs of Chop-knockout mice. Overexpression of CHOP induced apoptosis in a lung cancer-derived cell line. These results suggest that the ER stress pathway, involving CHOP, is activated and plays a role in the pathogenesis of septic shock lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyoshi Endo
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Nelin LD, Chicoine LG, Reber KM, English BK, Young TL, Liu Y. Cytokine-induced endothelial arginase expression is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:394-401. [PMID: 15994432 PMCID: PMC2715346 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0039oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L-arginine is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS), or to urea and L-ornithine by arginase. L-ornithine contributes to vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension via metabolism to polyamines and proline. Previously we found that cytokines upregulate both NOS and arginase in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. We hypothesized that cytokine-induced arginase I and II expression depend on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) activity. Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (L/T). L/T treatment resulted in a substantial increase in urea production, and this increase in urea production was potently inhibited by both genistein and AG1478, inhibitors of EGFR. Levels of arginase I protein and arginase II mRNA were increased in response to L/T treatment, and genistein prevented the L/T-induced elevations in both arginase I protein and arginase II mRNA levels. L/T treatment increased production of nitrites and inducible NOS mRNA accumulation, and genistein and AG1478 had little effect on these changes. EGF (50 ng/ml) treatment resulted in enhanced urea production. Finally, a 170-kD protein was phosphorylated upon treatment with either EGF or L/T. Our results indicate that arginase induction by L/T depends in part on EGFR activity. We speculate that EGFR inhibitors may attenuate vascular remodeling without affecting NO release, and thus may represent novel therapeutic modalities for pulmonary hypertensive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif D Nelin
- Center for Developmental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Misson P, van den Brûle S, Barbarin V, Lison D, Huaux F. Markers of macrophage differentiation in experimental silicosis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:926-32. [PMID: 15292275 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are characterized by a marked phenotypic heterogeneity depending on their microenvironmental stimulation. Beside classical activation (M1), it has been shown that macrophages could follow a different activation pathway after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13 (M2). Recently, it has been postulated that those "alternatively activated" macrophages may be critical in the control of fibrogenesis. In an experimental model of silicosis, where pulmonary macrophages play a central role, we addressed the question of whether lung fibrosis development would be associated with alternative macrophage activation. As available markers for alternative macrophage activation, type-1 arginase (Arg-1), Fizz1, Ym1/2, and mannose receptor expression were evaluated at the mRNA and/or protein levels at different stages of the disease. Nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) expression was also examined to investigate the classical counterpart. We found that the expression of Arg-1, Fizz1, and NOS-2 in adherent bronchoalveolar lavage cells was highly up-regulated 3 days after silica administration but returned to control levels during the fibrotic stage of the disease (60 days). By comparing the early response to silica in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, we observed that the amplitude of Arg-1 mRNA up-regulation was not associated with the severity of lung fibrosis. Using a model of manganese dioxide particles (resolutive alveolitis), we showed that this early Arg-1 mRNA was not specific to a fibrogenic lung response. Our data indicate that the modifications of M1/M2 marker expression are limited to the early inflammatory stage of silicosis and that the establishment of a fibrotic process is not necessarily associated with M2 polarization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Manganese Compounds
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Oxides
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/immunology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Silicon Dioxide
- Silicosis/genetics
- Silicosis/immunology
- Silicosis/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Misson
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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Chicoine LG, Paffett ML, Young TL, Nelin LD. Arginase inhibition increases nitric oxide production in bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L60-8. [PMID: 14977627 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00194.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by NO synthase (NOS) from L-arginine (L-Arg). Alternatively, L-Arg can be metabolized by arginase to produce L-ornithine and urea. Arginase (AR) exists in two isoforms, ARI and ARII. We hypothesized that inhibiting AR with L-valine (L-Val) would increase NO production in bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (bPAEC). bPAEC were grown to confluence in either regular medium (EGM; control) or EGM with lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (L/T) added. Treatment of bPAEC with L/T resulted in greater ARI protein expression and ARII mRNA expression than in control bPAEC. Addition of L-Val to the medium led to a concentration-dependent decrease in urea production and a concentration-dependent increase in NO production in both control and L/T-treated bPAEC. In a second set of experiments, control and L/T bPAEC were grown in EGM, EGM with 30 mM L-Val, EGM with 10 mM L-Arg, or EGM with both 10 mM L-Arg and 30 mM L-Val. In both control and L/T bPAEC, treatment with L-Val decreased urea production and increased NO production. Treatment with L-Arg increased both urea and NO production. The addition of the combination L-Arg and L-Val decreased urea production compared with the addition of L-Arg alone and increased NO production compared with L-Val alone. These data suggest that competition for intracellular L-Arg by AR may be involved in the regulation of NOS activity in control bPAEC and in response to L/T treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis G Chicoine
