1
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Maslenkina KS, Motylev EN, Guschin MY, Vandysheva RA, Mikhaleva LM. [Pathomorphological criteria and features of immune response in eosinophilic esophagitis and reflux esophagitis]. Arkh Patol 2024; 86:5-12. [PMID: 38319266 DOI: 10.17116/patol2024860115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune-mediated disease, manifested by dysphagia and characterized by intraepithelial infiltration: more than 15 eosinophils per field of view at x400 magnification, and requiring differential diagnosis with reflux esophagitis (RE). OBJECTIVE To access the implication of EoE histologic scoring system (EoEHSS) for differential diagnosis of EoE and RE and to characterize features of immune response in these diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS 38 patients with EoE and 38 patients with RE were enrolled in the study. All the patients had esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy. Biopsy specimens were stained with H&E and combined PAS/Alcian blue staining. Immunohistochemical evaluation was conducted with antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD56 and CD68. RESULTS Grade score of EoEHSS in EoE was 2.4 times more than in RE (p<0.05). Stage score in EoE was 2.75 more than in RE (p<0.05). Intraepithelial count of CD3+ T-lymphocytes comprised 87 (76-95.5) in high-power view in EoE and 45 (38.5-48.5) in high-power view in RE. Intraepithelial count of CD4+ T-lymphocytes was 35 (28-41.5) in high-power view in EoE and 19 (16.5- 22.5) in high-power view in RE. Intraepithelial count of CD8+ T-lymphocytes comprised 59 (50.5-67.5) in high-power field in EoE and 27 (24-28.5) in high-power field in RE. CONCLUSION The use of the EoEHSS histological rating scale for eosinophilic esophagitis is effective in the differential diagnosis of EoE and EC. Predominant cells in intraepithelial infiltrate are CD3+ T-lymphocytes both in EoE and RE, CD8+ cells prevail over CD4+ cells. In EoE intraepithelial count of CD3+ T-lymphocytes is 1.93 times more, count of intraepithelial CD4+ lymphocytes is 1.84 times more and count of CD8+ lymphocytes is 2.19 times more than in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Maslenkina
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Motylev
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Guschin
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Vandysheva
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - L M Mikhaleva
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Racca F, Pellegatta G, Cataldo G, Vespa E, Carlani E, Pelaia C, Paoletti G, Messina MR, Nappi E, Canonica GW, Repici A, Heffler E. Type 2 Inflammation in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Targets. Front Physiol 2022; 12:815842. [PMID: 35095572 PMCID: PMC8790151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.815842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the esophagus characterized clinically by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and histologically by eosinophil-predominant inflammation, whose incidence is rising. It significantly affects patients’ quality of life and, if left untreated, results in fibrotic complications. Although broad consensus has been achieved on first-line therapy, a subset of patients remains non-responder to standard therapy. The pathogenesis of EoE is multifactorial and results from the complex, still mostly undefined, interaction between genetics and intrinsic factors, environment, and antigenic stimuli. A deep understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is pivotal for the development of new therapies. This review provides a comprehensive description of the pathophysiology of EoE, starting from major pathogenic mechanisms (genetics, type 2 inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux, allergens, infections and microbiota) and subsequently focusing on the single protagonists of type 2 inflammation (involved cells, cytokines, soluble effectors, surface proteins and transcription factors) that could represent present and future therapeutic targets, while summarizing previous therapeutic approaches in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Racca
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Racca,
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cataldo
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vespa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Carlani
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Messina
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nappi
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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Heeney A, Rogers AC, Mohan H, Mc Dermott F, Baird AW, Winter DC. Prostaglandin E 2 receptors and their role in gastrointestinal motility - Potential therapeutic targets. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106499. [PMID: 33035691 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a diverse variety of functions and roles. The recent discovery of four PGE2 receptor subtypes in intestinal muscle layers as well as in the enteric plexus has led to much interest in the study of their roles in gut motility. Gut dysmotility has been implicated in functional disease processes including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and slow transit constipation, and lubiprostone, a PGE2 derivative, has recently been licensed to treat both conditions. The diversity of actions of PGE2 in the intestinal tract is attributed to its differing effects on its downstream receptor types, as well as their varied distribution in the gut, in both health and disease. This review aims to identify the role and distribution of PGE2 receptors in the intestinal tract, and aims to elucidate their distinct role in gut motor function, with a specific focus on functional intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heeney
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A C Rogers
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - H Mohan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Mc Dermott
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A W Baird
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Winter
- Institute for Clinical Outcomes, Research and Education (ICORE), St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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4
