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Zhang X, Chen J, He F, Du W, Yu X. Assessing the causal effects of Eubacterium and Rumphococcus on constipation: a Mendelian randomized study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1376232. [PMID: 39144218 PMCID: PMC11324052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1376232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is affected by a number of risk variables, including cardiovascular disease and growth factors. However, the impacts of gut flora on constipation incidence has not been shown. This work, Single-Variable Mendelian Randomization (SVMR) was utilized to estimate the causal relationship between the Eubacterium genus or Rumphococcus, and constipation. Methods Data for constipation, Eubacterium genus and Rumphococcus were taken from the Integrated Epidemiology Unit (IEU) open GWAS database. Including 218,792 constipation samples, and there were 16,380,466 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) for constipation. The ids of Eubacterium genus and Rumphococcus were sourced from MiBioGen database. The sample count for the Eubacterium genus was 17,380, with 656 SNPs. In addition, the sample size for Rumphococcus was 15,339, with 545 SNPs. The SVMR was performed to assess the risk of Eubacterium genus and Rumphococcus in constipation using weighted median, MR Egger, simple mode, inverse variance weighted (IVW), and weighted mode. Finally, we did a sensitivity analysis that included a heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and Leave-One-Out (LOO) test to examine the viability of the MR data. Results The SVMR revealed that the Eubacterium genus and Rumphococcus were causally connected to constipation, with Rumphococcus (P = 0.042, OR = 1.074) as a hazardous factor and Eubacterium genus (P = 0.004, OR = 0.909) as a safety factor. Sensitivity tests then revealed the absence of variability between the constipation and the exposure factors (Eubacterium genus and Rumphococcus). Additionally, there were no other confounding factors and the examined SNPs could only influence constipation through the aforementioned exposure factors, respectively. As a result, the MR results were fairly robust. Conclusion Our investigation verified the causal links between the Eubacterium genus or Rumphococcus, and constipation, with greater Rumphococcus expression increasing the likelihood of constipation and the opposite being true for the Eubacterium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Colorectal Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Colorectal Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng He
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Colorectal Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenchun Du
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Colorectal Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianhao Yu
- Guizhou University of Commerce, Computer and Information Engineering College, Guiyang, China
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2
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Lassoued N, Yero A, Jenabian MA, Soret R, Pilon N. Efficient enzyme-free method to assess the development and maturation of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the mouse colon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11063. [PMID: 38744932 PMCID: PMC11094196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers who aim to globally analyze the gastrointestinal immune system via flow cytometry have many protocol options to choose from, with specifics generally tied to gut wall layers of interest. To get a clearer idea of the approach we should use on full-thickness colon samples from mice, we first undertook a systematic comparison of three tissue dissociation techniques: two based on enzymatic cocktails and the other one based on manual crushing. Using flow cytometry panels of general markers of lymphoid and myeloid cells, we found that the presence of cell-surface markers and relative cell population frequencies were more stable with the mechanical method. Both enzymatic approaches were associated with a marked decrease of several cell-surface markers. Using mechanical dissociation, we then developed two minimally overlapping panels, consisting of a total of 26 antibodies, for serial profiling of lymphoid and myeloid lineages from the mouse colon in greater detail. Here, we highlight how we accurately delineate these populations by manual gating, as well as the reproducibility of our panels on mouse spleen and whole blood. As a proof-of-principle of the usefulness of our general approach, we also report segment- and life stage-specific patterns of immune cell profiles in the colon. Overall, our data indicate that mechanical dissociation is more suitable and efficient than enzymatic methods for recovering immune cells from all colon layers at once. Additionally, our panels will provide researchers with a relatively simple tool for detailed immune cell profiling in the murine gastrointestinal tract, regardless of life stage or experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejia Lassoued
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Yero
- Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Human Immuno-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Human Immuno-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Soret
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Facchin S, Bertin L, Bonazzi E, Lorenzon G, De Barba C, Barberio B, Zingone F, Maniero D, Scarpa M, Ruffolo C, Angriman I, Savarino EV. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Health: From Metabolic Pathways to Current Therapeutic Implications. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:559. [PMID: 38792581 PMCID: PMC11122327 DOI: 10.3390/life14050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of diverse microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota, which play a pivotal role in breaking down undigested foods, such as dietary fibers. Through the fermentation of these food components, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced, offering numerous health benefits to the host. The production and absorption of these SCFAs occur through various mechanisms within the human intestine, contingent upon the types of dietary fibers reaching the gut and the specific microorganisms engaged in fermentation. Medical literature extensively documents the supplementation of SCFAs, particularly butyrate, in the treatment of gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and gut-brain-related disorders. This review seeks to provide an overview of the dynamics involved in the production and absorption of acetate, propionate, and butyrate within the human gut. Additionally, it will focus on the pivotal roles these SCFAs play in promoting gastrointestinal and metabolic health, as well as their current therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Facchin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Luisa Bertin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Erica Bonazzi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Greta Lorenzon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Caterina De Barba
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Brigida Barberio
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Daria Maniero
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Marco Scarpa
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padua, Italy (C.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Cesare Ruffolo
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padua, Italy (C.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Imerio Angriman
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35138 Padua, Italy (C.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy (L.B.); (B.B.)
