1
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Wang G. Genome Editing for Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2023; 12:1555. [PMID: 37371025 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CF Transmembrane-conductance Regulator gene (CFTR). Remarkable progress in basic research has led to the discovery of highly effective CFTR modulators. Now ~90% of CF patients are treatable. However, these modulator therapies are not curative and do not cover the full spectrum of CFTR mutations. Thus, there is a continued need to develop a complete and durable therapy that can treat all CF patients once and for all. As CF is a genetic disease, the ultimate therapy would be in-situ repair of the genetic lesions in the genome. Within the past few years, new technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas gene editing, have emerged as an appealing platform to revise the genome, ushering in a new era of genetic therapy. This review provided an update on this rapidly evolving field and the status of adapting the technology for CF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, CSRB 607, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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2
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Tam RY, van Dorst JM, McKay I, Coffey M, Ooi CY. Intestinal Inflammation and Alterations in the Gut Microbiota in Cystic Fibrosis: A Review of the Current Evidence, Pathophysiology and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030649. [PMID: 35160099 PMCID: PMC8836727 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting autosomal recessive multisystem disease. While its burden of morbidity and mortality is classically associated with pulmonary disease, CF also profoundly affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Chronic low-grade inflammation and alterations to the gut microbiota are hallmarks of the CF intestine. The etiology of these manifestations is likely multifactorial, resulting from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction, a high-fat CF diet, and the use of antibiotics. There may also be a bidirectional pathophysiological link between intestinal inflammation and changes to the gut microbiome. Additionally, a growing body of evidence suggests that these GI manifestations may have significant clinical associations with growth and nutrition, quality of life, and respiratory function in CF. As such, the potential utility of GI therapies and long-term GI outcomes are areas of interest in CF. Further research involving microbial modulation and multi-omics techniques may reveal novel insights. This article provides an overview of the current evidence, pathophysiology, and future research and therapeutic considerations pertaining to intestinal inflammation and alterations in the gut microbiota in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y. Tam
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (R.Y.T.); (J.M.v.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Josie M. van Dorst
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (R.Y.T.); (J.M.v.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Isabelle McKay
- Wagga Wagga Base Hospital, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia;
| | - Michael Coffey
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (R.Y.T.); (J.M.v.D.); (M.C.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Chee Y. Ooi
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (R.Y.T.); (J.M.v.D.); (M.C.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children’s Hospital Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Henen S, Denton C, Teckman J, Borowitz D, Patel D. Review of Gastrointestinal Motility in Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 20:578-585. [PMID: 34147362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are extremely common and have recently become a research focus. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is poorly understood in the CF population, despite many speculations including the role of luminal pH, bacterial overgrowth, and abnormal microbiome. Nevertheless, dysmotility is emerging as a possible key player in CF intestinal symptoms. Our review article aims to explore the sequelae of defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genes on the GI tract as studied in both animals and humans, describe various presentations of intestinal dysmotility in CF, review newer diagnostic motility techniques including intraluminal manometry, and review the current literature regarding the potential role of dysmotility in CF-related intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Henen
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, 1465 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104.
| | - Christine Denton
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, 1465 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Jeff Teckman
- Interim Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, 1465 S Grand BLVD, St. Louis, MO 63104.
| | - Drucy Borowitz
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, NY, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203.
| | - Dhiren Patel
- Associate Professor and Medical Director, Neurogastroenterology and Motility Program, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, 1465 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104.
