1
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Chen L, Yu B. Telocytes and interstitial cells of Cajal in the biliary system. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3323-3329. [PMID: 29700981 PMCID: PMC6010895 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel type of interstitial tissue cells in the biliary tree termed telocytes (TCs), formerly known as interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLCs), exhibits very particular features which unequivocally distinguish these cells from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and other interstitial cell types. Current research substantiates the existence of TCs and ICCs in the biliary system (gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, cystic duct, common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi). Here, we review the distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of TCs and ICCs in the biliary tree, with emphasis on their presumptive roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
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2
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Kline L, Karpinski E. Quercetin relaxes guinea pig gallbladder strips. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1098-1104. [PMID: 27865351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a phytoestrogen and flavonoid, relaxes intestinal and vascular smooth muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine if quercetin had an effect on gallbladder smooth muscle. An in vitro technique was used to determine the effects of quercetin on gallbladder strips and which system(s) mediated the relaxation. Paired t tests were used; differences between means of P < .05 were considered significant. Adding quercetin before cholecystokinin or KCl produced a significant (P < .001) decrease in the amount of tension (0.80 ± 0.04 vs 0.48 ± 0.04 g cholecystokinin octapeptide and 0.8 ± 0.06 vs 0.54 ± 0.05 g KCl, respectively). When the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors bisindolymaleimide IV and chelerythrine Cl- were simultaneously, a significant (P < .001) reduction in the quercetin-induced relaxation (45.7% ± 4.3% vs 27.6% ± 3.4%) was observed. To determine if protein kinase A (PKA) mediated the quercetin-induced relaxation, PKA inhibitor 14-22 amide myristolated was used. It significantly (P < .05) decreased the amount (40.4% ± 3.7% vs 34.5% ± 3.3%) of quercetin-induced relaxation. The use of 2-APB also significantly (P < .001) reduced the amount of quercetin-induced relaxation (51.2% ± 3.5% vs 14.8% ± 3.6%). l-NG-methyl-l-arginine acetate salt, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, significantly (P < 001) decreased the quercetin-induced relaxation (45.7% ± 4.2% vs 35.2% ± 3.6%). KT5823, a PKC inhibitor, had no effect on the quercetin-induced relaxation. Quercetin blocked extracellular Ca2+ entry which affected downstream events such as activation of PKC, PKA, intracellular Ca2+ release, and activation of nitric oxide synthase. Quercetin relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide and KCl-induced tension in a concentration dependent manner. Thus quercetin-induced relaxation was mediated by multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Kline
- Department of Dentistry, 5-740 ECHA, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1C9.
| | - Edward Karpinski
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
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3
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Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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4
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Balemba OB, Stark TD, Lösch S, Patterson S, McMillan JS, Mawe GM, Hofmann T. (2R,3S,2'' R,3''R)-manniflavanone, a new gastrointestinal smooth muscle L-type calcium channel inhibitor, which underlies the spasmolytic properties of Garcinia buchananii stem bark extract. J Smooth Muscle Res 2016; 50:48-65. [PMID: 26081368 PMCID: PMC4826780 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.50.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia buchananii Baker stem bark extract (GBB) is a traditional
medication of diarrhea and dysentery in sub-Saharan Africa. It is believed that GBB causes
gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation. The aim of this study was to determine whether
GBB has spasmolytic actions and identify compounds underlying these actions. Calcium
(Ca2+) imaging was used to analyze the effect of GBB on Ca2+
flashes and Ca2+ waves in guinea pig gallbladder and distal colon smooth
muscle. Intracellular microelectrode recording was used to determine the effect of GBB,
six fractions of GBB, M1–5 and M7, and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone,
a compound isolated from M3 on action potentials in gallbladder smooth muscle. The
technique was also used to analyze the effect of GBB, M3, and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
on action potentials in the circular muscle of mouse and guinea pig distal colons, and the
effect of GBB and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
on slow waves in porcine ileum. GBB inhibited Ca2+ flashes and Ca2+
waves. GBB, M3 and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
inhibited action potentials. L-type Ca2+ channel activator Bay K 8644 increased
the discharge of action potentials in mouse colon but did not trigger or increase action
potentials in the presence of GBB and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone.
