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Périco LL, Vegso AJ, Baggio CH, MacNaughton WK. Protease-activated receptor 2 drives migration in a colon cancer cell line but not in noncancerous human epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G525-G542. [PMID: 38440826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00284.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The inflamed mucosa contains a complex assortment of proteases that may participate in wound healing or the development of inflammation-associated colon cancer. We sought to determine the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epithelial wound healing in both untransformed and transformed colonic epithelial cells. Monolayers of primary epithelial cells derived from organoids cultivated from patient colonic biopsies and of the T84 colon cancer cell line were grown to confluence, wounded in the presence of a selective PAR2-activating peptide, and healing was visualized by live cell microscopy. Inhibitors of various signaling molecules were used to assess the relevant pathways responsible for wound healing. Activation of PAR2 induced an enhanced wound-healing response in T84 cells but not primary cells. The PAR2-enhanced wound-healing response was associated with the development of lamellipodia in cells at the wound edge, consistent with sheet migration. The response to PAR2 activation in T84 cells was completely dependent on Src kinase activity and partially dependent on Rac1 activity. The Src-associated signaling molecules, focal adhesion kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor, which typically mediate wound-healing responses, were not involved in the PAR2 response. Experiments repeated in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ revealed a synergistically enhanced PAR2 wound-healing response in T84s but not primary cells. The epithelial response to proteases may be different between primary and cancer cells and is accentuated in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings have implications for understanding epithelial restitution in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammation-associated colon cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances wound healing in the T84 colon cancer cell line, but not in primary cells derived from patient biopsies, an effect that is synergistically enhanced in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lucena Périco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Vegso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cristiane H Baggio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Lv J, Liu J, Chao G, Zhang S. PARs in the inflammation-cancer transformation of CRC. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 25:1242-1251. [PMID: 36547764 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common malignancies with a global trend of increasing incidence and mortality. There is an urgent need to identify new predictive markers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of CRC. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of G-protein-coupled receptors, with currently identified subtypes including PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4. Increasingly, studies suggest that PARs play an important role in the growth and metastasis of CRC. By targeting multiple signaling pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRC. In this review, we first describe recent studies on the role of PARs in CRC inflammation-cancer transformation, focusing on the important role of PARs in signaling pathways associated with inflammation-cancer transformation, and summarize the progress of research on PARs-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinguo Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hanghou, China.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Bandara M, MacNaughton WK. Protease-activated receptor-2 activation enhances epithelial wound healing via epidermal growth factor receptor. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1968763. [PMID: 34511032 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1968763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier function relies on the presence of a single layer of epithelial cells. Barrier dysfunction is associated with the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Understanding the mechanisms involved in intestinal wound healing in order to sustain the barrier function has a great therapeutic potential. Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) induces COX-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells via EGFR transactivation. COX-2 is well known for its protective effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAR-2 activation induces a wound healing response in intestinal epithelial cells through COX-2-derived lipid mediators and EGFR transactivation. Immunofluorescence and calcium assay were used to characterize CMT-93 mouse colonic epithelial cell line for PAR2 expression and its activity, respectively. Treatment with PAR2 activating peptide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 (2fLI), but not by its inactive reverse-sequence peptide (2fO) enhanced wound closure in scratch wounded monolayers. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD153035), broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001) and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP2) inhibited PAR2-induced wound healing. However, PAR2 activation did not induce COX-2 expression in CMT-93 cells and inhibition of COX-2 by COX-2 selective inhibitor (NS-398) did not alter PAR2-induced wound healing. In conclusion, PAR2 activation drives wound healing in CMT-93 cells via EGFR transactivation. Matrix metalloproteinases and Src tyrosine kinase activity may involve in EGFR transactivation and PAR2-induced wound healing is independent of COX-2 activity. These findings provide a mechanism whereby PAR2 can participate in the resolution of intestinal wounds in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesha Bandara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Matsuura T, Soeki T, Fukuda D, Uematsu E, Tobiume T, Hara T, Kusunose K, Ise T, Yamaguchi K, Yagi S, Yamada H, Wakatsuki T, Sata M. Activated Factor X Signaling Pathway via Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Preventing Atrial Fibrillation. Circ J 2021; 85:1383-1391. [PMID: 33746155 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated factor X (FXa), which contributes to chronic inflammation via protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), might play an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF) arrhythmogenesis. This study aimed to assess whether PAR2 signaling contributes to AF arrhythmogenesis and whether rivaroxaban ameliorates atrial inflammation and prevents AF.Methods and Results:In Study 1, PAR2 deficient (PAR2-/-) and wild-type mice were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) or a vehicle via an osmotic minipump for 2 weeks. In Study 2, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with rivaroxaban, warfarin, or vehicle for 2 weeks after 8 h of right atrial rapid pacing. The AF inducibility and atrial remodeling in both studies were examined. Ang II-treated PAR2-/- mice had a lower incidence of AF and less mRNA expression of collagen1 and collagen3 in the atrium compared to wild-type mice treated with Ang II. Rivaroxaban significantly reduced AF inducibility compared with warfarin or vehicle. In SHRs treated with a vehicle, rapid atrial pacing promoted gene expression of inflammatory and fibrosis-related biomarkers in the atrium. Rivaroxaban, but not warfarin, significantly reduced expression levels of these genes. CONCLUSIONS The FXa-PAR2 signaling pathway might contribute to AF arrhythmogenesis associated with atrial inflammation. A direct FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, could prevent atrial inflammation and reduce AF inducibility, probably by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Matsuura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Community Medicine and Medical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Etsuko Uematsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Tobiume
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoya Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults
| | - Kenya Kusunose
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takayuki Ise
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Community Medicine for Cardiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Kim Y, Ghil S. Regulators of G-protein signaling, RGS2 and RGS4, inhibit protease-activated receptor 4-mediated signaling by forming a complex with the receptor and Gα in live cells. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:86. [PMID: 32517689 PMCID: PMC7285472 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by endogenous proteases, such as thrombin. PAR4 is involved in various pathophysiologies including cancer, inflammation, pain, and thrombosis. Although regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) are known to modulate GPCR/Gα-mediated pathways, their specific effects on PAR4 are not fully understood at present. We previously reported that RGS proteins attenuate PAR1- and PAR2-mediated signaling through interactions with these receptors in conjunction with distinct Gα subunits. METHODS We employed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technique and confocal microscopy to examine potential interactions among PAR4, RGS, and Gα subunits. The inhibitory effects of RGS proteins on PAR4-mediated downstream signaling and cancer progression were additionally investigated by using several assays including ERK phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, RhoA activity, cancer cell proliferation, and related gene expression. RESULTS In live cells, RGS2 interacts with PAR4 in the presence of Gαq while RGS4 binding to PAR4 occurs in the presence of Gαq and Gα12/13. Co-expression of PAR4 and Gαq induced a shift in the subcellular localization of RGS2 and RGS4 from the cytoplasm to plasma membrane. Combined PAR4 and Gα12/13 expression additionally promoted translocation of RGS4 from the cytoplasm to the membrane. Both RGS2 and RGS4 abolished PAR4-activated ERK phosphorylation, calcium mobilization and RhoA activity, as well as PAR4-mediated colon cancer cell proliferation and related gene expression. CONCLUSIONS RGS2 and RGS4 forms ternary complex with PAR4 in Gα-dependent manner and inhibits its downstream signaling. Our findings support a novel physiological function of RGS2 and RGS4 as inhibitors of PAR4-mediated signaling through selective PAR4/RGS/Gα coupling. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukeyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, South Korea.