- Vascular Physiology Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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39
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Endo M, Oyadomari S, Terasaki Y, Takeya M, Suga M, Mori M, Gotoh T. Induction of arginase I and II in bleomycin-induced fibrosis of mouse lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L313-21. [PMID: 12679322 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00434.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase, which hydrolyzes arginine to urea and ornithine, is a precursor for the synthesis of polyamines and proline, which is abundant in collagen. The supply of proline can be a crucial factor in the process of lung fibrosis. We investigated the induction of arginine metabolic enzymes in bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis. Histological studies and quantification of lung hydroxyproline showed that lung fibrosis develops in up to 14 days after bleomycin treatment. Under these conditions, collagen I mRNA was induced gradually in up to 15 days, and the content of hydroxyproline reached a maximum at 10 days. Arginase I mRNA was undetectable before bleomycin treatment but was induced 5-10 days after this treatment. Arginase I protein was induced at 7 days and remained little changed for up to 10 days and decreased at 14 days. On the other hand, arginase II mRNA that was detectable before treatment was increased gradually for up to 10 days and decreased at 14 days. Arginase II protein began to increase at day 5, increased for up to 10 days, and was decreased at day 14. mRNAs for cationic amino acid transporter-2 and ornithine decarboxylase were induced in a manner similar to that seen with collagen I mRNA. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that arginase I is induced in macrophages, whereas arginase II is induced in various cell types, including macrophages and myofibroblasts, and roughly colocalizes with the collagen-specific chaperone heat shock protein 47. Our findings suggest that arginine metabolic enzymes play an important role in the development of lung fibrosis, at least in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyoshi Endo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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40
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Bruins MJ, Lamers WH, Meijer AJ, Soeters PB, Deutz NEP. In vivo measurement of nitric oxide production in porcine gut, liver and muscle during hyperdynamic endotoxaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:1225-36. [PMID: 12466232 PMCID: PMC1573617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 09/17/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. During prolonged endotoxaemia, an increase in arginine catabolism may result in limiting substrate availability for nitric oxide (NO) production. These effects were quantitated in a chronically instrumented porcine endotoxaemia model. 2. Ten days prior to the beginning of the experiments, pigs were catheterized. On day 0, pigs received a continuous infusion of endotoxin (3 microg kg(-1) h(-1)) over 24 h and were saline resuscitated. Blood was drawn from the catheters at 0 and 24 h during primed-infusion of (15)N(2)-arginine and P-aminohippurate to assess (15)N(2)-arginine to (15)N-citrulline conversion and plasma flow rates, respectively, across the portal-drained viscera, liver and hindquarter. 3. During endotoxin infusion a hyperdynamic circulation with elevated heart rate, cardiac index and decreased mean arterial pressure was achieved, characteristic of the human septic condition. 4. Endotoxin induced NO production by the portal-drained viscera and the liver. The increased NO production was quantitatively matched by an increase in arginine disposal. Nitrite/nitrate levels remained unchanged during endotoxaemia. 5. Despite an increased arginine production from the hindquarter and an increased whole-body arginine appearance rate during endotoxin infusion, the plasma arginine concentration was lower in endotoxin-treated animals than in controls. 6 On a whole-body level, the muscle was found to serve as a major arginine supplier and, considering the lowered arginine plasma levels, seems critical in providing arginine as precursor for NO synthesis in the splanchnic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J Bruins
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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41
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Djeraba A, Musset E, van Rooijen N, Quéré P. Resistance and susceptibility to Marek's disease: nitric oxide synthase/arginase activity balance. Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:229-44. [PMID: 11900957 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic NO pathway, catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase in macrophages, is a key defense element against viruses and tumors. However, arginase is an other enzyme able to metabolize the substrate L-arginine, and the two enzymes are alternatively regulated by Th1 and Th2 cytokines in murine macrophages. Marek's disease is characterized by strong immunosuppression and development of T-cell lymphomas in chickens. Inoculation of the very virulent strain of MDV RB-1B induced strong and long-lasting arginase macrophage-dependent activity, which was inhibited by L-norvaline in vitro, but induced low NO production in monocytes and splenocytes from highly susceptible B(13)/B(13) chickens. By contrast, in B(21)/B(21) chickens genetically resistant to tumor development, RB-1B induced a weak and transient increase in arginase activity and strong NO production. The vaccinal HVT strain did not induce any arginase activity in monocytes or splenocytes. Moreover, vaccination with HVT prevented tumor appearance after RB-1B challenge and increase in arginase activity, but favored NO production in susceptible chickens. Differential expression of NO synthase and arginase was modulated in chicken macrophages, with IFN-gamma and LPS being strong inducers of both, depending on the type of macrophage, and TGF-beta 1 and PGE(2) stimulating only arginase activity. This increase in arginase activity in macrophages from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus might thus be due to a direct effect of the virus on macrophages, possibly through viral products, or to indirect effects on the cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatef Djeraba
