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Petersen CP, Meyer AR, DeSalvo C, Choi E, Schlegel C, Petersen A, Engevik AC, Prasad N, Levy SE, Peebles RS, Pizarro TT, Goldenring JR. A signalling cascade of IL-33 to IL-13 regulates metaplasia in the mouse stomach. Gut 2018; 67:805-817. [PMID: 28196875 PMCID: PMC5681443 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are associated with the progression of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in the stomach. However, the precise mechanism(s) and critical mediators that induce SPEM are unknown. DESIGN To determine candidate genes important in these processes, macrophages from the stomach corpus of mice with SPEM (DMP-777-treated) or advanced SPEM (L635-treated) were isolated and RNA sequenced. Effects on metaplasia development after acute parietal cell loss induced by L635 were evaluated in interleukin (IL)-33, IL-33 receptor (ST2) and IL-13 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS Profiling of metaplasia-associated macrophages in the stomach identified an M2a-polarised macrophage population. Expression of IL-33 was significantly upregulated in macrophages associated with advanced SPEM. L635 induced metaplasia in the stomachs of wild-type mice, but not in the stomachs of IL-33 and ST2 KO mice. While IL-5 and IL-9 were not required for metaplasia induction, IL-13 KO mice did not develop metaplasia in response to L635. Administration of IL-13 to ST2 KO mice re-established the induction of metaplasia following acute parietal cell loss. CONCLUSIONS Metaplasia induction and macrophage polarisation after parietal cell loss is coordinated through a cytokine signalling network of IL-33 and IL-13, linking a combined response to injury by both intrinsic mucosal mechanisms and infiltrating M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P. Petersen
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anne R. Meyer
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Carlo DeSalvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Cameron Schlegel
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Alec Petersen
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy C. Engevik
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Department of HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | - Shawn E. Levy
- Department of HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | | | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Weis VG, Petersen CP, Weis JA, Meyer AR, Choi E, Mills JC, Goldenring JR. Maturity and age influence chief cell ability to transdifferentiate into metaplasia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G67-G76. [PMID: 27881402 PMCID: PMC5283902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00326.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The plasticity of gastric chief cells is exemplified by their ability to transdifferentiate into spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) after parietal cell loss. We sought to determine if chief cell maturity is a limiting factor in the capacity to transdifferentiate. Mist1-/- mice, previously shown to form only immature chief cells, were treated with DMP-777 or L635 to study the capability of these immature chief cells to transdifferentiate into a proliferative metaplastic lineage after acute parietal cell loss. Mist1-/- mice treated with DMP-777 showed fewer chief cell to SPEM transitions. Mist1-/- mice treated with L635 demonstrated significantly fewer proliferative SPEM cells compared with control mice. Thus immature chief cells were unable to transdifferentiate efficiently into SPEM after acute parietal cell loss. To determine whether chief cell age affects transdifferentiation into SPEM, we used tamoxifen to induce YFP expression in chief cells of Mist1CreER/+;RosaYFP mice and subsequently treated the cells with L635 to induce SPEM at 1 to 3.5 mo after tamoxifen treatment. After L635 treatment to induce acute parietal cell loss, 43% of all YFP-positive cells at 1 mo posttamoxifen were SPEM cells, of which 44% of these YFP-positive SPEM cells were proliferative. By 2 mo after tamoxifen induction, only 24% of marked SPEM cells were proliferating. However, by 3.5 mo after tamoxifen induction, only 12% of marked chief cells transdifferentiated into SPEM and none were proliferative. Thus, as chief cells age, they lose their ability to transdifferentiate into SPEM and proliferate. Therefore, both functional maturation and age limit chief cell plasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous investigations have indicated that spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in the stomach arises from transdifferentiation of chief cells. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of chief cells that influence transdifferentiation have been largely unknown. We now report that the ability to transdifferentiate into SPEM is impaired in chief cells that lack full functional maturation, and as chief cells age, they lose their ability to transdifferentiate. Thus chief cell plasticity is dependent on both cell age and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Weis
- 2Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Christine P. Petersen
- 1Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,4Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jared A. Weis
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Anne R. Meyer
- 4Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- 1Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jason C. Mills
- 6Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - James R. Goldenring
- 1Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,4Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Abstract