GBB and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
inhibited action potentials in the presence of Bay K 8644. GBB and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
reduced the amplitude but did not alter the frequency of slow waves in the porcine ileum.
In conclusion, GBB and
(2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-manniflavanone
relax smooth muscle by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels, thus have potential for
use as therapies of gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasms, and arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onesmo B Balemba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States
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5
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Woods SE, Leonard MR, Hayden JA, Brophy MB, Bernert KR, Lavoie B, Muthupalani S, Whary MT, Mawe GM, Nolan EM, Carey MC, Fox JG. Impaired cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying incriminated in spontaneous "black" pigment gallstone formation in germfree Swiss Webster mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G335-49. [PMID: 25477375 PMCID: PMC4329474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
"Black" pigment gallstones form in sterile gallbladder bile in the presence of excess bilirubin conjugates ("hyperbilirubinbilia") from ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, or induced enterohepatic cycling (EHC) of unconjugated bilirubin. Impaired gallbladder motility is a less well-studied risk factor. We evaluated the spontaneous occurrence of gallstones in adult germfree (GF) and conventionally housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) Swiss Webster (SW) mice. GF SW mice were more likely to have gallstones than SPF SW mice, with 75% and 23% prevalence, respectively. In GF SW mice, gallstones were observed predominately in heavier, older females. Gallbladders of GF SW mice were markedly enlarged, contained sterile black gallstones composed of calcium bilirubinate and <1% cholesterol, and had low-grade inflammation, edema, and epithelial hyperplasia. Hemograms were normal, but serum cholesterol was elevated in GF compared with SPF SW mice, and serum glucose levels were positively related to increasing age. Aged GF and SPF SW mice had deficits in gallbladder smooth muscle activity. In response to cholecystokinin (CCK), gallbladders of fasted GF SW mice showed impaired emptying (females: 29%; males: 1% emptying), whereas SPF SW females and males emptied 89% and 53% of volume, respectively. Bilirubin secretion rates of GF SW mice were not greater than SPF SW mice, repudiating an induced EHC. Gallstones likely developed in GF SW mice because of gallbladder hypomotility, enabled by features of GF physiology, including decreased intestinal CCK concentration and delayed intestinal transit, as well as an apparent genetic predisposition of the SW stock. GF SW mice may provide a valuable model to study gallbladder stasis as a cause of black pigment gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Woods
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Monika R. Leonard
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Joshua A. Hayden
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Megan Brunjes Brophy
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kara R. Bernert
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Brigitte Lavoie
- 4Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Mark T. Whary
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Gary M. Mawe
- 4Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- 3Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martin C. Carey
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - James G. Fox
- 1Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
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6
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Kline LW, Karpinski E. The Resveratrol-induced Relaxation of Cholecystokinin Octapeptide- or KCl-induced Tension in Male Guinea Pig Gallbladder Strips Is Mediated Through L-type Ca2+Channels. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:62-8. [PMID: 25537678 PMCID: PMC4288087 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic compound (stilbene) and a phytoalexin. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism which mediated the resveratrol-induced relaxation of cholecystokinin octapeptide- or KCl-induced tension in male guinea pig gallbladder strips. Methods Gallbladder strips were prepared and suspended in in vitro chambers filled with Krebs-Henseleit solution. The strips were attached to force displacement transducers, and the changes in tension were recorded on a polygraph. All reagents were added directly into the chambers. Results To determine if intracellular Ca2+ release mediated the resveratrol-induced relaxation of cholecystokinin octapeptide-induced tension, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) was used. 2-APB significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the amount of RSVL-induced relaxation. To determine if protein kinase A (PKA) mediated the resveratrol-induced relaxation, PKA inhibitor 14-22 amide myristolated (PKA-IM) was used. PKA-IM had no effect on resveratrol-induced relaxation. Neither KT5823, NG-methyl-L-arginine acetate salt, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, nor fulvestrant had a significant effect on the amount of resveratrol-induced relaxation. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, significantly (P < 0.01) increased the RSVL-induced relaxation. To determine if protein kinase C mediated the RSVL-induced relaxation, the protein kinase C inhibitors bisindolymaleimide IV and chelerythrine Cl- were used together, and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in resveratrol-induced relaxation was observed. The pretreatment of the strips with resveratrol significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the amount of KCl- and cholecystokinin octapep-tide-induced tension. Conclusions Resveratrol-induced relaxation is mediated by its effects on L-type Ca2+ channels and intracellular Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren W Kline