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Zhang Y, Li F, Wang H, Yin C, Huang J, Mahavadi S, Murthy KS, Hu W. Immune/Inflammatory Response and Hypocontractility of Rabbit Colonic Smooth Muscle After TNBS-Induced Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1925-40. [PMID: 26879904 PMCID: PMC4920730 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contractility of colonic smooth muscle is dysregulated due to immune/inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammation in vitro induces up-regulation of regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) expression in colonic smooth muscle cells. AIMS To characterize the immune/inflammatory responses and RGS4 expression pattern in colonic smooth muscle after induction of colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in rabbits by intrarectal instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Innate/adaptive immune response RT-qPCR array was performed using colonic circular muscle strips. At 1-9 weeks after colonic intramuscular microinjection of lentivirus, the distal and proximal colons were collected, and muscle strips and dispersed muscle cells were prepared from circular muscle layer. Expression levels of RGS4 and NFκB signaling components were determined by Western blot analysis. The biological consequences of RGS4 knockdown were assessed by measurement of muscle contraction and phospholipase C (PLC)-β activity in response to acetylcholine (ACh). RESULTS Contraction in response to ACh was significantly inhibited in the inflamed colonic circular smooth muscle cells. RGS4, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL3, CD1D, and ITGB2 were significantly up-regulated, while IL-18, CXCR4, CD86, and C3 were significantly down-regulated in the inflamed muscle strips. RGS4 protein expression in the inflamed smooth muscles was dramatically increased. RGS4 stable knockdown in vivo augmented ACh-stimulated PLC-β activity and contraction in colonic smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Inflamed smooth muscle exhibits up-regulation of IL-1-related signaling components, Th1 cytokines and RGS4, and inhibition of contraction. Stable knockdown of endogenous RGS4 in colonic smooth muscle increases PLC-β activity and contractile responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - JieAn Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Rd, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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5
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Cheng E, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Eosinophilic esophagitis: interactions with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2014; 43:243-56. [PMID: 24813513 PMCID: PMC4019936 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are not mutually exclusive. The notion that GERD and EoE can be distinguished by the response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment is based on the mistaken assumption that gastric acid suppression is the only important therapeutic effect of PPIs, and therefore only GERD can respond to PPIs. We believe that a clinical or histologic response to PPIs does not rule in GERD or rule out EoE. We recommend a trial of PPI therapy for patients with symptomatic esophageal eosinophilia, even if the diagnosis of EoE seems clear-cut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edaire Cheng
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Esophageal Diseases Center, Children's Medical Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Children’s Medical Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,Department of Internal Medicine, Children’s Medical Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Children’s Medical Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,Department of Internal Medicine, Children’s Medical Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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6
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Rieder F, Nonevski I, Ma J, Ouyang Z, West G, Protheroe C, DePetris G, Schirbel A, Lapinski J, Goldblum J, Bonfield T, Lopez R, Harnett K, Lee J, Hirano I, Falk G, Biancani P, Fiocchi C. T-helper 2 cytokines, transforming growth factor β1, and eosinophil products induce fibrogenesis and alter muscle motility in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1266-77.e1-9. [PMID: 24486052 PMCID: PMC3992171 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) often become dysphagic from the combination of organ fibrosis and motor abnormalities. We investigated mechanisms of dysphagia, assessing the response of human esophageal fibroblasts (HEFs), human esophageal muscle cells (HEMCs), and esophageal muscle strips to eosinophil-derived products. METHODS Biopsy specimens were collected via endoscopy from the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the esophagus of 18 patients with EoE and 21 individuals undergoing endoscopy for other reasons (controls). Primary cultures of esophageal fibroblasts and muscle cells were derived from 12 freshly resected human esophagectomy specimens. Eosinophil distribution was investigated by histologic analyses of full-thickness esophageal tissue. Active secretion of EoE-related mediators was assessed from medium underlying mucosal biopsy cultures. We quantified production of fibronectin and collagen I by HEF and HEMC in response to eosinophil products. We also measured the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by, and adhesion of human eosinophils to, HEFs and HEMCs. Eosinophil products were tested in an esophageal muscle contraction assay. RESULTS Activated eosinophils were present in all esophageal layers. Significantly higher concentrations of eosinophil-related mediators were secreted spontaneously in mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE than controls. Exposure of HEFs and HEMCs to increasing concentrations of eosinophil products or co-culture with eosinophils caused HEFs and HEMCs to increase secretion of fibronectin and collagen I; this was inhibited by blocking transforming growth factor β1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Eosinophil binding to HEFs and HEMCs increased after incubation of mesenchymal cells with eosinophil-derived products, and decreased after blockade of transforming growth factor β1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase blockade. Eosinophil products reduced electrical field-induced contraction of esophageal muscle strips, but not acetylcholine-induced contraction. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of tissues samples from patients with EoE, we linked the presence and activation state of eosinophils in EoE with altered fibrogenesis and motility of esophageal fibroblasts and muscle cells. This process might contribute to the development of dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ilche Nonevski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jie Ma