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4
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Buddington RK, Wong T, Howard SC. Paracellular Filtration Secretion Driven by Mechanical Force Contributes to Small Intestinal Fluid Dynamics. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9010009. [PMID: 33572202 PMCID: PMC7931054 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fluid secretion by the small intestine are dominated by the coupling with ATP-dependent generation of ion gradients, whereas the contribution of filtration secretion has been overlooked, possibly by the lack of a known mechanistic basis. We measured apical fluid flow and generation of hydrostatic pressure gradients by epithelia of cultured mouse enterocytes, Caco-2 and T-84 cells, and fibroblasts exposed to mechanical force provided by vigorous aeration and in response to ion gradients, inhibitors of ion channels and transporters and in vitro using intact mouse and rat small intestine. We describe herein a paracellular pathway for unidirectional filtration secretion that is driven by mechanical force, requires tight junctions, is independent of ionic and osmotic gradients, generates persistent hydrostatic pressure gradients, and would contribute to the fluid shifts that occur during digestion and diarrhea. Zinc inhibits the flow of fluid and the paracellular marker fluorescein isothyocyanate conjugated dextran (MW = 4 kD) across epithelia of cultured enterocytes (>95%; p < 0.001) and intact small intestine (>40%; p = 0.03). We propose that mechanical force drives fluid secretion through the tight junction complex via a “one-way check valve” that can be regulated. This pathway of filtration secretion complements chloride-coupled fluid secretion during high-volume fluid flow. The role of filtration secretion in the genesis of diarrhea in intact animals needs further study. Our findings may explain a potential linkage between intestinal motility and intestinal fluid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal K. Buddington
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
- Babies Taking Flight, Memphis, TN 38117, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-418-2666
| | - Thomas Wong
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Scott C. Howard
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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5
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Matusovsky OS, Kachmar L, Ijpma G, Panariti A, Benedetti A, Martin JG, Lauzon AM. Contractile Properties of Intrapulmonary Airway Smooth Muscle in Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:434-444. [PMID: 30359078 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0005oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal-recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Many patients with CF have asthma-like symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness, which are potentially associated with altered airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility. Our goal in this study was to assess the contractility of the CF intrapulmonary ASM. ASM strips were dissected from human control and CF intrapulmonary airways, and assessed for methacholine-induced shortening velocity, maximal force, and stress. We also assessed isoproterenol responses in maximally methacholine-contracted ASM. ASM strips were then incubated for 16 hours with IL-13 and measurements were repeated. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression was assessed by Western blotting. Airways were immunostained for morphometry. ASM mass was increased in CF airways, which likely contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness. Although ASM contractile properties were not intrinsically different between patients with CF and control subjects, CF ASM responded differently in the presence of the inflammatory mediator IL-13, showing impairment in β-adrenergic-induced relaxation. Indeed, the percentage of relaxation measured at maximal isoproterenol concentrations in the CF ASM was significantly lower after incubation with IL-13 (46.0% ± 6.7% relaxation) than without IL-13 (74.0% ± 7.7% relaxation, P = 0.018). It was also significantly lower than that observed in control ASM incubated with IL-13 (68.8% ± 4.9% relaxation, P = 0.048) and without IL-13 (82.4% ± 9.9%, P = 0.0035). CF ASM incubated with IL-13 also expressed greater levels of MLCK. Thus, our data suggest that the combination of an increase in ASM mass, increased MLCK expression, and inflammation-induced β-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness may contribute to airway dysfunction in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Matusovsky
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center
| | - Linda Kachmar
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center
| | - Gijs Ijpma
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center
| | - Alice Panariti
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- 2 Department of Medicine, and.,3 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and.,4 Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center.,2 Department of Medicine, and
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Stolwijk JA, Skiba M, Kade C, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Wegener J. Increasing the throughput of label-free cell assays to study the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors by using a serial agonist exposure protocol. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:99-108. [PMID: 31083709 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Label-free, holistic assays, monitoring, for example, the impedance of cells on electrodes, are gaining increasing popularity in the evaluation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands. It is the strength of these approaches to provide the integrated cellular response non-invasively, highly automated and with a device-dependent time resolution down to several milliseconds. With an increasing number of samples to be studied in parallel, the available time resolution is, however, reduced and the cost for the disposable sensor arrays may become limiting. Inspired by protocols from organ pharmacology, we investigated a simple serial agonist addition assay that circumvents these limitations in impedance-based cellular assays. Using a serial addition of increasing concentrations of a GPCR agonist while continuously monitoring the sample's impedance, we were able to establish a full concentration-response curve for the endogenous agonist histamine on a single layer of U-373 MG cells endogenously expressing the histamine 1 receptor (H1R). This approach is validated with respect to conventional, parallel agonist addition protocols and studies using H1R antagonists such as mepyramine. Applicability of the serial agonist addition assay was shown for other GPCRs known for their signaling via one of the canonical G-protein pathways, Gq, Gi/0 or Gs as well. The serial agonist addition protocol has the potential to further strengthen the output of label-free analysis of GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stolwijk
