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Kaji I, Thiagarajah JR, Goldenring JR. Modeling the cell biology of monogenetic intestinal epithelial disorders. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310118. [PMID: 38683247 PMCID: PMC11058565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Monogenetic variants are responsible for a range of congenital human diseases. Variants in genes that are important for intestinal epithelial function cause a group of disorders characterized by severe diarrhea and loss of nutrient absorption called congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CODEs). CODE-causing genes include nutrient transporters, enzymes, structural proteins, and vesicular trafficking proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Several severe CODE disorders result from the loss-of-function in key regulators of polarized endocytic trafficking such as the motor protein, Myosin VB (MYO5B), as well as STX3, STXBP2, and UNC45A. Investigations of the cell biology and pathophysiology following loss-of-function in these genes have led to an increased understanding of both homeostatic and pathological vesicular trafficking in intestinal epithelial cells. Modeling different CODEs through investigation of changes in patient tissues, coupled with the development of animal models and patient-derived enteroids, has provided critical insights into the enterocyte differentiation and function. Linking basic knowledge of cell biology with the phenotype of specific patient variants is a key step in developing effective treatments for rare monogenetic diseases. This knowledge can also be applied more broadly to our understanding of common epithelial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kalashyan M, Raghunathan K, Oller H, Bayer MT, Jimenez L, Roland JT, Kolobova E, Hagen SJ, Goldsmith JD, Shub MD, Goldenring JR, Kaji I, Thiagarajah JR. Patient-derived enteroids provide a platform for the development of therapeutic approaches in microvillus inclusion disease. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169234. [PMID: 37643022 PMCID: PMC10575727 DOI: 10.1172/jci169234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the motor protein myosin Vb (MYO5B), is a severe infantile disease characterized by diarrhea, malabsorption, and acid/base instability, requiring intensive parenteral support for nutritional and fluid management. Human patient-derived enteroids represent a model for investigation of monogenic epithelial disorders but are a rare resource from MVID patients. We developed human enteroids with different loss-of function MYO5B variants and showed that they recapitulated the structural changes found in native MVID enterocytes. Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging of patient duodenal tissues revealed patient-specific changes in localization of brush border transporters. Functional analysis of electrolyte transport revealed profound loss of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) activity in MVID patient enteroids with near-normal chloride secretion. The chloride channel-blocking antidiarrheal drug crofelemer dose-dependently inhibited agonist-mediated fluid secretion. MVID enteroids exhibited altered differentiation and maturation versus healthy enteroids. γ-Secretase inhibition with DAPT recovered apical brush border structure and functional Na+/H+ exchange activity in MVID enteroids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed potential pathways involved in the rescue of MVID cells including serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 2 (SGK2) and NHE regulatory factor 3 (NHERF3). These results demonstrate the utility of patient-derived enteroids for developing therapeutic approaches to MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Kalashyan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley Oller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie-Theres Bayer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lissette Jimenez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- PediCODE Consortium, as detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences and
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elena Kolobova
- Section of Surgical Sciences and
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan J. Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Goldsmith
- PediCODE Consortium, as detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Shub
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, and Division of Gastroenterology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- PediCODE Consortium, as detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
- Section of Surgical Sciences and
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Izumi Kaji
- PediCODE Consortium, as detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
- Section of Surgical Sciences and
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- PediCODE Consortium, as detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jäverfelt S, Hellsén G, Kaji I, Goldenring JR, Pelaseyed T. The MYO1B and MYO5B motor proteins and the SNX27 sorting nexin regulate membrane mucin MUC17 trafficking in enterocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.530313. [PMID: 36945389 PMCID: PMC10028800 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.530313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A dense glycocalyx, composed of the megaDalton-sized membrane mucin MUC17, coats the microvilli in the apical brush border of transporting intestinal epithelial cells, called enterocytes. The establishment of the MUC17-based glycocalyx in the mouse small intestine occurs at the critical suckling-weaning transition. The enterocytic glycocalyx extends 1 µm into the intestinal lumen and prevents the gut bacteria from directly attaching to the enterocytes. To date, the mechanism behind apical targeting of MUC17 to the brush border remains unknown. Here, we show that the actin-based motor proteins MYO1B and MYO5B, and the sorting nexin SNX27 regulate the intracellular trafficking of MUC17 in enterocytes. We demonstrate that MUC17 turnover at the brush border is slow and controlled by MYO1B and SNX27. Furthermore, we report that MYO1B regulates MUC17 protein levels in enterocytes, whereas MYO5B specifically governs MUC17 levels at the brush border. Together, our results extend our understanding of the intracellular trafficking of membrane mucins and provide mechanistic insights into how defective trafficking pathways render enterocytes sensitive to bacterial invasion.