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6
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Fernando EH, Gordon MH, Beck PL, MacNaughton WK. Inhibition of Intestinal Epithelial Wound Healing through Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Activation in Caco2 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:382-392. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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7
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Kim K, Lee J, Ghil S. The regulators of G protein signaling
RGS
16 and
RGS
18 inhibit protease‐activated receptor 2/Gi/o signaling through distinct interactions with Gα in live cells. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3126-3138. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiman Kim
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinyong Lee
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
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8
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Golden JM, Escobar OH, Nguyen MVL, Mallicote MU, Kavarian P, Frey MR, Gayer CP. Ursodeoxycholic acid protects against intestinal barrier breakdown by promoting enterocyte migration via EGFR- and COX-2-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G259-G271. [PMID: 29672156 PMCID: PMC6139640 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00354.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is often disrupted in disease states, and intestinal barrier failure leads to sepsis. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid that may protect the intestinal barrier. We hypothesized that UDCA would protect the intestinal epithelium in injury models. To test this hypothesis, we utilized an in vitro wound-healing assay and a mouse model of intestinal barrier injury. We found that UDCA stimulates intestinal epithelial cell migration in vitro, and this migration was blocked by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), or ERK. Furthermore, UDCA stimulated both COX-2 induction and EGFR phosphorylation. In vivo UDCA protected the intestinal barrier from LPS-induced injury as measured by FITC dextran leakage into the serum. Using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine injections, we found that UDCA stimulated intestinal epithelial cell migration in these animals. These effects were blocked with either administration of Rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, or in EGFR-dominant negative Velvet mice, wherein UDCA had no effect on LPS-induced injury. Finally, we found increased COX-2 and phosphorylated ERK levels in LPS animals also treated with UDCA. Taken together, these data suggest that UDCA can stimulate intestinal epithelial cell migration and protect against acute intestinal injury via an EGFR- and COX-2-dependent mechanism. UDCA may be an effective treatment to prevent the early onset of gut-origin sepsis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we show that the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid stimulates intestinal epithelial cell migration after cellular injury and also protects the intestinal barrier in an acute rodent injury model, neither of which has been previously reported. These effects are dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor activation and downstream cyclooxygenase 2 upregulation in the small intestine. This provides a potential treatment for acute, gut-origin sepsis as seen in diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Golden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Oswaldo H Escobar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle V L Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael U Mallicote
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Patil Kavarian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R Frey
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher P Gayer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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9
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Jang JY, Kim YS, Han YM, Kang SY, Kim JS. Alteration in Uterine Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Expression in Preterm Birth Induced Experimentally in Brp-39 Null Mutant Mice. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:713-723. [PMID: 29996695 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118787036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast regression protein 39 (Brp-39) is a mouse homolog of human Chitinase 3-like 1, which belongs to the 18-glycosyl-hydrolase family and plays a role in inflammatory reaction and tissue remodeling. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Brp-39 in a mouse model of preterm birth. Pregnant wild-type (WT) or Brp-39(-/-) mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at embryonic day 15. Pregnancy outcomes were evaluated for 24 hours after LPS injection. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were performed to analyze messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of cytokines and contraction-associated proteins in uterine and/or placental tissue after LPS injection. LPS injection led to preterm birth in both WT and Brp-39(-/-) mice, but the proportion of pubs delivered was reduced in Brp-39(-/-) mice, along with a longer interval from the LPS injection to delivery, compared to WT mice. Inflammatory cell infiltration and mRNA expression of cytokines and Ptgs2 in the uteri and the placentas were not significantly different between WT and Brp-39(-/-) mice. Par-2 mRNA expression in the WT uteri was increased before delivery after LPS injection and decreased after delivery, while there was no significant change in Par-2 expression in the Brp-39(-/-) uteri. Protein expressions of Par-2 and Ptgs2 were lower in the Brp-39(-/-) uteri than in the WT uteri before and after delivery. Attenuated preterm birth in Brp-39(-/-) mice indicates the significance of Brp-39 during murine preterm birth. Altered expression of Par-2 in Brp-39(-/-) uteri suggests its potential role in attenuated preterm birth of Brp-39(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yun Jang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, SAIHST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Seul Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, SAIHST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Han
