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Takeyama T, Hirooka Y, Kawashima H, Ohno E, Ishikawa T, Yamamura T, Furukawa K, Funasaka K, Nakamura M, Miyahara R, ishigami M, Goto H. Objective evaluation of blood flow in the small-intestinal villous: quantification of findings from dynamic endoscopy with concomitant narrow-band imaging. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6:E941-E949. [PMID: 30083582 PMCID: PMC6070375 DOI: 10.1055/a-0619-4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have previously shown that the increase in blood flow volume in jejunum villi after spraying of 10 % dextrose solution correlates with pancreatic exocrine function (PEF). The aim of this study was to establish an objective method to evaluate the amount of jejunum villous blood flow using a novel image analysis system. PATIENTS AND METHODS The subjects were 26 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with a newly developed small intestine endoscope (SIF-Y0007, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). By defining the ratio of capillary occupancy in each villus at levels from 1 to 5, villous blood flow was evaluated subjectively on the villous blood flow scale (VBFS). Objective evaluation was performed based on luminance analysis. The morphological opening process was used to make images with leveled brightness. A histogram was prepared from the luminance information and the standard deviation was determined and defined as SDOV (Standard Deviation calculated from a histogram made by luminance analysis Of Villi). PEF was evaluated by measuring the BT-PABA (N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid) excretion rate. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between VBFS and SDOV ( P < 0.0001, ρ = 0.5882). SDOV was also positively correlated with PEF ( P = 0.0004, ρ = 0.6421). CONCLUSIONS SDOV is a new objective index for evaluation of blood flow volume in jejunum villi. SDOV may be useful in clinical practice to estimate PEF and for clarification of the mechanisms underlying the functional correlation between the pancreas and small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Endoscopy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan,Corresponding author Yoshiki Hirooka Department of EndoscopyNagoya University Hospital65, Tsuruma-ChoShowa-KuNagoyaAichi 466-8550Japan+81-52-7358806
| | - Hiroki Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohei Funasaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masanao Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Miyahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidemi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Araya S, Kuster E, Gluch D, Mariotta L, Lutz C, Reding TV, Graf R, Verrey F, Camargo SMR. Exocrine pancreas glutamate secretion help to sustain enterocyte nutritional needs under protein restriction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G517-G536. [PMID: 29167114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the most concentrated amino acid in blood and considered conditionally essential. Its requirement is increased during physiological stress, such as malnutrition or illness, despite its production by muscle and other organs. In the malnourished state, Gln has been suggested to have a trophic effect on the exocrine pancreas and small intestine. However, the Gln transport capacity, the functional relationship of these two organs, and the potential role of the Gln-glutamate (Glu) cycle are unknown. We observed that pancreatic acinar cells express lower levels of Glu than Gln transporters. Consistent with this expression pattern, the rate of Glu influx into acinar cells was approximately sixfold lower than that of Gln. During protein restriction, acinar cell glutaminase expression was increased and Gln accumulation was maintained. Moreover, Glu secretion by acinar cells into pancreatic juice and thus into the lumen of the small intestine was maintained. In the intestinal lumen, Glu absorption was preserved and Glu dehydrogenase expression was augmented, potentially providing the substrates for increasing energy production via the TCA cycle. Our findings suggest that one mechanism by which Gln exerts a positive effect on exocrine pancreas and small intestine involves the Gln metabolism in acinar cells and the secretion of Glu into the small intestine lumen. The exocrine pancreas acinar cells not only avidly accumulate Gln but metabolize Gln to generate energy and to synthesize Glu for secretion in the pancreatic juice. Secreted Glu is suggested to play an important role during malnourishment in sustaining small intestinal homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glutamine (Gln) has been suggested to have a trophic effect on exocrine pancreas and small intestine in malnourished states, but the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we suggest that this trophic effect derives from an interorgan relationship between exocrine pancreas and small intestine for Gln-glutamate (Glu) utilization involving the uptake and metabolism of Gln in acinar cells and secretion of Glu into the lumen of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Araya
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - E Kuster
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - D Gluch
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - L Mariotta
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - C Lutz
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - T V Reding
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - R Graf
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - F Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - S M R Camargo
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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3