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Skiba
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Kade
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - G Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Buschauer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wegener
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany
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7
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Plyler ZE, Birket SE, Schultz BD, Hong JS, Rowe SM, Petty CF, Crowley MR, Crossman DK, Schoeb TR, Sorscher EJ. Non-obstructive vas deferens and epididymis loss in cystic fibrosis rats. Mech Dev 2018; 155:15-26. [PMID: 30391480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study utilizes morphological and mechanistic endpoints to characterize the onset of bilateral atresia of the vas deferens in a recently derived cystic fibrosis (CF) rat model. Embryonic reproductive structures, including Wolffian (mesonephric) duct, Mullerian (paramesonephric) duct, mesonephric tubules, and gonad, were shown to mature normally through late embryogenesis, with involution of the vas deferens and/or epididymis typically occurring between birth and postnatal day 4 (P4), although timing and degree of atresia varied. No evidence of mucus obstruction, which is associated with pathology in other CF-affected tissues, was observed at any embryological or postnatal time point. Reduced epididymal coiling was noted post-partum and appeared to coincide with, or predate, loss of more distal vas deferens structure. Remarkably, α smooth muscle actin expression in cells surrounding duct epithelia was markedly diminished in CF animals by P2.5 when compared to wild type counterparts, indicating reduced muscle development. RNA-seq and immunohistochemical analysis of affected tissues showed disruption of developmental signaling by Wnt and related pathways. The findings have relevance to vas deferens loss in humans with CF, where timing of ductular damage is not well characterized and underlying mechanisms are not understood. If vas deferens atresia in humans begins in late gestation and continues through early postnatal life, emerging modulator therapies given perinatally might preserve and enhance integrity of the reproductive tract, which is otherwise absent or deficient in 97% of males with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z E Plyler
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S E Birket
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B D Schultz
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J S Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S M Rowe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C F Petty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M R Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E J Sorscher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Ahmadi S, Xia S, Wu YS, Di Paola M, Kissoon R, Luk C, Lin F, Du K, Rommens J, Bear CE. SLC6A14, an amino acid transporter, modifies the primary CF defect in fluid secretion. eLife 2018; 7:37963. [PMID: 30004386 PMCID: PMC6054531 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of intestinal disease associated with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is variable in the patient population and this variability is partially conferred by the influence of modifier genes. Genome-wide association studies have identified SLC6A14, an electrogenic amino acid transporter, as a genetic modifier of CF-associated meconium ileus. The purpose of the current work was to determine the biological role of Slc6a14, by disrupting its expression in CF mice bearing the major mutation, F508del. We found that disruption of Slc6a14 worsened the intestinal fluid secretion defect, characteristic of these mice. In vitro studies of mouse intestinal organoids revealed that exacerbation of the primary defect was associated with reduced arginine uptake across the apical membrane, with aberrant nitric oxide and cyclic GMP-mediated regulation of the major CF-causing mutant protein. Together, these studies highlight the role of this apical transporter in modifying cellular nitric oxide levels, residual function of the major CF mutant and potentially, its promise as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumel Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Di Paola
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Randolph Kissoon
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Luk
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kai Du
- Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johanna Rommens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Boberg L, Szekeres FLM, Arner A. Signaling and metabolic properties of fast and slow smooth muscle types from mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:681-691. [PMID: 29380055 PMCID: PMC5854729 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to improve the classification of smooth muscle types to better understand their normal and pathological functional phenotypes. Four different smooth muscle tissues (aorta, muscular arteries, intestine, urinary bladder) with a 5-fold difference in maximal shortening velocity were obtained from mice and classified according to expression of the inserted myosin heavy chain (SMHC-B). Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses were used to determine 15 metabolic and 8 cell signaling key components in each tissue. The slow muscle type (aorta) with a 12 times lower SMHC-B had 6-fold lower expression of the phosphatase subunit MYPT1, a 7-fold higher expression of Rhokinase 1, and a 3-fold higher expression of the PKC target CPI17, compared to the faster (urinary bladder) smooth muscle. The slow muscle had higher expression of components involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis (type 1 glucose transporter, 3 times; hexokinase, 13 times) and in gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 43 times), but lower expression of the metabolic sensing AMP-activated kinase, alpha 2 isoform (5 times). The slow type also had higher expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (hormone-sensitive lipase, 10 times; lipoprotein lipase, 13 times; fatty acid synthase, 6 times; type 2 acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 8 times). We present a refined division of smooth muscle into muscle types based on the analysis of contractile, metabolic, and signaling components. Slow compared to fast smooth muscle has a lower expression of the deactivating phosphatase and upregulated Ca2+ sensitizing pathways and is more adapted for sustained glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, v Eulers v 8, 171 77, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, v Eulers v 8, 171 77, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