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Jollet M, Mariadassou M, Rué O, Pessemesse L, Ollendorff V, Ramdani S, Vernus B, Bonnieu A, Bertrand-Gaday C, Goustard B, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C. Insight into the Role of Gut Microbiota in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Age-Related Study in Mdx Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:264-279. [PMID: 37981219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophin deficiency alters the sarcolemma structure, leading to muscle dystrophy, muscle disuse, and ultimately death. Beyond limb muscle deficits, patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy have numerous transit disorders. Many studies have highlighted the strong relationship between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. The aims of this study were: i) to characterize the gut microbiota composition over time up to 1 year in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, and ii) to analyze the intestine structure and function and expression of genes linked to bacterial-derived metabolites in ileum, blood, and skeletal muscles to study interorgan interactions. Mdx mice displayed a significant reduction in the overall number of different operational taxonomic units and their abundance (α-diversity). Mdx genotype predicted 20% of β-diversity divergence, with a large taxonomic modification of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, and Deferribacteres phyla and the included genera. Interestingly, mdx intestinal motility and gene expressions of tight junction and Ffar2 receptor were down-regulated in the ileum. Concomitantly, circulating inflammatory markers related to gut microbiota (tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and muscle inflammation Tlr4/Myd88 pathway (Toll-like receptor 4, which recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns) were up-regulated. Finally, in mdx mice, adiponectin was reduced in blood and its receptor modulated in muscles. This study highlights a specific gut microbiota composition and highlights interorgan interactions in mdx physiopathology with gut microbiota as the potential central metabolic organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Jollet
- DMEM, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mahendra Mariadassou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Rué
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Vernus
- DMEM, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- DMEM, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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5
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Gomez D, Toribio R, Caddey B, Costa M, Vijan S, Dembek K. Longitudinal effects of oral administration of antimicrobial drugs on fecal microbiota of horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2562-2572. [PMID: 37681574 PMCID: PMC10658497 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial drug-associated diarrhea (AAD) is the most common adverse effect in horses receiving antimicrobials. Little information on how oral administration of antimicrobials alters intestinal microbiota in horses is available. OBJECTIVE Investigate changes of the fecal microbiota in response to oral administration of antimicrobials. ANIMALS Twenty healthy horses. METHODS Prospective, longitudinal study. Horses were randomly assigned to 4 groups comprising 4 horses each: group 1 (metronidazole); group 2 (erythromycin); group 3 (doxycycline); group 4 (sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, SMZ-TMP); and group 5 (control). Antimicrobials were administered for 5 days. Fecal samples were obtained before (day 0) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 30 days of the study period. Fecal microbiota was characterized by high throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA. RESULTS Horses remained healthy throughout the study. Richness and diversity in doxycycline, erythromycin, and metronidazole, but not SMZ-TMP groups, was significantly lower (P < .05) at multiple time points after administration of antimicrobials compared with samples from day 0. Main changes in the microbiota were observed during the time of antimicrobial administration (day 2-5; weighted and unweighted UniFrac PERMANOVA P < .05). Administration of erythromycin, doxycycline and, to a lesser extent, metronidazole produced a pronounced alteration in the microbiota compared with day 0 samples by decreasing the abundance of Treponema, Fibrobacter, and Lachnospiraceae and increasing Fusobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of antimicrobials alters the intestinal microbiota of healthy horses resembling horses with dysbiosis, potentially resulting in intestinal inflammation and predisposition to diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Ramiro Toribio
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Benjamin Caddey
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Marcio Costa
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire – Département de Biomédecine VétérinaireUniversity of MontrealSaint‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
| | - Stephanie Vijan
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Katarzyna Dembek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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6
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Hibberd TJ, Ramsay S, Spencer-Merris P, Dinning PG, Zagorodnyuk VP, Spencer NJ. Circadian rhythms in colonic function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239278. [PMID: 37711458 PMCID: PMC10498548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhythmic expression of clock genes occurs within the cells of multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, termed "peripheral clocks." Peripheral clocks are subject to entrainment by a multitude of factors, many of which are directly or indirectly controlled by the light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks occur in the gastrointestinal tract, notably the epithelia whose functions include regulation of absorption, permeability, and secretion of hormones; and in the myenteric plexus, which is the intrinsic neural network principally responsible for the coordination of muscular activity in the gut. This review focuses on the physiological circadian variation of major colonic functions and their entraining mechanisms, including colonic motility, absorption, hormone secretion, permeability, and pain signalling. Pathophysiological states such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis and their interactions with circadian rhythmicity are also described. Finally, the classic circadian hormone melatonin is discussed, which is expressed in the gut in greater quantities than the pineal gland, and whose exogenous use has been of therapeutic interest in treating colonic pathophysiological states, including those exacerbated by chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stewart Ramsay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colorectal Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Ma T, Xue X, Tian H, Zhou X, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang M, Song J, Feng R, Li L, Jing C, Tian F. Effect of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility and its underlying mechanisms. J Transl Med 2023; 21:349. [PMID: 37237321 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is closely related to human health and disease because, together with their metabolites, gut microbiota maintain normal intestinal peristalsis. The use of antibiotics or opioid anesthetics, or both, during surgical procedures can lead to dysbiosis and affect intestinal motility; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. This review aims to discuss the effect of gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility, focusing on regulating the enteric nervous system, 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmitter, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianRong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - XiaoLei Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - XinXiu Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JunKe Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - ZhiWen Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - MingFei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JiYuan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - RenXiang Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Changqing Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Calabrò S, Kankowski S, Cescon M, Gambarotta G, Raimondo S, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Peripheral Nervous System in Physiological, Regenerative and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098061. [PMID: 37175764 PMCID: PMC10179357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that the gut microbiota is responsible for essential functions in human health and that its perturbation is implicated in the development and progression of a growing list of diseases. The number of studies evaluating how the gut microbiota interacts with and influences other organs and systems in the body and vice versa is constantly increasing and several 'gut-organ axes' have already been defined. Recently, the view on the link between the gut microbiota (GM) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has become broader by exceeding the fact that the PNS can serve as a systemic carrier of GM-derived metabolites and products to other organs. The PNS as the communication network between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body and internal organs can rather be affected itself by GM perturbation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the impact of gut microbiota on the PNS, with regard to its somatic and autonomic divisions, in physiological, regenerative and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Calabrò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Svenja Kankowski
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matilde Cescon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
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9