- Departments of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward Karpinski
- Departments of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Crystal structure of phospholipase PA2-Vb, a protease-activated receptor agonist from theTrimeresurus stejnegerisnake venom. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4604-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Treinys R, Kaselis A, Jover E, Bagnard D, Šatkauskas S. R-type calcium channels are crucial for semaphorin 3A-induced DRG axon growth cone collapse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102357. [PMID: 25032951 PMCID: PMC4102519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a secreted protein involved in axon path-finding during nervous system development. Calcium signaling plays an important role during axonal growth in response to different guidance cues; however it remains unclear whether this is also the case for Sema3A. In this study we used intracellular calcium imaging to figure out whether Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse is a Ca2+ dependent process. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging results using Fura-2 AM showed Ca2+ increase in E15 mice dorsal root ganglia neurons upon Sema3A treatment. Consequently we analyzed Sema3A effect on growth cones after blocking or modifying intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ channels that are expressed in E15 mouse embryos. Our results demonstrate that Sema3A increased growth cone collapse rate is blocked by the non-selective R- and T- type Ca2+ channel blocker NiCl2 and by the selective R-type Ca2+ channel blocker SNX482. These Ca2+ channel blockers consistently decreased the Sema3A-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration elevation. Overall, our results demonstrate that Sema3A-induced growth cone collapses are intimately related with increase in intracellular calcium concentration mediated by R-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimantas Treinys
- Biophysical Research Group, Biology department, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Kaselis
- Biophysical Research Group, Biology department, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Emmanuel Jover
- INCI – UPR-CNRS 3212, Neurotransmission et sécrétion neuroendocrine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U1109, MN3t lab, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Biology department, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hall KA, Ward SM, Cobine CA, Keef KD. Spatial organization and coordination of slow waves in the mouse anorectum. J Physiol 2014; 592:3813-29. [PMID: 24951622 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The internal anal sphincter (IAS) develops tone and is important for maintaining a high anal pressure while tone in the rectum is less. The mechanisms responsible for tone generation in the IAS are still uncertain. The present study addressed this question by comparing the electrical properties and morphology of the mouse IAS and distal rectum. The amplitude of tone and the frequency of phasic contractions was greater in the IAS than in rectum while membrane potential (Em) was less negative in the IAS than in rectum. Slow waves (SWs) were of greatest amplitude and frequency at the distal end of the IAS, declining in the oral direction. Dual microelectrode recordings revealed that SWs were coordinated over a much greater distance in the circumferential direction than in the oral direction. The circular muscle layer of the IAS was divided into five to eight 'minibundles' separated by connective tissue septa whereas few septa were present in the rectum. The limited coordination of SWs in the oral direction suggests that the activity in adjacent minibundles is not coordinated. Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive cells were present in each minibundle suggesting a role for one or both of these cells in SW generation. In summary, three important properties distinguish the IAS from the distal rectum: (1) a more depolarized Em; (2) larger and higher frequency SWs; and (3) the multiunit configuration of the muscle. All of these characteristics may contribute to greater tone generation in the IAS than in the distal rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hall
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - C A Cobine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - K D Keef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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10