Trefoil factor (TFF) peptides, with a 40-amino acid motif and including six conserved cysteine residues that form intramolecular disulfide bonds, are a family of mucin-associated secretory molecules mediating many physiological roles that maintain and restore gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal homeostasis. TFF peptides play important roles in response to GI mucosal injury and inflammation. In response to acute GI mucosal injury, TFF peptides accelerate cell migration to seal the damaged area from luminal contents, whereas chronic inflammation leads to increased TFF expression to prevent further progression of disease. Although much evidence supports the physiological significance of TFF peptides in mucosal defenses, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TFF peptides in the GI epithelium remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the functional roles of TFF1, 2, and 3 and illustrate their action mechanisms, focusing on defense mechanisms in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
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4
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Abstract
Intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma evolves in a field of pre-existing metaplasia. Over the past 20 years, a number of murine models have been developed to address aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of metaplasia induction. Although none of these models has achieved true recapitulation of the induction of adenocarcinoma, they have led to important insights into the factors that influence the induction and progression of metaplasia. Here, we review the pathologic definitions relevant to alterations in gastric corpus lineages and classification of metaplasia by specific lineage markers. In addition, we review present murine models of the induction and progression of spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2)-expressing metaplasia, the predominant metaplastic lineage observed in murine models. These models provide a basis for the development of a broader understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of metaplasia in the stomach.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- Chief Cell
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Gastric Cancer
- Hip1r, Huntington interacting protein 1 related
- Hyperplasia
- IFN, interferon
- Intestinal Metaplasia
- MUC, mucin
- SDF1, stromal-derived factor 1
- SPEM
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing metaplasia
- TFF, trefoil factor
- TFF2
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- Tg, transgene
- Th, T-helper
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5
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Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M, Putoczki TL. Mouse models for gastric cancer: Matching models to biological questions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1257-72. [PMID: 26809278 PMCID: PMC5324706 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease, which often results in late-stage diagnosis, at which point there are limited treatment options. Even when treated successfully, gastric cancer patients have a high risk of tumor recurrence and acquired drug resistance. It is vital to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer pathogenesis to facilitate the design of new-targeted therapies that may improve patient survival. A number of chemically and genetically engineered mouse models of gastric cancer have provided significant insight into the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease onset and progression. This review outlines the strengths and limitations of current mouse models of gastric cancer and their relevance to the pre-clinical development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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6
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Epithelial Regeneration After Gastric Ulceration Causes Prolonged Cell-Type Alterations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:625-647. [PMID: 27766298 PMCID: PMC5042868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The peptic ulcer heals through a complex process, although the ulcer relapse often occurs several years later after healing. Our hypothesis is that even after visual evidence of healing of gastric ulceration, the regenerated epithelium is aberrant for an extended interval, increasing susceptibility of the regenerated epithelium to damage and further diseases. METHODS Gastric ulcers were induced in mice by serosal topical application of acetic acid. RESULTS Gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid visually healed within 30 days. However, regenerated epithelial architecture was poor. The gene profile of regenerated tissue was abnormal, indicating increased stem/progenitor cells, deficient differentiated gastric cell types, and deranged cell homeostasis. Despite up-regulation of PDX1 in the regenerated epithelium, no mature antral cell type was observed. Four months after healing, the regenerated epithelium lacks parietal cells, trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9) remain up-regulated deep in the gastric gland, and the Na/H exchanger 2 (a TFF2 effector in gastric healing) remains down-regulated. Gastric ulcer healing was strongly delayed in TFF2 knockout mice, and re-epithelialization was accompanied with mucous metaplasia. After Helicobacter pylori inoculum 30 days after ulceration, we observed that the gastric ulcer selectively relapses at the same site where it originally was induced. Follow-up evaluation at 8 months showed that the relapsed ulcer was not healed in H pylori-infected tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that this macroscopically regenerated epithelium has prolonged abnormal cell distribution and is differentially susceptible to subsequent damage by H pylori.
