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Sinder SB, Sharma SV, Shirvaikar IS, Pradhyumnan H, Patel SH, Cabeda Diaz I, Perez GG, Bramlett HM, Raval AP. Impact of menopause-associated frailty on traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105741. [PMID: 38621511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Navigating menopause involves traversing a complex terrain of hormonal changes that extend far beyond reproductive consequences. Menopausal transition is characterized by a decrease in estradiol-17β (E2), and the impact of menopause resonates not only in the reproductive system but also through the central nervous system, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal domains. As women undergo menopausal transition, they become more susceptible to frailty, amplifying the risk and severity of injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Menopause triggers a cascade of changes leading to a decline in muscle mass, accompanied by diminished tone and excitability, thereby restricting the availability of irisin, a crucial hormone derived from muscles. Concurrently, bone mass undergoes reduction, culminating in the onset of osteoporosis and altering the dynamics of osteocalcin, a hormone originating from bones. The diminishing levels of E2 during menopause extend their influence on the gut microbiota, resulting in a reduction in the availability of tyrosine, tryptophan, and serotonin metabolites, affecting neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Understanding the interplay between menopause, frailty, E2 decline, and the intricate metabolisms of bone, gut, and muscle is imperative when unraveling the nuances of TBI after menopause. The current review underscores the significance of accounting for menopause-associated frailty in the incidence and consequences of TBI. The review also explores potential mechanisms to enhance gut, bone, and muscle health in menopausal women, aiming to mitigate frailty and improve TBI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Sinder
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabrina V Sharma
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isha S Shirvaikar
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hari Pradhyumnan
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shahil H Patel
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Indy Cabeda Diaz
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gina G Perez
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory (CVDRL), Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Bali V, Grubišić V. Enteric glia as friends and foes of the intestinal epithelial barrier function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394654. [PMID: 38873614 PMCID: PMC11169670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Bali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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3
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Robertson K, Hahn O, Robinson BG, Faruk AT, Janakiraman M, Namkoong H, Kim K, Ye J, Bishop ES, Hall RA, Wyss-Coray T, Becker LS, Kaltschmidt JA. Gpr37 modulates the severity of inflammation-induced GI dysmotility by regulating enteric reactive gliosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588619. [PMID: 38645163 PMCID: PMC11030428 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is contained within two layers of the gut wall and is made up of neurons, immune cells, and enteric glia cells (EGCs) that regulate gastrointestinal (GI) function. EGCs in both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) change in response to inflammation, referred to as reactive gliosis. Whether EGCs restricted to a specific layer or region within the GI tract alone can influence intestinal immune response is unknown. Using bulk RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization, we identify G-protein coupled receptor Gpr37 , as a gene expressed only in EGCs of the myenteric plexus, one of the two layers of the ENS. We show that Gpr37 contributes to key components of LPS-induced reactive gliosis including activation of NF-kB and IFN-y signaling and response genes, lymphocyte recruitment, and inflammation-induced GI dysmotility. Targeting Gpr37 in EGCs presents a potential avenue for modifying inflammatory processes in the ENS.
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Gulbransen B, Tavares-Gomes AL. Neuroimmune Connectomes in the Gut and Their Implications in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2081-2098. [PMID: 37840070 PMCID: PMC11151216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ and it receives dense innervation from intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatosensory) neurons. The immune and neural systems of the gut communicate with each other and their interactions shape gut defensive mechanisms and neural-controlled gut functions such as motility and secretion. Changes in neuroimmune interactions play central roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a multicentric disorder that is heterogeneous in its manifestation and pathogenesis. Non-motor and premotor symptoms of PD are common in the gastrointestinal tract and the gut is considered a potential initiation site for PD in some cases. How the enteric nervous system and neuroimmune signaling contribute to PD disease progression is an emerging area of interest. This review focuses on intestinal neuroimmune loops such as the neuroepithelial unit, enteric glial cells and their immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory cholinergic signaling and the relationship between myenteric neurons and muscularis macrophages, and the role of α-synuclein in gut immunity. Special consideration is given to the discussion of intestinal neuroimmune connectomes during PD and their possible implications for various aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Xie X, Wang L, Dong S, Ge S, Zhu T. Immune regulation of the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis involved in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:519-528. [PMID: 37721279 PMCID: PMC10581566 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Local ischemia often causes a series of inflammatory reactions when both brain immune cells and the peripheral immune response are activated. In the human body, the gut and lung are regarded as the key reactional targets that are initiated by brain ischemic attacks. Mucosal microorganisms play an important role in immune regulation and metabolism and affect blood-brain barrier permeability. In addition to the relationship between peripheral organs and central areas and the intestine and lung also interact among each other. Here, we review the molecular and cellular immune mechanisms involved in the pathways of inflammation across the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis. We found that abnormal intestinal flora, the intestinal microenvironment, lung infection, chronic diseases, and mechanical ventilation can worsen the outcome of ischemic stroke. This review also introduces the influence of the brain on the gut and lungs after stroke, highlighting the bidirectional feedback effect among the gut, lungs, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xie
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - ShanChun Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Ricciardi MC, Gonçalves de Carvalho M, Fialho Tavares I, Tavares-Gomes AL. Enteric glia as a player of gut-brain interactions during Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1281710. [PMID: 38027511 PMCID: PMC10644407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1281710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia has been shown as a potential component of neuroimmune interactions that signal in the gut-brain axis during Parkinson's disease (PD). Enteric glia are a peripheral glial type found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that, associated with enteric neurons, command various gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are a unique cell type, with distinct phenotypes and distribution in the gut layers, which establish relevant neuroimmune modulation and regulate neuronal function. Comprehension of enteric glial roles during prodromal and symptomatic phases of PD should be a priority in neurogastroenterology research, as the reactive enteric glial profile, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation have been verified during the prodromal phase of PD-a moment that may be interesting for interventions. In this review, we explore the mechanisms that should govern enteric glial signaling through the gut-brain axis to understand pathological events and verify the possible windows and pathways for therapeutic intervention. Enteric glia directly modulate several functional aspects of the intestine, such as motility, visceral sensory signaling, and immune polarization, key GI processes found deregulated in patients with PD. The search for glial biomarkers, the investigation of temporal-spatial events involving glial reactivity/signaling, and the proposal of enteric glia-based therapies are clearly demanded for innovative and intestine-related management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Carolina Ricciardi