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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42
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Wei CL, Hon WM, Lee KH, Mori M, Gotoh T, Khoo HE. Induction of arginase II in livers of bile duct-ligated rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1043-50. [PMID: 11931836 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in playing a role in liver cirrhosis, but the regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. As arginase shares a common substrate with NO synthase (NOS), the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of arginase I and II in cirrhotic liver. Liver cirrhosis was induced in rats by chronic bile duct ligation (BDL). Controls were sham-operated. Competitive polymerase chain reaction was performed to assay the expression of messenger RNA of arginase I and II. Protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and western-blotting. The level of arginine in plasma was lower in BDL rats, while the ornithine level in plasma was correspondingly higher (r= -0.96, P<0.0001). Arginase I messenger RNA was reduced significantly in BDL rats (3.34+/-0.32 vs. 1.32+/-0.21 x 10(4) attomole/microg of total RNA, sham vs. BDL, P<0.001), as well as arginase I protein. In contrast, arginase II mRNA was induced in the livers of BDL rats, with negligible expression in controls (0.35+/-0.11 vs. 3.64+/-0.54 attomole/microg of total RNA, sham vs. BDL, P<0.001). Arginase II protein was localized in some hepatocytes and hyperplastic bile ductular epithelial cells of cirrhotic livers but not in control livers. In conclusion, arginase II was induced in BDL livers, while the expression of arginase I was down-regulated. These data suggest that arginase I and II are regulated differently and may have different functions in the livers of BDL rats. Reduction of arginase I in BDL livers may be responsible for the lowering of arginine levels in the plasma, while induction of arginase II could be important in regulating NO synthesis as well as other important mechanisms involved in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Li Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Abstract
The biochemistry and physiology of L-arginine have to be reconsidered in the light of the recent discovery that the amino acid is the only substrate of all isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Generation of nitric oxide, NO, a versatile molecule in signaling processes and unspecific immune defense, is intertwined with synthesis, catabolism and transport of arginine which thus ultimately participates in the regulation of a fine-tuned balance between normal and pathophysiological consequences of NO production. The complex composition of the brain at the cellular level is reflected in a complex differential distribution of the enzymes of arginine metabolism. Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase which together can recycle the NOS coproduct L-citrulline to L-arginine are expressed constitutively in neurons, but hardly colocalize with each other or with NOS in the same neuron. Therefore, trafficking of citrulline and arginine between neurons necessitates transport capacities in these cells which are fulfilled by well-described carriers for cationic and neutral amino acids. The mechanism of intercellular exchange of argininosuccinate, a prerequisite also for its proposed function as a neuromodulator, remains to be elucidated. In cultured astrocytes transcription and protein expression of arginine transport system y(+) and of ASS are upregulated concomittantly with immunostimulant-mediated induction of NOS-2. In vivo ASS-immunoreactivity was found in microglial cells in a rat model of brain inflammation and in neurons and glial cells in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Any attempt to estimate the contributions of arginine transport and synthesis to substrate supply for NOS has to consider competition for arginine between NOS and arginase, the latter enzyme being expressed as mitochondrial isoform II in nervous tissue. Generation of NOS inhibitors agmatine and methylarginines is documented for the nervous system. Suboptimal supply of NOS with arginine leads to production of detrimental peroxynitrite which may result in neuronal cell death. Data have been gathered recently which point to a particular role of astrocytes in neural arginine metabolism. Arginine appears to be accumulated in astroglial cells and can be released after stimulation with a variety of signals. It is proposed that an intercellular citrulline-NO cycle is operating in brain with astrocytes storing arginine for the benefit of neighbouring cells in need of the amino acid for a proper synthesis of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wiesinger
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Kawahara K, Gotoh T, Oyadomari S, Kajizono M, Kuniyasu A, Ohsawa K, Imai Y, Kohsaka S, Nakayama H, Mori M. Co-induction of argininosuccinate synthetase, cationic amino acid transporter-2, and nitric oxide synthase in activated murine microglial cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 90:165-73. [PMID: 11406294 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by activated microglia has been implicated in many pathophysiological events in the brain including neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular NO production depends absolutely on the availability of arginine, a substrate of NO synthase (NOS). Murine microglial MG5 cells were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and arginine-supplying enzymes was investigated by RNA blot analysis. iNOS mRNA was strongly induced after treatment and reached a maximum at 6-12 h. mRNA for argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), a citrulline-arginine recycling enzyme, increased at 6 h and reached a maximum at 12 h. Immunoblot analysis showed that iNOS and AS proteins were also induced. In addition, mRNA encoding the cationic amino acid transporter-2 (CAT-2) was strongly induced shortly after treatment. Induction of mRNAs for iNOS, AS, and CAT-2 by LPS/IFN-gamma was also observed following stimulation of rat primary microglial cells. These results strongly suggest that both arginine transport by CAT-2 and citrulline-arginine recycling are important for high-output production of NO in activated microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawahara