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Key Words
- CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- DCLK1, doublecortin-like kinase 1
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GIF, gastric intrinsic factor
- GSII, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II
- Gastric Ulcer Healing
- H pylori
- HK-ATPase, hydrogen potassium exchanger adenosine triphosphatase
- KO, knockout
- Lgr5, Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor5
- MUC, Mucin
- Metaplasia
- NHE2
- NHE2, sodium hydrogen exchanger 2
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDX1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
- SOX2, (sex-determining region Y)-box 2
- SOX9
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia
- TFF2
- TFF2, trefoil factor 2
- UEA-1, ulex europaeus
- WT, wild type
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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7
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Gastric Metaplasia Induced by Helicobacter pylori Is Associated with Enhanced SOX9 Expression via Interleukin-1 Signaling. Infect Immun 2015; 84:562-72. [PMID: 26644382 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01437-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa after Helicobacter pylori infection, such as atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia, are considered to be precursors of gastric cancer, yet the mechanisms of histological progression are unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the histopathological features of the gastric mucosa in mice infected with H. pylori strain PMSS1 in relation to gastric stem cell marker expression. C57BL/6J mice infected with PMSS1 were examined for histopathological changes, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and expression of stem cell markers. Histopathological gastritis scores, such as atrophy and metaplasia, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were increased after PMSS1 infection. Expression levels of the cell proliferation and stem cell markers CD44 and SOX9 were also significantly increased in PMSS1-infected mice. Importantly, almost all metaplastic cells induced by PMSS1 infection expressed SOX9. When IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) knockout mice were infected with PMSS1, metaplastic changes and expression levels of stem cell markers were significantly decreased compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice. In conclusion, H. pylori infection induced the expression of cytokines and stem cell markers and histopathological metaplasia in the mouse gastric mucosa. SOX9 expression, in particular, was strongly associated with metaplastic changes, and these changes were dependent on IL-1 signaling. The results suggested the importance of SOX9 in gastric carcinogenesis.
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8
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Weis VG, Petersen CP, Mills JC, Tuma PL, Whitehead RH, Goldenring JR. Establishment of novel in vitro mouse chief cell and SPEM cultures identifies MAL2 as a marker of metaplasia in the stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G777-92. [PMID: 25190476 PMCID: PMC4200317 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00169.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxyntic atrophy in the stomach leads to chief cell transdifferentiation into spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Investigations of preneoplastic metaplasias in the stomach are limited by the sole reliance on in vivo mouse models, owing to the lack of in vitro models for distinct normal mucosal lineages and metaplasias. Utilizing the Immortomouse, in vitro cell models of chief cells and SPEM were developed to study the characteristics of normal chief cells and metaplasia. Chief cells and SPEM cells isolated from Immortomice were cultured and characterized at both the permissive (33°C) and the nonpermissive temperature (39°C). Clones were selected on the basis of their transcriptional expression of specific stomach lineage markers (named ImChief and ImSPEM) and protein expression and growth were analyzed. The transcriptional expression profiles of ImChief and ImSPEM cells were compared further by using gene microarrays. ImChief cells transcriptionally express most chief cell markers and contain pepsinogen C and RAB3D-immunostaining vesicles. ImSPEM cells express the SPEM markers TFF2 and HE4 and constitutively secrete HE4. Whereas ImChief cells cease proliferation at the nonpermissive temperature, ImSPEM cells continue to proliferate at 39°C. Gene expression profiling of ImChief and ImSPEM revealed myelin and lymphocyte protein 2 (MAL2) as a novel marker of SPEM lineages. Our results indicate that the expression and proliferation profiles of the novel ImChief and ImSPEM cell lines resemble in vivo chief and SPEM cell lineages. These cell culture lines provide the first in vitro systems for studying the molecular mechanisms of the metaplastic transition in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Weis
- 1Nashville VA Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Christine P. Petersen
- 1Nashville VA Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Jason C. Mills
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Pamela L. Tuma
- 4Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC; and
| | - Robert H. Whitehead
- 2Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Digestive Disease Research Center and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University
| | - James R. Goldenring