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Kalashyan M, Raghunathan K, Oller H, Theres MB, Jimenez L, Roland JT, Kolobova E, Hagen SJ, Goldsmith JD, Shub MD, Goldenring JR, Kaji I, Thiagarajah JR. Therapy Development for Microvillus Inclusion Disease using Patient-derived Enteroids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.28.526036. [PMID: 36747680 PMCID: PMC9900906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.28.526036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the motor protein Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is a severe infantile disease characterized by diarrhea, malabsorption, and acid-base instability, requiring intensive parenteral support for nutritional and fluid management. Human patient-derived enteroids represent a model for investigation of monogenic epithelial disorders but are a rare resource from MVID patients. We developed human enteroids with different loss-of function MYO5B variants and showed that they recapitulated the structural changes found in native MVID enterocytes. Multiplex Immunofluorescence imaging of patient duodenal tissues revealed patient-specific changes in localization of brush border transporters. Functional analysis of electrolyte transport revealed profound loss of Na + /H + exchange (NHE) activity in MVID patient enteroids with near-normal chloride secretion. The chloride channel-blocking anti-diarrheal drug, Crofelemer, dose-dependently inhibited agonist-mediated fluid secretion. MVID enteroids exhibited altered differentiation and maturation versus healthy enteroids. Inhibition of Notch signaling with the γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, recovered apical brush border structure and functional Na + /H + exchange activity in MVID enteroids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed potential pathways involved in the rescue of MVID cells including serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 2 (SGK2), and NHE regulatory factor 3 (NHERF3). These results demonstrate the utility of patient-derived enteroids for developing therapeutic approaches to MVID. Conflict-of-interest statement The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Kalashyan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Haley Oller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marie-Bayer Theres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lissette Jimenez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- PediCoDE Consortium
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elena Kolobova
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- PediCoDE Consortium
| | - Mitchell D. Shub
- Department of Child Health University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix and Division of Gastroenterology, Phoenix Children’s
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- PediCoDE Consortium
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- PediCoDE Consortium
| | - Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston MA
- PediCoDE Consortium
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Cartón-García F, Brotons B, Anguita E, Dopeso H, Tarragona J, Nieto R, García-Vidal E, Macaya I, Zagyva Z, Dalmau M, Sánchez-Martín M, van Ijzendoorn SCD, Landolfi S, Hernandez-Losa J, Schwartz Jr S, Matias-Guiu X, Ramón y Cajal S, Martínez-Barriocanal Á, Arango D. Myosin Vb as a tumor suppressor gene in intestinal cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:5279-5288. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Engevik MA, Engevik AC. Myosins and membrane trafficking in intestinal brush border assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102117. [PMID: 35870341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are a class of motors that participate in a wide variety of cellular functions including organelle transport, cell adhesion, endocytosis and exocytosis, movement of RNA, and cell motility. Among the emerging roles for myosins is regulation of the assembly, morphology, and function of actin protrusions such as microvilli. The intestine harbors an elaborate apical membrane composed of highly organized microvilli. Microvilli assembly and function are intricately tied to several myosins including Myosin 1a, non-muscle Myosin 2c, Myosin 5b, Myosin 6, and Myosin 7b. Here, we review the research progress made in our understanding of myosin mediated apical assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina.
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Ahsan MK, dos Reis DC, Barbieri A, Sumigray KD, Nottoli T, Salas PJ, Ameen NA. Loss of Serum Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 SGK1 Worsens Malabsorption and Diarrhea in Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144179. [PMID: 35887942 PMCID: PMC9319011 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a lethal congenital diarrheal disease, results from loss of function mutations in the apical actin motor myosin VB (MYO5B). How loss of MYO5B leads to both malabsorption and fluid secretion is not well understood. Serum glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) regulates intestinal carbohydrate and ion transporters including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We hypothesized that loss of SGK1 could reduce CFTR fluid secretion and MVID diarrhea. Using CRISPR-Cas9 approaches, we generated R26CreER;MYO5Bf/f conditional single knockout (cMYO5BKO) and R26CreER;MYO5Bf/f;SGK1f/f double knockout (cSGK1/MYO5B-DKO) mice. Tamoxifen-treated cMYO5BKO mice resulted in characteristic features of human MVID including severe diarrhea, microvillus inclusions (MIs) in enterocytes, defective apical traffic, and depolarization of transporters. However, apical CFTR distribution was preserved in crypts and depolarized in villus enterocytes, and CFTR high expresser (CHE) cells were observed. cMYO5BKO mice displayed increased phosphorylation of SGK1, PDK1, and the PDK1 target PKCι in the intestine. Surprisingly, tamoxifen-treated cSGK1/MYO5B-DKO mice displayed more severe diarrhea than cMYO5BKO, with preservation of apical CFTR and CHE cells, greater fecal glucose and reduced SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the intestine. We conclude that loss of SGK1 worsens carbohydrate malabsorption and diarrhea in MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kaimul Ahsan
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (M.K.A.); (D.C.d.R.)
| | - Diego Carlos dos Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (M.K.A.); (D.C.d.R.)