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, SAIHST, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee YJ, Kim SJ, Kwon KW, Lee WM, Im WJ, Sohn UD. Inhibitory effect of FSLLRY-NH 2 on inflammatory responses induced by hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017. [PMID: 28643288 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which is localized in the GI tract, the respiratory system, and the kidney tubules is a G protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammation, metabolism, and disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PAR2 in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HepG2 cells by using FSLLRY-NH2 a PAR2 antagonist. H2O2 treatment resulted in induction of PAR2 in esophageal, gastric, and liver cells, with the most robust response being in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, this effect was dose-dependent in HepG2 cells. Treatment with H2O2 at concentrations above 400 μM for 24 h also reduced HepG2 cell viability. H2O2 treatment increased both the protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as those of SAPK/JNK. The increased levels of these pro-inflammatory genes and SAPK/JNK induced by H2O2 were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner when cells were co-treated with H2O2 and FSLLRY-NH2. In summary, the PAR2 antagonist peptide, FSLLRY-NH2, reduces the level of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced by H2O2, through the SAPK/JNK pathways in HepG2 cells. These data suggest that a PAR2 antagonist could be an anti-inflammatory agent in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Wan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Mo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Joon Im
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Bae YJ, Kim SE, Hong SY, Park T, Lee SG, Choi MS, Sung MK. Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:30. [PMID: 27895803 PMCID: PMC5120484 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is known to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. However, mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of obesity-induced colorectal cancer are not completely understood. The purposes of this study were to identify differentially expressed genes in the colon of mice with diet-induced obesity and to select candidate genes as early markers of obesity-associated abnormal cell growth in the colon. Methods C57BL/6N mice were fed normal diet (11% fat energy) or high-fat diet (40% fat energy) and were euthanized at different time points. Genome-wide expression profiles of the colon were determined at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cluster analysis was performed using expression data of genes showing log2 fold change of ≥1 or ≤−1 (twofold change), based on time-dependent expression patterns, followed by virtual network analysis. Results High-fat diet-fed mice showed significant increase in body weight and total visceral fat weight over 12 weeks. Time-course microarray analysis showed that 50, 47, 36, and 411 genes were differentially expressed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. Ten cluster profiles representing distinguishable patterns of genes differentially expressed over time were determined. Cluster 4, which consisted of genes showing the most significant alterations in expression in response to high-fat diet over 12 weeks, included Apoa4 (apolipoprotein A-IV), Ppap2b (phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2B), Cel (carboxyl ester lipase), and Clps (colipase, pancreatic), which interacted strongly with surrounding genes associated with colorectal cancer or obesity. Conclusions Our data indicate that Apoa4, Ppap2b, Cel, and Clps are candidate early marker genes associated with obesity-related pathological changes in the colon. Genome-wide analyses performed in the present study provide new insights on selecting novel genes that may be associated with the development of diseases of the colon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-016-0547-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jung Bae
- Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea.,Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ronaghan NJ, Shang J, Iablokov V, Zaheer R, Colarusso P, Dion S, Désilets A, Leduc R, Turner JR, MacNaughton WK. The serine protease-mediated increase in intestinal epithelial barrier function is dependent on occludin and requires an intact tight junction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G466-79. [PMID: 27492333 PMCID: PMC5076006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00441.