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Fialho Tavares
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tavares-Gomes
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Sunardi M, Cirillo C. Mini-review: "Enteric glia functions in nervous tissue repair: Therapeutic target or tool?". Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137360. [PMID: 37393007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In the body, nerve tissue is not only present in the central nervous system, but also in the periphery. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a highly organized intrinsic network of neurons and glial cells grouped to form interconnected ganglia. Glial cells in the ENS are a fascinating cell population: their neurotrophic role is well established, as well as their plasticity in specific circumstances. Gene expression profiling studies indicate that ENS glia retain neurogenic potential. The identification of neurogenic glial subtype(s) and the molecular basis of glia-derived neurogenesis may have profound biological and clinical implications. In this review, we discuss the potential of using gene-editing for ENS glia and cell transplantation as therapies for enteric neuropathies. Glia in the ENS: target or tool for nerve tissue repair?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Sunardi
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration (NDR), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration (NDR), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Toulouse University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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8
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Flores-López A, Guevara-Cruz M, Avila-Nava A, González-Garay AG, González-Salazar LE, Reyes-Ramírez AL, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Medina-Campos ON, Medina-Vera I, Reyes-García JG, Tovar AR, Serralde-Zúñiga AE. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Oxidative Stress Marker Levels in Patients with Type II Intestinal Failure: A Randomized Double Blind Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1493. [PMID: 37627489 PMCID: PMC10451159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II intestinal failure (IF-II) is a condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is compromised. Liver complications may occur because of the pathology and/or prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN); oxidative stress has been implicated as one of the causes. Lipid emulsions containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been proposed for the treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of 7-day n-3 PUFA supplementation on oxidative stress in IF-II patients receiving PN. This was a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, pilot trial of adult patients with IF-II, receiving either conventional PN (control) or PN enriched with n-3 PUFAs (intervention). Twenty patients were included (14 men, 49 ± 16.9 years), with the ANCOVA analysis the glucose (p = 0.003), and direct bilirubin (p = 0.001) levels reduced; whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (p = 0.017). In the random-effect linear regression analysis, a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was found in the intervention group when the covariables age, HDL-C level, and alanine aminotransferase activity were considered. After 1 week of PN supplementation with n-3 PUFAs, the marker levels of some oxidative stress, blood lipids, and hepatic biomarkers improved in patients with IF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Flores-López
- Servicio Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Martha Guevara-Cruz
- Departamento Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Azalia Avila-Nava
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán, Mérida 97130, Mexico
| | | | - Luis E. González-Salazar
- Servicio Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ana L. Reyes-Ramírez
- Servicio Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Omar N. Medina-Campos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina-Vera
- Departamento de Metodología de la Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Juan G. Reyes-García
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Aurora E. Serralde-Zúñiga
- Servicio Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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9
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Lima MPP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101812. [PMID: 36455790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis or simple gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex and interactive bidirectional communication network linking the gut to the brain. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome have been linked to GBA dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, and dopaminergic degeneration, as those occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides inflammation, the activation of brain microglia is known to play a central role in the damage of dopaminergic neurons. Inflammation is attributed to the toxic effect of aggregated α-synuclein, in the brain of PD patients. It has been suggested that the α-synuclein misfolding might begin in the gut and spread "prion-like", via the vagus nerve into the lower brainstem and ultimately to the midbrain, known as the Braak hypothesis. In this review, we discuss how the microbiota-gut-brain axis and environmental influences interact with the immune system to promote a pro-inflammatory state that is involved in the initiation and progression of misfolded α-synuclein proteins and the beginning of the early non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, we describe a speculative bidirectional model that explains how the enteric glia is involved in the initiation and spreading of inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and α-synuclein misfolding, finally reaching the central nervous system and contributing to neuroinflammatory processes involved with the initial non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Medical School of the Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Morphology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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10
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Li T, Morselli M, Su T, Million M, Larauche M, Pellegrini M, Taché Y, Yuan PQ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals highly conserved regional programs between porcine and human colonic enteric nervous system. Commun Biol 2023; 6:98. [PMID: 36693960 PMCID: PMC9872754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine gut is increasingly regarded as a useful translational model. The enteric nervous system in the colon coordinates diverse functions. However, knowledge of the molecular profiling of porcine enteric nerve system and its similarity to that of human is still lacking. We identified the distinct transcriptional programs associated with functional characteristics between inner submucosal and myenteric ganglia in porcine proximal and distal colon using bulk RNA and single-cell RNA sequencing. Comparative transcriptomics of myenteric ganglia in corresponding colonic regions of pig and human revealed highly conserved programs in porcine proximal and distal colon, which explained >96% of their transcriptomic responses to vagal nerve stimulation, suggesting that porcine proximal and distal colon could serve as predictors in translational studies. The conserved programs specific for inflammatory modulation were displayed in pigs with vagal nerve stimulation. This study provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for understanding of human colonic functions and neuromodulation using porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Trent Su
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA ,grid.417119.b0000 0001 0384 5381VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA ,grid.417119.b0000 0001 0384 5381VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
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11