- 1Nashville VA Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee;
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9
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Geahlen JH, Lapid C, Thorell K, Nikolskiy I, Huh WJ, Oates EL, Lennerz JKM, Tian X, Weis VG, Khurana SS, Lundin SB, Templeton AR, Mills JC. Evolution of the human gastrokine locus and confounding factors regarding the pseudogenicity of GKN3. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:667-83. [PMID: 23715263 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a screen for genes expressed specifically in gastric mucous neck cells, we identified GKN3, the recently discovered third member of the gastrokine family. We present confirmatory mouse data and novel porcine data showing that mouse GKN3 expression is confined to mucous cells of the corpus neck and antrum base and is prominently expressed in metaplastic lesions. GKN3 was proposed originally to be expressed in some human populations and a pseudogene in others. To investigate that hypothesis, we studied human GKN3 evolution in the context of its paralogous genomic neighbors, GKN1 and GKN2. Haplotype analysis revealed that GKN3 mimics GKN2 in patterns of exonic SNP allocation, whereas GKN1 appeared to be more stringently selected. GKN3 showed signatures of both directional selection and population based selective sweeps in humans. One such selective sweep includes SNP rs10187256, originally identified as an ancestral tryptophan to premature STOP codon mutation. The derived (nonancestral) allele went to fixation in Asia. We show that another SNP, rs75578132, identified 5 bp downstream of rs10187256, exhibits a second selective sweep in almost all Europeans, some Latinos, and some Africans, possibly resulting from a reintroduction of European genes during African colonization. Finally, we identify a mutation that would destroy the splice donor site in the putative exon3-intron3 boundary, which occurs in all human genomes examined to date. Our results highlight a stomach-specific human genetic locus, which has undergone various selective sweeps across European, Asian, and African populations and thus reflects geographic and ethnic patterns in genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Geahlen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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10
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Han ME, Oh SO. Gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:8-18. [PMID: 23560232 PMCID: PMC3615616 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric epithelium is continuously regenerated by gastric stem cells, which give rise to various kinds of daughter cells, including parietal cells, chief cells, surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells need delicate regulation to maintain the normal physiology of the stomach. Recently, it was hypothesized that cancer stem cells drive the cancer growth and metastasis. In contrast to conventional clonal evolution hypothesis, only cancer stem cells can initiate tumor formation, self-renew, and differentiate into various kinds of daughter cells. Because gastric cancer can originate from gastric stem cells and their self-renewal mechanism can be used by gastric cancer stem cells, we review here how critical signaling pathways, including hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, may regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. In addition, the precancerous change of the gastric epithelium and the status of isolating gastric cancer stem cells from patients are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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11
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Yamagata Y, Aikou S, Fukushima T, Kataoka H, Seto Y, Esumi H, Kaminishi M, Goldenring JR, Nomura S. Loss of HGF activator inhibits foveolar hyperplasia induced by oxyntic atrophy without altering gastrin levels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1254-61. [PMID: 23064758 PMCID: PMC4888532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spasmolytic polypeptide/trefoil family factor 2 expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is induced by oxyntic atrophy and is known as a precancerous or paracancerous lesion. We now have sought to determine whether hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) influences the development of SPEM and oxyntic atrophy. DMP-777, a parietal cell ablating reagent, was administered to HGF activator (HGFA)-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Gastric mucosal lineage changes were analyzed in the DMP-777 treatment phase and recovery phase. Both wild-type and HGFA knockout mice showed SPEM, and there was no difference in SPEM development. However, after cessation of DMP-777, HGFA-deficient mice showed delayed recovery from SPEM compared with wild-type mice. Foveolar cell hyperplasia and the increase in proliferating cells after parietal cell loss were reduced in HGFA-deficient mice. The HGFA does not affect emergence of SPEM. However, the absence of HGFA signaling causes a delay in the recovery from SPEM to normal glandular composition. HGFA also promotes foveolar cell hyperplasia and mucosal cell proliferation in acute oxyntic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Yamagata
- 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Susumu Aikou
- 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan;
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- 3Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan;
| | | | - James R. Goldenring