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Barrier dysfunction is a characteristic of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Understanding how the tight junction is modified to maintain barrier function may provide avenues for treatment of IBD. We have previously shown that the apical addition of serine proteases to intestinal epithelial cell lines causes a rapid and sustained increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), but the mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that serine proteases increase barrier function through trafficking and insertion of tight junction proteins into the membrane, and this could enhance recovery of a disrupted monolayer after calcium switch or cytokine treatment. In the canine epithelial cell line, SCBN, we showed that matriptase, an endogenous serine protease, could potently increase TER. Using detergent solubility-based cell fractionation, we found that neither trypsin nor matriptase treatment changed levels of tight junction proteins at the membrane. In a fast calcium switch assay, serine proteases did not enhance the rate of recovery of the junction. In addition, serine proteases could not reverse barrier disruption induced by IFNγ and TNFα. We knocked down occludin in our cells using siRNA and found this prevented the serine protease-induced increase in TER. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we found serine proteases induce a greater mobile fraction of occludin in the membrane. These data suggest that a functional tight junction is needed for serine proteases to have an effect on TER, and that occludin is a crucial tight junction protein in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Ronaghan
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Judie Shang
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Vadim Iablokov
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Raza Zaheer
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Pina Colarusso
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Dion
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Antoine Désilets
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Richard Leduc
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- 3Departments of Pathology and Medicine (GI), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
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Soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 induces microvascular endothelial dysfunction through proteinase-activated receptor-2 and thromboxane A2 release. J Hypertens 2016; 34:869-76. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Hayama T, Kamio N, Okabe T, Muromachi K, Matsushima K. Kallikrein Promotes Inflammation in Human Dental Pulp Cells Via Protease-Activated Receptor-1. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1522-8. [PMID: 26566265 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), a serine protease, cleaves high-molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and pro-inflammatory peptide. In addition, KLKB1 activates plasminogen and other leukocyte and blood coagulation factors and processes pro-enkephalin, prorenin, and C3. KLKB1 has also been shown to cleave protease-activated receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells to regulate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. In this study, we investigated KLKB1-dependent inflammation and activation of protease-activated receptor-1 in human dental pulp cells. These cells responded to KLKB1 stimulation by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) , upregulating cyclooxygenase-2, and secreting prostaglandin E2 . Remarkably, SCH79797, an antagonist of protease-activated receptor-1, blocked these effects. Thus, these data indicate that KLKB1 induces inflammatory reactions in human dental tissues via protease-activated receptor 1. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1522-1528, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hayama
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamio
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tatsu Okabe
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Koichiro Muromachi
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsushima
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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15
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Tao S, Han Z, Tian J, Cong R, Duanmu Y, Dong H, Ni Y, Zhao R. Downregulation of prostaglandin E2 is involved in hindgut mucosal damage in lactating goats fed a high-concentrate diet. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:272-81. [PMID: 26593381 DOI: 10.1113/ep085256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? A high-concentrate (HC) diet results in damage to the hindgut mucosa. The aim of the study was to investigate the status of epithelial proliferation in the hindgut mucosa of goats with subacute ruminal acidosis and, simultaneously, to evaluate prostaglandin E2 synthesis and the downstream signalling pathways. What is the main finding and its importance? The downregulation of local prostaglandin E2 synthesis and its downstream signalling pathway are involved in the process of inhibiting epithelial proliferation in the hindgut epithelium of HC-fed goats. Our results provide new insight into the relationship between abnormal fermentation in the hindgut and damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier. Our previous data demonstrated that feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet to lactating goats for a long time causes severe damage to the hindgut mucosa and parallels the activation of cell apoptosis and local oxidative stress. In the present study, changes in production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and its signalling pathway were evaluated in the process of epithelial barrier disruption in the hindgut. Twelve goats in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to either a HC diet group or a low-concentrate (LC) diet group for 10 weeks. Cell proliferation markers, cyclooxygenase-2 activity, PGE2 content and the