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Adar T, Ya'acov AB, Shabat Y, Mizrahi M, Zolotarov L, Lichtenstein Y, Ilan Y. Steroid-mediated liver steatosis is CD1d-dependent, while steroid-induced liver necrosis, inflammation, and metabolic changes are CD1d-independent. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:169. [PMID: 35392825 PMCID: PMC8991564 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glucocorticoids contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Natural killer T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and response to steroids. The present study aimed to determine the role of CD1d in steroid-mediated metabolic derangement and the steroid-protective effect of glycosphingolipids. Methods Ten groups of mice were studied. Steroids were orally administered to C57BL/6 mice to assess the therapeutic effect of β-glucosylceramide (GC) on the development of steroid-mediated liver damage and metabolic derangements. The role of CD1d in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced liver damage and in mediating the hepatoprotective effect of GC was studied in CD1d−/− mice. Results A model of oral administration of steroids was established, resulting in insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, liver steatosis, and hepatocellular injury. Steroid administration to CD1d−/− mice was associated with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. However, CD1d−/− mice did not manifest marked steroid-induced steatosis. GC treatment alleviated steroid-associated metabolic derangements and liver injury independent of CD1d expression. Conclusion A steroid-mediated model of NAFLD and metabolic derangements was established in which steroid-mediated steatosis was CD1d-dependent while steroid-induced liver necrosis, inflammation, and metabolic changes were CD1d-independent, which may support a dichotomy between steatosis and steatohepatitis in NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02242-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.,Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.,Digestive Disease Institute, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meir Mizrahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lida Zolotarov
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Lichtenstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, POB 1200, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ye XJ, Xu R, Liu SY, Hu B, Shi ZJ, Shi FL, Zeng B, Xu LH, Huang YT, Chen MY, Zha QB, He XH, Ouyang DY. Taraxasterol mitigates Con A-induced hepatitis in mice by suppressing interleukin-2 expression and its signaling in T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 102:108380. [PMID: 34848154 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs that can suppress T lymphocyte activation and proliferation by inhibiting TCR/CD3 and IL-2/IL-2R signaling is still needed in clinic, though rapamycin and other related reagents have made great success. Taraxasterol (TAS) is an active ingredient of dandelion, an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb with low in vivo toxicity that has long been used in China. Yet the action mechanism of TAS on lymphocytes remains elusive. The anti-inflammatory effects of TAS were evaluated in C57BL/6 mouse primary lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro and in mouse model of Con A-induced acute hepatitis in vivo. Our results showed that TAS significantly suppressed Con A-induced acute hepatitis in a mouse model, reducing the hepatic necrosis areas, the release of aminotransferases, and the production of IL-2 and other inflammatory cytokines. Supporting this, in vitro study also showed that TAS reduced the production of IL-2 and the expression of IL-2 receptor subunit α (CD25) upon the stimulation of Con A, which was likely mediated by suppressing NF-κB activation. The downstream pathways of IL-2/IL-2R signaling, including the activation of PI3K/PDK1/mTOR, STAT3 and STAT5, were also suppressed by TAS. Consistently, Con A-induced T cell proliferation was also inhibited by TAS in vitro. Our data indicate that TAS can suppress both T lymphocyte activation and cell proliferation by down-regulating IL-2 expression and its signaling pathway thereby ameliorating Con A-induced acute hepatitis, highlighting TAS as a potential drug candidate for treating inflammatory diseases including autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Jia Ye
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Si-Ying Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zi-Jian Shi
- Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fu-Li Shi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ming-Ye Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Yang JY, Zhang TT, Dong Z, Shi HH, Xu J, Mao XZ, Wang YM, Xue CH. Dietary Supplementation with Exogenous Sea-Cucumber-Derived Ceramides and Glucosylceramides Alleviates Insulin Resistance in High-Fructose-Diet-Fed Rats by Upregulating the IRS/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9178-9187. [PMID: 33560835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous ceramide is considered to be associated with the progress of insulin resistance. However, the effects of dietary exogenous glucosylceramides and ceramides on insulin resistance are unclear. A model of fructose-induced male Sprague Dawley rats was used to compare the effects of sea-cucumber-derived glucosylceramides and ceramides on insulin resistance. Both glucosylceramides and ceramides significantly improved glucose tolerance, reduced the concentrations of serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, and alleviated the accompanied hypertension. Ceramides significantly enhanced glycogen levels in skeletal muscle, whereas glucosylceramides significantly increased the hepatic glycogen levels. Moreover, glucosylceramides alleviated insulin resistance by inhibiting gluconeogenesis, promoting glycogen synthesis and insulin signal transduction in the liver; meanwhile, ceramides were mainly due to the promotion of glycogen synthesis and insulin signal transduction in skeletal muscle. Additionally, glucosylceramides and ceramides effectively attenuated inflammation in adipose tissue. These results indicate that glucosylceramides and ceramides have potential value in the prevention and alleviation of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Zhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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A synergistic effect of Ambroxol and Beta-Glucosylceramide in alleviating immune-mediated hepatitis: A novel immunomodulatory non-immunosuppressive formulation for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Shabat Y, Lichtenstein Y, Ilan Y. Short-Term Cohousing of Sick with Healthy or Treated Mice Alleviates the Inflammatory Response and Liver Damage. Inflammation 2020; 44:518-525. [PMID: 32978699 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cohousing of sick with healthy or treated animals is based on the concept of sharing an intestinal ecosystem and coprophagy, the consumption of feces, which includes sharing of the microbiome and of active drug metabolites secreted in the feces or urine. To develop a model for short-term cohousing, enabling the study of the effect of sharing an ecosystem on inflammatory states. To determine the impact of cohousing of sick and healthy mice on the immune-mediated disorders, mice injected with concanavalin A (ConA) were cohoused with healthy or sick mice or with steroid-treated or untreated mice. To determine the effect of cohousing on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage, APAP-injected mice were cohoused with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC)-treated or untreated mice. In the ConA-induced immune-mediated hepatitis model, cohousing of sick with healthy mice was associated with the alleviation of liver damage in sick animals. Similarly, a significant decrease in serum ALT was noted in ConA-injected mice kept in the same cage as ConA-injected mice treated with steroids. A trend for reduction in liver enzymes in APAP-injected mice was observed upon cohousing with NAC-treated animals. Cohousing of sick mice with healthy or treated mice ameliorated the immune-mediated inflammatory state induced by ConA and APAP. These models for liver damage can serve as biological systems for determining the effects of alterations in the ecosystem on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Shabat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, POB 1200, IL91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Lichtenstein