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Jiang W, Wu J, Zhu S, Xin L, Yu C, Shen Z. The Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:540-548. [PMID: 36250361 PMCID: PMC9577580 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal pain and disordered bowel habits. The etiology of IBS is multifactorial, including abnormal gut-brain interactions, visceral hypersensitivity, altered colon motility, and psychological factors. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBS. SCFAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBS. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of action of SCFAs in intestinal inflammation and immunity, intestinal barrier integrity, motility, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Limited to previous studies, further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms of action of SCFAs in IBS and provide more precise therapeutic strategies for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shefeng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linying Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Pierzynowski SG, Szczurek P, Pierzynowska K, Wychowański P, Seklecka B, Koperski M, Starzyńska A, Szkopek D, Donaldson J, Andrzejewski K, Woliński J. Milk Formula Enriched with Sodium Butyrate Influences Small Intestine Contractility in Neonatal Pigs. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204301. [PMID: 36296985 PMCID: PMC9608939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a by-product of gut bacteria fermentation as well as the digestion of fat in mother’s milk, exerts a wide spectrum of beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tissues. The present study aimed to determine the effects of sodium butyrate on small intestine contractility in neonatal piglets. Piglets were fed milk formula alone (group C) or milk formula supplemented with sodium butyrate (group B). After a 7-day treatment period, isometric recordings of whole-thickness segments of the duodenum and middle jejunum were obtained by electric field stimulation under the influence of increasing doses of Ach (acetylocholine) in the presence of TTX (tetrodotoxin) and atropine. Moreover, structural properties of the intestinal wall were assessed, together with the expression of cholinergic and muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). In both intestinal segments (duodenum and middle jejunum), EFS (electric field stimulation) impulses resulted in increased contractility and amplitude of contractions in group B compared to group C. Additionally, exposure to dietary butyrate led to a significant increase in tunica muscularis thickness in the duodenum, while mitotic and apoptotic indices were increased in the middle jejunum. The expression of M1 and M2 receptors in the middle jejunum was significantly higher after butyrate treatment. The results indicate increased cholinergic signaling and small intestinal growth and renewal in response to feeding with milk formula enriched with sodium butyrate in neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stefan Grzegorz Pierzynowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulina Szczurek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Piotr Wychowański
- Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Universita Cattolica del Sacro Coure, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maciej Koperski
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska
- Departament of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominika Szkopek
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Krzysztof Andrzejewski
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
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11
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Combined with a Low FODMAP Diet for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhea. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5121496. [PMID: 36187337 PMCID: PMC9519354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been found to be effective in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). We conducted this study to determine the impact of a low FODMAP diet (LFD) on the gut microbiota and the efficacy of FMT in the treatment of IBS-D. Methods. A retrospective analysis of a single-arm open-label prospective study was conducted to investigate the impact of FMT alone (
) and FMT+LFD (
) in refractory IBS-D. The IBS-quality of life (QOL), IBS-severity scoring system (SSS), gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) were used to evaluate the efficacy, and partial 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used to profile the microbiota. Results. The response rates were higher in the FMT+LFD group than in the FMT group (1 mo, 3 mo, 6 mo: 70.0% vs. 55.0%, 67.5% vs. 57.5%, 62.5% vs. 27.5%, respectively). The FMT+LFD group showed significantly better improvement in IBS-QOL at 1, 3, and 6 months; IBS-SSS at 6 months; and GSRS at 1 month compared to FMT alone. Changes in HAMA and HAMD were similar in the two groups. The LFD significantly upregulated the FMT-induced microbial diversity (OTUs: 666 vs. 574, Adonis:
) and significantly strengthened the upregulation of Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 and the downregulation of Bifidobacterium. Conclusion. An LFD enhanced the efficacy of FMT, increased the gut microbial diversity after FMT, and strengthened the inhibitory effect of FMT on conditional pathogens.
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12
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Fecal Supernatant from Adult with Autism Spectrum Disorder Alters Digestive Functions, Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, and Enteric Nervous System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081723. [PMID: 34442802 PMCID: PMC8399841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by impaired social interactions and communication with repetitive behaviors, activities, or interests. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis are frequently associated with ASD in childhood. However, it is not known whether microbiota dysbiosis in ASD patients also occurs in adulthood. Further, the consequences of altered gut microbiota on digestive functions and the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unexplored. Therefore, we studied, in mice, the ability offecal supernatant (FS) from adult ASD patients to induce GI dysfunctions and ENS remodeling. First, the analyses of the fecal microbiota composition in adult ASD patients indicated a reduced α-diversity and increased abundance of three bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants compared to healthy controls (HC). The transfer of FS from ASD patients (FS-ASD) to mice decreased colonic barrier permeability by 29% and 58% compared to FS-HC for paracellular and transcellular permeability, respectively. These effects are associated with the reduced expression of the tight junction proteins JAM-A, ZO-2, cingulin, and proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β. In addition, the expression of glial and neuronal molecules was reduced by FS-ASD as compared to FS-HC in particular for those involved in neuronal connectivity (βIII-tubulin and synapsin decreased by 31% and 67%, respectively). Our data suggest that changes in microbiota composition in ASD may contribute to GI alterations, and in part, via ENS remodeling.
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13
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Shaidullov IF, Sorokina DM, Sitdikov FG, Hermann A, Abdulkhakov SR, Sitdikova GF. Short chain fatty acids and colon motility in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 33499840 PMCID: PMC7836204 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is defined as a multifactorial disorder associated with visceral hypersensitivity, altered gut motility and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induce both inhibitory and stimulatory action on colon motility, however, their effects on the IBS model were not investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the level of SFCAs in feces and their effects on colon motility in a mouse model of IBS. Methods IBS model was induced in mice by intracolonic infusion of 1% acetic acid during the early postnatal period. Mice colon hypersensitivity was assessed by the threshold of the abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distention. Colon contractility was studied using proximal colon specimens in isometric conditions. Transit rates were assessed by the pellet propulsion in the isolated colon. Concentrations of SCFAs in feces were measured using gas–liquid chromatography. Results The concentration of SCFAs in feces of IBS model mice was higher compared to the control group. Visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension and colonic transit rate were increased indicating IBS with predominant diarrhea. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions of proximal colon segments from IBS mice were higher, but carbachol induced contractions were lower compared to control. During acute application of SCFAs (sodium propionate, sodium acetate or butyric acid) dose-dependently (0.5–30 mM) decreased tonic tension, frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions. In the mouse IBS group the inhibitory effects SCFAs on spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions were less pronounced. At the same time intraluminal administration of butyrate (5 mM) increased the transit rate in the colon of both groups, but its stimulatory effect was more pronounced in mouse IBS model group. Conclusion Our data indicate that the increased transit rate in the mouse IBS model group is associated with a disbalance of activating and inhibiting action of SCFAs due to chronically elevated SCFA levels, which may impact the pathogenesis of IBS with predominant diarrhea syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnar F Shaidullov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dina M Sorokina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Farit G Sitdikov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anton Hermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr.34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sayar R Abdulkhakov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel F Sitdikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia.