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Zhufeng Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gail West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cheryl Protheroe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Giovanni DePetris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Anja Schirbel
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James Lapinski
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John Goldblum
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tracey Bonfield
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rocio Lopez
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Karen Harnett
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary Falk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Piero Biancani
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation reduces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats by interfering with oxidative stress. J Hypertens 2012; 30:315-26. [PMID: 22179086 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834f043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is associated with increased plasma inflammatory markers such as cytokines and increased vascular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The ability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists to reduce oxidative stress seems to contribute to their anti-inflammatory properties. This study analyzes the effect of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, on interleukin-1β-induced COX-2 expression and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats stimulated with interleukin-1β (10 ng/ml, 24 h) were used. Interleukin-1β increased: 1) COX-2 protein and mRNA levels; 2) protein and mRNA levels of the NADPH oxidase subunit NOX-1, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production; and 3) phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB) kinase (IKK) nuclear expression of the p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit and cell proliferation, all of which were reduced by apocynin (30 μmol/l). Interleukin-1β-induced COX-2 expression was reduced by apocynin, tempol (10 μmol/l), catalase (1000 U/ml) and lactacystin (5 μmol/l). Moreover, H2O2 (50 μmol/l, 90 min) induced COX-2 expression, which was reduced by lactacystin. Pioglitazone (10 μmol/l) reduced the effects of interleukin-1β on: 1) COX-2 protein and mRNA levels; 2) NOX-1 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production; and 3) p-IKK, p65 expressions and cell proliferation. Pioglitazone also reduced the H2O2-induced COX-2 expression and increased Cu/Zn and Mn-superoxide dismutase protein expression. PPARγ small interfering RNA (5 nmol/l) further increased interleukin-1β-induced COX-2 and NOX-1 mRNA levels. In addition, pioglitazone increased the interleukin-1β-induced PPARγ mRNA levels. CONCLUSION PPARγ activation with pioglitazone reduces interleukin-1β-induced COX-2 expression by interference with the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB.
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Woo JG, Park SY, Lim JC, Joo MJ, Kim HR, Sohn UD. Acid-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production via activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in cultured feline esophageal smooth muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:2131-40. [PMID: 22210040 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is known to play an important role in inflammatory conditions such as reflux esophagitis resulting from acid reflux. In this study, we tested whether an acidic medium (pH 4.0) induces an increase in COX-2 expression or PGE(2) production, and explored the implication of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation in these responses in cultured cat esophageal smooth muscle cells. Acidic cytotoxicity was assessed and expression changes in COXs or phosphorylated MAPKs were analyzed by Western blotting. PGE(2) production was measured by immunoassay. No significant decrease in cell viability was observed for 6 h exposure to acidic medium. COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production significantly increased to maximal levels at 6 h exposure to acidic medium. The cells also exhibited significant activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but not JNK within 10 min under acidic medium. The increments of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production by acidic medium were decreased by pretreatment with PD98059 or SB202190, respectively. These results suggest that acidic environments may enhance the COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production through activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in the cultured cat esophageal smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
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9
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Park SY, Lee YJ, Min Y, Kim HR, Jeong JH, Sohn UD. The mechanism of MAP kinase activation under acidic condition in feline esophageal smooth muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1759-68. [PMID: 22076776 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reflux esophagitis results from repeated exposure of the esophagus to acidic gastric juice or bile-containing duodenal contents. In Barrett's adenocarcinoma, acid increases proliferation via ERK and p38 MAPK activation. This study was focused on determination of the mechanism(s) underlying MAPKs (ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK) activation induced by acidic medium at pH 4 in normal feline primary cultured esophageal smooth muscle cells (FESMCs). We detected ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation after exposure to pH 4 or neutral media in the presence or absence of several inhibitors and quantified the MAPK levels using western blotting analysis and densitometry. Acidic medium markedly increased the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK within 10 min. Acid-induced ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX-sensitive G(i/o) protein inhibitor), DEDA (phospholipase (PL) A(2) inhibitor), ρCMB (PLD inhibitor), GF109203X (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) and D609 (phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC inhibitor). But, genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor), forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator) and U73122 (phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor) had no effect on acid-induced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. These findings indicate that the activation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways by acidic conditions, at least in part, may be mediated by activation of the G(i/o) protein coupled receptors, PC-PLC, PLD, PLA(2), and PKC in FESMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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10