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Schill EM, Floyd AN, Newberry RD. Neonatal development of intestinal neuroimmune interactions. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:928-941. [PMID: 36404456 PMCID: PMC9683521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the enteric nervous system (ENS), immune system, and gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis in adults, but their development and role(s) in early life are relatively underexplored. In early life, these interactions are dynamic, because the mucosal immune system, microbiota, and the ENS are developing and influencing each other. Moreover, disrupting gut microbiota and gut immune system development, and potentially ENS development, by early-life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of diseases affecting the gut. Here, we review the development of the ENS and immune/epithelial cells, and identify potential critical periods for their interactions and development. We also highlight knowledge gaps that, when addressed, may help promote intestinal homeostasis, including in the settings of early-life antibiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Merrick Schill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Alexandria N Floyd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Bonaz B. Anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation with a special attention to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14456. [PMID: 36097404 PMCID: PMC9787579 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve (VN), the longest nerve of the organism innervating the gastrointestinal tract, is a mixed nerve with anti-inflammatory properties through its afferents, activating the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, and its efferents through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα) by splenic and gut macrophages. In addition, the VN is also able to modulate the permeability of the intestinal barrier although the VN does not innervate directly the intestinal epithelium. Targeting the VN through VN stimulation (VNS) has been developed in experimental model of intestinal inflammation and in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and might be of interest to decrease intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders with intestinal barrier defect such as IBD, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease. In this issue of neurogastroenterology and motility, Mogilevski et al. report that a brief non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS in healthy volunteers consistently reduces the permeability of the small intestine induced by intravenous administration of the stress peptide corticotropin releasing hormone, known to increase intestinal permeability and to inhibit the VN. In this review, we outline the mechanistic underpinning the effect of stress, of the VN and VNS on intestinal permeability. In particular, the VN can act on intestinal permeability through enteric nerves, and/or cells such as enteric glial cells. We also review the existing evidence of the effects VNS on intestinal permeability in models such as burn intestinal injury and traumatic brain injury, which pave the way for future clinical trials in IBD, IBS, and celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato‐GastroenterologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216University Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
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13
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Yang YH, Qian W, Hou XH, Dai CB. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bacteroides fragilis Induced Differential Immune Regulation of Enteric Glial Cells Subjected to Exogenous Inflammatory Stimulation. Inflammation 2022; 45:2388-2405. [PMID: 35776290 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are involved in intestinal inflammation. In this study, we will investigate how Bifidobacterium bifidum (B.b.) and Bacteroides fragilis (B.f.) influence EGC regulation. After pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the expressions of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD80, CD86, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in EGCs were detected using polymerase chain reaction and western blot after co-culture with the supernatants of B.b. or B.f. (multiplicity of infection, 40:1 or 80:1). Finally, EGCs were co-cultured with naive CD4+ T cells, and the expressions of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 in supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expressions of MHC-II and CD86 in EGCs were increased after combined stimulation with LPS and IFN-γ. The expressions of MHC-II, GDNF, TLR-2, and TNF-α were all significantly upregulated in stimulated EGCs. The B.b. supernatant downregulated the expressions of MHC-II, GDNF, TLR-2, and TNF-α in stimulated EGCs, whereas the B.f. supernatant upregulated TLR-2 expression and downregulated MHC-II expression. The expressions of IL-4, IL-2, and IL-17 after co-culture of naive CD4+ T cells and stimulated EGCs were significantly increased. The supernatant of B.b. or B.f. downregulated the expressions of these cytokines. The low-concentration B.b. supernatant upregulated IL-10 expression. Conclusions B.b. and B.f. may influence intestinal inflammation by regulating MHC-II, GDNF, TLR-2, and TNF-α expression in EGCs and IL-4, IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Affiliated RenHe Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443001, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chi-Bing Dai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Affiliated RenHe Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443001, China.
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14
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Thomasi BBDM, Valdetaro L, Ricciardi MCG, Hayashide L, Fernandes ACMN, Mussauer A, da Silva ML, da Cunha Faria-Melibeu A, Ribeiro MGL, de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar J, Campello-Costa P, Moura-Neto V, Tavares-Gomes AL. Enteric glial cell reactivity in colonic layers and mucosal modulation in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Middelhoff M, Valenti G, Tomassoni L, Ochiai Y, Belin B, Takahashi R, Malagola E, Nienhüser H, Finlayson M, Hayakawa Y, Zamechek LB, Renz BW, Westphalen CB, Quante M, Margolis KG, Sims PA, Laise P, Califano A, Rao M, Gershon MD, Wang TC. Adult enteric Dclk1-positive glial and neuronal cells reveal distinct responses to acute intestinal injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G583-G597. [PMID: 35319286 PMCID: PMC9109794 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ganglionic cells in the adult enteric nervous system (ENS) are continually exposed to stimuli from the surrounding microenvironment and need at times to respond to disturbed homeostasis following acute intestinal injury. The kinase DCLK1 and intestinal Dclk1-positive cells have been reported to contribute to intestinal regeneration. Although Dclk1-positive cells are present in adult enteric ganglia, their cellular identity and response to acute injury have not been investigated in detail. Here, we reveal the presence of distinct Dclk1-tdTom+/CD49b+ glial-like and Dclk1-tdTom+/CD49b- neuronal cell types in adult myenteric ganglia. These ganglionic cells demonstrate distinct patterns of tracing over time yet show a similar expansion in response to elevated serotonergic signaling. Interestingly, Dclk1-tdTom+ glial-like and neuronal cell types appear resistant to acute irradiation injury-mediated cell death. Moreover, Dclk1-tdTom+/CD49b+ glial-like cells show prominent changes in gene expression profiles induced by injury, in contrast to Dclk1-tdTom+/CD49b- neuronal cell types. Finally, subsets of Dclk1-tdTom+/CD49b+ glial-like cells demonstrate prominent overlap with Nestin and p75NTR and strong responses to elevated serotonergic signaling or acute injury. These findings, together with their role in early development and their neural crest-like gene expression signature, suggest the presence of reserve progenitor cells in the adult Dclk1 glial cell lineage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The kinase DCLK1 identifies glial-like and neuronal cell types in adult murine enteric ganglia, which resist acute injury-mediated cell death yet differ in their cellular response to injury. Interestingly, Dclk1-labeled glial-like cells show prominent transcriptional changes in response to injury and harbor features reminiscent of previously described enteric neural precursor cells. Our data thus add to recently emerging evidence of reserve cellular plasticity in the adult enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Middelhoff
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Lorenzo Tomassoni
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Yosuke Ochiai
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Bryana Belin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Henrik Nienhüser
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Finlayson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leah B Zamechek
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Benedikt Westphalen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kara G Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Pasquale Laise
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- DarwinHealth Inc., New York, New York
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children´s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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16