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, POB 1200, IL91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, POB 1200, IL91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Adar T, Shankar Lankalapalli R, Bittman R, Ilan Y. The assembly of glycosphingolipid determines their immunomodulatory effect: A novel method for structure-based design of immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104157. [PMID: 32659503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships provide insight into the binding interactions of beta-glycosphingolipids (GSLs) with both the TCR and the CD1d molecules, as well as the subsequent immunologic response of regulatory NKT cells. AIM To determine the effects of synthetic GSL structures on their immune modulatory functions. METHODS GSLs of various structures were tested in vitro and in an animal model of Concanavalin A (ConA) immune-mediated hepatitis. RESULTS In vitro, using SV40 binding to live monkey CV1 cells, the l-threo stereoisomer of C8-β-LacCer inhibits caveolar internalization, reducing viral binding to the cell surface. In vivo, in the ConA model, LR172, which has a saturated C8 chain, and LR178, which has a trans double bond at C-2 in the C8 chain, suppressed the immune-mediated liver inflammation and reduced IFNγ levels in a dose dependent manner. The beneficial effects of LR172 and of LR178 are associated with suppression of liver apoptosis, increased phosphorylated STAT3 expression in the liver, and an increase in the NKT liver/spleen ratio. SUMMARY The assembly of GSLs determines their immunomodulatory effect and can serve as a method for structure-based design of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ravi Shankar Lankalapalli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, United States; Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, United States
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ishay Y, Nachman D, Khoury T, Ilan Y. The role of the sphingolipid pathway in liver fibrosis: an emerging new potential target for novel therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1055-C1064. [PMID: 32130072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00003.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) are a family of bioactive lipids and a major cellular membrane structural component. SLs include three main compounds: ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sp), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1P), all of which have emerging roles in biological functions in cells, especially in the liver. They are under investigation in various liver diseases, including cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of SLs in liver pathobiology and focus on their potential role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. We describe recent evidence and suggest SLs are a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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The chemical character of polysaccharides from processed Morindae officinalis and their effects on anti-liver damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:410-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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El-Haj M, Kanovitch D, Ilan Y. Personalized inherent randomness of the immune system is manifested by an individualized response to immune triggers and immunomodulatory therapies: a novel platform for designing personalized immunotherapies. Immunol Res 2019; 67:337-347. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Ilan Y. β-Glycosphingolipids as Mediators of Both Inflammation and Immune Tolerance: A Manifestation of Randomness in Biological Systems. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31178868 PMCID: PMC6538797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in biological systems is attributed to the combination of multiple parameters which determine function. These include genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental factors. While biological processes can be viewed as ordered and sequential, biological randomness was suggested to underline part of them. The present review looks into the concept of randomness in biological systems by exploring the glycosphingolipids-NKT cells example. NKT cells are a unique subset of regulatory lymphocytes which play a role in both inflammation and tolerance. Glycosphingolipids promote an immune balance by changing different arms of the immune system in opposing environments. Traditional immunology looks at skewing the immune system into different directions by different types of activation of the same cell stimulation of different cells subsets, use of different ligands, or different the effect of different immune environments. While these may explain some of the effects, the lack of consistency and opposing results under similar settings may involve randomness which may also be part of real life effects of immunomodulatory agents. It means that several of the biological processes, cannot be explained by simple linear models, and may involve more complex concepts. The application for these concepts for improving therapies to patients with Gaucher disease are discussed. SUMMARY The use of different ligands that target a variety of cell subsets in different immune environments may underlie differences in the functionality of NKT cells and their variability in response to NKT-based therapies. The novel concept of randomness in biology means that several biological processes cannot be solely explained by simple linear models and may instead involve much more complicated schemes of random disorder. These may have implications on future design of therapeutic regimens for improving the response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shabat Y, Ya’acov AB, Ilan Y. Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect on Immune-mediated Hepatitis and Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:345-349. [PMID: 30637210 PMCID: PMC6328735 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The serine proteinase inhibitor alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) protects the body against protease activity. Several functions of AAT beyond those attributed to its anti-protease activity have been described, among them immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of AAT for the treatment of immune-mediated liver injury using the models of concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis and acetaminophen -induced liver damage. Methods: AAT was administered to mice subjected to concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis or 2 h after acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Mice were followed for changes in serum levels of liver enzymes, liver histology, and for interferon gamma serum levels. Results: Treatment with AAT alleviated concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated liver damage, as demonstrated by a reduction in the serum levels of liver enzymes and interferon gamma, and an improved lymphocyte infiltration into the liver on liver biopsies. Moreover, treatment with AAT was associated with alleviation of the acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Conclusions: AAT exerts an hepatoprotective effect on immune-mediated and drug-induced liver damage. The data support its potential use in patients with immune-associated liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Shabat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya’acov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence to: Yaron Ilan, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, IL-91120, Israel. Tel: +972-2-6778231, Fax: +972-2-6431021, E-mail:
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Mizrahi M, Adar T, Lalazar G, Nachman D, El Haj M, Ben Ya’acov A, Lichtenstein Y, Shabat Y, Kanovich D, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Glycosphingolipids Prevent APAP and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors-mediated Liver Damage: A Novel Method for "Safer Drug" Formulation that Prevents Drug-induced Liver Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:127-134. [PMID: 29951356 PMCID: PMC6018318 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Acetaminophen (APAP) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are common causes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This study aimed to determine the ability to reduce APAP- and statins-mediated liver injury by using formulations that combine glycosphingolipids and vitamin E. Methods: Mice were injected with APAP or with statins and treated before and after with β-glucosylceramide (GC), with or without vitamin E. Mice were followed for changes in liver enzymes, liver histology, hepatic expression of JNK, STAT3 and caspase 3, as well as intrahepatic natural killer T cells (NKT) and the serum cytokine levels by flow cytometry. Results: Administration of GC before or after APAP alleviated the liver damage, as noted by a reduction of the liver enzymes, improvement in the liver histology and decreased hepatic caspase 3 expression. Beneficial effect was associated with a reduction of the intrahepatic NKT, JNK expression in the liver, and increased glutathione in the liver, and decreased TNF-α serum levels. Synergistic effect of co-administration of GC with vitamin E was observed. Similar protective effect of GC on statin-mediated liver damage was documented by a reduction in liver enzymes and improved liver histology, which was mediated by reduction of NKT, increased STAT3 expression in the liver, and reduced the TGF-β and IL17 levels. Conclusions: β-glycosphingolipids exert a hepatoprotective effect on APAP- and statins-mediated liver damage. Vitamin E exerted a synergistic effect to that of GC. The generation of "safer drug" formulations, which include an active molecule combined with a hepatoprotective adjuvant, may provide an answer to the real unmet need of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Mizrahi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Adar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Madi El Haj