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Choi S, Yeum CH, Kim YD, Park CG, Kim MY, Park JS, Jeong HS, Kim BJ, So I, Kim KW. Receptor tyrosine and MAP kinase are involved in effects of H(2)O(2) on interstitial cells of Cajal in murine intestine. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:257-66. [PMID: 20414970 PMCID: PMC3837618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is involved in intestinal motility through changes of smooth muscle activity. However, there is no report as to the modulatory effects of H(2)O(2) on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We investigated the H(2)O(2) effects and signal transductions to determine whether the intestinal motility can be modulated through ICC. We performed whole-cell patch clamp in cultured ICC from murine intestine and molecular analyses. H(2)O(2) hyperpolarized the membrane and inhibited pacemaker currents. These effects were inhibited by glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels. The free-radical scavenger catalase inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. MAFP and AACOCF3 (a cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitors) or SC-560 and NS-398 (a selective COX-1 and 2 inhibitor) or AH6809 (an EP2 receptor antagonist) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. PD98059 (a mitogen activated/ERK-activating protein kinase inhibitor) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects, though SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) or a JNK inhibitor did not affect. H(2)O(2)-induced effects could not be inhibited by LY-294002 (an inhibitor of PI3-kinases), calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor) or SQ-22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor). Adenoviral infection analysis revealed H2O2 stimulated tyrosine kinase activity and AG 1478 (an antagonist of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced effects. These results suggest H(2)O(2) can modulate ICC pacemaker activity and this occur by the activation of K(ATP) channels through PGE(2) production via receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Duggan S, Prichard D, Kirca M, Kelleher D. Inherited Syndromes Predisposing to Inflammation and GI Cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2011; 185:35-50. [PMID: 21822818 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancers arising within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are commonly associated with an immune component at their inception and later in their maintenance. While many of the immune factors and immune cell types surrounding these lesions have been highlighted, the underlying pre-dispositions in immunesupported carcinogenesis are not well characterised. Inherited Mendelian GI disorders such as polyposis syndromes, while classically due to germline mutations in non-immune genes, commonly demonstrate alterations in key immune and inflammatory genes. In some cases immune based therapies have been shown to provide at least some benefit in animal models of these syndromes. The advent of genome wide association studies has begun to powerfully examine the genetic nature of complex non-Mendelian GI diseases highlighting polymorphisms within immune related genes and their potential to provide the niche in which GI cancers may originate. Here in the role in which Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics of immune related factors supporting GI malignancy will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Duggan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Li W, Moylan JS, Chambers MA, Smith J, Reid MB. Interleukin-1 stimulates catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C706-14. [PMID: 19625606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00626.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been linked to muscle catabolism, a process regulated by muscle-specific E3 proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. To address cellular mechanism, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1 induces myofibrillar protein loss by acting directly on muscle to increase expression of two critical E3 proteins, atrogin1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger 1 (MuRF1). Experiments were conducted using mature C2C12 myotubes to eliminate systemic cytokine effects and avoid paracrine signaling by nonmuscle cell types. Time-course protocols were used to define the sequence of cellular responses. We found that atrogin1/MAFbx mRNA and MuRF1 mRNA are elevated 60-120 min after myotube exposure to either IL-1alpha or IL-1beta. These responses are preceded by signaling events that promote E3 expression. Both IL-1 isoforms stimulate phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and stimulate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling; I-kappaB levels fall and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity increases. Other regulators of E3 expression are unaffected by IL-1 [cytosolic oxidant activity, Forkhead-O (Foxo) activity] or respond paradoxically (AKT). Chronic exposure of C2C12 myotubes over 48 h resulted in reduced myotube width and loss of sarcomeric actin. We conclude that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta act via an oxidant- and AKT/Foxo-independent mechanism to activate p38 MAPK, stimulate NF-kappaB signaling, increase expression of atrogin1/MAFbx and MuRF1, and reduce myofibrillar protein in differentiated myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Zhang J, Xie PY, Li H, Shuai XW, Wang C. Protective effects of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway against acute esophagitis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2204-2210. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i20.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) on levels of cytokines, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) activities and on the degree of acute esophagitis in rats, and to determine whether CAP has protective effects against experimental esophagitis in rats.