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Kaelyn D. Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Timothy Nottoli
- Genome Editing Center, Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Pedro J. Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (M.K.A.); (D.C.d.R.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chen R, Li Y, Ouyang W, Chen S. Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals the Biomarker Value and Potential Mechanism of miR-675-3p in Gastric Cancer. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5456554. [PMID: 35814566 PMCID: PMC9259288 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5456554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is still the main challenge for the social and clinical system. Increasing studies have proved that microRNA dysfunction is closely associated with the GC progression. miR-675-3p has been confirmed as the tumor support in multiple tumor cells, while its role in GC remains unclear. Methods. The clinical data in the TCGA database were excavated for analyzing the role of miR-675-3p in pan-cancer and GC. qRT-PCR was applied to detect the abundances of the genes. The Starbase 2.0 was executed to target the prediction of miR-675-3p. Moreover, the enrichment analysis was performed with the DAVID database. The PPI-network analysis of the targets was performed with Cytoscape. Results miR-675-3p was dramatically upregulated in multiple types of cancer, and elevated miR-675-3p was also found in GC tissues. Moreover, increased miR-675-3p was closely related with the poor survival rates of the patients. The qRT-PCR showed that miR-675-3p was extremely upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines. The enrichment analysis showed that the targets of miR-675-3p were located in the cellular nucleus and associated with the transcriptional misregulation in cancer. The PPI-network showed that three clusters and total of 40 genes were screened as potential hub nodes. Moreover, BRIP1, MYO5B, and PDS5B were related with the prognostic survival of the patients according to the TCGA database and decreased BRIP1, MYO5B, and PDS5B were also found in GC cell lines. Conclusion This study identified miR-675-3p as a potential biomarker in GC development and revealed the potential regulation network of miR-675-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shaoji Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Bowman DM, Kaji I, Goldenring JR. Altered MYO5B Function Underlies Microvillus Inclusion Disease: Opportunities for Intervention at a Cellular Level. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:553-565. [PMID: 35660026 PMCID: PMC9304615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital diarrheal disorder resulting in life-threatening secretory diarrhea in newborns. Inactivating and nonsense mutations in myosin Vb (MYO5B) have been identified in MVID patients. Work using patient tissues, cell lines, mice, and pigs has led to critical insights into the pathology of MVID and a better understanding of both apical trafficking in intestinal enterocytes and intestinal stem cell differentiation. These studies have demonstrated that loss of MYO5B or inactivating mutations lead to loss of apical sodium and water transporters, without loss of apical CFTR, accounting for the major pathology of the disease. In addition, loss of MYO5B expression induces the formation of microvillus inclusions through apical bulk endocytosis that utilizes dynamin and PACSIN2 and recruits tight junction proteins to the sites of bulk endosome formation. Importantly, formation of microvillus inclusions is not required for the induction of diarrhea. Recent investigations have demonstrated that administration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can partially reestablish apical ion transporters in enterocytes of MYO5B KO mice. In addition, further studies have shown that MYO5B loss induces an imbalance in Wnt/Notch signaling pathways that can lead to alterations in enterocyte maturation and tuft cell lineage differentiation. Inhibition of Notch signaling leads to improvements in those cell differentiation deficits. These studies demonstrate that directed strategies through LPA receptor activation and Notch inhibition can bypass the inhibitory effects of MYO5B loss. Thus, effective strategies may be successful in MVID patients and other congenital diarrhea syndromes to reestablish proper apical membrane absorption of sodium and water in enterocytes and ameliorate life-threatening congenital diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Bowman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - James R Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Recruitment of Polarity Complexes and Tight Junction Proteins to the Site of Apical Bulk Endocytosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:59-80. [PMID: 33548596 PMCID: PMC8082271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular motor, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is well documented for its role in trafficking cargo to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Despite its involvement in regulating apical proteins, the role of MYO5B in cell polarity is less clear. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a disorder characterized by loss of key apical transporters and the presence of intracellular inclusions in enterocytes. We previously identified that inclusions in Myo5b knockout (KO) mice form from invagination of the apical brush border via apical bulk endocytosis. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins during the formation of inclusions. METHODS Intestinal tissue from neonatal control and Myo5b KO littermates was analyzed by immunofluorescence to determine the localization of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins. RESULTS Proteins that make up the apical polarity complexes-Crumbs3 and Pars complexes-were associated with inclusions in Myo5b KO mice. In addition, tight junction proteins were observed to be concentrated over inclusions that were present at the apical membrane of Myo5b-deficient enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Our mouse findings are complemented by immunostaining in a large animal swine model of MVID genetically engineered to express a human MVID-associated mutation that shows an accumulation of Claudin-2 over forming inclusions. The findings from our swine model of MVID suggest that a similar mechanism of tight junction accumulation occurs in patients with MVID. CONCLUSIONS These data show that apical bulk endocytosis involves the altered localization of apical polarity proteins and tight junction proteins after loss of Myo5b.
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11
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Tomić TT, Olausson J, Rehammar A, Deland L, Muth A, Ejeskär K, Nilsson S, Kristiansson E, Wassén ON, Abel F. MYO5B mutations in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma promote cancer progression. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008803. [PMID: 32511227 PMCID: PMC7329139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of additional cancer-associated genes and secondary mutations driving the metastatic progression in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) is important for subtyping, and may provide optimization of therapeutic regimens. We recently reported novel recurrent nonsynonymous mutations in the MYO5B gene in metastatic PPGL. Here, we explored the functional impact of these MYO5B mutations, and analyzed MYO5B expression in primary PPGL tumor cases in relation to mutation status. Immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis in 30 PPGL tumors revealed an increased MYO5B expression in metastatic compared to non-metastatic cases. In addition, subcellular localization of MYO5B protein was altered from cytoplasmic to membranous in some metastatic tumors, and the strongest and most abnormal expression pattern was observed in a paraganglioma harboring a somatic MYO5B:p.G1611S mutation. In addition to five previously discovered MYO5B mutations, the present study of 30 PPGL (8 previous and 22 new samples) also revealed two, and hence recurrent, mutations in the gene paralog MYO5A. The three MYO5B missense mutations with the highest prediction scores (p.L587P, p.G1611S and p.R1641C) were selected and functionally validated using site directed mutagenesis and stable transfection into human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-AS) and embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). In vitro analysis showed a significant increased proliferation rate in all three MYO5B mutated clones. The two somatically derived mutations, p.L587P and p.G1611S, were also found to increase the migration rate. Expression analysis of MYO5B mutants compared to wild type clones, demonstrated a significant enrichment of genes involved in migration, proliferation, cell adhesion, glucose metabolism, and cellular homeostasis. Our study validates the functional role of novel MYO5B mutations in proliferation and migration, and suggest the MYO5-pathway to be involved in the malignant progression in some PPGL tumors. Up to 25% of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) cases develop metastatic disease with poor outcome and few treatment options. The disease mechanism is not fully understood, and to date there are no reliable markers to predict malignancy. We have recently discovered novel missense mutations in the non-conventional myosin 5 gene (MYO5B), an endosomal transport protein, which we now show enhances progression and migration in PPGLs. MYO5B mutations were preferentially found in patients with metastatic disease and SDH deficiency (germline SDHB-mutations). Abolished SDH activity result in a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis requiring increased glucose consumption. Since the MYO5B mutations were found to drive progression through downstream up-regulation of glucose metabolism genes, e.g. glucagon, we hypothesize that these mutations may fuel the pseudohypoxic state by altering glucose uptake in cancer cells. Our result is the first to link the myosin 5 genes to PPGL tumorigenesis. Further, it shows that the tumor progression route in PPGL is complex, with contribution from several genetic factors. An increasing number of studies show dysregulation and importance of the MYO5-proteins in cancer, but little is still known about the precise role and mechanism of mutations, hence more research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajana Tešan Tomić
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Olausson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Rehammar
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lily Deland
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Muth
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Section of endocrine and sarcoma surgery, Gothenborg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson Wassén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Abel
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Engevik AC, Coutts AW, Kaji I, Rodriguez P, Ongaratto F, Saqui-Salces M, Medida RL, Meyer AR, Kolobova E, Engevik MA, Williams JA, Shub MD, Carlson DF, Melkamu T, Goldenring JR. Editing Myosin VB Gene to Create Porcine Model of Microvillus Inclusion Disease, With Microvillus-Lined Inclusions and Alterations in Sodium Transporters. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2236-2249.e9. [PMID: 32112796 PMCID: PMC7282982 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is caused by inactivating mutations in the myosin VB gene (MYO5B). MVID is a complex disorder characterized by chronic, watery, life-threatening diarrhea that usually begins in the first hours to days of life. We developed a large animal model of MVID to better understand its pathophysiology. METHODS Pigs were cloned by transfer of chromatin from swine primary fetal fibroblasts, which were edited with TALENs and single-strand oligonucleotide to introduce a P663-L663 substitution in the endogenous swine MYO5B (corresponding to the P660L mutation in human MYO5B, associated with MVID) to fertilized oocytes. We analyzed duodenal tissues from patients with MVID (with the MYO5B P660L mutation) and without (controls), and from pigs using immunohistochemistry. Enteroids were generated from pigs with MYO5B(P663L) and without the substitution (control pigs). RESULTS Duodenal tissues from patients with MVID lacked MYO5B at the base of the apical membrane of intestinal cells; instead MYO5B was intracellular. Intestinal tissues and derived enteroids from MYO5B(P663L) piglets had reduced apical levels and diffuse subapical levels of sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 and SGLT1, which regulate transport of sodium, glucose, and water, compared with tissues from control piglets. However, intestinal tissues and derived enteroids from MYO5B(P663L) piglets maintained CFTR on apical membranes, like tissues from control pigs. Liver tissues from MYO5B(P663L) piglets had alterations in bile salt export pump, a transporter that facilitates bile flow, which is normally expressed in the bile canaliculi in the liver. CONCLUSIONS We developed a large animal model of MVID that has many features of the human disease. Studies of this model could provide information about the functions of MYO5B and MVID pathogenesis, and might lead to new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Engevik
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | | | - Izumi Kaji
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Ramya Lekha Medida
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Anne R Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elena Kolobova
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Janice A Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mitchell D Shub
- Phoenix Children's Hospital and University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Jayawardena D, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK, Gill RK. Recent advances in understanding and managing malabsorption: focus on microvillus inclusion disease. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31824659 PMCID: PMC6896243 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20762.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare congenital severe malabsorptive and secretory diarrheal disease characterized by blunted or absent microvilli with accumulation of secretory granules and inclusion bodies in enterocytes. The typical clinical presentation of the disease is severe chronic diarrhea that rapidly leads to dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the causative factors, to date, no curative therapy for MVID and associated diarrhea exists. Prognosis mainly relies on life-long total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and eventual small bowel and/or liver transplantation. Both TPN and intestinal transplantation are challenging and present with many side effects. A breakthrough in the understanding of MVID emanated from seminal findings revealing mutations in
MYO5B as a cause for MVID. During the last decade, many studies have thus utilized cell lines and animal models with knockdown of