relative signalling pathway, including CREB and AKT, were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of MKI67 and CCND2 (two proliferation markers) were significantly decreased in the caecal mucosa of HC- compared with LC-fed goats (P < 0.05). The protein content of interleukin-10 and β-defensin in the caecal mucosa was also downregulated in HC-fed goats (P < 0.05). The HC-fed goats showed a tendency to a decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme activity (P = 0.081) and a significant decrease of local PGE2 content and EP4 (PGE2 receptor) protein expression in caecal mucosa (P < 0.05). Moreover, the protein abundance of p-CREB (P = 0.069) and p-AKT (P < 0.05) and the mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (P < 0.05) were downregulated in caecal mucosa of HC- compared with LC-fed goats. These results indicate that a reduction in epithelial cell proliferation was partly responsible for the damage to the epithelial barrier, which might be associated with the downregulation of PGE2 synthesis and its downstream signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rihua Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
| | - Yongqian Duanmu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Iablokov V, Hirota CL, Peplowski MA, Ramachandran R, Mihara K, Hollenberg MD, MacNaughton WK. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) decreases apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34366-77. [PMID: 25331954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal biopsies from inflamed colon of inflammatory bowel disease patients exhibit elevated epithelial apoptosis compared with those from healthy individuals, disrupting mucosal homeostasis and perpetuating disease. Therapies that decrease intestinal epithelial apoptosis may, therefore, ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease, but treatments that specifically target apoptotic pathways are lacking. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), a G protein-coupled receptor activated by trypsin-like serine proteinases, is expressed on intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates mitogenic pathways upon activation. We sought to determine whether PAR2 activation and signaling could rescue colonic epithelial (HT-29) cells from apoptosis induced by proapoptotic cytokines that are increased during inflammatory bowel disease. The PAR2 agonists 2-furoyl-LIGRLO (2f-LI), SLIGKV and trypsin all significantly reduced cleavage of caspase-3, -8, and -9, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and the externalization of phosphatidylserine after treatment of cells with IFN-γ and TNF-α. Knockdown of PAR2 with siRNA eliminated the anti-apoptotic effect of 2f-LI and increased the sensitivity of HT-29 cells to cytokine-induced apoptosis. Concurrent inhibition of both MEK1/2 and PI3K was necessary to inhibit PAR2-induced survival. 2f-LI was found to increase phosphorylation and inactivation of pro-apoptotic BAD at Ser(112) and Ser(136) by MEK1/2 and PI3K-dependent signaling, respectively. PAR2 activation also increased the expression of anti-apoptotic MCL-1. Simultaneous knockdown of both BAD and MCL-1 had minimal effects on PAR2-induced survival, whereas single knockdown had no effect. We conclude that PAR2 activation reduces cytokine-induced epithelial apoptosis via concurrent stimulation of MEK1/2 and PI3K but little involvement of MCL-1 and BAD. Our findings represent a novel mechanism whereby serine proteinases facilitate epithelial cell survival and may be important in the context of colonic healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Iablokov
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christina L Hirota
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael A Peplowski
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Inflammation Research Network, and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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17
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Suen JY, Cotterell A, Lohman RJ, Lim J, Han A, Yau MK, Liu L, Cooper MA, Vesey DA, Fairlie DP. Pathway-selective antagonism of proteinase activated receptor 2. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4112-24. [PMID: 24821440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a GPCR associated with inflammation, metabolism and disease. Clues to understanding how to block PAR2 signalling associated with disease without inhibiting PAR2 activation in normal physiology could be provided by studies of biased signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PAR2 ligand GB88 was profiled for PAR2 agonist and antagonist properties by several functional assays associated with intracellular G-protein-coupled signalling in vitro in three cell types and with PAR2-induced rat paw oedema in vivo. KEY RESULTS In HT29 cells, GB88 was a PAR2 antagonist in terms of Ca(2+) mobilization and PKC phosphorylation, but a PAR2 agonist in attenuating forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, myosin phosphatase phosphorylation and actin filament rearrangement. In CHO-hPAR2 cells, GB88 inhibited Ca(2+) release, but activated G(i/o) and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In human kidney tubule cells, GB88 inhibited cytokine secretion (IL6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNF-α) mediated by PAR2. A rat paw oedema induced by PAR2 agonists was also inhibited by orally administered GB88 and compared with effects of locally administered inhibitors of G-protein coupled pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GB88 is a biased antagonist of PAR2 that selectively inhibits PAR2/G(q/11)/Ca(2+)/PKC signalling, leading to anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, while being an agonist in activating three other PAR2-activated pathways (cAMP, ERK, Rho) in human cells. These findings highlight opportunities to design drugs to block specific PAR2-linked signalling pathways in disease, without blocking beneficial PAR2 signalling in normal physiology, and to dissect PAR2-associated mechanisms of disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Patel M, Kawano T, Suzuki N, Hamakubo T, Karginov AV, Kozasa T. Gα13/PDZ-RhoGEF/RhoA signaling is essential for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-mediated colon cancer cell migration. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:252-62. [PMID: 24958816 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is ectopically expressed in over 60% of colon cancers. GRPR expression has been correlated with increased colon cancer cell migration. However, the signaling pathway by which GRPR activation leads to increased cancer cell migration is not well understood. We set out to molecularly dissect the GRPR signaling pathways that control colon cancer cell migration through regulation of small GTPase RhoA. Our results show that GRP stimulation activates RhoA predominantly through G13 heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. We also demonstrate that postsynaptic density 95/disk-large/ZO-1 (PDZ)-RhoGEF (PRG), a member of regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS)-homology domain (RH) containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RH-RhoGEFs), is the predominant activator of RhoA downstream of GRPR. We found that PRG is required for GRP-stimulated colon cancer cell migration, through activation of RhoA-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling axis. In addition, PRG-RhoA-ROCK pathway also contributes to cyclo-oxygenase isoform 2 (Cox-2) expression. Increased Cox-2 expression is correlated with increased production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), and Cox-2-PGE2 signaling contributes to total GRPR-mediated cancer cell migration. Our analysis reveals that PRG is overexpressed in colon cancer cell lines. Overall, our results have uncovered a key mechanism for GRPR-regulated colon cancer cell migration through the Gα13-PRG-RhoA-ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.)
| | - Takeharu Kawano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.)
| | - Nobuchika Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.)
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.)
| | - Andrei V Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.)
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.P., A.V.K., T.Ko.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (T. Ka.); and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (N.S., T.H., T.Ko.).
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Gieseler F, Ungefroren H, Settmacher U, Hollenberg MD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) - focus on receptor-receptor-interactions and their physiological and pathophysiological impact. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:86. [PMID: 24215724 PMCID: PMC3842752 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with four members, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, playing critical functions in hemostasis, thrombosis, embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation and cancer progression. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving receptor cleavage by different proteinases at specific sites within the extracellular amino-terminus and the exposure of amino-terminal “tethered ligand“ domains that bind to and activate the cleaved receptors. After activation, the PAR family members are able to stimulate complex intracellular signalling networks via classical G protein-mediated pathways and beta-arrestin signalling. In addition, different receptor crosstalk mechanisms critically contribute to a high diversity of PAR signal transduction and receptor-trafficking processes that result in multiple physiological effects. In this review, we summarize current information about PAR-initiated physical and functional receptor interactions and their physiological and pathological roles. We focus especially on PAR homo- and heterodimerization, transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTKs), communication with other GPCRs, toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, ion channel receptors, and on PAR association with cargo receptors. In addition, we discuss the suitability of these receptor interaction mechanisms as targets for modulating PAR signalling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Drackendorfer Str, 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Zhang MM, Peng T, Zhao K. Effect of endogenous and exogenous gastrin on PGE 2 and EGF expression in dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1914-1924. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i20.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of endogenous and exogenous gastrin on the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in rats to explore the role of gastrin (GAS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, EGF, PGE2, and EGF receptor (EGFR) in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: One hundred and forty rats were randomly divided into seven groups: DMH+GAS, DMH+PPI, DMH, DMH+GAS+PGL, DMH+PPI+PGL, DMH+PGL, and control group. The concentrations of GAS, EGF and PGE2 in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were determined by radioimmunoassay. The expression of COX-2 and EGFR in the large intestine tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by optical density analysis.