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14
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Mars RAT, Frith M, Kashyap PC. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Microbiome-What Is the Best Strategy for Moving Microbiome-based Therapies for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders into the Clinic? Gastroenterology 2021; 160:538-555. [PMID: 33253687 PMCID: PMC8575137 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous human studies reporting associations between the intestinal microbiome and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), and independently animal studies have explored microbiome-driven mechanisms underlying FGIDs. However, there is often a disconnect between human and animal studies, which hampers translation of microbiome findings to the clinic. Changes in the microbiota composition of patients with FGIDs are generally subtle, whereas changes in microbial function, reflected in the fecal metabolome, appear to be more precise indicators of disease subtype-specific mechanisms. Although we have made significant progress in characterizing the microbiome, to effectively translate microbiome science in a timely manner, we need concurrent and iterative longitudinal studies in humans and animals to determine the precise microbial functions that can be targeted to address specific pathophysiological processes in FGIDs. A systems approach integrating multiple data layers rather than evaluating individual data layers of symptoms, physiological changes, or -omics data in isolation will allow for validation of mechanistic insights from animal studies while also allowing new discovery. Patient stratification for clinical trials based on functional microbiome alterations and/or pathophysiological measurements may allow for more accurate determination of efficacy of individual microbiome-targeted interventions designed to correct an underlying abnormality. In this review, we outline current approaches and knowledge, and identify gaps, to provide a potential roadmap for accelerating translation of microbiome science toward microbiome-targeted personalized treatments for FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A T Mars
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mary Frith
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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15
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Dariel A, Grynberg L, Auger M, Lefèvre C, Durand T, Aubert P, Le Berre-Scoul C, Venara A, Suply E, Leclair MD, de Vries P, Levard G, Parmentier B, Podevin G, Schmitt F, Couvrat V, Irtan S, Hervieux E, Villemagne T, Lardy H, Capito C, Muller C, Sarnacki S, Mosnier JF, Galmiche L, Derkinderen P, Boudin H, Brochard C, Neunlist M. Analysis of enteric nervous system and intestinal epithelial barrier to predict complications in Hirschsprung's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21725. [PMID: 33303794 PMCID: PMC7729910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR), postoperative course remains unpredictable. Our aim was to define predictive factors of the main postoperative complications: obstructive symptoms (OS) and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). In this prospective multicentre cohort study, samples of resected bowel were collected at time of surgery in 18 neonates with short-segment HSCR in tertiary care hospitals. OS and HAEC were noted during postoperative follow-up. We assessed the enteric nervous system and the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in ganglionic segments by combining immunohistochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, with functional ex vivo analysis of motility and para/transcellular permeability. Ten HSCR patients presented postoperative complications (median follow-up 23.5 months): 6 OS, 4 HAEC (2 with OS), 2 diarrhoea (without OS/HAEC). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant 41% and 60% decrease in median number of nNOS-IR myenteric neurons per ganglion in HSCR with OS as compared to HSCR with HAEC/diarrhoea (without OS) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.0095; p = 0.002, respectively). Paracellular and transcellular permeability was significantly increased in HSCR with HAEC as compared to HSCR with OS/diarrhoea without HAEC (p = 0.016; p = 0.009) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.029; p = 0.017). This pilot study supports the hypothesis that modulating neuronal phenotype and enhancing IEB permeability may treat or prevent postoperative complications in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dariel
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, La Timone-Enfants Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Lucie Grynberg
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Auger
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Lefèvre
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Venara
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Etienne Suply
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marc-David Leclair
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philine de Vries
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Guillaume Levard
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Benoit Parmentier
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Podevin
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Françoise Schmitt
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Sabine Irtan
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Erik Hervieux
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Villemagne
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hubert Lardy
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carmen Capito
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Muller
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sarnacki
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Louise Galmiche
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Charlène Brochard
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
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16
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Yuan F, Tan W, Ren H, Yan L, Wang Y, Luo H. The Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Rat Colonic Hypermotility Induced by Water Avoidance Stress. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4671-4684. [PMID: 33173277 PMCID: PMC7646441 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s246619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been reported to play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal motility. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of SCFAs in water avoidance stress-induced colonic hypermotility. METHODS A rat IBS model was established by water avoidance stress (WAS). Intestinal motility was assessed by fecal pellets expulsion. The fecal SCFA level was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Western blotting was performed to assess the expression of SCFAs receptors. To determine the role of SCFAs in gut dysmotility, the rats of the WAS+SCFAS and SCFAs group were administrated with oral SCFAs. The colonic contractile activity was recorded with a RM6240 multichannel physiological signal system. KEY RESULTS WAS induced gastrointestinal hypermotility and increased defecation in rats. After repeated stress, the fecal SCFAs decreased significantly and the proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid had changed from Control 2.6:1:1.5 to WAS 2:1:2.3. Protein levels of SCFAs receptors in the colon were promoted by WAS. In addition, oral SCFAs partly inhibited the colonic spontaneous motility both for SCFAs and WAS+SCFAs group in vivo. Meanwhile, we observed acetate had no effect on the contractile amplitudes of muscle strips, but it could slow down contractile frequency in a dose-dependent manner (1-100 mM). Propionate significantly inhibited the motor activity of colonic strips (1-30 mM). Butyrate inhibited the contractile amplitude of CM strips in a dose-dependent manner (1-30 mM), but for LM, it exhibited a stimulating effect at low concentrations of butyrate 1 mM-10 mM and was suppressed at high concentrations of 30 mM butyrate. Total SCFAs increased the contractile amplitude at low concentration (5-50 mM) and inhibited it at high concentration (50-150 mM). All SCFAs slowed down the frequency of colonic activity. CONCLUSION The stress-induced colonic hypermotility by WAS could be ameliorated through oral SCFA supplementation. SCFAs may have potential clinical therapeutic use in modulating gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangTing Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - HaiXia Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - HeSheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Hung LY, Parathan P, Boonma P, Wu Q, Wang Y, Haag A, Luna RA, Bornstein JC, Savidge TC, Foong JPP. Antibiotic exposure postweaning disrupts the neurochemistry and function of enteric neurons mediating colonic motor activity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G1042-G1053. [PMID: 32390463 PMCID: PMC7311661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00088.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The period during and immediately after weaning is an important developmental window when marked shifts in gut microbiota can regulate the maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Because microbiota-derived signals that modulate ENS development are poorly understood, we examined the physiological impact of the broad spectrum of antibiotic, vancomycin-administered postweaning on colonic motility, neurochemistry of enteric neurons, and neuronal excitability. The functional impact of vancomycin on enteric neurons was investigated by Ca2+ imaging in Wnt1-Cre;R26R-GCaMP3 reporter mice to characterize alterations in the submucosal and the myenteric plexus, which contains the neuronal circuitry controlling gut motility. 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal specimens after oral vancomycin demonstrated significant deviations in microbiota abundance, diversity, and community composition. Vancomycin significantly increased the relative family rank abundance of Akkermansiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae at the expense of Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae. In sharp contrast to neonatal vancomycin exposure, microbiota compositional shifts in weaned animals were associated with slower colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) without mucosal serotonin biosynthesis being altered. The slowing of CMMCs is linked to disruptions in the neurochemistry of the underlying enteric circuitry. This included significant reductions in cholinergic and calbindin+ myenteric neurons, neuronal nitric oxide synthase+ submucosal neurons, neurofilament M+ enteric neurons, and increased proportions of cholinergic submucosal neurons. The antibiotic treatment also increased transmission and responsiveness in myenteric and submucosal neurons that may enhance inhibitory motor pathways, leading to slower CMMCs. Differential vancomycin responses during neonatal and weaning periods in mice highlight the developmental-specific impact of antibiotics on colonic enteric circuitry and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Y. Hung