METHODS: Acute esophagitis was induced by perfusion of 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid with pepsin in the lower part of the esophagus. Forty SD rats were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 served as a normal saline-treated control (NS group), while in group 2 the distal esophagus was exposed to acidified pepsin for 2 h (AP group). In the other three groups, animals were subjected to sham surgery (SHAM group) or bilateral cervical vagotomy alone (VTM group) or with electrical stimulation before and after acid perfusion (VNS group). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and activities of ChAT and NOS in the esophageal tissues were determined. Esophageal injury was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic examination.
RESULTS: The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and activities of ChAT and NOS in the esophageal tissues increased after acid perfusion. Compared to the SHAM group, vagus nerve electrical stimulation inhibited the release of TNF-α (135.6 ± 11.6 vs 200.0 ± 20.5, P < 0.05), IL-6 (166.9 ± 44.3 vs 305.6 ± 16.5, P < 0.05) and the degree of esophagitis, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was not affected. Conversely, vagotomy resulted in an elevated severity of esophagitis, associated with significant increase of TNF-α (283.8 ± 33.6 vs 200.0 ± 20.5, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (515.1 ± 77.1 vs 305.6 ± 16.5, P < 0.01) levels and decrease of NOS activity. The esophagitis score was significantly higher in acid treatment group than that in NS group (P < 0.01). The macroscopic and microscopic scores increased in VTM group compared with that in SHAM group (P < 0.01 and 0.05). The esophagitis score was decreased markedly in VNS group compared with that in VTM group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide evidence for the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in modulating inflammation and injury during experimental esophagitis.
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Interleukin-1beta up-regulates RGS4 through the canonical IKK2/IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB pathway in rabbit colonic smooth muscle. Biochem J 2008; 412:35-43. [PMID: 18260825 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Initial Ca2+-dependent contraction of the intestinal smooth muscle mediated by G(q)-coupled receptors is attenuated by RGS4 (regulator of G-protein signalling 4). Treatment of colonic muscle cells with IL-1beta (interleukin-1beta) inhibits acetylcholine-stimulated initial contraction through increasing the expression of RGS4. NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) signalling is the dominant pathway activated by IL-1beta. In the present study we show that RGS4 is a new target gene regulated by IL-1beta/NF-kappaB signalling. Exposure of cultured rabbit colonic muscle cells to IL-1beta induced a rapid increase in RGS4 mRNA expression, which was abolished by pretreatment with a transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D, implying a transcription-dependent mechanism. Existence of the canonical IKK2 [IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) kinase 2]/IkappaBalpha pathway of NF-kappaB activation induced by IL-1beta in rabbit colonic muscle cells was validated with multiple approaches, including the induction of reporter luciferase activity and endogenous NF-kappaB-target gene expression, NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity, p65 nuclear translocation, IkappaBalpha degradation and the phosphorylation of IKK2 at Ser(177/181) and p65 at Ser(536). RGS4 up-regulation by IL-1beta was blocked by selective inhibitors of IKK2, IkappaBalpha or NF-kappaB activation, by effective siRNA (small interfering RNA) of IKK2, and in cells expressing either the kinase-inactive IKK2 mutant (K44A) or the phosphorylation-deficient IkappaBalpha mutant (S32A/S36A). An IKK2-specific inhibitor or effective siRNA prevented IL-1beta-induced inhibition of acetylcholine-stimulated PLC-beta (phopsholipase C-beta) activation. These results suggest that the canonical IKK2/IkappaBalpha pathway of NF-kappaB activation mediates the up-regulation of RGS4 expression in response to IL-1beta and contributes to the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on acetylcholine-stimulated PLC-beta-dependent initial contraction in rabbit colonic smooth muscle.