- 5Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
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12
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Keeley TM, Samuelson LC. Cytodifferentiation of the postnatal mouse stomach in normal and Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1241-51. [PMID: 20813912 PMCID: PMC3006248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00239.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related (Hip1r) is highly expressed in gastric parietal cells, where it participates in vesicular trafficking associated with acid secretion. Hip1r-deficient mice have a progressive remodeling of the mucosa, including apoptotic loss of parietal cells, glandular hypertrophy, mucous cell metaplasia, and reduced numbers of zymogenic cells. In this study, we characterized gastric gland development in wild-type and Hip1r-deficient mice to define normal development, as well as the timing and sequence of the cellular transformation events in the mutant stomach. Postnatal (newborn to 8-wk-old) stomachs were examined by histological and gene expression analysis. At birth, gastric glands in wild-type and mutant mice were rudimentary and mature gastric epithelial cells were not apparent, although marker expression was detected for most cell lineages. Interestingly, newborns exhibited unusual cell types, including a novel surface cell filled with lipid and cells that coexpressed markers of mature mucous neck and zymogenic cells. Glandular morphogenesis proceeded rapidly in both genotypes, with gastric glands formed by weaning at 3 wk of age. In the Hip1r-deficient stomach, epithelial cell remodeling developed in a progressive manner. Initially, in the perinatal stomach, cellular changes were limited to parietal cell apoptosis. Other epithelial cell changes, including apoptotic loss of zymogenic cells and expansion of metaplastic mucous cells, emerged several weeks later when the glands were morphologically mature. Thus, parietal cell loss appeared to be the initiating event in Hip1r-deficient mice, with secondary remodeling of the other gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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13
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Peterson AJ, Menheniott TR, O’Connor L, Walduck AK, Fox JG, Kawakami K, Minamoto T, Ong EK, Wang TC, Judd LM, Giraud AS. Helicobacter pylori infection promotes methylation and silencing of trefoil factor 2, leading to gastric tumor development in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2005-17. [PMID: 20801119 PMCID: PMC3970568 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Trefoil factors (TFFs) regulate mucosal repair and suppress tumor formation in the stomach. Tff1 deficiency results in gastric cancer, whereas Tff2 deficiency increases gastric inflammation. TFF2 expression is frequently lost in gastric neoplasms, but the nature of the silencing mechanism and associated impact on tumorigenesis have not been determined. METHODS We investigated the epigenetic silencing of TFF2 in gastric biopsy specimens from individuals with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, gastric cancer, and disease-free controls. TFF2 function and methylation were manipulated in gastric cancer cell lines. The effects of Tff2 deficiency on tumor growth were investigated in the gp130(F/F) mouse model of gastric cancer. RESULTS In human tissue samples, DNA methylation at the TFF2 promoter began at the time of H pylori infection and increased throughout gastric tumor progression. TFF2 methylation levels were inversely correlated with TFF2 messenger RNA levels and could be used to discriminate between disease-free controls, H pylori-infected, and tumor tissues. Genome demethylation restored TFF2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines, so TFF2 silencing requires methylation. In Tff2-deficient gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice, proliferation of mucosal cells and release of T helper cell type-1 (Th-1) 1 cytokines increased, whereas expression of gastric tumor suppressor genes and Th-2 cytokines were reduced, compared with gp130(F/F)controls. The fundus of gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice displayed glandular atrophy and metaplasia, indicating accelerated preneoplasia. Experimental H pylori infection in wild-type mice reduced antral expression of Tff2 by increased promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS TFF2 negatively regulates preneoplastic progression and subsequent tumor development in the stomach, a role that is subverted by promoter methylation during H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Peterson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Louise O’Connor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuyuki Kawakami
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eng Kok Ong