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavitha Parathan
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prapaporn Boonma
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas,4Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qinglong Wu
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Wang
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Haag
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,3Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime P. P. Foong
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Rincel M, Aubert P, Chevalier J, Grohard PA, Basso L, Monchaux de Oliveira C, Helbling JC, Lévy É, Chevalier G, Leboyer M, Eberl G, Layé S, Capuron L, Vergnolle N, Neunlist M, Boudin H, Lepage P, Darnaudéry M. Multi-hit early life adversity affects gut microbiota, brain and behavior in a sex-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:179-192. [PMID: 30872090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adverse events in utero and during childhood differentially increases the vulnerability to psychiatric diseases in men and women. Gut microbiota is highly sensitive to the early environment and has been recently hypothesized to affect brain development. However, the impact of early-life adversity on gut microbiota, notably with regards to sex differences, remains to be explored. We examined the effects of multifactorial early-life adversity on behavior and microbiota composition in C3H/HeN mice of both sexes exposed to a combination of maternal immune activation (lipopolysaccharide injection on embryonic day 17, 120 µg/kg, i.p.), maternal separation (3hr per day from postnatal day (PND)2 to PND14) and maternal unpredictable chronic mild stress. At adulthood, offspring exposed to multi-hit early adversity showed sex-specific behavioral phenotypes with males exhibiting deficits in social behavior and females showing increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze and increased compulsive behavior in the marble burying test. Early adversity also differentially regulated gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) according to sex. Interestingly, several genes such as Arc, Btg2, Fosb, Egr4 or Klf2 were oppositely regulated by early adversity in males versus females. Finally, 16S-based microbiota profiling revealed sex-dependent gut dysbiosis. In males, abundance of taxa belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Porphyromonadaceae families or other unclassified Firmicutes, but also Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Alloprevotella genera was regulated by early adversity. In females, the effects of early adversity were limited and mainly restricted to Lactobacillus and Mucispirillum genera. Our work reveals marked sex differences in a multifactorial model of early-life adversity, both on emotional behaviors and gut microbiota, suggesting that sex should systematically be considered in preclinical studies both in neurogastroenterology and psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rincel
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM UMR1235, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Chevalier
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM UMR1235, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Grohard
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM UMR1235, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, INSERM UMR1220, INRA UMR1416, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Monchaux de Oliveira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Christophe Helbling
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Élodie Lévy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris-est-Créteil, Laboratoire Psychiatrie translationnelle, INSERM U955, Hôpital Chenevier-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Unité Microenvironnement et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucile Capuron
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, INSERM UMR1220, INRA UMR1416, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM UMR1235, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, INSERM UMR1235, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Darnaudéry
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Cossais F, Clawin-Rädecker I, Lorenzen PC, Klempt M. Short communication: Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate modulates enteric nervous system development in primary culture. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3396-3403. [PMID: 28259395 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract of the newborn is particularly sensitive to gastrointestinal disorders, such as infantile diarrhea or necrotizing colitis. Perinatal development of the gut also encompasses the maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a main regulator of intestinal motility and barrier functions. It was recently shown that ENS maturation can be enhanced by nutritional factors to improve intestinal maturation. Bioactivity of milk proteins is often latent, requiring the release of bioactive peptides from inactive native proteins. Several casein-derived hydrolysates presenting immunomodulatory properties have been described recently. Furthermore, accumulating data indicate that milk-derived hydrolysate can enhance gut maturation and enrichment of milk formula with such hydrolysates has recently been proposed. However, the capability of milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate to target ENS maturation has not been analyzed so far. We, therefore, investigated the potential of a recently described tryptic β-casein hydrolysate to modulate ENS growth parameters in an in vitro model of rat primary culture of ENS. Rat primary cultures of ENS were incubated with a bioactive tryptic β-casein hydrolysate and compared with untreated controls or to cultures treated with native β-casein or a Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate (Lyven, Colombelles, France). Differentiation of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, and establishment of enteric neural network were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Effect of tryptic β-casein hydrolysate on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)/Smad pathway, an essential regulator of ENS development, was further assessed using quantitative PCR and immunochemistry. Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate stimulated neurite outgrowth and simultaneously modulated the formation of enteric ganglia-like structures, whereas native β-casein or Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate did not. Additionally, treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate increased the expression of the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and induced profound modifications of enteric glial cells morphology. Finally, expression of BMP2 and BMP4 and activation of Smad1/5 was altered after treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate. Our data suggests that this milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate modulates ENS maturation through the regulation of BMP/Smad-signaling pathway. This study supports the need for further investigation on the influence of milk-derived bioactive peptides on ENS and intestinal maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cossais
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
| | - I Clawin-Rädecker
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - P C Lorenzen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Klempt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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20
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Touw K, Ringus DL, Hubert N, Wang Y, Leone VA, Nadimpalli A, Theriault BR, Huang YE, Tune JD, Herring PB, Farrugia G, Kashyap PC, Antonopoulos DA, Chang EB. Mutual reinforcement of pathophysiological host-microbe interactions in intestinal stasis models. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13182. [PMID: 28320888 PMCID: PMC5371559 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases arise when there is mutual reinforcement of pathophysiological processes that cause an aberrant steady state. Such a sequence of events may underlie chronic constipation, which has been associated with dysbiosis of the gut. In this study we hypothesized that assemblage of microbial communities, directed by slow gastrointestinal transit, affects host function in a way that reinforces constipation and further maintains selection on microbial communities. In our study, we used two models - an opioid-induced constipation model in mice, and a humanized mouse model where germ-free mice were colonized with stool from a patient with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) in humans. We examined the impact of pharmacologically (loperamide)-induced constipation (PIC) and IBS-C on the structural and functional profile of the gut microbiota. Germ-free (GF) mice were colonized with microbiota from PIC donor mice and IBS-C patients to determine how the microbiota affects the host. PIC and IBS-C promoted changes in the gut microbiota, characterized by increased relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus and Parabacteroides distasonis in both models. PIC mice exhibited decreased luminal concentrations of butyrate in the cecum and altered metabolic profiles of the gut microbiota. Colonization of GF mice with PIC-associated mice cecal or human IBS-C fecal microbiota significantly increased GI transit time when compared to control microbiota recipients. IBS-C-associated gut microbiota also impacted colonic contractile properties. Our findings support the concept that constipation is characterized by disease-associated steady states caused by reinforcement of pathophysiological factors in host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketrija Touw