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Hu Q, Liu X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Chen Q, Wang W, Zhang X. Dexmedetomidine reduces enteric glial cell injury induced by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury through mitochondrial localization of TERT. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2594-2606. [PMID: 35366055 PMCID: PMC9077307 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to uncover the effects of dexmedetomidine on oxidative stress injury induced by mitochondrial localization of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in enteric glial cells (EGCs) following intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat models. Following establishment of intestinal IRI models by superior mesenteric artery occlusion in Wistar rats, the expression and distribution patterns of TERT were detected. The IRI rats were subsequently treated with low or high doses of dexmedetomidine, followed by detection of ROS, MDA and GSH levels. Calcein cobalt and rhodamine 123 staining were also carried out to detect mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), respectively. Moreover, oxidative injury of mtDNA was determined, in addition to analyses of EGC viability and apoptosis. Intestinal tissues and mitochondria of EGCs were badly damaged in the intestinal IRI group. In addition, there was a reduction in mitochondrial localization of TERT, oxidative stress, whilst apoptosis of EGCs was increased and proliferation was decreased. On the other hand, administration of dexmedetomidine was associated with promotion of mitochondrial localization of TERT, whilst oxidative stress, MPTP and mtDNA in EGCs, and EGC apoptosis were all inhibited, and the MMP and EGC viability were both increased. A positive correlation was observed between different doses of dexmedetomidine and protective effects. Collectively, our findings highlighted the antioxidative effects of dexmedetomidine on EGCs following intestinal IRI, as dexmedetomidine alleviated mitochondrial damage by enhancing the mitochondrial localization of TERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Zheng‐Ren Liu
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Zhi‐Yi Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Huai‐Gen Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yuan‐Lu Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Qiu‐Hong Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Wen‐Xiang Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - XueKang Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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17
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Lucarini E, Seguella L, Vincenzi M, Parisio C, Micheli L, Toti A, Corpetti C, Del Re A, Squillace S, Maftei D, Lattanzi R, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Esposito G. Role of Enteric Glia as Bridging Element between Gut Inflammation and Visceral Pain Consolidation during Acute Colitis in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111671. [PMID: 34829900 PMCID: PMC8616000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is particularly relevant in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Glia within the enteric nervous system, as well as within the central nervous system, contributes to neuroplasticity during inflammation, but whether enteric glia has the potential to modify visceral sensitivity following colitis is still unknown. This work aimed to investigate the occurrence of changes in the neuron–glial networks controlling visceral perception along the gut–brain axis during colitis, and to assess the effects of peripheral glial manipulation. Enteric glia activity was altered by the poison fluorocitrate (FC; 10 µmol kg−1 i.p.) before inducing colitis in animals (2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, DNBS; 30 mg in 0.25 mL EtOH 50%), and visceral sensitivity, colon damage, and glia activation along the pain pathway were studied. FC injection significantly reduced the visceral hyperalgesia, the histological damage, and the immune activation caused by DNBS. Intestinal inflammation is associated with a parallel overexpression of TRPV1 and S100β along the gut–brain axis (colonic myenteric plexuses, dorsal root ganglion, and periaqueductal grey area). This effect was prevented by FC. Peripheral glia activity modulation emerges as a promising strategy for counteracting visceral pain induced by colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Martina Vincenzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
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18
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Reale O, Bodi D, Huguet A, Fessard V. Role of enteric glial cells in the toxicity of phycotoxins: Investigation with a tri-culture intestinal cell model. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:89-98. [PMID: 34461197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplankton. They can accumulate in edible filtering-shellfish and cause human intoxications, particularly gastrointestinal symptoms. Up to now, the in vitro intestinal effects of these toxins have been mainly investigated on simple monolayers of intestinal cells such as the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell line. Recently, the combination of Caco-2 cells with mucus secreting HT29-MTX cell line has been also used to mimic the complexity of the human intestinal epithelium. Besides, enteric glial cells (EGC) from the enteric nervous system identified in the gut mucosa have been largely shown to be involved in gut functions. Therefore, using a novel model integrating Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells co-cultured on inserts with EGC seeded in the basolateral compartment, we examined the toxicological effects of two phycotoxins, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and okadaic acid (OA). Cell viability, morphology, barrier integrity, inflammation, barrier crossing, and the response of some specific glial markers were evaluated using a broad set of methodologies. The toxicity of PTX2 was depicted by a slight decrease of viability and integrity as well as a slight increase of inflammation of the Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures. PTX2 induced some modifications of EGC morphology. OA induced IL-8 release and decreased viability and integrity of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell monolayers. EGC viability was slightly affected by OA. The presence of EGC reinforced barrier integrity and reduced the inflammatory response of the epithelial barrier following OA exposure. The release of GDNF and BDNF gliomediators by EGC could be implicated in the protection observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Reale
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Dorina Bodi
- Unit Contaminants, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Huguet
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France.
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19
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Sesamin Protects against and Ameliorates Rat Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury with Involvement of Activating Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5147069. [PMID: 34630849 PMCID: PMC8494576 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5147069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) may induce cell/tissue injuries, leading to multiple organ failure. Based on our preexperiments, we proposed that sesamin could protect against and ameliorate intestinal I/R injuries and related disorders with involvement of activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. This proposal was evaluated using SD intestinal I/R injury rats in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) injured rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cell line (IEC-6 cells) in vitro. Sesamin significantly alleviated I/R-induced intestinal histopathological injuries and significantly reduced serum biochemical indicators ALT and AST, alleviating I/R-induced intestinal injury in rats. Sesamin also significantly reversed I/R-increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MPO activity in serum and MDA in tissues and I/R-decreased GSH in tissues and SOD in both tissues and IEC-6 cells, indicating its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. Further, sesamin significantly decreased TUNEL-positive cells, downregulated the increased Bax and caspase-3 protein expression, upregulated the decreased protein expression of Bcl-2 in I/R-injured intestinal tissues, and significantly reversed H/R-reduced IEC-6 cell viability as well as reduced the number of apoptotic cells among H/R-injured IEC-6 cell, showing antiapoptotic effects. Activation of Nrf2 is known to ameliorate tissue/cell injuries. Consistent with sesamin-induced ameliorations of both intestinal I/R injuries and H/R injuries, transfection of Nrf2 cDNA significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, respectively. On the contrary, either Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) or Nrf2 siRNA transfection significantly decreased the expression of these proteins. Our results suggest that activation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway is involved in sesamin-induced anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects in protection against and amelioration of intestinal I/R injuries.