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya’acov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Lichtenstein
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dimitri Kanovich
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lida Zolotarov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence to: Yaron Ilan, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, IL-91120, Israel. Tel: +972-2-6777816, Fax: +972-2-6431021, E-mail:
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de Mingo Pulido Á, de Gregorio E, Chandra S, Colell A, Morales A, Kronenberg M, Marí M. Differential Role of Cathepsins S and B In Hepatic APC-Mediated NKT Cell Activation and Cytokine Secretion. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541077 PMCID: PMC5836516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells exhibit a specific tissue distribution, displaying the liver the highest NKT/conventional T cell ratio. Upon antigen stimulation, NKT cells secrete Th1 cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), and Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 that recruit and activate other innate immune cells to exacerbate inflammatory responses in the liver. Cysteine cathepsins control hepatic inflammation by regulating κB-dependent gene expression. However, the contribution of cysteine cathepsins other than Cathepsin S to NKT cell activation has remained largely unexplored. Here we report that cysteine cathepsins, cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin S (CTSS), regulate different aspects of NKT cell activation. Inhibition of CTSB or CTSS reduced hepatic NKT cell expansion in a mouse model after LPS challenge. By contrast, only CTSS inhibition reduced IFNγ and IL-4 secretion after in vivo α-GalCer administration. Accordingly, in vitro studies reveal that only CTSS was able to control α-GalCer-dependent loading in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), probably due to altered endolysosomal protein degradation. In summary, our study discloses the participation of cysteine cathepsins, CTSB and CTSS, in the activation of NKT cells in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro de Mingo Pulido
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shilpi Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Cai W, Ran Y, Li Y, Wang B, Zhou L. Intestinal microbiome and permeability in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:669-673. [PMID: 29566910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe inflammatory liver disease. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but recent studies provided new perspectives on altered intestinal microbiome and permeability in AIH animal models and patients, highlighting gut-liver crosstalk in the pathogenesis of AIH. Transgenic AIH mice carrying HLA-DR3 showed reduced diversity and total load of gut microbiota. Germ-free mice are resistant to concanavalin A-induced liver injury, whereas enterogenouss antigens induce the activation of natural killer T cells participating in concanavalin A-induced liver injury, supporting the close relationship between microbiota and AIH. Moreover, 'molecular mimicry' provides a plausible interpretation of the immune reactions between microorganic antigens and liver autoantigens, for instance, cytochrome P4502D6, the target of cross-reactivity between virus and self. Nevertheless, direct evidence for the intestinal microbiome and permeability in AIH is still limited. The relationship between AIH susceptibilities and an intestinal microbiome shaped by drugs, diets or genes needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangfeng Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Ying Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
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15
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Lalazar G, Zigmond E, Weksler-Zangen S, Ya'acov AB, Levy MS, Hemed N, Raz I, Ilan Y. Oral Administration of β-Glucosylceramide for the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Med Food 2017; 20:458-464. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Lalazar
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Weksler-Zangen
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Sklair Levy
- Department of Radiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nilla Hemed
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gasroeterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Shabat Y, Ilan Y. A synergistic effect of Cremophor and beta glucosylceramide to exert liver and sugar protection. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1184-1191. [PMID: 28416868 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many commonly used drugs carry the potential to induce hepatotoxicity, and a large number of foods and beverages induce an increase in blood sugar levels. A change in lifestyle by omitting these compounds is not applicable in many circumstances. β-Glucosylceramide (GC) is a naturally occurring glycosphingolipid that exerts an effect on the immune system. Cremophor EL (CrEL) is a synthetic, nonionic surfactant that is used as a vehicle for the administration of water-insoluble compounds. The aim of the present study was to determine the synergistic effect of oral administration of the combination of GC and CrEL (GCC) when added to potential toxic substrates or to sugar-enriched compounds. Four groups of mice, treated with PBS, GC, CrEL, or GCC were studied in the concanavalin A immune-mediated hepatitis model, in the acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity model, and as additives to two types of sugar-enriched soda drinks. Both GC and CrEL exerted hepatoprotective effects in the ConA hepatitis and APAP toxicity models. Moreover, in both models, GCC exerted a synergistic effect in ameliorating liver damage as manifested by a significant decrease in the ALT serum levels. When added to two types of sugar-enriched sodas, GCC exerted a synergistic effect in ameliorating the increase in blood sugar levels. GCC exerts synergistic hepatoprotective and glucose-protective effects in models of liver damage and increased serum glucose. GCC can provide liver and sugar protection when co-administered with hepatotoxic drugs or sugar-enriched drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Shabat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 1200, 91120 Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 1200, 91120 Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Ilan Y. Review article: novel methods for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - targeting the gut immune system to decrease the systemic inflammatory response without immune suppression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:1168-1182. [PMID: 27778363 PMCID: PMC5216447 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic immune system plays a role in inflammation and fibrogenesis associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has become a potential target for drug development. In particular, the gut immune system has been suggested as a means for generating signals that can target the systemic immune system. AIM To describe seven novel methods being developed for the treatment of NASH that target the gut immune system for alleviation of the systemic inflammatory response, including oral administration of fatty-liver-derived proteins, anti-CD3 antibodies, tumour necrosis factor fusion protein, anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies, glucosylceramide, delayed-release mercaptopurine, and soy-derived extracts. METHODS A search for these methods for oral immunotherapy for NASH was conducted. RESULTS Oral administration of these compounds provides an opportunity for immune modulation without immune suppression, with the advantage of being independent of a single molecular/inflammatory pathway. These modes of oral immune therapy demonstrate superior safety profiles, such that the patient is not exposed to general immune suppression. Moreover, these approaches target the whole spectrum of the disease and may serve as adjuvants to other therapies, such that they provide a platform for treatment of concomitant disorders in patients with NASH, including diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Most of the compounds reviewed are currently in phase II trials, and it is anticipated that the acquisition of more clinical data in the next few years will enable the use of this new class of drugs for the treatment of NASH. CONCLUSION Oral immunotherapy may provide a novel platform for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver UnitsDepartment of MedicineHadassah Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