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daina L Ringus
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nathaniel Hubert
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yunwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Yong E Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul B Herring
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Woo V, Alenghat T. Host-microbiota interactions: epigenomic regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 44:52-60. [PMID: 28103497 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coevolution of mammalian hosts and their commensal microbiota has led to the development of complex symbiotic relationships between resident microbes and mammalian cells. Epigenomic modifications enable host cells to alter gene expression without modifying the genetic code, and therefore represent potent mechanisms by which mammalian cells can transcriptionally respond, transiently or stably, to environmental cues. Advances in genome-wide approaches are accelerating our appreciation of microbial influences on host physiology, and increasing evidence highlights that epigenomics represent a level of regulation by which the host integrates and responds to microbial signals. In particular, bacterial-derived short chain fatty acids have emerged as one clear link between how the microbiota intersects with host epigenomic pathways. Here we review recent findings describing crosstalk between the microbiota and epigenomic pathways in multiple mammalian cell populations. Further, we discuss interesting links that suggest that the scope of our understanding of epigenomic regulation in the host-microbiota relationship is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Woo
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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22
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Heuckeroth RO, Schäfer KH. Gene-environment interactions and the enteric nervous system: Neural plasticity and Hirschsprung disease prevention. Dev Biol 2016; 417:188-97. [PMID: 26997034 PMCID: PMC5026873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal function is primarily controlled by an intrinsic nervous system of the bowel called the enteric nervous system (ENS). The cells of the ENS are neural crest derivatives that migrate into and through the bowel during early stages of organogenesis before differentiating into a wide variety of neurons and glia. Although genetic factors critically underlie ENS development, it is now clear that many non-genetic factors may influence the number of enteric neurons, types of enteric neurons, and ratio of neurons to glia. These non-genetic influences include dietary nutrients and medicines that may impact ENS structure and function before or after birth. This review summarizes current data about gene-environment interactions that affect ENS development and suggests that these factors may contribute to human intestinal motility disorders like Hirschsprung disease or irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, USA; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany; University of Heidelberg, Paediatric Surgery Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Cossais F, Durand T, Chevalier J, Boudaud M, Kermarrec L, Aubert P, Neveu I, Naveilhan P, Neunlist M. Postnatal development of the myenteric glial network and its modulation by butyrate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G941-51. [PMID: 27056724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00232.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal period is crucial for the development of gastrointestinal (GI) functions. The enteric nervous system is a key regulator of GI functions, and increasing evidences indicate that 1) postnatal maturation of enteric neurons affect the development of GI functions, and 2) microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids can be involved in this maturation. Although enteric glial cells (EGC) are central regulators of GI functions, the postnatal evolution of their phenotype remains poorly defined. We thus characterized the postnatal evolution of EGC phenotype in the colon of rat pups and studied the effect of short-chain fatty acids on their maturation. We showed an increased expression of the glial markers GFAP and S100β during the first postnatal week. As demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, a structured myenteric glial network was observed at 36 days in the rat colons. Butyrate inhibited EGC proliferation in vivo and in vitro but had no effect on glial marker expression. These results indicate that the EGC myenteric network continues to develop after birth, and luminal factors such as butyrate endogenously produced in the colon may affect this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cossais
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Chevalier
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Boudaud
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Kermarrec
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
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24
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Lyons J, Herring CA, Banerjee A, Simmons AJ, Lau KS. Multiscale analysis of the murine intestine for modeling human diseases. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:740-57. [PMID: 26040649 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When functioning properly, the intestine is one of the key interfaces between the human body and its environment. It is responsible for extracting nutrients from our food and excreting our waste products. It provides an environment for a host of healthful microbes and serves as a first defense against pathogenic ones. These processes require tight homeostatic controls, which are provided by the interactions of a complex mix of epithelial, stromal, neural and immune cells, as well as the resident microflora. This homeostasis can be disrupted by invasive microbes, genetic lesions, and carcinogens, resulting in diseases such Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer. Enormous strides have been made in understanding how this important organ functions in health and disease using everything from cell culture systems to animal models to human tissue samples. This has resulted in better therapies for all of these diseases, but there is still significant room for improvement. In the United States alone, 14,000 people per year die of C. difficile, up to 1.6 million people suffer from IBD, and more than 50,000 people die every year from colon cancer. Because these and other intestinal diseases arise from complex interactions between the different components of the gut ecosystem, we propose that systems approaches that address this complexity in an integrative manner may eventually lead to improved therapeutics that deliver lasting cures. This review will discuss the use of systems biology for studying intestinal diseases in vivo with particular emphasis on mouse models. Additionally, it will focus on established experimental techniques that have been used to drive this systems-level analysis, and emerging techniques that will push this field forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Lyons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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25
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Stavely R, Robinson AM, Miller S, Boyd R, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Allogeneic guinea pig mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate neurological changes in experimental colitis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26718461 PMCID: PMC4697327 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of great interest because of their immunomodulatory properties. Damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS) is implicated in IBD pathophysiology and disease progression. The most commonly used model to study inflammation-induced changes to the ENS is 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in guinea pigs; however, no studies using guinea pig MSCs in colitis have been performed. This study aims to isolate and characterise guinea pig MSCs and then test their therapeutic potential for the treatment of enteric neuropathy associated with intestinal inflammation. Methods MSCs from guinea pig bone marrow and adipose tissue were isolated and characterised in vitro. In in vivo experiments, guinea pigs received either TNBS for the induction of colitis or sham treatment by enema. MSCs were administered at a dose of 1 × 106 cells via enema 3 h after the induction of colitis. Colon tissues were collected 24 and 72 h after TNBS administration to assess the level of inflammation and damage to the ENS. The secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was analysed in MSC conditioned medium by flow cytometry. Results Cells isolated from both sources were adherent to plastic, multipotent and expressed some human MSC surface markers. In vitro characterisation revealed distinct differences in growth kinetics, clonogenicity and cell morphology between MSC types. In an in vivo model of TNBS-induced colitis, guinea pig bone marrow MSCs were comparatively more efficacious than adipose tissue MSCs in attenuating weight loss, colonic tissue damage and leukocyte infiltration into the mucosa and myenteric plexus. MSCs from both sources were equally neuroprotective in the amelioration of enteric neuronal loss and changes to the neurochemical coding of neuronal subpopulations. MSCs from both sources secreted TGF-β1 which exerted neuroprotective effects in vitro. Conclusions This study is the first evaluating the functional capacity of guinea pig bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSCs and providing evidence of their neuroprotective value in an animal model of colitis. In vitro characteristics of MSCs cannot be extrapolated to their therapeutic efficacy. TGF-β1 released by both types of MSCs might have contributed to the attenuation of enteric neuropathy associated with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong road, Melbourne, 3021, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ainsley M Robinson