- Sequenom Platform Facility, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Roepke TK, Purtell K, King EC, La Perle KMD, Lerner DJ, Abbott GW. Targeted deletion of Kcne2 causes gastritis cystica profunda and gastric neoplasia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11451. [PMID: 20625512 PMCID: PMC2897890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Predisposing factors include achlorhydria, Helicobacter pylori infection, oxyntic atrophy and TFF2-expressing metaplasia. In parietal cells, apical potassium channels comprising the KCNQ1 α subunit and the KCNE2 β subunit provide a K+ efflux current to facilitate gastric acid secretion by the apical H+K+ATPase. Accordingly, genetic deletion of murine Kcnq1 or Kcne2 impairs gastric acid secretion. Other evidence has suggested a role for KCNE2 in human gastric cancer cell proliferation, independent of its role in gastric acidification. Here, we demonstrate that 1-year-old Kcne2−/− mice in a pathogen-free environment all exhibit a severe gastric preneoplastic phenotype comprising gastritis cystica profunda, 6-fold increased stomach mass, increased Ki67 and nuclear Cyclin D1 expression, and TFF2- and cytokeratin 7-expressing metaplasia. Some Kcne2−/−mice also exhibited pyloric polypoid adenomas extending into the duodenum, and neoplastic invasion of thin walled vessels in the sub-mucosa. Finally, analysis of human gastric cancer tissue indicated reduced parietal cell KCNE2 expression. Together with previous findings, the results suggest KCNE2 disruption as a possible risk factor for gastric neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten K. Roepke
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kerry Purtell
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. King
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Krista M. D. La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Lerner
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Weis VG, Goldenring JR. Current understanding of SPEM and its standing in the preneoplastic process. Gastric Cancer 2010; 12:189-97. [PMID: 20047123 PMCID: PMC4502916 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-009-0527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, but the details of gastric carcinogenesis remain unclear. In humans, two preneoplastic metaplasias are associated with the precancerous stomach: intestinal metaplasia and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). While mouse models of Helicobacter sp. infection have not shown intestinal metaplasia, a number of mouse models lead to the evolution of SPEM. In this review, we summarize increasing data that indicates that SPEM arises in the setting of parietal cell loss, either following acute druginduced oxyntic atrophy or in chronic oxyntic atrophy associated with H. felis infection. Importantly, recent investigations support the origin of SPEM through transdifferentiation from mature chief cells following parietal cell loss. Novel biomarkers of SPEM, such as HE4, hold promise as specific markers of the metaplastic process distinct from normal gastric lineages. Staining with HE4 in humans and other studies in gerbils suggest that SPEM arises initially in the human stomach following parietal cell loss and then further evolves into intestinal metaplasia, likely in association with chronic inflammation. Further studies are needed to broaden our knowledge of metaplasia and early cancer-specific biomarkers that could give insights into both lineage derivation and preneoplasia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Weis
- Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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16
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Goldenring JR, Nam KT. Oxyntic atrophy, metaplasia, and gastric cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:117-31. [PMID: 21075342 PMCID: PMC4502917 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinogenesis involves the loss of parietal cells (oxyntic atrophy) and subsequent replacement of the normal gastric lineages with metaplastic cells. In humans, two metaplastic lineages develop as sequelae of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection: intestinal metaplasia and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Mouse models of both chronic Helicobacter infection and acute pharmacological oxyntic atrophy have led to the discovery that SPEM arises from transdifferentiation of mature chief cells. The presence of inflammation promotes the expansion of SPEM in mice. Furthermore, studies in Mongolian gerbils as well as increasing evidence from human studies indicate that SPEM likely represents a precursor for the development of intestinal metaplasia. These findings suggest that loss of parietal cells, augmented by chronic inflammation, leads to a cascade of metaplastic events. Identification of specific biomarkers for SPEM and intestinal metaplasia hold promise for providing both early detection of preneoplasia and information on prognostic outcome following curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Aikou S, Fukushima Y, Ogawa M, Nozaki K, Saito T, Matsui T, Goldenring JR, Kaminishi M, Nomura S. Alterations in gastric mucosal lineages before or after acute oxyntic atrophy in gastrin receptor and H2 histamine receptor-deficient mice. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1625-35. [PMID: 19507031 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spasmolytic polypeptide (SP/TFF2)-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is induced by oxyntic atrophy and is known as a precancerous or paracancerous lesion. We seek to determine whether the gastrin receptor or H(2) histamine receptor influence the development of SPEM. DMP-777 was administered to gastrin receptor and/or H(2) receptor-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Gastric mucosal lineage changes were analyzed. The mucosa from double knockout mice and H(2) receptor knockout mice contained elevated numbers of dual TFF2 and intrinsic factor immunoreactive cells even before DMP-777 treatment. All genotypes of mice showed SPEM after 7-day treatment. In all types of knockout mice, the number of TFF2 immunoreactive cells remained elevated after cessation of treatment. The H(2) receptor and gastrin receptor do not affect emergence of SPEM. However, it is suggested that the absence of H(2) receptor signaling causes a delay in the maturation of chief cells from mucous neck cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Aikou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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18