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18
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Ishay Y, Zimran A, Szer J, Dinur T, Ilan Y, Arkadir D. Combined beta-glucosylceramide and ambroxol hydrochloride in patients with Gaucher related Parkinson disease: From clinical observations to drug development. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 68:117-120. [PMID: 27866808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both patients with non-neuronopathic Gaucher disease (GD) and heterozygous GBA mutation carrier are at increased risk for Parkinson disease (PD). The risk for PD in these groups does not linearly increase with glucosylceramide (GC) accumulation or with acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity. This observation, together with other clinical systemic observations raises the possibility that extra-cellular GC actually has beneficial, anti-inflammatory, properties. Based on this hypothesis, we suggest here that the administration of supplementary oral GC to GBA carriers at risk for PD may slow inflammatory-driven secondary neuronal death. Such a treatment may act synergistically in GBA carriers once given in combination with an agent that prevent the primary pathologic process that leads to cell death. Ambroxol hydrochloride, a pharmacological chaperone, which reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by accumulation of mutant misfolded GCase could serve as such an agent. The efficacy of this combined therapy, derived from clinical observations, in vivo and in vitro studies, should be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Szer
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tama Dinur
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Arkadir
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Wei Y, Zeng B, Chen J, Cui G, Lu C, Wu W, Yang J, Wei H, Xue R, Bai L, Chen Z, Li L, Iwabuchi K, Uede T, Van Kaer L, Diao H. Enterogenous bacterial glycolipids are required for the generation of natural killer T cells mediated liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36365. [PMID: 27821872 PMCID: PMC5099575 DOI: 10.1038/srep36365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are potent activator of natural killer T (NKT) cells. The relationship between NKT cells and intestinal bacterial glycolipids in liver disorders remained unclear. We found that, in sharp contrast to specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, germ-free (GF) mice are resistant to Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury. ConA treatment failed to trigger the activation of hepatic NKT cells in GF mice. These defects correlated with the sharply reduced levels of CD1d-presented glycolipid antigens in ConA-treated GF mice compared with SPF counterparts. Nevertheless, CD1d expression was similar between these two kinds of mice. The absence of intestinal bacteria did not affect the incidence of αGalCer-induced liver injury in GF mice. Importantly, we found the intestinal bacteria contain glycolipids which can be presented by CD1d and recognized by NKT cells. Furthermore, supplement of killed intestinal bacteria was able to restore ConA-mediated NKT cell activation and liver injury in GF mice. Our results suggest that glycolipid antigens derived from intestinal commensal bacteria are important hepatic NKT cell agonist and these antigens are required for the activation of NKT cells during ConA-induced liver injury. These finding provide a mechanistic explanation for the capacity of intestinal microflora to control liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Chong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Jiezuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rufeng Xue
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of CAS, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Li Bai
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of CAS, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihar, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Uede
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0600815, Japan
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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20
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Ilan Y, Gingis-Velitski S, Ben Ya'aco A, Shabbat Y, Zolotarov L, Almon E, Shaaltiel Y. A plant cell-expressed recombinant anti-TNF fusion protein is biologically active in the gut and alleviates immune-mediated hepatitis and colitis. Immunobiology 2016; 222:544-551. [PMID: 27832933 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The orally administered BY-2 plant cell-expressed recombinant anti-TNF fusion protein (PRX-106) (n=6) consists of the soluble form of the human TNF receptor (TNFR) fused to the Fc component of a human antibody IgG1 domain. AIM To evaluate the immune modulatory effect of the oral administration of plant cells expressing PRX-106. METHODS Mice treated with Concanavalin A (ConA) to induce immune hepatitis was orally treated with cells expressing PRX-106 containing 0.5 or 5μg PRX 106. In the colitis model, TNBS-colitis was induced in mice followed by the oral administration of plant cells expressing PRX-106. The immune modulatory effect was determined through follow-up to assess the clinical effect, histology, and serum cytokine levels and by FACS analysis for lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS The oral administration of BY-2 cells expressing PRX-106 alleviated immune-mediated liver injury. Serum AST and ALT levels decreased and were comparable to those of mice that had received high-dose steroids. The beneficial effect was also observed as a marked decrease in hepatic necrosis. In the colitis model, the oral administration of BY-2 plant cells expressing PRX-106 alleviated weight loss associated with immune-mediated colitis and improved bowel histology. A reduction in I-IkB-alpha phosphorylation in treated mice was also observed. These effects were associated with a significant alteration in the distribution of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Plant cells expressing recombinant anti-TNF fusion protein show biological activity when orally administered, exerting an immune modulatory effect through the alleviation of immune-mediated hepatitis and immune-mediated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | - Ami Ben Ya'aco
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabbat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lidya Zolotarov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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El-Agamy DS. Pirfenidone ameliorates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice via modulation of reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor kappa B signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1559-1566. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of pirfenidone (PFD) against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis in mice.
Methods
Autoimmune model of hepatitis was established using single intravenous injection of Con A. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups as follows: control group; Con A group; and two groups, receiving PFD in two dose levels (200, 300 mg/kg) for 5 days before Con A administration. Extent of hepatitis was studied using biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical estimations.
Key findings
Hepatitis was clearly evident through extensive hepatocellular lesions and elevated levels of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Con A induced an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant status in the hepatic tissue. Furthermore, Con A significantly elevated hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression and inflammatory cytokines levels (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide). PFD pretreatment potently ameliorated all these pathological changes.