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong road, Melbourne, 3021, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sarah Miller
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong road, Melbourne, 3021, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Richard Boyd
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong road, Melbourne, 3021, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong road, Melbourne, 3021, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Stavely R, Robinson AM, Miller S, Boyd R, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Human adult stem cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow attenuate enteric neuropathy in the guinea-pig model of acute colitis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:244. [PMID: 26652292 PMCID: PMC4674993 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as a viable treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSCs derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) have predominated in experimental models whereas the majority of clinical trials have used MSCs derived from adipose tissue (AT-MSCs), thus there is little consensus on the optimal tissue source. The therapeutic efficacies of these MSCs are yet to be compared in context of the underlying dysfunction of the enteric nervous system innervating the gastrointestinal tract concomitant with IBD. This study aims to characterise the in vitro properties of MSCs and compare their in vivo therapeutic potential for the treatment of enteric neuropathy associated with intestinal inflammation. Methods BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs were validated and characterised in vitro. In in vivo experiments, guinea-pigs received either 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate acid (TNBS) for the induction of colitis or sham treatment by enema. MSCs were administered at a dose of 1x106 cells via enema 3 hours after the induction of colitis. Colon tissues were collected 24 and 72 hours after TNBS administration to assess the level of inflammation and damage to the ENS. MSC migration to the myenteric plexus in vivo was elucidated by immunohistochemistry and in vitro using a modified Boyden chamber assay. Results Cells exhibited multipotency and a typical surface immunophenotype for validation as bona fide MSCs. In vitro characterisation revealed distinct differences in growth kinetics, clonogenicity and cell morphology between MSC types. In vivo, BM-MSCs were comparatively more effective than AT-MSCs in attenuating leukocyte infiltration and neuronal loss in the myenteric plexus. MSCs from both sources equally ameliorated body weight loss, gross morphological damage to the colon, changes in the neurochemical coding of neuronal subpopulations and the reduction in density of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres innervating the colon. MSCs from both sources migrated to the myenteric plexus in in vivo colitis and in an in vitro assay. Conclusions These data from in vitro experiments suggest that AT-MSCs are ideal for cellular expansion. However, BM-MSCs were more therapeutic in the treatment of enteric neuropathy and plexitis. These characteristics should be considered when deciding on the MSC tissue source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ainsley M Robinson
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Miller
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richard Boyd
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health Research & Education, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, 3021, VIC, Australia.
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27
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Singh P, Konar A, Kumar A, Srivas S, Thakur MK. Hippocampal chromatin-modifying enzymes are pivotal for scopolamine-induced synaptic plasticity gene expression changes and memory impairment. J Neurochem 2015; 134:642-51. [PMID: 25982413 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amnesic potential of scopolamine is well manifested through synaptic plasticity gene expression changes and behavioral paradigms of memory impairment. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure and consequently ideal therapeutic target is lacking. In this context, chromatin-modifying enzymes, which regulate memory gene expression changes, deserve major attention. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of chromatin-modifying enzymes and recovery potential of enzyme modulators in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Scopolamine administration drastically up-regulated DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1) and HDAC2 expression while CREB-binding protein (CBP), DNMT3a and DNMT3b remained unaffected. HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate and DNMT inhibitor Aza-2'deoxycytidine recovered scopolamine-impaired hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation with concomitant increase in the expression of synaptic plasticity genes Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Arc and level of histone H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation and decrease in DNA methylation level. Sodium butyrate showed more pronounced effect than Aza-2'deoxycytidine and their co-administration did not exhibit synergistic effect on gene expression. Taken together, we showed for the first time that scopolamine-induced up-regulation of chromatin-modifying enzymes, HDAC2 and DNMT1, leads to gene expression changes and consequent decline in memory consolidation. Our findings on the action of scopolamine as an epigenetic modulator can pave a path for ideal therapeutic targets. We propose the following putative pathway for scopolamine-mediated memory impairment; scopolamine up-regulates hippocampal DNMT1 and HDAC2 expression, induces methylation and deacetylation of BDNF and Arc promoter, represses gene expression and eventually impairs memory consolidation. On the other hand, Aza-2 and NaB inhibit DNMT1 and HDAC2 respectively, up-regulate BDNF and Arc expression and recover memory consolidation. We elucidate the action of scopolamine as an epigenetic modulator and hope that DNMT1 and HDAC2 would be ideal therapeutic targets for memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabh Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arpita Konar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sweta Srivas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mahendra K Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Wlodarska M, Kostic AD, Xavier RJ. An integrative view of microbiome-host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:577-91. [PMID: 25974300 PMCID: PMC4498258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, which is composed of bacteria, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes, acts as an accessory organ system with distinct functions along the intestinal tract that are critical for health. This review focuses on how the microbiota drives intestinal disease through alterations in microbial community architecture, disruption of the mucosal barrier, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system. Inflammatory bowel disease is used as a model system to understand these microbial-driven pathologies, but the knowledge gained in this space is extended to less-well-studied intestinal diseases that may also have an important microbial component, including environmental enteropathy and chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Avetisyan M, Schill EM, Heuckeroth RO. Building a second brain in the bowel. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:899-907. [PMID: 25664848 DOI: 10.1172/jci76307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
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Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Latorre R, Van Landeghem L, Coron E, Derkinderen P, De Giorgio R. Enteric glial cells: recent developments and future directions. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1230-7. [PMID: 25305504 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery at the end of the 19th century, enteric glial cells (EGCs), the major cellular component of the enteric nervous system, have long been considered mere supportive cells for neurons. However, recent evidence has challenged this view and highlighted their central role in the regulation of gut homeostasis as well as their implication in digestive and extradigestive diseases. In this review, we summarize emerging concepts as to how EGCs regulate neuromediator expression, exert neuroprotective roles, and even act as neuronal as well as glial progenitors in the enteric nervous system. A particularly crucial property of EGCs is their ability to maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, a role that may have important clinical implications not only for digestive diseases, such as postoperative ileus and inflammatory bowel diseases, but also for extradigestive diseases, such as Parkinson disease or obesity. EGCs could also contribute directly to disease processes (eg, inflammation) by their ability to secrete chemokines/cytokines in response to bacterial or inflammatory challenges. Defining the pleiotropic roles exerted by EGCs may reveal better knowledge and help develop new targeted therapeutic options for a variety of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neunlist
- INSERM Unité 913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France.