MYO5B to closely recapitulate the human disease and investigate potential therapeutic options in disease management. We will review the most recent advances made in the research pertaining to MVID. We will also highlight the tools and models developed that can be utilized for basic and applied research to increase our understanding of MVID and develop novel and effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Forteza R, Ahsan MK, Cartón-García F, Arango D, Ameen NA, Salas PJ. Glucocorticoids and myosin5b loss of function induce heightened PKA signaling in addition to membrane traffic defects. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3076-3089. [PMID: 31664880 PMCID: PMC6938243 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the nonconventional myosin Vb (Myo5b) result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) and massive secretory diarrhea that often begins at birth. Myo5b mutations disrupt the apical recycling endosome (ARE) and membrane traffic, resulting in reduced surface expression of apical membrane proteins. ARE disruption also results in constitutive phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 gain of function. In MVID, decreased surface expression of apical anion channels involved in Cl- extrusion, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), should reduce fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen. But the opposite phenotype is observed. To explain this contradiction and the onset of diarrhea, we hypothesized that signaling effects downstream from Myo5b loss of function synergize with higher levels of glucocorticoids to activate PKA and CFTR. Data from intestinal cell lines, human MVID, and Myo5b KO mouse intestine revealed changes in the subcellular redistribution of PKA activity to the apical pole, increased CFTR phosphorylation, and establishment of apical cAMP gradients in Myo5b-defective cells exposed to physiological levels of glucocorticoids. These cells also displayed net secretory fluid fluxes and transepithelial currents mainly from PKA-dependent Cl- secretion. We conclude that Myo5b defects result in PKA stimulation that activates residual channels on the surface when intestinal epithelia are exposed to glucocorticoids at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - M Kaimul Ahsan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Fernando Cartón-García
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadia A Ameen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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15
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Rao MC. Physiology of Electrolyte Transport in the Gut: Implications for Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:947-1023. [PMID: 31187895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We now have an increased understanding of the genetics, cell biology, and physiology of electrolyte transport processes in the mammalian intestine, due to the availability of sophisticated methodologies ranging from genome wide association studies to CRISPR-CAS technology, stem cell-derived organoids, 3D microscopy, electron cryomicroscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, transgenic methodologies, and tools to manipulate cellular processes at a molecular level. This knowledge has simultaneously underscored the complexity of biological systems and the interdependence of multiple regulatory systems. In addition to the plethora of mammalian neurohumoral factors and their cross talk, advances in pyrosequencing and metagenomic analyses have highlighted the relevance of the microbiome to intestinal regulation. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of electrolyte transport processes in the small and large intestine, their regulation in health and how dysregulation at multiple levels can result in disease. Intestinal electrolyte transport is a balance of ion secretory and ion absorptive processes, all exquisitely dependent on the basolateral Na+ /K+ ATPase; when this balance goes awry, it can result in diarrhea or in constipation. The key transporters involved in secretion are the apical membrane Cl- channels and the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1 and K+ channels. Absorption chiefly involves apical membrane Na+ /H+ exchangers and Cl- /HCO3 - exchangers in the small intestine and proximal colon and Na+ channels in the distal colon. Key examples of our current understanding of infectious, inflammatory, and genetic diarrheal diseases and of constipation are provided. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:947-1023, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Khalsi F, Boukhris MR, Brini I, Hugot JP, Berrebi PD, Boussetta K. Unusual feature of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration due to microvillus inclusion disease: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:109. [PMID: 30364420 PMCID: PMC6195233 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.109.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All over the causes of intractable diarrhea of infancy, microvillous inclusion disease is a rare congenital defect of intestinal brush border of unknown aetiology. An autosomal recessive inheritance is suggested by cases occurring in siblings and high incidence of consanguinity. The prognosis of the disease is extremely poor, as life can be sustained only by total parenteral nutrition. The authors report a preterm male newborn of 35 weeks gestation presenting severe hypernatremic dehydration on day 4 after birth caused by a secretory profuse diarrhea and discuss the tools allowing the light microscopic and genetic diagnosis. The final diagnosis of microvillus intestinal disease (MVID) was made on the third month after extensive investigations using electron microscopic examination of intestinal biopsy and genetic confirmation, finding a mutation at the homozygous status of MYO5B gene. The infant died on the fourth month in spite of optimal electrolytic support and parenteral prolonged nutrition. Although MVID is extremely rare, it remains a possible cause of intractable secretory diarrhea leading to severe hypernatremic dehydration and metabolic acidosis in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Khalsi
- Pediatric Department B, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Ines Brini
- Pediatric Department B, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia
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17
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Schneeberger K, Roth S, Nieuwenhuis EES, Middendorp S. Intestinal epithelial cell polarity defects in disease: lessons from microvillus inclusion disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/2/dmm031088. [PMID: 29590640 PMCID: PMC5894939 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly organized tissue. The establishment of epithelial cell polarity, with distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, is pivotal for both barrier formation and for the uptake and vectorial transport of nutrients. The establishment of cell polarity requires a specialized subcellular machinery to transport and recycle proteins to their appropriate location. In order to understand and treat polarity-associated diseases, it is necessary to understand epithelial cell-specific trafficking mechanisms. In this Review, we focus on cell polarity in the adult mammalian intestine. We discuss how intestinal epithelial polarity is established and maintained, and how disturbances in the trafficking machinery can lead to a polarity-associated disorder, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Furthermore, we discuss the recent developments in studying MVID, including the creation of genetically manipulated cell lines, mouse models and intestinal organoids, and their uses in basic and applied research. Summary: Microvillus inclusion disease serves as a useful model to enhance our understanding of the intestinal trafficking and polarity machinery in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Roth