Conclusions
Pirfenidone hepatoprotective activity may be mediated through its antioxidant ability that suppresses NF-κB activation signalling pathways suggesting that PFD may be a new candidate for treatment of acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S El-Agamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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22
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Mu M, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Liu G, Chen X, Wu X, Zhuang C, Liu B, Kong X, You S. Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) restrains concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:280-286. [PMID: 27085679 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), produced and released by hepatocytes, has cytoprotective and immunoregulatory effects on liver injury, and has been used in many experimental applications. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of ALR on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. The purpose of this paper is to explore the protective effect of ALR on Con A-induced hepatitis and elucidate potential mechanisms. We found that the ALR pretreatment evidently reduced the amount of ALT and AST in serum. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and iNOS were suppressed. ALR pretreatment also decreased CD4(+), CD8(+) T cell infiltration in liver. Besides, we observed that ALR pretreatment was capable of suppressing the activation of several signaling pathways in Con A-induced hepatitis. These findings suggest that ALR can obviously weaken Con A-induced hepatitis and ALR has some certain immune regulation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangze Liu
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiusheng Chen
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Caifang Zhuang
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangping Kong
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song You
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Drori A, Shabat Y, Ben Ya'acov A, Danay O, Levanon D, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Extracts from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Edible Mushrooms Enriched with Vitamin D Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Hepatoprotective Effect. J Med Food 2016; 19:383-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Drori
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabat
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya'acov
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Danay
- Migal, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmone, Israel
| | - Dan Levanon
- Migal, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmone, Israel
| | - Lidya Zolotarov
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Birkholz AM, Kronenberg M. Antigen specificity of invariant natural killer T-cells. Biomed J 2016; 38:470-83. [PMID: 27013447 PMCID: PMC6138764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T-cells, with an invariant T-cell antigen receptor α-chain (iNKT cells), are unique and conserved subset of lymphocytes capable of altering the immune system through their rapid and potent cytokine responses. They are reactive to lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that is not highly polymorphic. iNKT cell responses frequently involve mixtures of cytokines that work against each other, and therefore attempts are underway to develop synthetic antigens that elicit only strong interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or only strong interleukin-4 responses but not both. Strong IFNγ responses may correlate with tighter binding to CD1d and prolonged stimulation of iNKT cells, and this may be useful for vaccine adjuvants and for stimulating anti-tumor responses. iNKT cells are self-reactive although the structure of the endogenous antigen is controversial. By contrast, bacterial and fungal lipids that engage the T-cell receptor and activate IFNγ from iNKT cells have been identified from both pathogenic and commensal organisms and the responses are in some cases highly protective from pathogens in mice. It is possible that the expanding knowledge of iNKT cell antigens and iNKT cell activation will provide the basis for therapies for patients suffering from infectious and immune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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25
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Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 26900473 PMCID: PMC4735066 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered. Targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system can serve as an attractive novel therapeutic method for IBD. This review summarizes the current data and discusses several examples of oral immune therapeutic methods for using the gut immune system to generate signals to reset systemic immunity as a treatment for IBD.
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Abstract
The intravenous injection of the plant lectin concanavalin A (ConA) is a widely used model for acute immune-mediated hepatitis in mice. In contrast to several other models for acute hepatic damage, ConA-induced injury is primarily driven by the activation and recruitment of T cells to the liver. Hence, the ConA model has unique features with respect to its pathogenesis and important similarities to immune-mediated hepatitis in humans, such as autoimmune hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis or distinct entities of drug toxicity leading to immune activation. However, the ConA model has considerable variability, depending on the preparation of the compound, genetic background of the mice, sex, age and microbial environment of the animal facility barrier. This standard operating procedure (SOP) comprises a detailed protocol for the ConA application, including preparation of ConA working solution, handling of the animals, choice of the appropriate conditions and endpoints, as well as efficient dose-finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Heymann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hamesch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany for the Transregional Collaborative Research Center 'Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease' (SFB/TRR57)
| | - F Tacke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Khoury T, Ben Ya'acov A, Shabat Y, Zolotarovya L, Snir R, Ilan Y. Altered distribution of regulatory lymphocytes by oral administration of soy-extracts exerts a hepatoprotective effect alleviating immune mediated liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and insulin resistance. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7443-56. [PMID: 26139990 PMCID: PMC4481439 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the immune-modulatory and the hepatoprotective effects of oral administration of two soy extracts in immune mediated liver injury and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Two soy extracts, M1 and OS, were orally administered to mice with concanavalin A (ConA) immune-mediated hepatitis, to high-fat diet (HFD) mice and to methionine and choline reduced diet combined with HFD mice. Animals were followed for disease and immune biomarkers. RESULTS Oral administration of OS and M1 had an additive effect in alleviating ConA hepatitis manifested by a decrease in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels. Oral administration of the OS and M1 soy derived fractions, ameliorated liver injury in the high fat diet model of NASH, manifested by a decrease in hepatic triglyceride levels, improvement in liver histology, decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides and improved insulin resistance. In the methionine and choline reduced diet combined with the high fat diet model, we noted a decrease in hepatic triglycerides and improvement in blood glucose levels and liver histology. The effects were associated with reduced serum tumor necrosis factor alpha and alteration of regulatory T cell distribution. CONCLUSION Oral administration of the combination of OS and M1 soy derived extracts exerted an adjuvant effect in the gut-immune system, altering the distribution of regulatory T cells, and alleviating immune mediated liver injury, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance.
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Elstein D, Alcalay R, Zimran A. The emergence of Parkinson disease among patients with Gaucher disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:249-59. [PMID: 25987177 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, several lines of evidence have been presented that document the clinical manifestations, genetic associations, and sub-cellular mechanisms of the inter-relatedness of β-glucocerebrosidase mutations and the emergence of Parkinson disease among carriers and patients with Gaucher disease. This review is an attempt to apprise the reader of the recent literature with the caveat that this is an area of intensive exploration that is constantly being updated because of the immediate clinical ramifications but also because of the impact on our understanding of Parkinson disease, and finally because of the unexpected inter-reactions between these entities on the molecular level. It has been an unexpected happenstance that it has been discovered that a rare monogenetic disease has an interface at many points with a neurological disorder of the elderly that has both familial and sporadic forms: to date there is no cure for either of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem Israel.
| | - Roy Alcalay
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem Israel.