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10
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McCue MD, Passement CA, Meyerholz DK. Maintenance of Distal Intestinal Structure in the Face of Prolonged Fasting: A Comparative Examination of Species From Five Vertebrate Classes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:2208-2219. [PMID: 28941363 PMCID: PMC5767472 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It was recently shown that fasting alters the composition of microbial communities residing in the distal intestinal tract of animals representing five classes of vertebrates [i.e., fishes (tilapia), amphibians (toads), reptiles (leopard geckos), birds (quail), and mammals (mice)]. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the extent of tissue reorganization in the fasted distal intestine was correlated with the observed changes in enteric microbial diversity. Segments of intestine adjacent to those used for the microbiota study were examined histologically to quantify cross-sectional and mucosal surface areas and thicknesses of mucosa, submucosa, and tunica muscularis. We found no fasting-induced differences in the morphology of distal intestines of the mice (3 days), quail (7 days), or geckos (28 days). The toads, which exhibited a general increase in phylogenetic diversity of their enteric microbiota with fasting, also exhibited reduced mucosal circumference at 14 and 21 days of fasting. Tilapia showed increased phylogenetic diversity of their enteric microbiota, and showed a thickened tunica muscularis at 21 days of fasting; but this morphological change was not related to microbial diversity or absorptive surface area, and thus, is unlikely to functionally match the changes in their microbiome. Given that fasting caused significant increases and reductions in the enteric microbial diversity of mice and quail, respectively, but no detectable changes in distal intestine morphology, we conclude that reorganization is not the primary factor shaping changes in microbial diversity within the fasted colon, and the observed modest structural changes are more related to the fasted state. Anat Rec, 300:2208-2219, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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11
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Cook DP, Rector MV, Bouzek DC, Michalski AS, Gansemer ND, Reznikov LR, Li X, Stroik MR, Ostedgaard LS, Abou Alaiwa MH, Thompson MA, Prakash YS, Krishnan R, Meyerholz DK, Seow CY, Stoltz DA. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Airway Smooth Muscle. Implications for Airway Contractility. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:417-26. [PMID: 26488271 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201508-1562oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE An asthma-like airway phenotype has been described in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Whether these findings are directly caused by loss of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function or secondary to chronic airway infection and/or inflammation has been difficult to determine. OBJECTIVES Airway contractility is primarily determined by airway smooth muscle. We tested the hypothesis that CFTR is expressed in airway smooth muscle and directly affects airway smooth muscle contractility. METHODS Newborn pigs, both wild type and with CF (before the onset of airway infection and inflammation), were used in this study. High-resolution immunofluorescence was used to identify the subcellular localization of CFTR in airway smooth muscle. Airway smooth muscle function was determined with tissue myography, intracellular calcium measurements, and regulatory myosin light chain phosphorylation status. Precision-cut lung slices were used to investigate the therapeutic potential of CFTR modulation on airway reactivity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that CFTR localizes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum compartment of airway smooth muscle and regulates airway smooth muscle tone. Loss of CFTR function led to delayed calcium reuptake following cholinergic stimulation and increased myosin light chain phosphorylation. CFTR potentiation with ivacaftor decreased airway reactivity in precision-cut lung slices following cholinergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Loss of CFTR alters porcine airway smooth muscle function and may contribute to the airflow obstruction phenotype observed in human CF. Airway smooth muscle CFTR may represent a therapeutic target in CF and other diseases of airway narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cook
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine.,2 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Thompson
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and.,4 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Y S Prakash
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and.,4 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Chun Y Seow
- 7 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Centre/St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Stoltz
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine.,2 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.,8 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and.,9 Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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12
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Olivier AK, Gibson-Corley KN, Meyerholz DK. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of cystic fibrosis: gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary disease and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G459-71. [PMID: 25591863 PMCID: PMC4360044 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and hepatobiliary systems, are affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). Many of these changes begin early in life and are difficult to study in young CF patients. Recent development of novel CF animal models has expanded opportunities in the field to better understand CF pathogenesis and evaluate traditional and innovative therapeutics. In this review, we discuss manifestations of CF disease in gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary systems of humans and animal models. We also compare the similarities and limitations of animal models and discuss future directions for modeling CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Olivier