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Dhekne HS, Pylypenko O, Overeem AW, Zibouche M, Ferreira RJ, van der Velde KJ, Rings EHHM, Posovszky C, van der Sluijs P, Swertz MA, Houdusse A, van IJzendoorn SCD. MYO5B, STX3, and STXBP2 mutations reveal a common disease mechanism that unifies a subset of congenital diarrheal disorders: A mutation update. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:333-344. [PMID: 29266534 PMCID: PMC5838515 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare but fatal autosomal recessive congenital diarrheal disorder caused by MYO5B mutations. In 2013, we launched an open‐access registry for MVID patients and their MYO5B mutations (www.mvid-central.org). Since then, additional unique MYO5B mutations have been identified in MVID patients, but also in non‐MVID patients. Animal models have been generated that formally prove the causality between MYO5B and MVID. Importantly, mutations in two other genes, STXBP2 and STX3, have since been associated with variants of MVID, shedding new light on the pathogenesis of this congenital diarrheal disorder. Here, we review these additional genes and their mutations. Furthermore, we discuss recent data from cell studies that indicate that the three genes are functionally linked and, therefore, may constitute a common disease mechanism that unifies a subset of phenotypically linked congenital diarrheal disorders. We present new data based on patient material to support this. To congregate existing and future information on MVID geno‐/phenotypes, we have updated and expanded the MVID registry to include all currently known MVID‐associated gene mutations, their demonstrated or predicted functional consequences, and associated clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Structural Motility, Institute Curie, Centre de Reserche, Paris, France
| | - Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malik Zibouche
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosaria J Ferreira
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Joeri van der Velde
- Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institute Curie, Centre de Reserche, Paris, France
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Engevik AC, Goldenring JR. Trafficking Ion Transporters to the Apical Membrane of Polarized Intestinal Enterocytes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a027979. [PMID: 28264818 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract require distinct apical and basolateral domains to function properly. Trafficking and insertion of enzymes and transporters into the apical brush border of intestinal epithelial cells is essential for effective digestion and absorption of nutrients. Specific critical ion transporters are delivered to the apical brush border to facilitate fluid and electrolyte uptake. Maintenance of these apical transporters requires both targeted delivery and regulated membrane recycling. Examination of altered apical trafficking in patients with Microvillus Inclusion disease caused by inactivating mutations in MYO5B has led to insights into the regulation of apical trafficking by elements of the apical recycling system. Modeling of MYO5B loss in cell culture and animal models has led to recognition of Rab11a and Rab8a as critical regulators of apical brush border function. All of these studies show the importance of apical membrane trafficking dynamics in maintenance of polarized epithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christine Engevik
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - James R Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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20
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Cox CM, Lu R, Salcin K, Wilson JM. The Endosomal Protein Endotubin Is Required for Enterocyte Differentiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:145-156. [PMID: 29322087 PMCID: PMC5756061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During late embryonic development and through weaning, enterocytes of the ileum are highly endocytic. Defects in endocytosis and trafficking are implicated in neonatal disease, however, the mechanisms regulating trafficking during the developmental period are incompletely understood. The apical endosomal protein endotubin (EDTB) is highly expressed in the late embryonic and neonatal ileum. In epithelial cells in vitro, EDTB regulates both trafficking of tight junction proteins and proliferation through modulation of YAP activity. However, EDTB function during the endocytic stage of development of the intestine is unknown. METHODS By using Villin-CreERT2, we induced knockout of EDTB during late gestation and analyzed the impact on endocytic compartments and enterocyte structure in neonates using immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Deletion of the apical endosomal protein EDTB in the small intestine during development impairs enterocyte morphogenesis, including loss of the apical endocytic complex, defective formation of the lysosomal compartment, and some cells had large microvillus-rich inclusions similar to those observed in microvillus inclusion disease. There also was a decrease in apical endocytosis and mislocalization of proteins involved in apical trafficking. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that EDTB-mediated trafficking within the epithelial cells of the developing ileum is important for maintenance of endocytic compartments and enterocyte integrity during early stages of gut development.
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Key Words
- AEC, apical endocytic complex
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- CRISPR/Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9 endonuclease
- EDTB, endotubin
- EEA1, early endosomal antigen 1
- Endosomes
- Endotubin
- G, guide
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- KO, knockout
- LAMP1, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1
- MAMDC4, MAM domain containing 4
- MVID, microvillus inclusion disease
- P, postnatal day
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Rab
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TBST, tris-buffered saline with 0.1% tween-20
- TEM, transmission electron microscopic
- TJ, tight junction
- Tight Junction
- Trafficking
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Cox
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Kaan Salcin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean M. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jean M. Wilson, PhD, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, PO Box 245044, Tucson, Arizona 85724. fax: (520) 626-2097.
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21
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Loss of Myosin Vb in colorectal cancer is a strong prognostic factor for disease recurrence. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1689-1701. [PMID: 29024942 PMCID: PMC5729446 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Selecting the most beneficial treatment regimens for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients remains challenging due to a lack of prognostic markers. Members of the Myosin family, proteins recognised to have a major role in trafficking and polarisation of cells, have recently been reported to be closely associated with several types of cancer and might thus serve as potential prognostic markers in the context of CRC. Methods: We used a previously established meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression data to analyse the expression of different members of the Myosin V family, namely MYO5A, 5B, and 5C, in CRC. Using laser-microdissected material as well as tissue microarrays from paired human CRC samples, we validated both RNA and protein expression of Myosin Vb (MYO5B) and its known adapter proteins (RAB8A and RAB25) in an independent patient cohort. Finally, we assessed the prognostic value of both MYO5B and its adapter-coupled combinatorial gene expression signatures. Results: The meta-analysis as well as an independent patient cohort study revealed a methylation-independent loss of MYO5B expression in CRC that matched disease progression. Although MYO5B mutations were identified in a small number of patients, these cannot be solely responsible for the common downregulation observed in CRC patients. Significantly, CRC patients with low MYO5B expression displayed shorter overall, disease-, and metastasis-free survival, a trend that was further reinforced when RAB8A expression was also taken into account. Conclusions: Our data identify MYO5B as a powerful prognostic biomarker in CRC, especially in early stages (stages I and II), which might help stratifying patients with stage II for adjuvant chemotherapy.