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Kamada Y, Sato M, Kida S, Akita M, Mizutani K, Fujii H, Sobajima T, Yoshida Y, Shinzaki S, Takamatsu S, Takehara T, Miyoshi E. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V exacerbates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3573-84. [PMID: 25572342 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
N‑Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT‑V) catalyzes β1‑6 branching in asparagine‑linked oligosaccharides and is one of the most important glycosyltransferases involved in carcinogenesis, cancer metastasis and immunity. To investigate the biological functions of GnT‑V, the present study developed GnT‑V transgenic (Tg) mice and the role of GnT‑V in experimental immune‑mediated hepatitis, induced by concanavalin A (ConA), were investigated. It was found that the aberrant expression of GnT‑V exacerbated ConA‑induced hepatitis in the Tg mice compared with the wild‑type (WT) mice. The survival rate of the ConA‑induced hepatitis at a high‑dose of ConA was significantly lower in the Tg mice. Intravenously injected ConA is known to initially bind predominantly to the mannose gland of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) surface and to leads to the activation of various immune cells. In the present study, the binding affinity of ConA to the LSECs did not differ between the WT and Tg mice. In addition, T cell receptor stimulation by anti‑cluster of differentiation (CD)3/CD28 antibodies produced lower levels of T helper (Th)1 cytokine (interferon‑γ) and higher levels of Th2 cytokine (interleukin‑10) in the Tg mouse splenic lymphocytes compared with WT mice. The composition of the hepatic mononuclear cells revealed that CD11b‑positive cells were significantly increased in the GnT‑V Tg mice. In addition, F4/80‑positive cells were significantly increased in the Tg mouse liver and the depletion of macrophages reduced the difference in the severity of ConA‑induced hepatitis between the WT and Tg mice. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the aberrant expression of GnT‑V led to an increase in hepatic macrophage infiltration and enhanced ConA‑induced hepatitis. Modulation of glycosylation may be a novel therapeutic target for immunity‑associated acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Motoya Sato
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Sachiho Kida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Maaya Akita
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Kayo Mizutani
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
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Paeoniflorin protects against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 24:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Severe H7N9 infection is associated with decreased antigen-presenting capacity of CD14+ cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92823. [PMID: 24664315 PMCID: PMC3963940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of H7N9 human infection has caused concern worldwide, but the immunological characteristics of infected patients and the determinants of diverse outcomes remain to be thoroughly understood. In this study, twenty-three patients with H7N9 infections were classified into severe and mild cases. We found that severe patients were commonly lymphopenic with significantly lower levels of T cells, monocytes and related cytokine levels compared to the mild cases. The expression of HLA-DR on CD14+ cells were significantly lower in the severe infection group compared to the mild group (in acute phase: 34.65±4.88 vs. 10.37±1.69, p<0.001). Importantly, the expression of HLA-DR on CD14+ cells was negatively correlated with H7N9 infection severity. Furthermore, although the phagocytosis capabilities of monocyte were similar between two groups, the monocytes of severe infection patients had a lower antigen-presenting capacity. And some in vitro experiments suggested that the impaired antigen-presenting function is associated with lower activation of T cells in responses to immune stimulation. Our present study suggested that the severe H7N9 patients were in a state of immune decrease which presented with general lymphopenia and low antigen-presenting capacity resulting in impaired T cell response. Additionally, HLA-DR levels of CD14+ cells may be a potential biomarker for predicting H7N9 disease progression.
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The immune system and the inflammatory cascade can be involved in the development of any of the above common conditions. This association raises the question of whether immune therapy can be used for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although immune therapy is not yet feasible for clinical use, here, we review some of the recent data on the potential role of the various arms of the immune system in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and several potential therapeutic targets.
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Shabat Y, Lichtenstein Y, Zolotarov L, Ben Ya'acov A, Ilan Y. Hepatoprotective effect of DT56a is associated with changes in natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells. J Dig Dis 2013; 14:84-92. [PMID: 23134214 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the metabolic and immunological effects of the oral administration of DT56a, an enzymatic isolate of soybeans. METHODS DT56a was orally administered to mice in three animal models: leptin deficiency, high-fat diet (HFD) supplementation and immune-mediated hepatitis. Liver damage and immunological status were assessed. RESULTS Oral administration of DT56a to leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and HFD mice led to a significant reduction in serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels. DT56a-treated mice in both models exhibited a significant reduction in hepatic levels of TG and marked alleviation of glycemic control as indicated by significant decreases in fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance tests. The levels of liver enzymes were reduced. These metabolic effects were associated with altered distributions of regulatory T (Tregs) and natural killer T (NKT) cells. DT56a suppressed the immune-mediated liver damage induced by concanavalin A indicated by decreased liver enzymes and serum interferon-γ levels and by improved histology and decreased hepatic apoptosis. Oral administration of DT56a also alleviated immune-mediated hepatitis and affected Tregs and NKT cells. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of DT56a promotes a hepatoprotective effect associated with an alteration in the distribution of Tregs and NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Shabat
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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34
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Brennan PJ, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:101-17. [PMID: 23334244 DOI: 10.1038/nri3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a 'poised effector' state, which enables them to rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor, they recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d in a conserved manner, but their activation can catalyse a spectrum of polarized immune responses. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate-like mechanisms underlying iNKT cell activation and describe how lipid antigens, the inflammatory milieu and interactions with other immune cell subsets regulate the functions of iNKT cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Al-Shamsi M, Shahin A, Mensah-Brown EPK, Souid AK. Derangements of liver tissue bioenergetics in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:6. [PMID: 23311450 PMCID: PMC3571906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel in vitro system was employed to investigate liver tissue respiration (mitochondrial O2 consumption) in mice treated with concanavalin A (Con A). This study aimed to investigate hepatocyte bioenergetics in this well-studied hepatitis model. Methods C57Bl/6 and C57Bl/6 IFN-γ−/− mice were injected intravenously with 12 mg ConA/kg. Liver specimens were collected at various timepoints after injection and analyzed for cellular respiration and caspase activation. Serum was analyzed for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and aminotransferases. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis was used to determine the phenotype of infiltrating cells, and light and electron microscopy were used to monitor morphological changes. Phosphorescence analyzer that measured dissolved O2 as function of time was used to evaluate respiration. Results In sealed vials, O2 concentrations in solutions containing liver specimen and glucose declined linearly with time, confirming zero-order kinetics of hepatocyte respiration. O2 consumption was inhibited by cyanide, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain. Enhanced liver respiration (by ≈68%, p<0.02) was noted 3 hr after ConA treatment, and occurred in conjunction with limited cellular infiltrations around the blood vessels. Diminished respiration (by ≈30%, p=0.005) was noted 12 hr after ConA treatment, and occurred in conjunction with deranged mitochondria, areas of necrosis, and prominent infiltrations with immune cells, most significantly, CD3+NKT+ cells. Increases in intracellular caspase activity and serum IFN-γ and aminotransferase levels were noted 3 hr after ConA treatment and progressed with time. The above-noted changes were less pronounced in C57Bl/6 IFN-γ−/− mice treated with ConA. Conclusions Based on these results, liver tissue bioenergetics is increased 3 hr after ConA exposure. This effect is driven by the pathogenesis of the disease, in which IFN-γ and other cytokines contribute to. Subsequent declines in liver bioenergetics appear to be a result of necrosis and active caspases targeting the mitochondria within hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Shamsi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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36
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Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Sandhoff R, Tacke F, Vogt A, Weber S, Canbay AE, Rogler G, Sauerbruch T, Lammert F, Yildiz Y. Beta-glucosidase 2 knockout mice with increased glucosylceramide show impaired liver regeneration. Liver Int 2012; 32:1354-62. [PMID: 22764777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glycolipids have been shown to serve specialized functions in cell signalling, proliferation and differentiation processes, which are all important during liver regeneration. We previously generated beta-glucosidase 2 (GBA2) knockout mice that accumulate the glycolipid glucosylceramide in various tissues, including the liver. The present study addressed the role of GBA2-deficiency and subsequent glucosylceramide accumulation in liver regeneration. METHODS Gba2 knockout and wild-type mice were subjected to two-third partial hepatectomy. Mice were sacrificed at different time points, blood was collected, and the remnant liver was removed. Glucosylceramide and ceramide were quantified using mass spectrometry from whole liver and isolated hepatocytes. Serum and hepatocytic supernatant of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β levels were measured using ELISA. Cell signalling proteins were analysed using immunoblots. RESULTS Regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy showed a significant increase of hepatic glucosylceramide in GBA2-deficient mice compared to controls. Accumulation of glucosylceramide was associated with a delay in liver regeneration and reduced serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, reduced IL-6 led to decreased expression of the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (P-STAT3). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that increased glucosylceramide affects cytokine- and growth factor-mediated signalling pathways during liver regeneration. Thus, the repression of IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway seems to be one of the mechanisms for the delay of liver regeneration in GBA2-deficient mice.