- Department of Pathology and Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology and Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology and Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Bazett M, Honeyman L, Stefanov AN, Pope CE, Hoffman LR, Haston CK. Cystic fibrosis mouse model-dependent intestinal structure and gut microbiome. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:222-34. [PMID: 25721416 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mice with a null mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) gene show intestinal structure alterations and bacterial overgrowth. To determine whether these changes are model-dependent and whether the intestinal microbiome is altered in cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse models, we characterized the ileal tissue and intestinal microbiome of mice with the clinically common ΔF508 Cftr mutation (FVB/N Cftr(tm1Eur)) and with Cftr null mutations (BALB/c Cftr(tm1UNC) and C57BL/6 Cftr(tm1UNC)). Intestinal disease in 12-week-old CF mice, relative to wild-type strain controls, was measured histologically. The microbiome was characterized by pyrosequencing of the V4-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene and intestinal load was measured by RT-PCR of the 16S rRNA gene. The CF-associated increases in ileal crypt to villus axis distention, goblet cell hyperplasia, and muscularis externa thickness were more severe in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 Cftr(tm1UNC) mice than in the FVB/N Cftr(tm1Eur) mice. Intestinal bacterial load was significantly increased in all CF models, compared to levels in controls, and positively correlated with circular muscle thickness in CF, but not wild-type, mice. Microbiome profiling identified Bifidobacterium and groups of Lactobacillus to be of altered abundance in the CF mice but overall bacterial frequencies were not common to the three CF strains and were not correlative of major histological changes. In conclusion, intestinal structure alterations, bacterial overgrowth, and dysbiosis were each more severe in BALB/c and C57BL/6 Cftr(tm1UNC) mice than in the FVB/N Cftr(tm1Eur) mice. The intestinal microbiome differed among the three CF mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bazett
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain, Montreal, QC, H2X 2P2, Canada
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14
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Bulley S, Jaggar JH. Cl⁻ channels in smooth muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:861-72. [PMID: 24077695 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the intracellular chloride ion (Cl−) concentration is high due to accumulation by Cl−/HCO3− exchange and Na+–K+–Cl− cotransportation. The equilibrium potential for Cl− (ECl) is more positive than physiological membrane potentials (Em), with Cl− efflux inducing membrane depolarization. Early studies used electrophysiology and nonspecific antagonists to study the physiological relevance of Cl− channels in SMCs. More recent reports have incorporated molecular biological approaches to identify and determine the functional significance of several different Cl− channels. Both "classic" and cGMP-dependent calcium (Ca2+)-activated (ClCa) channels and volume-sensitive Cl− channels are present, with TMEM16A/ANO1, bestrophins, and ClC-3, respectively, proposed as molecular candidates for these channels. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has also been described in SMCs. This review will focus on discussing recent progress made in identifying each of these Cl− channels in SMCs, their physiological functions, and contribution to diseases that modify contraction, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article reviews advances in gastrointestinal aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF) published in the literature over the past year, and highlights new and interesting research. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal complications in CF. The CF mouse is useful for studying distal intestinal obstruction, dysmotility and dysbiosis, and the CF pig model has helped us better understand meconium ileus and pancreatic and hepatobiliary secretory problems. Studies in humans help elucidate the evolution of pancreatic insufficiency, how reflux may lead to lung disease, problems with intestinal dysmotility, mechanisms leading to pancreatitis and the increased prevalence of gastrointestinal cancer. Biomarkers are shedding light on CF-related liver disease. Rectal biopsies can help in diagnosis and in studying new drugs for CF. SUMMARY Gastrointestinal complications of CF are likely to be seen with increasing frequency as patients with CF lead longer lives. CF animal models and modern research techniques are providing new insights into extrapulmonary complications. CF clinicians should be familiar with diagnosis and management of common gastrointestinal complications and should build bridges with specialists so that referrals can be made when needed.
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How the airway smooth muscle in cystic fibrosis reacts in proinflammatory conditions: implications for airway hyper-responsiveness and asthma in cystic fibrosis. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:137-47. [PMID: 24429094 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(12)70058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among patients with cystic fibrosis there is a high prevalence (40-70%) of asthma signs and symptoms such as cough and wheezing and airway hyper-responsiveness to inhaled histamine or methacholine. Whether these abnormal airway responses are due to a primary deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or are secondary to the inflammatory environment in the cystic fibrosis lungs is not clear. A role for the CFTR in smooth muscle function is emerging, and alterations in contractile signalling have been reported in CFTR-deficient airway smooth muscle. Persistent bacterial infection, especially with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, stimulates interleukin-8 release from the airway epithelium, resulting in neutrophilic inflammation. Increased neutrophilia and skewing of CFTR-deficient T-helper cells to type 2 helper T cells creates an inflammatory environment characterised by high concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-8, and interleukin-13, which might all contribute to increased contractility of airway smooth muscle in cystic fibrosis. An emerging role of interleukin-17, which is raised in patients with cystic fibrosis, in airway smooth muscle proliferation and hyper-responsiveness is apparent. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the altered smooth muscle physiology in patients with cystic fibrosis might provide insight into airway dysfunction in this disease.
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