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Nozaki K, Weis V, Wang TC, Falus A, Goldenring JR. Altered gastric chief cell lineage differentiation in histamine-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1211-20. [PMID: 19359424 PMCID: PMC2697940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90643.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The orderly differentiation of cell lineages within gastric glands is regulated by a complicated interplay of local mucosal growth factors and hormones. Histamine secreted from enterochromaffin-like cells plays an important role in not only stimulated gastric acid secretion but also coordination of intramucosal growth and lineage differentiation. We have examined histidine-decarboxylase (HDC)-deficient mice, which lack endogenous histamine synthesis, to evaluate the influence of histamine on differentiation of fundic mucosal lineages and the development of metaplasia following induction of acute oxyntic atrophy. Stomachs from HDC-deficient mice and wild-type mice were evaluated at 8 wk and 12 mo of age. DMP-777 was administrated orally to 6-wk-old mice for 1 to 14 days. Sections of gastric mucosa were stained with antibodies against Mist1, intrinsic factor, H/K-ATPase, trefoil factor 2 (TFF2), chromogranin A, and Ext1 and for the cell cycle marker phospho-histone H3. HDC-deficient mice at 8 wk of age demonstrated a prominent increase in chief cells expressing Mist1 and intrinsic factor. Importantly Mist1-positive mature chief cells were present in the midgland region as well as at the bases of fundic glands, indicating a premature differentiation of chief cells. Mice dually deficient for both HDC and gastrin showed a normal distribution of chief cells in fundic glands. Treatment of HDC-deficient mice with DMP-777 led to loss of parietal cells and an accelerated and exaggerated emergence of mucous cell metaplasia with the presence of dual intrinsic factor and TFF2-expressing cells throughout the gland length, indicative of the emergence of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) from chief cells. These findings indicate that histamine, in concert with gastrin, regulates the appropriate differentiation of chief cells from mucous neck cells as they migrate toward the bases of fundic glands. Nevertheless, histamine is not required for emergence of SPEM following acute oxyntic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nozaki
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Victoria Weis
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Falus
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Gutiérrez-González L, Wright NA. Biology of intestinal metaplasia in 2008: more than a simple phenotypic alteration. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40:510-22. [PMID: 18400571 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review concentrates on one main aspect of cancerization in the oesophagus and stomach: principally, intestinal metaplasia. There are at least two other important pathways that lead to cancer and do not need such a morphological transformation. One is the gastric type of carcinoma on the Lauren classification, which arises directly from the stem cell zone and is the signet ring form of cancer, while the other is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM)--spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2) expressing metaplasia, where the gastric glands become filled with TFF2-expressing cells and may also lead to gastric dysplasia and cancer. The development of intestinal metaplasia is complex. Here, we examine intestinal metaplasia in molecular terms, noting the over-expression of Cdx1, Cdx2, Pdx1, Oct1, TFF3 and the downregulation of Hedgehog signalling; Runx3 is deactivated by epigenetic silencing, and pathways such as Wnt and MARK/ERK are involved. These changes start to explain the principles of the development of intestinal metaplasia and suggest that the regulation of these genes is of importance in the development of gastric cancer.
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20
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21
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Goldenring JR, Nomura S. Differentiation of the gastric mucosa III. Animal models of oxyntic atrophy and metaplasia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G999-1004. [PMID: 17090722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00187.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer in humans arises in the setting of oxyntic atrophy (parietal cell loss) and attendant hyperplastic and metaplastic lineage changes within the gastric mucosa. Helicobacter infection in mice and humans leads to spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). In a number of mouse models, SPEM arises after oxyntic atrophy. In mice treated with the parietal cell toxic protonophore DMP-777, SPEM appears to arise from the transdifferentiation of chief cells. These results support the concept that intrinsic mucosal influences regulate and modulate the appearance of gastric metaplasia even in the absence of significant inflammation, whereas chronic inflammation is required for the further neoplastic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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