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Aceves SS, Furuta GT, Spechler SJ. Integrated approach to treatment of children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18:195-217; xi. [PMID: 18061112 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, treatment plans for eosinophilic esophagitis included the use of elemental formula, elimination diets, systemic corticosteroids, and the gavage of aerosolized steroids. Except for one placebo-controlled blinded prospective study, most decision making has been based on retrospective or uncontrolled studies and clinical experience. In this article, three authors from diverse backgrounds combine their resources to propose treatment paths with justification based on their clinical experience and interpretation of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Aceves
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, Pediatrics University of California, 3020 Childrens Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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Regulation of basal tone, relaxation and contraction of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Relevance to drug discovery for oesophageal disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:858-69. [PMID: 17994108 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) is a specialized region of the oesophageal circular smooth muscle that allows the passage of a swallowed bolus to the stomach and prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. The anatomical arrangement of the LOS includes semicircular clasp fibres adjacent to the lesser gastric curvature and sling fibres following the greater gastric curvature. Such anatomical arrangement together with an asymmetric intrinsic innervation and distinct proportion of neurotransmitters in both regions produces an asymmetric pressure profile. The LOS tone is myogenic in origin and depends on smooth muscle properties that lead to opening of L-type Ca(2+) channels; however it can be modulated by enteric motor neurons, the parasympathetic and sympathetic extrinsic nervous system and several neurohumoral substances. Nitric oxide synthesized by neuronal NOS is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in LOS relaxation. Different putative neurotransmitters have been proposed to play a role together with NO. So far, only ATP or related purines have shown to be co-transmitters with NO. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction acting through acetylcholine M(3) and tachykinin NK(2) receptors. Nitric oxide can also be involved in the regulation of LOS contraction. The understanding of the mechanisms that originate and modulate LOS tone, relaxation and contraction and the characterization of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in LOS function are important to develop new pharmacological tools to treat primary oesophageal motor disorders and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
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Hu W, Mahavadi S, Li F, Murthy KS. Upregulation of RGS4 and downregulation of CPI-17 mediate inhibition of colonic muscle contraction by interleukin-1beta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1991-2000. [PMID: 17959727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta contributes to the reduced contractile responses of gut smooth muscle observed in both animal colitis models and human inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of IL-1beta on the signaling targets mediating acetylcholine (ACh)-induced initial and sustained contraction were examined using rabbit colonic circular muscle strips and cultured muscle cells. The contraction was assessed through cell length decrease, myosin light chain (MLC(20)) phosphorylation, and activation of PLC-beta and Rho kinase. Expression levels of the signaling targets were determined by Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) were used to silence endogenous RGS4 in muscle strips or cultured muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment of muscle strips inhibited both initial and sustained contraction and MLC(20) phosphorylation in isolated muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment increased RGS4 expression but had no effect on muscarinic receptor binding or Galpha(q) expression. In contrast, IL-1beta decreased the expression and phosphorylation of CPI-17 but had no effect on RhoA expression or ACh-induced Rho kinase activity. Upregulation of RGS4 and downregulation of CPI-17 by IL-1beta in muscle strips were corroborated in cultured muscle cells. Knockdown of RGS4 by siRNA in both muscle strips and cultured muscle cells blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on initial contraction and PLC-beta activation, whereas overexpression of RGS4 inhibited PLC-beta activation. These data suggest that IL-1beta upregulates RGS4 expression, resulting in the inhibition of initial contraction and downregulation of CPI-17 expression during sustained contraction in colonic smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Spechler SJ, Genta RM, Souza RF. Thoughts on the complex relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:1301-6. [PMID: 17531015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the interaction between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis can be complex, and that the notion of establishing a clear distinction between the two disorders may be too simplistic. There are at least four situations in which GERD might be associated with esophageal eosinophils: (a) GERD causes esophageal injury that results in a mild eosinophilic infiltration, (b) GERD and eosinophilic esophagitis coexist but are unrelated, (c) eosinophilic esophagitis contributes to or causes GERD, or (d) GERD contributes to or causes eosinophilic esophagitis. The high frequency of GERD described in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis suggests that there may be more than a chance association between the two disorders. This report discusses potential mechanisms for the complex interaction between GERD and eosinophilic esophagitis. We hope that this information will serve as a conceptual basis for future studies on the relationship between the two disorders. Whereas there are a number of plausible mechanisms whereby GERD might contribute to the accumulation of eosinophils in the esophageal epithelium, it seems prudent to recommend a clinical trial of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy even when the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis seems clear-cut. Furthermore, we suggest that a favorable response to PPI therapy does not preclude a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Jon Spechler
- Department of Medicine, Dallas Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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