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan
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45
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Kepka-Lenhart D, Mistry SK, Wu G, Morris SM. Arginase I: a limiting factor for nitric oxide and polyamine synthesis by activated macrophages? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R2237-42. [PMID: 11080091 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.r2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because arginase hydrolyzes arginine to produce ornithine and urea, it has the potential to regulate nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine synthesis. We tested whether expression of the cytosolic isoform of arginase (arginase I) was limiting for NO or polyamine production by activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. RAW 264.7 cells, stably transfected to overexpress arginase I or beta-galactosidase, were treated with interferon-gamma to induce type 2 NO synthase or with lipopolysaccharide or 8-bromo-cAMP (8-BrcAMP) to induce ornithine decarboxylase. Overexpression of arginase I had no effect on NO synthesis. In contrast, cells overexpressing arginase I produced twice as much putrescine after activation than did cells expressing beta-galactosidase. Cells overexpressing arginase I also produced more spermidine after treatment with 8-BrcAMP than did cells expressing beta-galactosidase. Thus endogenous levels of arginase I are limiting for polyamine synthesis, but not for NO synthesis, by activated macrophage cells. This study also demonstrates that it is possible to alter arginase I levels sufficiently to affect polyamine synthesis without affecting induced NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kepka-Lenhart
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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46
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Gobert AP, Daulouede S, Lepoivre M, Boucher JL, Bouteille B, Buguet A, Cespuglio R, Veyret B, Vincendeau P. L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:4653-7. [PMID: 10899869 PMCID: PMC98402 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.8.4653-4657.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important effector molecule of the immune system in eliminating numerous pathogens. Peritoneal macrophages from Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mice express type II NO synthase (NOS-II), produce NO, and kill parasites in the presence of L-arginine in vitro. Nevertheless, parasites proliferate in the vicinity of these macrophages in vivo. The present study shows that L-arginine availability modulates NO production. Trypanosomes use L-arginine for polyamine synthesis, required for DNA and trypanothione synthesis. Moreover, arginase activity is up-regulated in macrophages from infected mice from the first days of infection. Arginase competes with NOS-II for their common substrate, L-arginine. In vitro, arginase inhibitors decreased urea production, increased macrophage nitrite production, and restored trypanosome killing. In vivo, a dramatic decrease in L-arginine concentration was observed in plasma from infected mice. In situ restoration of NO production and trypanosome killing were observed when excess L-arginine, but not D-arginine or L-arginine plus N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (a NOS inhibitor), was injected into the peritoneum of infected mice. These data indicate the role of L-arginine depletion, induced by arginase and parasites, in modulating the L-arginine-NO pathway under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gobert
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
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47
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Wei LH, Jacobs AT, Morris SM, Ignarro LJ. IL-4 and IL-13 upregulate arginase I expression by cAMP and JAK/STAT6 pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C248-56. [PMID: 10898736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.1.c248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine whether rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC) express arginase and to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in the regulation of arginase expression. The results show that RASMC contain basal arginase I (AI) activity, which is significantly enhanced by stimulating the cells with either interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13, but arginase II (AII) expression was not detected under any condition studied here. We further investigated the signal transduction pathways responsible for AI induction. AI mRNA and protein levels were enhanced by addition of forskolin (1 microM) and inhibited by H-89 (30 microM), suggesting positive regulation of AI by a protein kinase A pathway. Genistein (10 microgramg/ml) and sodium orthovanadate (Na(3)VO(4); 10 microM) were used to investigate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the control of AI expression. Genistein inhibited, whereas Na(3)VO(4) enhanced the induction of AI by IL-4 or IL-13. Along with immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses, these data implicate the JAK/STAT6 pathway in AI regulation. Dexamethasone (Dex) and interferon (IFN)-gamma were investigated for their effects on AI induction. Dex (1 microM) and IFN-gamma (100 U/ml) alone had no effect on basal AI expression in RASMC, but both reduced AI induction by IL-4 and IL-13. In combination, Dex and IFN-gamma abolished AI induction by IL-4 and IL-13. Finally, both IL-4 and IL-13 significantly increased RASMC DNA synthesis as monitored by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, demonstrating that upregulation of AI is correlated with an increase in cell proliferation. Blockade of AI induction by IFN-gamma, H-89, or genistein also blocked the increase in cell proliferation. These observations are consistent with the possibility that upregulation of AI might play an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders characterized by excessive smooth muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Wei
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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