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20
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Budianto IR, Firmansyah A, Moenadjat Y, Jusuf AA, Soetikno V. In vivo model of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis using benzalkonium chloride. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2021. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.oa.215339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a life-threatening complication of Hirschsprung’s disease. Studies using animal models on the pathogenesis of HAEC are limited. Thus, this study aimed to establish a rat model of HAEC using topical application of 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in the sigmoid colon.
METHODS 55 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 10−12 weeks old were separated into 11 groups. The control group (n = 5) was euthanized on day-7, and the other 10 groups (n = 5 in each group) treated with 0.1% BAC in the sigmoid colon for 15 min to induce Hirschsprung’s disease were euthanized on day-7, -10, -12, -14, -17, -19, -21, -23, -25, and -28. The sigmoid colon was excised, fixed in formalin, and sectioned for histological examinations with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The degree of HAEC was compared within all groups.
RESULTS Rats that were sacrificed on day-7 to -12 showed the 1st degree or early HAEC, which was most likely caused by BAC application. The 2nd degree of HAEC occurred in rats that were sacrificed on day-14 that showed a macrophage infiltration in the sigmoid colon, thus fulfilled the initial criteria for HAEC (p = 0.0025 versus control). The degree of enterocolitis increased with time, and the highest degree was found in rats that were sacrificed on day-28 (p<0.001 versus control).
CONCLUSIONS Topical application of 0.1% BAC for 15 min was successfully produced HAEC model in rats, which was occurred on day-14 after the application. This model provides a useful resource for further research on the pathogenesis of HAEC.
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21
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Seguella L, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glial biology, intercellular signalling and roles in gastrointestinal disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:571-587. [PMID: 33731961 PMCID: PMC8324524 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most transformative developments in neurogastroenterology is the realization that many functions normally attributed to enteric neurons involve interactions with enteric glial cells: a large population of peripheral neuroglia associated with enteric neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The notion that glial cells function solely as passive support cells has been refuted by compelling evidence that demonstrates that enteric glia are important homeostatic cells of the intestine. Active signalling mechanisms between enteric glia and neurons modulate gastrointestinal reflexes and, in certain circumstances, function to drive neuroinflammatory processes that lead to long-term dysfunction. Bidirectional communication between enteric glia and immune cells contributes to gastrointestinal immune homeostasis, and crosstalk between enteric glia and cancer stem cells regulates tumorigenesis. These neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory roles place enteric glia in a unique position to regulate diverse gastrointestinal disease processes. In this Review, we discuss current concepts regarding enteric glial development, heterogeneity and functional roles in gastrointestinal pathophysiology and pathophysiology, with a focus on interactions with neurons and immune cells. We also present a working model to differentiate glial states based on normal function and disease-induced dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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22
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Hellysaz A, Hagbom M. Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040658. [PMID: 33920421 PMCID: PMC8069368 DOI: 10.3390/v13040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies show that rotavirus can exert effects on the CNS trough nervous gut–brain communication, via the release of mediators, such as the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, which stimulates neighboring enterochromaffin cells in the intestine to release serotonin and activate both enteric neurons and vagal afferents to the brain. Another route to CNS effects is presented through systemic spread via lymphatic pathways, and there are indications that rotavirus RNA can, in some cases where the blood brain barrier is weakened, enter the brain and have direct CNS effects. CNS effects can also be induced indirectly as a consequence of systemic elevation of toxins, cytokines, and/or other messenger molecules. Nevertheless, there is still no definitive or consistent evidence for the underlying mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS complications and more in-depth studies are required in the future.
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Meir M, Kannapin F, Diefenbacher M, Ghoreishi Y, Kollmann C, Flemming S, Germer CT, Waschke J, Leven P, Schneider R, Wehner S, Burkard N, Schlegel N. Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Maturation by Enteric Glial Cells Is GDNF-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1887. [PMID: 33672854 PMCID: PMC7917776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the enteric nervous system are critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function (IEB). The underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) contributes to IEB maturation and may therefore be the predominant mediator of this process by EGCs. Using GFAPcre x Ai14floxed mice to isolate EGCs by Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we confirmed that they synthesize GDNF in vivo as well as in primary cultures demonstrating that EGCs are a rich source of GDNF in vivo and in vitro. Co-culture of EGCs with Caco2 cells resulted in IEB maturation which was abrogated when GDNF was either depleted from EGC supernatants, or knocked down in EGCs or when the GDNF receptor RET was blocked. Further, TNFα-induced loss of IEB function in Caco2 cells and in organoids was attenuated by EGC supernatants or by recombinant GDNF. These barrier-protective effects were blunted when using supernatants from GDNF-deficient EGCs or by RET receptor blockade. Together, our data show that EGCs produce GDNF to maintain IEB function in vitro through the RET receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Felix Kannapin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Yalda Ghoreishi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Catherine Kollmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Patrick Leven
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany; (P.L.); (R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.M.); (F.K.); (Y.G.); (C.K.); (S.F.); (C.-T.G.); (N.B.)
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Anderson G, Maes M. Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109976. [PMID: 32470498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the pathophysiology and treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) could be considerably improved. The heterogeneity of ME/CFS and the confusion over its classification have undoubtedly contributed to this, although this would seem a consequence of the complexity of the array of ME/CFS presentations and high levels of diverse comorbidities. This article reviews the biological underpinnings of ME/CFS presentations, including the interacting roles of the gut microbiome/permeability, endogenous opioidergic system, immune cell mitochondria, autonomic nervous system, microRNA-155, viral infection/re-awakening and leptin as well as melatonin and the circadian rhythm. This details not only relevant pathophysiological processes and treatment options, but also highlights future research directions. Due to the complexity of interacting systems in ME/CFS pathophysiology, clarification as to its biological underpinnings is likely to considerably contribute to the understanding and treatment of other complex and poorly managed conditions, including fibromyalgia, depression, migraine, and dementia. The gut and immune cell mitochondria are proposed to be two important hubs that interact with the circadian rhythm in driving ME/CFS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, UK.