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Lavoie B, Nausch B, Zane E, Leonard M, Balemba O, Bartoo A, Wilcox R, Nelson M, Carey M, Mawe G. Disruption of gallbladder smooth muscle function is an early feature in the development of cholesterol gallstone disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e313-24. [PMID: 22621672 PMCID: PMC3378777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND; Decreased gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM) contractility is a hallmark of cholesterol gallstone disease, but the interrelationship between lithogenicity, biliary stasis, and inflammation are poorly understood. We studied a mouse model of gallstone disease to evaluate the development of GBSM dysfunction relative to changes in bile composition and the onset of sterile cholecystitis. METHODS BALB/cJ mice were fed a lithogenic diet for up to 8 weeks, and tension generated by gallbladder muscle strips was measured. Smooth muscle Ca(2+) transients were imaged in intact gallbladder. KEY RESULTS Lipid composition of bile was altered lithogenically as early as 1 week, with increased hydrophobicity and cholesterol saturation indexes; however, inflammation was not detectable until the fourth week. Agonist-induced contractility was reduced from weeks 2 through 8. GBSM normally exhibits rhythmic synchronized Ca(2+) flashes, and their frequency is increased by carbachol (3 μm). After 1 week, lithogenic diet-fed mice exhibited disrupted Ca(2+) flash activity, manifesting as clustered flashes, asynchronous flashes, or prolonged quiescent periods. These changes could lead to a depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which are required for agonist-induced contraction, and diminished basal tone of the organ. Responsiveness of Ca(2+) transients to carbachol was reduced in mice on the lithogenic diet, particularly after 4-8 weeks, concomitant with appearance of mucosal inflammatory changes. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These observations demonstrate that GBSM dysfunction is an early event in the progression of cholesterol gallstone disease and that it precedes mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Lavoie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - B. Nausch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - E.A. Zane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M.R. Leonard
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - O.B. Balemba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - A.C. Bartoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - R. Wilcox
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - M.T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - M.C. Carey
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G.M. Mawe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
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11
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Narayanan D, Adebiyi A, Jaggar JH. Inositol trisphosphate receptors in smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2190-210. [PMID: 22447942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01146.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) are a family of tetrameric intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) release channels that are located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane of virtually all mammalian cell types, including smooth muscle cells (SMC). Here, we have reviewed literature investigating IP(3)R expression, cellular localization, tissue distribution, activity regulation, communication with ion channels and organelles, generation of Ca(2+) signals, modulation of physiological functions, and alterations in pathologies in SMCs. Three IP(3)R isoforms have been identified, with relative expression and cellular localization of each contributing to signaling differences in diverse SMC types. Several endogenous ligands, kinases, proteins, and other modulators control SMC IP(3)R channel activity. SMC IP(3)Rs communicate with nearby ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels and mitochondria to influence SR Ca(2+) release and reactive oxygen species generation. IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) release can stimulate plasma membrane-localized channels, including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and store-operated Ca(2+) channels. SMC IP(3)Rs also signal to other proteins via SR Ca(2+) release-independent mechanisms through physical coupling to TRP channels and local communication with large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels. IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) release generates a wide variety of intracellular Ca(2+) signals, which vary with respect to frequency, amplitude, spatial, and temporal properties. IP(3)R signaling controls multiple SMC functions, including contraction, gene expression, migration, and proliferation. IP(3)R expression and cellular signaling are altered in several SMC diseases, notably asthma, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. In summary, IP(3)R-mediated pathways control diverse SMC physiological functions, with pathological alterations in IP(3)R signaling contributing to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodaran Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, USA
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12
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Lavoie B, Balemba OB, Godfrey C, Watson CA, Vassileva G, Corvera CU, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Hydrophobic bile salts inhibit gallbladder smooth muscle function via stimulation of GPBAR1 receptors and activation of KATP channels. J Physiol 2010; 588:3295-305. [PMID: 20624794 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic bile salts are thought to contribute to the disruption of gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM) function that occurs in gallstone disease, but their mechanism of action is unknown. The current study was undertaken to determine how hydrophobic bile salts interact with GBSM, and how they reduce GBSM activity. The effect of hydrophobic bile salts on the activity of GBSM was measured by intracellular recording and calcium imaging using wholemount preparations from guinea pig and mouse gallbladder. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate expression of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, GPBAR1. Application of tauro-chenodeoxycholate (CDC, 50-100 microm) to in situ GBSM rapidly reduced spontaneous Ca(2+) flashes and action potentials, and caused a membrane hyperpolarization. Immunoreactivity and transcript for GPBAR1 were detected in gallbladder muscularis. The GPBAR1 agonist, tauro-lithocholic acid (LCA, 10 microm) mimicked the effect of CDC on GBSM. The actions of LCA were blocked by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720 (0.5-1.0 microm) and the K(ATP) channel blocker, glibenclamide (10 microm). Furthermore, LCA failed to disrupt GBSM activity in Gpbar1(/) mice. The findings of this study indicate that hydrophobic bile salts activate GPBAR1 on GBSM, and this leads to activation of the cyclic AMP-PKA pathway, and ultimately the opening of K(ATP) channels, thus hyperpolarizing the membrane and decreasing GBSM activity. This inhibitory effect of hydrophobic bile salt activation of GPBAR1 could be a contributing factor in the manifestation of gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Lavoie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington VT 05405, USA
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Heppner TJ, Werner ME, Nausch B, Vial C, Evans RJ, Nelson MT. Nerve-evoked purinergic signalling suppresses action potentials, Ca2+ flashes and contractility evoked by muscarinic receptor activation in mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle. J Physiol 2009; 587:5275-88. [PMID: 19736301 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.178806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) is caused by the release of ATP and ACh from parasympathetic nerves. Although both purinergic and muscarinic pathways are important to contraction, their relative contributions and signalling mechanisms are not well understood. Here, the contributions of each pathway to urinary bladder contraction and the underlying electrical and Ca(2+) signalling events were examined in UBSM strips from wild type mice and mice deficient in P2X1 receptors (P2X1(-/-)) before and after pharmacological inhibition of purinergic and muscarinic receptors. Electrical field stimulation was used to excite parasympathetic nerves to increase action potentials, Ca(2+) flash frequency, and force. Loss of P2X1 function not only eliminated action potentials and Ca(2+) flashes during stimulation, but it also led to a significant increase in Ca(2+) flashes following stimulation and a corresponding increase in the force transient. Block of muscarinic receptors did not affect action potentials or Ca(2+) flashes during stimulation, but prevented them following stimulation. These findings indicate that nerve excitation leads to rapid engagement of smooth muscle P2X1 receptors to increase action potentials (Ca(2+) flashes) during stimulation, and a delayed increase in excitability in response to muscarinic receptor activation. Together, purinergic and muscarinic stimulation shape the time course of force transients. Furthermore, this study reveals a novel inhibitory effect of P2X1 receptor activation on subsequent increases in muscarinic-driven excitability and force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Heppner
- Department of Pharmacology, Given Bldg, Room C315, 89 Beaumont Avenue, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
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Wu ZX, Yu BP, Xia H, Xu L. Emodin increases Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channel in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 595:95-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Xiao Y, Yu BP, Wu ZX, Yu Z. Effects of cholecystokinin on gallbladder muscle stripes of guinea pigs with cholesterol gallstone in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2280-2284. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i20.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish an animal model of cholesterol stone and to explore the effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) on gallbladder muscle stripes of guinea pigs with cholesterol stone in vitro as well as to investigate the role of biliary kinetics in cholesterol stone formation.
METHODS: The animal model of cholesterol stone was established by feeding guinea pig with stone-leading forage. The guinea pigs were assigned to four groups: group A (the normal guinea pigs), group B (stone-leading forage for 4 wk), group C (stone-leading forage for 8 wk), and group D (the normal guinea pigs with injury of interstitial cell of cajal (ICC). Effects of 10-9, 10-8 and 10-7 mol/L cholecystokinin (CCK) on gallbladder muscle stripes of guinea pigs in vitro among the four groups were recorded and analyzed.
RESULTS: No cholesterol stone was observed in group A, and a total of 13 cases of cholesterol stone were observed in group B and C. The amplitude of contraction showed a dose-independent relationship with CCK-8 in groups A, B and C. Compared with group A, there was statistically significant diffference in group B and group C (P < 0.05). The contraction of smooth muscle was nearly abolished when interstitial cells of Cajal were destroyed using methylene blue incubation and intensive illumination. Although CCK was administered, there was no significant difference in the amplitude of the contraction of smooth muscle strip in group D (10-9 mol/L: 0.461 ± 0.071 vs 1.461 ± 0.252; 10-8 mol/L: 0.608 ± 0.118 vs 2.484 ± 0.283; 10-7 mol/L: 0.641 ± 0.129 vs 3.312 ± 0.311, all P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Muscular tension is significantly inhibited following injury of interstitial cells of Cajal. The damage of interstitial cells of Cajal may be an important factor related to cholelithiasis.