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22
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Klunder LJ, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van IJzendoorn SCD. Mechanisms of Cell Polarity-Controlled Epithelial Homeostasis and Immunity in the Intestine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027888. [PMID: 28213466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell polarity is instrumental to maintain epithelial homeostasis and balance communications between the gut lumen and bodily tissue, thereby controlling the defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and maintenance of immune tolerance to commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight recent advances with regard to the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity-controlled epithelial homeostasis and immunity in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Overeem AW, Posovszky C, Rings EHMM, Giepmans BNG, van IJzendoorn SCD. The role of enterocyte defects in the pathogenesis of congenital diarrheal disorders. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1-12. [PMID: 26747865 PMCID: PMC4728335 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diarrheal disorders are rare, often fatal, diseases that are difficult to diagnose (often requiring biopsies) and that manifest in the first few weeks of life as chronic diarrhea and the malabsorption of nutrients. The etiology of congenital diarrheal disorders is diverse, but several are associated with defects in the predominant intestinal epithelial cell type, enterocytes. These particular congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDENT) include microvillus inclusion disease and congenital tufting enteropathy, and can feature in other diseases, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 and trichohepatoenteric syndrome. Treatment options for most of these disorders are limited and an improved understanding of their molecular bases could help to drive the development of better therapies. Recently, mutations in genes that are involved in normal intestinal epithelial physiology have been associated with different CDDENT. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the cellular mechanisms of CDDENT. We highlight the potential of animal models and patient-specific stem-cell-based organoid cultures, as well as patient registries, to integrate basic and clinical research, with the aim of clarifying the pathogenesis of CDDENT and expediting the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Summary: Overview of the recent progress in our understanding of congenital diarrheal disorders, and the available models to study these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Edmond H M M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Kravtsov DV, Ahsan MK, Kumari V, van Ijzendoorn SCD, Reyes-Mugica M, Kumar A, Gujral T, Dudeja PK, Ameen NA. Identification of intestinal ion transport defects in microvillus inclusion disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G142-55. [PMID: 27229121 PMCID: PMC4967175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the actin motor myosin Vb (Myo5b) lead to microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) and death in newborns and children. MVID results in secretory diarrhea, brush border (BB) defects, villus atrophy, and microvillus inclusions (MVIs) in enterocytes. How loss of Myo5b results in increased stool loss of chloride (Cl(-)) and sodium (Na(+)) is unknown. The present study used Myo5b loss-of-function human MVID intestine, polarized intestinal cell models of secretory crypt (T84) and villus resembling (CaCo2BBe, C2BBe) enterocytes lacking Myo5b in conjunction with immunofluorescence confocal stimulated emission depletion (gSTED) imaging, immunohistochemical staining, transmission electron microscopy, shRNA silencing, immunoblots, and electrophysiological approaches to examine the distribution, expression, and function of the major BB ion transporters NHE3 (Na(+)), CFTR (Cl(-)), and SLC26A3 (DRA) (Cl(-)/HCO3 (-)) that control intestinal fluid transport. We hypothesized that enterocyte maturation defects lead villus atrophy with immature secretory cryptlike enterocytes in the MVID epithelium. We investigated the role of Myo5b in enterocyte maturation. NHE3 and DRA localization and function were markedly reduced on the BB membrane of human MVID enterocytes and Myo5bKD C2BBe cells, while CFTR localization was preserved. Forskolin-stimulated CFTR ion transport in Myo5bKD T84 cells resembled that of control. Loss of Myo5b led to YAP1 nuclear retention, retarded enterocyte maturation, and a cryptlike phenotype. We conclude that preservation of functional CFTR in immature enterocytes, reduced functional expression of NHE3, and DRA contribute to Cl(-) and Na(+) stool loss in MVID diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Kravtsov
- 1Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Md Kaimul Ahsan
- 1Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Vandana Kumari
- 1Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Sven C. D. van Ijzendoorn
- 2Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Anoop Kumar
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Tarunmeet Gujral
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- 1Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; ,5Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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25
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Weis VG, Knowles BC, Choi E, Goldstein AE, Williams JA, Manning EH, Roland JT, Lapierre LA, Goldenring JR. Loss of MYO5B in mice recapitulates Microvillus Inclusion Disease and reveals an apical trafficking pathway distinct to neonatal duodenum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:131-157. [PMID: 27019864 PMCID: PMC4806369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inactivating mutations in MYO5B cause severe neonatal diarrhea in Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Loss of active MYO5B causes the formation of pathognomonic inclusions and aberrations in brush border enzymes. METHODS We developed three mouse models of germline, constitutively intestinal targeted and inducible intestinal targeted deletion of MYO5B. The mice were evaluated for enterocyte cellular morphology. RESULTS Germline MYO5B KO mice showed early diarrhea and failure to thrive with evident microvillus inclusions and loss of apical transporters in the duodenum. IgG was present within inclusions. Apical transporters were lost and inclusions were present in the duodenum, but were nearly absent in the ileum. VillinCre;MYO5BF/F mice showed similar pathology and morphological changes in duodenal enterocytes. In contrast, when MYO5B KO was induced with tamoxifen treatment at 8 weeks of age, VillinCreERT2;MYO5BF/F mice developed severe diarrhea with loss of duodenal brush border enzymes, but few inclusions were observed in enterocytes. However, if tamoxifen is administered to 2-day-old VillinCreERT2;MYO5BF/F mice, prominent microvillus inclusions were observed. CONCLUSIONS The microvillus inclusions that develop after MYO5B loss reveal the presence of an unrecognized apical membrane trafficking pathway in neonatal duodenal enterocytes. However, the diarrheal pathology after MYO5B loss is due to deficits in transporter presentation at the apical membrane in duodenal enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Weis
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Byron C. Knowles
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna E. Goldstein
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Janice A. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth H. Manning
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lynne A. Lapierre