| | - M Maes
- Dept Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Dept Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.; IMPACT Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Mazzotta E, Villalobos-Hernandez EC, Fiorda-Diaz J, Harzman A, Christofi FL. Postoperative Ileus and Postoperative Gastrointestinal Tract Dysfunction: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Treatment Strategies Beyond Colorectal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:583422. [PMID: 33390950 PMCID: PMC7774512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) and postoperative gastrointestinal tract dysfunction (POGD) are well-known complications affecting patients undergoing intestinal surgery. GI symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pain, abdominal distention, bloating, and constipation. These iatrogenic disorders are associated with extended hospitalizations, increased morbidity, and health care costs into the billions and current therapeutic strategies are limited. This is a narrative review focused on recent concepts in the pathogenesis of POI and POGD, pipeline drugs or approaches to treatment. Mechanisms, cellular targets and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis include gut surgical manipulation and surgical trauma, neuroinflammation, reactive enteric glia, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, neutrophils and ICC's. The precise interactions between immune, inflammatory, neural and glial cells are not well understood. Reactive enteric glial cells are an emerging therapeutic target that is under intense investigation for enteric neuropathies, GI dysmotility and POI. Our review emphasizes current therapeutic strategies, starting with the implementation of colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocols to protect against POI and POGD. However, despite colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery, it remains a significant medical problem and burden on the healthcare system. Over 100 pipeline drugs or treatments are listed in Clin.Trials.gov. These include 5HT4R agonists (Prucalopride and TAK 954), vagus nerve stimulation of the ENS-macrophage nAChR cholinergic pathway, acupuncture, herbal medications, peripheral acting opioid antagonists (Alvimopen, Methlnaltexone, Naldemedine), anti-bloating/flatulence drugs (Simethiocone), a ghreline prokinetic agonist (Ulimovelin), drinking coffee, and nicotine chewing gum. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms for short and long-term outcomes is necessary before we can develop better prophylactic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio Mazzotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Juan Fiorda-Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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NDRG2 is expressed on enteric glia and altered in conditions of inflammation and oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. J Mol Histol 2020; 52:101-111. [PMID: 33205345 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells are more abundant than neurons in the enteric nervous system. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that enteric glial cells share many properties with astrocytes and play pivotal roles in intestinal diseases. NDRG2 is specifically expressed in astrocytes and is involved in various diseases in the central nervous system. However, no studies have demonstrated the expression of NDRG2 in enteric glial cells. We performed immunostaining of adult mouse tissue, human colon sections, and primary enteric glial cells and the results showed that NDRG2 was widely expressed in enteric glial cells. Meanwhile, our results showed that NDRG2 was upregulated after treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines and exposure to oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, indicating that NDRG2 might be involved in these conditions. Moreover, we determined that NDRG2 translocated to the nucleus after treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines but not after exposure to oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. This study is the first to show the expression and distribution of NDRG2 in the enteric glia. Our results indicate that NDRG2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of enteric inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study shows that NDRG2 might be a molecular target for enteric nervous system diseases.
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Wang YM, Jia YT, Li ZX. Role of enteric glial cells in intestinal function and intestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:979-985. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i19.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells, as a key component of the intestinal nervous system, not only have the function of nutrition and supporting intestinal neurons, but also participate in the regulation of various intestinal functions. Abnormal activation of enteric glial cells may also be one of the important pathogenic factors for inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infection, intestinal obstruction, colon cancer, and other intestinal diseases. At present, the role of enteric glial cells in the occurrence and development of digestive system diseases remains to be elucidated. This paper reviews the research progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Wang
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China,Department of Oncology, Heibei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi-Tao Jia
- Department of Oncology, Heibei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Li
- the Second Department of Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Abstract
Human and mouse studies have shown that rotavirus infection is associated with low inflammation and unaffected intestinal barrier at the time of diarrhea, properties different from most bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the gut. We showed by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments that neurotrophic factors and 5-HT have barrier protective properties during rotavirus insult. These observations advance our understanding of how the gut barrier is protected against rotavirus and suggest that rotavirus affects the gut barrier differently from bacteria. This is the first report to show that neurotrophic factors contribute to maintain the gut epithelial barrier during viral insult. Increased intestinal permeability has been proposed as a mechanism of rotavirus-induced diarrhea. Studies with humans and mice have, however, shown that rotavirus leaves intestinal permeability unaffected or even reduced during diarrhea, in contrast to most bacterial infections. Gastrointestinal permeability is regulated by the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, which is composed of neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs). We investigated whether the vagus nerve, serotonin (5-HT), EGCs, and neurotropic factors contribute to maintaining gut barrier homeostasis during rotavirus infection. Using subdiaphragmatic vagotomized and 5-HT3 receptor knockout mice, we found that the unaffected epithelial barrier during rotavirus infection is independent of the vagus nerve but dependent on 5-HT signaling through enteric intrinsic 5-HT3 receptors. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that rotavirus-infected enterocytes were in close contact with EGCs and enteric neurons and that the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was strongly upregulated in enterocytes of infected mice. Moreover, rotavirus and 5-HT activated EGCs (P < 0.001). Using Ussing chambers, we found that GDNF and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) led to denser epithelial barriers in small intestinal resections from noninfected mice (P < 0.01) and humans (P < 0.001) and that permeability was unaffected in rotavirus-infected mice. GSNO made the epithelial barrier denser in Caco-2 cells by increasing the expression of the tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (P < 0.001), resulting in reduced passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (P < 0.05) in rotavirus-infected monolayers. This is the first report to show that neurotropic factors contribute to maintaining the gut epithelial barrier during viral insult.