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Bartoo AC, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. ATP induces guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle excitability via the P2Y4 receptor and COX-1 activity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G1362-8. [PMID: 18436624 PMCID: PMC2921626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which ATP increases guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM) excitability. We evaluated changes in membrane potential and action potential (AP) frequency in GBSM by use of intracellular recording. Application of ATP (100 microM) caused membrane depolarization and a significant increase in AP frequency that were not sensitive to block by tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM). The nonselective P2 antagonist, suramin (100 microM), blocked the excitatory response, resulting in decreased AP frequency in the presence of ATP. The excitatory response to ATP was not altered by pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2,4-disulfonic acid (30 microM), a nonselective P2X antagonist. UTP also caused membrane depolarization and increased AP frequency, with a similar dose-response relationship as ATP. RT-PCR demonstrated that the P2Y(4), but not P2Y(2), receptor subtype is expressed in guinea pig gallbladder muscularis. ATP induced excitation was blocked by indomethacin (10 microM) and the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitor SC-560 (300 nM), but not the COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide (500 nM). These data suggest that ATP stimulates P2Y(4) receptors within the gallbladder muscularis and, in turn, stimulate prostanoid production via COX-1 leading to increased excitability of GBSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Bartoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary M. Mawe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont,Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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Balemba OB, Bartoo AC, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Role of mitochondria in spontaneous rhythmic activity and intracellular calcium waves in the guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G467-76. [PMID: 18048480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00415.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling has been implicated in spontaneous rhythmic activity in smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal. In this investigation we evaluated the effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on spontaneous action potentials (APs), Ca(2+) flashes, and Ca(2+) waves in gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM). Disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone, rotenone, and antimycin A significantly reduced or eliminated APs, Ca(2+) flashes, and Ca(2+) waves in GBSM. Blockade of ATP production with oligomycin did not alter APs or Ca(2+) flashes but significantly reduced Ca(2+) wave frequency. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release with Ru360 and CGP-37157, respectively, reduced the frequency of Ca(2+) flashes and Ca(2+) waves in GBSM. Similar to oligomycin, cyclosporin A did not alter AP and Ca(2+) flash frequency but significantly reduced Ca(2+) wave activity. These data suggest that mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling is necessary for the generation of spontaneous electrical activity and may therefore play an important role in gallbladder tone and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onesmo B Balemba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Ave., D406 Given Bldg., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Kao TJ, Millette CF. L-type voltage-operated Ca(+2) channels modulate transient Ca(+2) influx triggered by activation of Sertoli cell surface L-selectin. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:1023-37. [PMID: 17477368 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Near the base of mammalian seminiferous epithelium, Sertoli cells are joined by tight junctions, which constitute the blood-testis barrier. Differentiating germ cells are completely enveloped by Sertoli cells and must traverse the tight junctions during spermatogenic cycle. Following the specific ligand activation of L-selectin, the up-regulated Rho family small G-proteins have been implicated as important modulators of tight junctional dynamics. Although the activation of L-selectin transmits subsequent intracellular signals in a Ca(+2)-dependent fashion in various cell types, little is understood regarding the signaling pathways utilized by L-selectin in Sertoli cells. Therefore, we have examined the possible resultant calcium influx triggered by specific ligand-activation of cell surface L-selectin receptors or by cross-linking of L-selectin with anti-L-selectin. Spectrofluorimetric studies demonstrate increase of intracellular Ca(+2) levels immediately after the treatment of the L-selectin ligands, fucoidan and sialyl Lewis-a, or after treatment with anti-L-selectin antibody. We then determined the mechanism of Ca(+2) influx by investigating L- and T-type voltage-operated Ca(+2) channels, which have been suggested to present in the membranes of Sertoli cells. Data demonstrate that Sertoli cells treated