RESULTS: The concentrations of GAS (pg/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were significantly higher in the DMH+GAS (15.59 ± 2.90, 0.38 ± 0.11) and DMH+GAS+PGL (15.31 ± 5.66, 0.35 ± 0.10) groups than in the control group (8.64 ± 2.36, 0.16 ± 0.03) (all P < 0.05), and in DMH+PPI (20.50 ± 3.71, 0.45 ± 0.13) and DMH+PPI+PGL (19.90 ± 5.10, 0.37 ± 0.11) groups than in the DMH (13.12 ± 3.47, 0.19 ± 0.04), DMH+PGL (11.45 ± 5.13, 0.20 ± 0.05) and blank control groups (all P < 0.05). The concentrations of EGF (ng/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were significantly higher in the DMH+GAS (4.26 ± 0.92, 0.011 ± 0.005) and DMH+GAS+PGL (4.29 ± 0.50, 0.009 ± 0.005) groups than in the control group (2.91 ± 0.54, 0.002 ± 0.0007) (all P < 0.05), and in DMH+PPI (5.20 ± 1.03, 0.015 ± 0.007) and DMH+PPI+PGL (5.13 ± 0.50, 0.011 ± 0.007) groups than in the DMH (3.76 ± 1.47, 0.004 ± 0.002), DMH+PGL (3.59 ± 1.12, 0.002 ± 0.0018) and control groups (all P < 0.05). The concentrations of PGE2 (pg/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were higher in the DMH+GAS (76.03 ± 60.75, 2.74 ± 0.76) and DMH+PPI (70.29 ± 66.58, 2.42 ± 0.89) groups than in other groups, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Serum and tissue concentrations of GAS (32.06 pg/mg ± 15.84 pg/mg, 0.73 pg/mg ± 0.31 pg/mg), EGF (4.48 ng/mg ± 1.13 ng/mg, 0.045 ng/mg ± 0.020 ng/mg), PGE2 (99.05 pg/mg ± 60.80 pg/mg, 4.27 pg/mg ± 1.17 pg/mg) in adenocarcinoma were higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The IA of EGFR (17161.67 ± 9851.33) and COX-2 (21403.33 ± 11377.25) in the adenocarcinoma group was higher than that in the adenoma (5154.00 ± 2744.13, 7291.60 ± 2849.12) and control (3327.11 ± 1880.44, 4822.90 ± 2340.89) groups (all P < 0.05). The positive rates of EGFR (66.7%) and COX-2 (81.5%) expression in the adenocarcinoma group was higher than those in the control group (0%, 30%) (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Endogenous and exogenous gastrin could induce the expression of EGF and stimulate the secretion of PGE2 in colorectal cancer. PGL does not inhibit the effect of GAS on EGF. GAS, EGF, PGE2, EGFR, and COX-2 play an important role in the formation of colorectal cancer. EGFR and COX-2 are involved in the proliferation of colorectal tumors.
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Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:251-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hoshiko S, Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Haruyama Y, Yorita K, Tanaka H, Seiki M, Inatsu H, Kitamura K, Kataoka H. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 is a suppressor of intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2659-70. [PMID: 23447577 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1/SPINT1) is a membrane-bound serine protease inhibitor expressed on the surface of epithelial cells. Although HAI-1/SPINT1 is abundantly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, its role in intestinal tumorigenesis is not known. In this study, we investigated the role of Hai-1/Spint1 in intestinal tumorigenesis using mouse models. The membranous Hai-1/Spint1 immunoreactivity was decreased in murine Apc(Min/+) tumors and also in carcinogen (azoxymethane treatment followed by dextran sodium sulfate administration)-induced colon tumors compared with the adjacent non-neoplastic epithelium. The decreased immunoreactivity appeared to be due to sheddase activity of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease. Then, we examined the effect of intestine-specific deletion of Spint1 gene on Apc(Min/+) mice. The loss of Hai-1/Spint1 significantly accelerated tumor formation in Apc(Min/+) mice and shortened their survival periods. Activation of HGF was enhanced in Hai-1/Spint1-deficient Apc(Min/+) intestine. Gene expression profiling revealed upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling circuit, claudin-2 expression, and angiogenesis not only in tumor tissue but also in the background mucosa without macroscopic tumors in Hai-1/Spint1-deficient Apc(Min/+) intestine. Intestinal deletion of Spint1 also enhanced the susceptibility to carcinogen-induced colon tumorigenicity of wild-type Apc mice. Our findings suggest that HAI-1/SPINT1 has a crucial role in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis, which implies a novel link between epithelial cell surface serine protease inhibitors and protection from carcinogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinri Hoshiko
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Section of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki; and Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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