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TOMOVA A, KEMÉNYOVÁ P, FILČÍKOVÁ D, SZAPUOVÁ Ž, KOVÁČ A, BABINSKÁ K, OSTATNÍKOVÁ D. Plasma Levels of Glial Cell Marker S100B in Children With Autism. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S315-S323. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with increasing incidence. Recent evidences suggest glial cells involvement in autism pathophysiology. S100B is a calcium binding protein, mainly found in astrocytes and therefore used as a marker of their activity. In our study, children with autism had higher plasma concentrations of S100B compared to non-autistic controls. No association of S100B plasma levels with behavioral symptoms (ADI-R and ADOS-2 scales) was found. Plasma S100B concentration significantly correlated with urine serotonin, suggesting their interconnection. Correlation of plasma S100B levels with stool calprotectin concentrations was found, suggesting not only brain astrocytes, but also enteric glial cells may take part in autism pathogenesis. Based on our findings, S100B seems to have a potential to be used as a biomarker of human neurodevelopmental disorders, but more investigations are needed to clarify its exact role in pathomechanism of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. TOMOVA
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - P. KEMÉNYOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - D. FILČÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ž. SZAPUOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - A. KOVÁČ
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - K. BABINSKÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - D. OSTATNÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Vagus nerve stimulation as a promising adjunctive treatment for ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yagi M, Morishita K, Ueno A, Nakamura H, Akabori H, Senda A, Kojima M, Aiboshi J, Costantini T, Coimbra R, Otomo Y. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve improves intestinal blood flow after trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 2019; 167:638-645. [PMID: 31759624 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut damage after trauma/hemorrhagic shock contributes to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Electrical vagal nerve stimulation is known to prevent gut damage in animal models of trauma/hemorrhagic shock by altering the gut inflammatory response; however, the effect of vagal nerve stimulation on intestinal blood flow, which is an essential function of the vagus nerve, is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether vagal nerve stimulation influences the abdominal vagus nerve activity, intestinal blood flow, gut injury, and the levels of autonomic neuropeptides. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized, and the cervical and abdominal vagus nerves were exposed. One pair of bipolar electrodes was attached to the cervical vagus nerve to stimulate it; another pair of bipolar electrodes were attached to the abdominal vagus nerve to measure action potentials. The rats underwent trauma/hemorrhagic shock (with maintenance of mean arterial pressure of 25 mmHg for 30 min) without fluid resuscitation and received cervical vagal nerve stimulation post-injury. A separate cohort of animals were subjected to transection of the abdominal vagus nerve (vagotomy) just before the start of cervical vagal nerve stimulation. Intestinal blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Gut injury and noradrenaline level in the portal venous plasma were also assessed. RESULTS Vagal nerve stimulation evoked action potentials in the abdominal vagus nerve and caused a 2-fold increase in intestinal blood flow compared to the shock phase (P < .05). Abdominal vagotomy eliminated the effect of vagal nerve stimulation on intestinal blood flow (P < .05). Vagal nerve stimulation protected against trauma/hemorrhagic shock -induced gut injury (P < .05), and circulating noradrenaline levels were decreased after vagal nerve stimulation (P < .05). CONCLUSION Cervical vagal nerve stimulation evoked abdominal vagal nerve activity and relieved the trauma/hemorrhagic shock-induced impairment in intestinal blood flow by modulating the vasoconstriction effect of noradrenaline, which provides new insight into the protective effect of vagal nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Morishita
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akinori Ueno
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Akabori
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Senda
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Kojima
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Aiboshi
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Todd Costantini
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, SanDiego, CA
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center and Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Riverside, CA
| | - Yasuhiro Otomo
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Novel Insights on the Toxicity of Phycotoxins on the Gut through the Targeting of Enteric Glial Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070429. [PMID: 31340532 PMCID: PMC6669610 DOI: 10.3390/md17070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phycotoxins can impact intestinal epithelial cells and can cross the intestinal barrier to some extent. Therefore, phycotoxins can reach cells underlying the epithelium, such as enteric glial cells (EGCs), which are involved in gut homeostasis, motility, and barrier integrity. This study compared the toxicological effects of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), 13-desmethyl-spirolide C (SPX), and palytoxin (PlTX) on the rat EGC cell line CRL2690. Cell viability, morphology, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell cycle, and specific glial markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR and high content analysis (HCA) approaches. PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX induced neurite alterations, oxidative stress, cell cycle disturbance, and increase of specific EGC markers. An inflammatory response for YTX, OA, and AZA1 was suggested by the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and induction of DNA double strand breaks (γH2AX) were also observed with PTX2, YTX, OA, and AZA1. These findings suggest that PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX may affect intestinal barrier integrity through alterations of the human enteric glial system. Our results provide novel insight into the toxicological effects of phycotoxins on the gut.
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Meir M, Burkard N, Ungewiß H, Diefenbacher M, Flemming S, Kannapin F, Germer CT, Schweinlin M, Metzger M, Waschke J, Schlegel N. Neurotrophic factor GDNF regulates intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2824-2840. [PMID: 31205031 DOI: 10.1172/jci120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function with loss of desmosomal junctional protein desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is a hallmark in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While previous studies have reported that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes IEB function, the mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that GDNF is involved in the loss of DSG2, resulting in impaired IEB function as seen in IBD. In the inflamed intestine of patients with IBD, there was a decrease in GDNF concentrations accompanied by a loss of DSG2, changes of the intermediate filament system, and increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and cytokeratins. DSG2-deficient and RET-deficient Caco2 cells revealed that GDNF specifically recruits DSG2 to the cell borders, resulting in increased DSG2-mediated intercellular adhesion via the RET receptor. Challenge of Caco2 cells and enteroids with proinflammatory cytokines as well as dextran sulfate sodium-induced (DSS-induced) colitis in C57Bl/6 mice led to impaired IEB function with reduced DSG2 mediated by p38 MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of cytokeratins. GDNF blocked all inflammation-induced changes in the IEB. GDNF attenuates inflammation-induced impairment of IEB function caused by the loss of DSG2 through p38 MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of cytokeratin. The reduced GDNF in patients with IBD indicates a disease-relevant contribution to the development of IEB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Ungewiß
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Kannapin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schweinlin