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Beta-Glucosylceramide Administration (i.p.) Activates Natural Killer T cells In Vivo and Prevents Tumor Metastasis in Mice. Lipids 2012; 47:581-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Role of NKT Cells in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:850836. [PMID: 22577564 PMCID: PMC3335183 DOI: 10.1155/2012/850836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent chronic liver disease and shows various inflammatory changes in the liver. Among those inflammatory cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells are found to have a critical role during the disease progression. NKT cells may have a protective role at the early stage with simple steatosis through modification of insulin resistance, whereas they act as a progression factor at the advanced stage with fibrosis. Those processes are thought to depend on interaction between NKT cells and CD1d molecule in the liver.
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Ayto RM, Hughes DA, Jeevaratnam P, Rolles K, Burroughs AK, Mistry PK, Mehta AB, Pastores GM. Long-term outcomes of liver transplantation in type 1 Gaucher disease. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1934-9. [PMID: 20659098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has demonstrable efficacy in reversing clinical and pathological manifestations of GD. We report four patients with GD and severe hepatic impairment who were successfully treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver failure resulted from GD in two patients and due to a comorbidity in two others (HCV and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis). Following successful liver transplantation, patients received long-term ERT. Liver transplantation is a life-saving treatment for end-stage liver disease in patients with Gaucher disease. All four patients have had excellent outcomes from liver transplantation for up to 10 years postprocedure with no evidence of Gaucher-related pathology in the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ayto
- Department of Haematology, University College London Medical School, London, UK.
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40
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Induction of regulatory T cells decreases adipose inflammation and alleviates insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9765-70. [PMID: 20445103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908771107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice are overweight, develop insulin resistance, and serve as a model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies suggest that inflammatory pathways are linked to the development of insulin resistance and T2D both in animals and humans. We asked whether the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) could alleviate the pathological and metabolic abnormalities in ob/ob mice. We induced TGF-beta-dependent CD4(+) latency-associated peptide (LAP)-positive Tregs by oral administration of anti-CD3 antibody plus beta-glucosylceramide. We found a decrease in pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia, fat accumulation in the liver, and inflammation in adipose tissue, accompanied by lower blood glucose and liver enzymes. In addition, treated animals had decreased CD11b(+)F4/80(+) macrophages and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue. Adoptive transfer of orally induced CD4(+)LAP(+) Tregs ameliorated metabolic and cytokine abnormalities. Our results demonstrate the importance of inflammation in T2D and identify a unique immunological approach for treatment of T2D by the induction of Tregs.
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Fujii Y, Kawamura H, Kawamura T, Kanda Y, Matsumoto H, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto T, Aoyama T, Abo T. Co-appearance of autoantibody-producing B220(low) B cells with NKT cells in the course of hepatic injury. Cell Immunol 2010; 260:105-12. [PMID: 19857863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe hepatic injury is induced by Concanavalin A (Con A) administration in mice, the major effector cells being CD4(+) T cells, NKT cells and macrophages. Since autologous lymphocyte subsets are associated with tissue damage, Con A-induced hepatic injury is considered to be autoimmune hepatitis. However, it has remained to be investigated how autoantibodies and B-1 cells are responsible for this phenomenon. In this study, it was demonstrated that autoantibodies which were detected using Hep-2 cells in immunofluorescence tests and using double-strand (ds) DNA in the ELISA method, appeared after Con A administration (a peak at day 14). Moreover, autoantibody-producing B220(low) cells (i.e., B-1 cells) also appeared at this time. Purified B220(low) cells were found to have a potential to produce autoantibodies. These results suggest that Con A-induced hepatic injury indeed includes the mechanism of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Ben Ya’acov A, Lalazar G, Livovsky DM, Kanovich D, Axelrod E, Preston S, Schwarzmann G, Ilan Y. Decreased STAT-1 phosphorylation by a thio analogue of beta-d-glucosylceramide is associated with altered NKT lymphocyte polarization. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:526-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ilan Y. Alpha versus beta: are we on the way to resolve the mystery as to which is the endogenous ligand for natural killer T cells? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:300-7. [PMID: 19793337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes are a unique subset of cells that play a role in regulating the immune system. For the past decade, studies have focused upon attempts to define these cells and to determine the ligand(s) that are required for their development and peripheral activation. Many research groups have focused upon determining the mechanisms for activating or inhibiting NKT cells in an attempt to control immune-mediated disorders as well as infectious and malignant conditions by using different ligand structures. Alpha-anomeric glycolipids and phospholipids derived from mammalian, bacterial, protozoan and plant species have been suggested as potential ligands for these lymphocytes. Some of these ligands were structured in forms that can bind to CD1d molecules. The lack of alpha-anomeric glycosphingolipids in mammals and the modest effect of these ligands in human studies, along with recent data from animal models and humans on the NKT-dependent immunomodulatory effect of beta-glycosphingolipids, suggest that the beta-anomeric ligands have the potential to be the endogenous NKT ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Oral administration of OKT3 monoclonal antibody to human subjects induces a dose-dependent immunologic effect in T cells and dendritic cells. J Clin Immunol 2009; 30:167-77. [PMID: 19756989 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenteral OKT3 is used to treat transplant rejection and a humanized anti-CD3 Mab has shown positive clinical effects in new onset diabetes. Oral administration of anti-CD3 has not been tested in humans, but suppresses autoimmunity in animal models. Beta-glucosylceramide enhances NKT cell and regulatory T cell activity and enhances the effects of oral anti-CD3 in animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen healthy volunteers (three per group) received orally administered OKT3 over a dose range of 0.2 to 5.0 mg daily with or without beta-glucosylceramide 7.5 mg for 5 days. Safety and immune parameters were measured on days 5, 10, and 30. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Oral OKT3 enhanced T cell proliferation, suppressed Th1 and Th17 responses by 43% and 41%, respectively, increased TGF-beta/IL-10 expression and decreased IL-23/IL-6 expression by dendritic cells, and affected the IgG repertoire as measured by antigen arrays. Co-administration of oral beta-glucosylceramide induced similar effects. No side effects were observed and no subjects developed human anti-mouse antibodies. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that oral anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is safe and biologically active in humans and presents a new avenue for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Xiao X, Zhao P, Rodriguez-Pinto D, Qi D, Henegariu O, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Wong FS, Wen L. Inflammatory regulation by TLR3 in acute hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3712-9. [PMID: 19710451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR3 is known to respond to dsRNA from viruses, apoptotic cells, and/or necrotic cells. Dying cells are a rich source of ligands that can activate TLRs, such as TLR3. TLR3 expressed in the liver is likely to be a mediator of innate activation and inflammation in the liver. The importance of this function of TLR3 during acute hepatitis has not previously been fully explored. We used the mouse model of Con A-induced hepatitis and observed a novel role for TLR3 in hepatocyte damage in the absence of an exogenous viral stimulus. Interestingly, TLR3 expression in liver mononuclear cells and sinus endothelial cells was up-regulated after Con A injection and TLR3(-/-) mice were protected from Con A-induced hepatitis. Moreover, splenocytes from TLR3(-/-) mice proliferated less to Con A stimulation in the presence of RNA derived from damaged liver tissue compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To determine the relative contribution of TLR3 expression by hematopoietic cells or nonhematopoietic to liver damage during Con A-induced hepatitis, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice. TLR3(-/-) mice engrafted with WT hematopoietic cells were protected in a similar manner to WT mice reconstituted with TLR3(-/-) bone marrow, indicating that TLR3 signaling in both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic cells plays an important role in mediating liver damage. In summary, our data suggest that TLR3 signaling is necessary for Con A-induced liver damage in vivo and that TLR3 regulates inflammation and the adaptive T cell immune response in the absence of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xiao
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine
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Glucocerebroside: an evolutionary advantage for patients with Gaucher disease and a new immunomodulatory agent. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:514-24. [PMID: 19529001 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the reduced activity of a lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside (GC). The relatively high prevalence of this disease within an ethnic group is believed to reflect a selective advantage. Treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is safe and effective in ameliorating the primary symptoms of the disease, yet there have been reports that some patients on ERT have developed type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, malignancies and central nervous system disorders. A series of animal studies suggest that these complications may be related to the reduction of GC levels by the enzyme administered. GC has been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect through the promotion of dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. The break down of GC to ceramide can underline part of these findings. Clinical trials suggested a beneficial effect of GC in type 2 diabetes or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review of the data from animal models and humans proposes that the increased level of GC may provide an evolutionary advantage for patients with GD. Indirectly, these data support treating symptomatic patients with mild/moderate GD with low-dose ERT and re-evaluating the use of ERT in asymptomatic patients.
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Zimran A, Ilan Y, Elstein D. Enzyme replacement therapy for mild patients with Gaucher disease. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:202-4. [PMID: 19229987 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mistry PK, Weinreb NJ, Brady RO, Grabowski GA. Gaucher disease: resetting the clinical and scientific agenda. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:205-7. [PMID: 19296473 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lalazar G, Ben Ya'acov A, Livovsky DM, El Haj M, Pappo O, Preston S, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Beta-glycoglycosphingolipid-induced alterations of the STAT signaling pathways are dependent on CD1d and the lipid raft protein flotillin-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1390-9. [PMID: 19246642 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucosylceramide has been shown to affect natural killer T cell function in models of inflammation. We, therefore, investigated the effects of different beta-glycosphingolipids, including beta-glucosylceramide, on STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling pathways and determined whether these effects were mediated by lipid raft microdomains and/or CD1d molecules. The effects of alpha- and beta-structured ligands on the lipid raft protein flotillin-2 were studied in both natural killer T hybridoma cells and leptin-deficient mice. To determine whether CD1d was involved in the effects of the beta-glycosphingolipids, an anti-CD1d blocking antibody was used in a cell proliferation assay system. The downstream effects on the protein phosphorylation levels of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 were examined in both immune-mediated hepatitis and hepatoma models. The effects of beta-glycosphingolipids on the STAT signaling pathways were found to be dependent on CD1d. Lipid rafts were affected by both the dose and ratio of the beta-glycosphingolipids and the acyl chain length, and these effects were followed by downstream effects on STAT proteins. Our results show that beta-glycosphingolipids have beneficial effects in natural killer T cell-dependent immune-mediated metabolic and malignant animal models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Lalazar
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, Israel, IL-91120
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Zigmond E, Zangen SW, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Lalazar G, Zolotaryova L, Raz I, Ilan Y. Beta-glycosphingolipids improve glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis of the Cohen diabetic rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E72-8. [PMID: 18940939 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90634.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A link between altered levels of various gangliosides and the development of insulin resistance was described in transgenic mice. Naturally occurring glycosphingolipids were shown to exert immunomodulatory effects in a natural killer T (NKT) cell-dependent manner. This study examined whether glycosphingolipid-induced modulation of the immune system may reduce pancreatic and liver steatosis and stimulate insulin secretion in the Cohen diabetes-sensitive (CDS) rat, a lean model of non-insulin-resistant, nutritionally induced diabetes. Four groups of CDS rats fed a diabetogenic diet were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of glycosphingolipids beta-glucosylceramide, beta-lactosylceramide, a combination of both (IGL), or vehicle (PBS) for up to 45 days. Immune modulation was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of intrahepatic and intrasplenic lymphocytes. Steatosis was assessed by MRI imaging and histological examination of liver and pancreas, Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test. Administration of glycosphingolipids, particularly IGL, increased intrahepatic trapping of CD8 T and NKT lymphocytes. Pancreatic and liver histology were markedly improved and steatosis was reduced in all treated groups compared with vehicle-treated rats. Insulin secretion was restored after glycosphingolipid treatment, resulting in improved glucose tolerance. The immunomodulatory effect of beta-glycosphingolipids improved the beta-cell function of the hyperglycemic CDS rat. Thus our results suggest a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetes in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Zigmond
- Liver Unit, Dept. of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem, Israel IL-91120
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