with L-type voltage-operated Ca(+2) channel antagonists, nifedipine, diltiazem, or verapamil, lead to dose-dependent blockage of L-selectin-induced Ca(+2) influx. Cells treated with mibedradil, a T-type voltage-operated Ca(+2) channel antagonist, results in little or no blocking effect. Therefore, we conclude that activation of Sertoli cell L-selectin induces Ca(+2) influx, which is at least partially regulated by L-type voltage-operated Ca(+2) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jen Kao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Lavoie B, Balemba OB, Nelson MT, Ward SM, Mawe GM. Morphological and physiological evidence for interstitial cell of Cajal-like cells in the guinea pig gallbladder. J Physiol 2007; 579:487-501. [PMID: 17204499 PMCID: PMC2075389 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM) exhibits spontaneous rhythmic electrical activity, but the origin and propagation of this activity are not understood. We used morphological and physiological approaches to determine whether interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are present in the guinea pig extrahepatic biliary tree. Light microscopic studies involving Kit tyrosine kinase immunohistochemistry and laser confocal imaging of Ca(2+) transients revealed ICC-like cells in the gallbladder. One type of ICC-like cell had elongated cell bodies with one or two primary processes and was observed mainly along GBSM bundles and nerve fibres. The other type comprised multipolar cells that were located at the origin and intersection of muscle bundles. Electron microscopy revealed ICC-like cells that were rich in mitochondria, caveolae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and formed close appositions between themselves and with GBSM cells. Rhythmic Ca(2+) flashes, which represent Ca(2+) influx during action potentials, were synchronized in any given GBSM bundle and associated ICC-like cells. Gap junction uncouplers (1-octanol, carbenoxolone, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and connexin mimetic peptide) eliminated or greatly reduced Ca(2+) flashes in GBSM, but they persisted in ICC-like cells, whereas the Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imanitib mesylate, eliminated or reduced action potentials and Ca(2+) flashes in both cell types, as well as associated tissue contractions. This study provides morphological and physiological evidence for the existence of ICC-like cells in the gallbladder and presents data supporting electrical coupling between ICC-like and GBSM cells. The results support a role for ICC-like cells in the generation and propagation of spontaneous rhythmicity, and hence, the excitability of gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Lavoie
- Department of Anatomy, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Balemba OB, Heppner TJ, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, Mawe GM. Calcium waves in intact guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G717-27. [PMID: 16710055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00035.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) waves and spontaneous transient depolarizations were investigated in gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM) whole mount preparations with intact mucosal layer [full thickness (FT)] by laser confocal imaging of intracellular Ca(2+) and voltage recordings with microelectrodes, respectively. Spontaneous Ca(2+) waves arose most often near the center, but sometimes from the extremities, of GBSM cells. They propagated regeneratively by Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release involving inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)] receptors and were not affected by TTX and atropine (ATS). Spontaneous Ca(2+) waves and spontaneous transient depolarizations were more prevalent in FT than in isolated muscularis layer preparations and occurred with similar pattern in GBSM bundles. Ca(2+) waves were abolished by the Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptor inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and xestospongin C and by caffeine and cyclopiazonic acid. These events were reduced by voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) inhibitors diltiazem and nifedipine, by PLC inhibitor U-73122, and by thapsigargin and ryanodine. ACh, CCK, and carbachol augmented Ca(2+) waves and induced Ca(2+) flashes. The actions of these agonists were inhibited by U-73122. These results indicate that in GBSM, discharge and propagation of Ca(2+) waves depend on sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release via Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptors, PLC activity, Ca(2+) influx via VDCCs, and SR Ca(2+) concentration. Neurohormonal enhancement of GBSM excitability involves PLC-dependent augmentation and synchronization of SR Ca(2+) release via Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptors. Ca(2+) waves likely reflect the activity of a fundamental unit of spontaneous activity and play an important role in the excitability of GBSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onesmo B Balemba
- D-406, Given Bldg., Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 89 Beaumont Ave., Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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