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM Unité 913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- INSERM Unité 913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- INSERM Unité 913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- INSERM Unité 913, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hurst NR, Kendig DM, Murthy KS, Grider JR. The short chain fatty acids, butyrate and propionate, have differential effects on the motility of the guinea pig colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1586-96. [PMID: 25223619 PMCID: PMC4438679 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic microbiota digest resistant starches producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The main SCFAs produced are acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Both excitatory and inhibitory effects of SCFAs on motility have been reported. We hypothesized that the effect of SCFAs on colonic motility varies with chain length and aimed to determine the effects of SCFAs on propagating and non-propagating contractions of guinea pig proximal and distal colon. METHODS In isolated proximal colonic segments, Krebs solution alone or containing 10-100 mM acetate, propionate, or butyrate was injected into the lumen, motility was videorecorded over 10 min, and spatiotemporal maps created. In distal colon, the lumen was perfused with the same solutions of SCFAs at 0.1 mL/min, the movement of artificial fecal pellets videorecorded, and velocity of propulsion calculated. KEY RESULTS In proximal colon, butyrate increased the frequency of full-length propagations, decreased short propagations, and had a biphasic effect on non-propagating contractions. Propionate blocked full and short propagations and had a biphasic effect on non-propagating contractions. Acetate decreased short and total propagations. In distal colon, butyrate increased and propionate decreased velocity of propulsion. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The data suggest that luminal SCFAs have differing effects on proximal and distal colonic motility depending on chain length. Thus, the net effect of SCFAs on colonic motility would depend on the balance of SCFAs produced by microbial digestion of resistant starches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norm R Hurst
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Science (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Neunlist M, Schemann M. Nutrient-induced changes in the phenotype and function of the enteric nervous system. J Physiol 2014; 592:2959-65. [PMID: 24907307 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) integrates numerous sensory signals in order to control and maintain normal gut functions. Nutrients are one of the prominent factors which determine the chemical milieu in the lumen and, after absorption, also within the gut wall. This review summarizes current knowledge on the impact of key nutrients on ENS functions and phenotype, covering their acute and long-term effects. Enteric neurones contain the molecular machinery to respond specifically to nutrients. These transporters and receptors are not expressed exclusively in the ENS but are also present in other cells such as enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and extrinsic sensory nerves, signalling satiety or hunger. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids all activate enteric neurones, as suggested by enhanced c-Fos expression or spike discharge. These excitatory effects are the result of a direct neuronal activation but also involve the activation of EECs which, upon activation by luminal nutrients, release mediators such as ghrelin, cholecystokinin or serotonin. The presence or absence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen induces long-term changes in neurotransmitter expression, excitability, neuronal survival and ultimately impact upon gut motility, secretion or intestinal permeability. Together with EECs and vagal nerves, the ENS must be recognized as an important player initiating concerted responses to nutrients. It remains to be studied how, for instance, nutrient-induced changes in the ENS may influence additional gut functions such as intestinal barrier repair, intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation/differentiation and also the signalling of extrinsic nerves to brain regions which control food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France CHU Nantes, HôtelDieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, F-44093, France Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Michael Schemann
- Lehrstuhl für Humanbiologie, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 4, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Collins J, Borojevic R, Verdu EF, Huizinga JD, Ratcliffe EM. Intestinal microbiota influence the early postnatal development of the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:98-107. [PMID: 24329946 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal gastrointestinal function depends on an intact and coordinated enteric nervous system (ENS). While the ENS is formed during fetal life, plasticity persists in the postnatal period during which the gastrointestinal tract is colonized by bacteria. We tested the hypothesis that colonization of the bowel by intestinal microbiota influences the postnatal development of the ENS. METHODS The development of the ENS was studied in whole mount preparations of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of specific pathogen-free (SPF), germ-free (GF), and altered Schaedler flora (ASF) NIH Swiss mice at postnatal day 3 (P3). The frequency and amplitude of circular muscle contractions were measured in intestinal segments using spatiotemporal mapping of video recorded spontaneous contractile activity with and without exposure to lidocaine and N-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA). KEY RESULTS Immunolabeling with antibodies to PGP9.5 revealed significant abnormalities in the myenteric plexi of GF jejunum and ileum, but not duodenum, characterized by a decrease in nerve density, a decrease in the number of neurons per ganglion, and an increase in the proportion of myenteric nitrergic neurons. Frequency of amplitude of muscle contractions were significantly decreased in the jejunum and ileum of GF mice and were unaffected by exposure to lidocaine, while NOLA enhanced contractile frequency in the GF jejunum and ileum. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These findings suggest that early exposure to intestinal bacteria is essential for the postnatal development of the ENS in the mid to distal small intestine. Future studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms by which enteric microbiota interact with the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ringel Y, Maharshak N. Intestinal microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G529-41. [PMID: 23886861 PMCID: PMC3798736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00207.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is believed to involve alterations in the brain-gut axis; however, the etiological triggers and mechanisms by which these changes lead to symptoms of IBS remain poorly understood. Although IBS is often considered a condition without an identified "organic" etiology, emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota and altered immune function may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. These recent data suggest a plausible model in which changes in the intestinal microbiota and activation of the enteric immune system may impinge upon the brain-gut axis, causing the alterations in gastrointestinal function and the clinical symptoms observed in patients with IBS. This review summarizes the current evidence for altered intestinal microbiota and immune function in IBS. It discusses the potential etiological role of these factors, suggests an updated conceptual model for the pathogenesis of the disorder, and identifies areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Ringel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 4107 BioInformatics Bldg., CB# 7080, 130 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080.
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