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer ISC, Translational Centre Regenerative Medicine TLC-RT, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Turcani M, Ghadhanfar E. Biphasic changes in spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity during passive hyperthermia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2586. [PMID: 30796280 PMCID: PMC6385277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful adaptation to passive hyperthermia requires continual adjustment of circulation, which is mediated mainly by the autonomic nervous system. The goal of this study was to explore the alterations in spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) during exposure to a hot environment. To continuously follow changes in core body temperature (Tc), haemodynamics, and BRS, male Wistar-Kyoto rats were implanted with telemetric transmitters. BRS at an ambient temperature of 23 °C was not steady but oscillated with a maximum power in the range of 0.02–0.2 Hz. Exposure to hot air immediately shifted the distribution of BRS to higher values, although Tc remained unchanged (37.2 (0.3) °C), and the average BRS changed from 1.3 (0.3) to 3 (1.4) ms.mmHg−1, p < 0.0001. The degree of initial cardiovagal baroreflex sensitization explained 57% of the variability in the time to the onset of arterial pressure decline (p = 0.0114). With an increasing Tc (>38.8 (0.6) °C), BRS non-linearly declined, but haemodynamic parameters remained stable even above a Tc of 42 °C when the cardiovagal baroreflex was virtually non-operative. Abrupt full desensitization of the cardiovagal baroreflex with a muscarinic blocker did not induce arterial pressure decline. Our data indicate that a progressive decrease in BRS during passive hyperthermia does not induce haemodynamic instability. The positive association between initial cardiovagal baroreflex sensitization and the time to the onset of arterial pressure decline may reflect the potential protective role of parasympathetic activation during exposure to a hot environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Turcani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Elham Ghadhanfar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
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Myenteric Denervation of the Gut with Benzalkonium Chloride: A Review of Forty Years of an Experimental Model. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:3562492. [PMID: 30854349 PMCID: PMC6378025 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3562492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental denervation of organs plays a key role in understanding the functional aspects of the normal innervation as well as the diseases related to them. In 1978 the experimental model of myenteric denervation of the rat gut by serosal application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was proposed. BAC is a positively charged surface-active alkylamine and is a powerful cationic detergent, which destroys bacteria after ionic attraction and for this reason is largely used as a surgical antiseptic. Since its initial report, the BAC-induced myenteric denervation model has been used to study many functional and pathological aspects of the enteric nervous system. So far this is the only pure method of myenteric denervation available for research in this area. Promising reports in the literature have shed light on the possibilities for the development of new uses of the BAC-denervation experimental model as a therapeutic tool in some pathological situations. This review aims to shed light on the main historical and recent findings provided by this experimental model.
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Sharkey KA, Beck PL, McKay DM. Neuroimmunophysiology of the gut: advances and emerging concepts focusing on the epithelium. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:765-784. [PMID: 30069036 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract serves as the interface for digestion and absorption of nutrients and water and as a defensive barrier. The defensive functions of the intestinal epithelium are remarkable considering that the gut lumen is home to trillions of resident bacteria, fungi and protozoa (collectively, the intestinal microbiota) that must be prevented from translocation across the epithelial barrier. Imbalances in the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the host lead to the manifestation of diseases that range from disorders of motility and sensation (IBS) and intestinal inflammation (IBD) to behavioural and metabolic disorders, including autism and obesity. The latest discoveries shed light on the sophisticated intracellular, intercellular and interkingdom signalling mechanisms of host defence that involve epithelial and enteroendocrine cells, the enteric nervous system and the immune system. Together, they maintain homeostasis by integrating luminal signals, including those derived from the microbiota, to regulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Therapeutic strategies are being developed that target these signalling systems to improve the resilience of the gut and treat the symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Paul L Beck
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Valès S, Touvron M, Van Landeghem L. Enteric glia: Diversity or plasticity? Brain Res 2018; 1693:140-145. [PMID: 29425908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells of the enteric nervous system correspond to a unique glial lineage distinct from other central and peripheral glia, and form a vast and abundant network spreading throughout all the layers of the gastrointestinal wall. Research over the last two decades has demonstrated that enteric glia regulates all major gastrointestinal functions via multiple bi-directional crosstalk with enteric neurons and other neighboring cell types. Recent studies propose that enteric glia represents a heterogeneous population associated with distinct localization within the gut wall, phenotype and activity. Compelling evidence also indicates that enteric glial cells are capable of plasticity leading to phenotypic changes whose pinnacle so far has been shown to be the generation of enteric neurons. While alterations of the glial network have been heavily incriminated in the development of gastrointestinal pathologies, enteric glial cells have also recently emerged as an active player in gut-brain signaling. Therefore, the development of tools and techniques to better appraise enteric glia heterogeneity and plasticity will undoubtedly unveil critical regulatory mechanisms implicated in gut health and disease, as well as disorders of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Valès
- Bretagne Loire University, Nantes University, INSERM 1235, IMAD, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - Melissa Touvron
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, CVM Main Building, Campus Box #8401, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, CVM Main Building, Campus Box #8401, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Pochard C, Coquenlorge S, Freyssinet M, Naveilhan P, Bourreille A, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The multiple faces of inflammatory enteric glial cells: is Crohn's disease a gliopathy? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29517926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gone are the days when enteric glial cells (EGC) were considered merely satellites of enteric neurons. Like their brain counterpart astrocytes, EGC express an impressive number of receptors for neurotransmitters and intercellular messengers, thereby contributing to neuroprotection and to the regulation of neuronal activity. EGC also produce different soluble factors that regulate neighboring cells, among which are intestinal epithelial cells. A better understanding of EGC response to an inflammatory environment, often referred to as enteric glial reactivity, could help define the physiological role of EGC and the importance of this reactivity in maintaining gut functions. In chronic inflammatory disorders of the gut such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, EGC exhibit abnormal phenotypes, and their neighboring cells are dysfunctional; however, it remains unclear whether EGC are only passive bystanders or active players in the pathophysiology of both disorders. The aim of the present study is to review the physiological roles and properties of EGC, their response to inflammation, and their role in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier and to discuss the emerging concept of CD as an enteric gliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pochard
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Marie Freyssinet
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
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Abstract
Trauma can affect any individual at any location and at any time over a lifespan. The disruption of macrobarriers and microbarriers induces instant activation of innate immunity. The subsequent complex response, designed to limit further damage and induce healing, also represents a major driver of complications and fatal outcome after injury. This Review aims to provide basic concepts about the posttraumatic response and is focused on the interactive events of innate immunity at frequent sites of injury: the endothelium at large, and sites within the lungs, inside and outside the brain and at the gut barrier.
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