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Pierre JF, Neuman JC, Brill AL, Brar HK, Thompson MF, Cadena MT, Connors KM, Busch RA, Heneghan AF, Cham CM, Jones EK, Kibbe CR, Davis DB, Groblewski GE, Kudsk KA, Kimple ME. The gastrin-releasing peptide analog bombesin preserves exocrine and endocrine pancreas morphology and function during parenteral nutrition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G431-42. [PMID: 26185331 PMCID: PMC4572409 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00072.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of digestive organs by enteric peptides is lost during total parental nutrition (PN). Here we examine the role of the enteric peptide bombesin (BBS) in stimulation of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas during PN. BBS protects against exocrine pancreas atrophy and dysfunction caused by PN. BBS also augments circulating insulin levels, suggesting an endocrine pancreas phenotype. While no significant changes in gross endocrine pancreas morphology were observed, pancreatic islets isolated from BBS-treated PN mice showed a significantly enhanced insulin secretion response to the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist exendin-4, correlating with enhanced GLP-1 receptor expression. BBS itself had no effect on islet function, as reflected in low expression of BBS receptors in islet samples. Intestinal BBS receptor expression was enhanced in PN with BBS, and circulating active GLP-1 levels were significantly enhanced in BBS-treated PN mice. We hypothesized that BBS preserved islet function indirectly, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis. We confirmed the ability of BBS to directly stimulate intestinal enteroid cells to express the GLP-1 precursor preproglucagon. In conclusion, BBS preserves the exocrine and endocrine pancreas functions during PN; however, the endocrine stimulation is likely indirect, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Pierre
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Allison L. Brill
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Harpreet K. Brar
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Mark T. Cadena
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Kelsey M. Connors
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Rebecca A. Busch
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Aaron F. Heneghan
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Candace M. Cham
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elaina K. Jones
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Carly R. Kibbe
- 3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Dawn B. Davis
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- 4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Kenneth A. Kudsk
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,2Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- 1William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin; ,3Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; ,4Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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4
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Messenger SW, Falkowski MA, Thomas DDH, Jones EK, Hong W, Gaisano HY, Giasano HY, Boulis NM, Groblewski GE. Vesicle associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8)-mediated zymogen granule exocytosis is dependent on endosomal trafficking via the constitutive-like secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28040-53. [PMID: 25138214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cell zymogen granules (ZG) express 2 isoforms of the vesicle-associated membrane protein family (VAMP2 and -8) thought to regulate exocytosis. Expression of tetanus toxin to cleave VAMP2 in VAMP8 knock-out (-/-) acini confirmed that VAMP2 and -8 are the primary VAMPs for regulated exocytosis, each contributing ∼50% of the response. Analysis of VAMP8(-/-) acini indicated that although stimulated secretion was significantly reduced, a compensatory increase in constitutive secretion maintained total secretion equivalent to wild type (WT). Using a perifusion system to follow secretion over time revealed VAMP2 mediates an early rapid phase peaking and falling within 2-3 min, whereas VAMP8 controls a second prolonged phase that peaks at 4 min and slowly declines over 20 min to support the protracted secretory response. VAMP8(-/-) acini show increased expression of the endosomal proteins Ti-VAMP7 (2-fold) and Rab11a (4-fold) and their redistribution from endosomes to ZGs. Expression of GDP-trapped Rab11a-S25N inhibited secretion exclusively from the VAMP8 but not the VAMP2 pathway. VAMP8(-/-) acini also showed a >90% decrease in the early endosomal proteins Rab5/D52/EEA1, which control anterograde trafficking in the constitutive-like secretory pathway. In WT acini, short term (14-16 h) culture also results in a >90% decrease in Rab5/D52/EEA1 and a complete loss of the VAMP8 pathway, whereas VAMP2-secretion remains intact. Remarkably, rescue of Rab5/D52/EEA1 expression restored the VAMP8 pathway. Expressed D52 shows extensive colocalization with Rab11a and VAMP8 and partially copurifies with ZG fractions. These results indicate that robust trafficking within the constitutive-like secretory pathway is required for VAMP8- but not VAMP2-mediated ZG exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Messenger
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michelle A Falkowski
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Diana D H Thomas
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Elaina K Jones
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138673
| | | | - Herbert Y Giasano
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
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5
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Protein deficiency alters impact of intestinal nematode infection on intestinal, visceral and lymphoid organ histopathology in lactating mice. Parasitology 2014; 141:801-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYProtein deficiency impairs local and systemic immune responses toHeligmosomoides bakeriinfection but little is known about their individual and interactive impacts on tissue architecture of maternal lymphoid (thymus, spleen) and visceral (small intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas) organs during the demanding period of lactation. Using a 2×2 factorial design, pregnant CD1 mice were fed a 24% protein sufficient (PS) or a 6% protein deficient (PD) isoenergetic diet beginning on day 14 of pregnancy and were infected with 100H. bakerilarvae four times or exposed to four sham infections. On day 20 of lactation, maternal organs were examined histologically and serum analytes were assayed as indicators of organ function. The absence of villus atrophy in response to infection was associated with increased crypt depth and infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils but only in lactating dams fed adequate protein. Infection-induced lobular liver inflammation was reduced in PD dams, however, abnormalities in the kidney caused by protein deficiency were absent in infected dams. Bilirubin and creatinine were highest in PD infected mice. Infection-induced splenomegaly was not due to an increase in the lymphoid compartment of the spleen. During lactation, infection and protein deficiency have interactive effects on extra-intestinal pathologies.
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