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Michaux G, Massey-Harroche D, Nicolle O, Rabant M, Brousse N, Goulet O, Le Bivic A, Ruemmele FM. The localisation of the apical Par/Cdc42 polarity module is specifically affected in microvillus inclusion disease. Biol Cell 2015; 108:19-28. [PMID: 26526116 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a genetic disorder affecting intestinal absorption. It is caused by mutations in MYO5B or syntaxin 3 (STX3) affecting apical membrane trafficking. Morphologically, MVID is characterised by a depletion of apical microvilli and the formation of microvillus inclusions inside the cells, suggesting a loss of polarity. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the location of essential apical polarity determinants in five MVID patients. RESULTS We found that the polarity determinants Cdc42, Par6B, PKCζ/ι and the structural proteins ezrin and phospho-ezrin were lost from the apical membrane and accumulated either in the cytoplasm or on the basal side of enterocytes in patients, which suggests an inversion of cell polarity. Moreover, microvilli-like structures were observed at the basal side as per electron microscopy analysis. We next performed Myo5B depletion in three dimensional grown human Caco2 cells forming cysts and found a direct link between the loss of Myo5B and the mislocalisation of the same apical proteins; furthermore, we observed that a majority of cysts displayed an inverted polarity phenotype as seen in some patients. Finally, we found that this loss of polarity was specific for MVID: tissue samples of patients with Myo5B-independent absorption disorders showed normal polarity but we identified Cdc42 as a potentially essential biomarker for trichohepatoenteric syndrome. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the loss of Myo5B induces a strong loss of enterocyte polarity, potentially leading to polarity inversion. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that polarity determinants could be useful markers to help establishing a diagnosis in patients. Furthermore, they could be used to characterise other rare intestinal absorption diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Michaux
- CNRS, UMR6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043, Rennes, France.,UEB, SFR Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, University of Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Massey-Harroche
- CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- CNRS, UMR6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, F-35043, Rennes, France.,UEB, SFR Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, University of Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Brousse
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Frank M Ruemmele
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
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27
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An inducible mouse model for microvillus inclusion disease reveals a role for myosin Vb in apical and basolateral trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12408-13. [PMID: 26392529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516672112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare intestinal enteropathy with an onset within a few days to months after birth, resulting in persistent watery diarrhea. Mutations in the myosin Vb gene (MYO5B) have been identified in the majority of MVID patients. However, the exact pathophysiology of MVID still remains unclear. To address the specific role of MYO5B in the intestine, we generated an intestine-specific conditional Myo5b-deficient (Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2) mouse model. We analyzed intestinal tissues and cultured organoids of Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 mice by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Our data showed that Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 mice developed severe diarrhea within 4 d after tamoxifen induction. Periodic Acid Schiff and alkaline phosphatase staining revealed subapical accumulation of intracellular vesicles in villus enterocytes. Analysis by electron microscopy confirmed an almost complete absence of apical microvilli, the appearance of microvillus inclusions, and enlarged intercellular spaces in induced Myo5bfl/fl;Vil-CreERT2 intestines. In addition, we determined that MYO5B is involved not only in apical but also basolateral trafficking of proteins. The analysis of the intestine during the early onset of the disease revealed that subapical accumulation of secretory granules precedes occurrence of microvillus inclusions, indicating involvement of MYO5B in early differentiation of epithelial cells. By comparing our data with a novel MVID patient, we conclude that our mouse model completely recapitulates the intestinal phenotype of human MVID. This includes severe diarrhea, loss of microvilli, occurrence of microvillus inclusions, and subapical secretory granules. Thus, loss of MYO5B disturbs both apical and basolateral trafficking of proteins and causes MVID in mice.
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28
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Overeem AW, Bryant DM, van IJzendoorn SC. Mechanisms of apical–basal axis orientation and epithelial lumen positioning. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:476-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease remains a major health burden worldwide. Secretory diarrhoeas are caused by certain bacterial and viral infections, inflammatory processes, drugs and genetic disorders. Fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium in secretory diarrhoeas involves multiple ion and solute transporters, as well as activation of cyclic nucleotide and Ca(2+) signalling pathways. In many secretory diarrhoeas, activation of Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of enterocytes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, increases fluid secretion, while inhibition of Na(+) transport reduces fluid absorption. Current treatment of diarrhoea includes replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses using oral rehydration solutions, and drugs targeting intestinal motility or fluid secretion. Therapeutics in the development pipeline target intestinal ion channels and transporters, regulatory proteins and cell surface receptors. This Review describes pathogenic mechanisms of secretory diarrhoea, current and emerging therapeutics, and the challenges in developing antidiarrhoeal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross 925, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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30
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Goldenring JR. Recycling endosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:117-22. [PMID: 26022676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal membrane recycling system represents a dynamic conduit for sorting and re-exporting internalized membrane constituents. The recycling system is composed of multiple tubulovesicular recycling pathways that likely confer distinct trafficking pathways for individual cargoes. In addition, elements of the recycling system are responsible for assembly and maintenance of apical membrane specializations including primary cilia and apical microvilli. The existence of multiple intersecting and diverging recycling tracks likely accounts for specificity in plasma membrane recycling trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; The Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; The Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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31
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Canani RB, Castaldo G, Bacchetta R, Martín MG, Goulet O. Congenital diarrhoeal disorders: advances in this evolving web of inherited enteropathies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12:293-302. [PMID: 25782092 PMCID: PMC7599016 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diarrhoeal disorders (CDDs) represent an evolving web of rare chronic enteropathies, with a typical onset early in life. In many of these conditions, severe chronic diarrhoea represents the primary clinical manifestation, whereas in others diarrhoea is only a component of a more complex multi-organ or systemic disorder. Typically, within the first days of life, diarrhoea leads to a life-threatening condition highlighted by severe dehydration and serum electrolyte abnormalities. Thus, in the vast majority of cases appropriate therapy must be started immediately to prevent dehydration and long-term, sometimes severe, complications. The number of well-characterized disorders attributed to CDDs has gradually increased over the past several years, and many new genes have been identified and functionally related to CDDs, opening new diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Molecular analysis has changed the diagnostic scenario in CDDs, and led to a reduction in invasive and expensive procedures. Major advances have been made in terms of pathogenesis, enabling a better understanding not only of these rare conditions but also of more common diseases mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martín G. Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Paris Descartes Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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