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Saadi S, Nacer NE, Saari N, Mohammed AS, Anwar F. The underlying mechanism of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damages in triggering cancer incidences: Insights into proteomic and genomic sciences. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:1-12. [PMID: 38309588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The attempt of this review article is to determine the impact of nuclear and mitochondrial damages on the propagation of cancer incidences. This review has advanced our understanding to altered genes and their relevant cancerous proteins. The progressive raising effects of free reactive oxygen species ROS and toxicogenic compounds contributed to significant mutation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA where the incidence of gastric cancer is found to be linked with down regulation of some relevant genes and mutation in some important cellular proteins such as AMP-18 and CA-11. Thereby, the resulting changes in gene mutations induced the apparition of newly polymorphisms eventually leading to unusual cellular expression to mutant proteins. Reduction of these apoptotic growth factors and nuclear damages is increasingly accepted by cell reactivation effect, enhanced cellular signaling and DNA repairs. Acetylation, glycation, pegylation and phosphorylation are among the molecular techniques used in DNA repair for rectifying mutation incidences. In addition, the molecular labeling based fluorescent materials are currently used along with the bioconjugating of signal molecules in targeting disease translocation site, particularly cancers and tumors. These strategies would help in determining relevant compounds capable in overcoming problems of down regulating genes responsible for repair mechanisms. These issues of course need interplay of both proteomic and genomic studies often in combination of molecular engineering to cible the exact expressed gene relevant to these cancerous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 UFC1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria.
| | - Nor Elhouda Nacer
- Department of Biology of Organisms, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna 05000, Algeria
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Farooq Anwar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; Honorary Research Fellow: Metharath University, 99 Moo 10, Bangtoey, Samkhok, Pathum Thani 12160, Thailand
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2
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Li X, Zhang M, Zhou G, Xie Z, Wang Y, Han J, Li L, Wu Q, Zhang S. Role of Rho GTPases in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 36690621 PMCID: PMC9871048 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rat sarcoma virus homolog (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) function as "molecular switch" in cellular signaling regulation processes and are associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chronic intestinal tract inflammation primarily encompasses two diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex and considered to include four main factors and their interactions: genetics, intestinal microbiota, immune system, and environment. Recently, several novel pathogenic components have been identified. In addition, potential therapies for IBD targeting Rho GTPases have emerged and proven to be clinically effective. This review mainly focuses on Rho GTPases and their possible mechanisms in IBD pathogenesis. The therapeutic possibility of Rho GTPases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qirui Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Francisco AJ. Helicobacter Pylori Infection Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis That Could Be Related to the Onset of Atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9943158. [PMID: 36317116 PMCID: PMC9617700 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9943158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the first causes of death around the world, and atherosclerosis is one of the first steps in the development of them. Although these problems occur mainly in elderly, the incidence in younger people is being reported, and an undetermined portion of patients without the classic risk factors develop subclinical atherosclerosis at earlier stages of life. Recently, both the H. pylori infection and the intestinal microbiota have been linked to atherosclerosis. The mechanisms behind those associations are poorly understood, but some of the proposed explanations are (a) the effect of the chronic systemic inflammation induced by H. pylori, (b) a direct action over the endothelial cells by the cytotoxin associated gene A protein, and (c) alterations of the lipid metabolism and endothelial dysfunction induced by H. pylori infection. Regarding the microbiota, several studies show that induction of atherosclerosis is related to high levels of Trimethylamine N-oxide. In this review, we present the information published about the effects of H. pylori over the intestinal microbiota and their relationship with atherosclerosis and propose a hypothesis to explain the nature of these associations. If H. pylori contributes to atherosclerosis, then interventions for eradication and restoration of the gut microbiota at early stages could represent a way to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilés-Jiménez Francisco
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Pediatría. Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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4
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Yu S, Meng H, Shi S, Cao S, Bian T, Zhao H. miR-548d-3p inhibits the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells by targeting GKN1. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24520. [PMID: 35666636 PMCID: PMC9279950 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of GKN1 in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Methods Firstly, we used GEO2R to perform differential gene analysis on GSE26942 and GSE79973 and constructed the protein–protein interaction network of differential genes by STRING. Next, the cytoHubba, Mcode plugins, and GEPIA were used to obtain our follow‐up research object GKN1. Then, the function of GKN1 in GC was verified by scratch and transwell assay in GC cells. We further analyzed the genes related to GKN1 through LinkedOmics, and exported top 100 genes positively or negatively correlated with GKN1. Meanwhile, Metascape was performed on these genes. Finally, we analyzed the miRNAs that bind to GKN1 through the miRDB and verified the correlation between miR‐548d‐3p and GKN1 using dual‐fluorescence and quantitative PCR experiments. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were 52 differential genes on GSE26942 and GSE79973. In addition, the results of functional assays indicated that overexpressed GKN1 can inhibit GC cell migration and invasion, while GKN1 knockdown demonstrated the opposite effect. Additionally, Metascape analysis results showed that the 3′‐UTR region of mRNA is rich in AU sequences, based on which we infer that mRNA may be regulated by miRNA. Dual‐fluorescence and quantitative PCR assays clarified that miR‐548d‐3p may be one of the target miRNAs of GKN1, which was up‐regulated in GC tissues. Conclusions In summary, we clarified that miR‐548d‐3p regulates GKN1 to participate in GC cell migration and invasion, and provides a possible target for the prognostic diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Hongjie Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Shengguang Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Shenghui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Tianhua Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
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Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Hushmandi K, Hashemi F, Zabolian A, Canadas I, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Crea F, Wang Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP. The long and short non-coding RNAs modulating EZH2 signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35236381 PMCID: PMC8892735 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a large family of RNA molecules with no capability in encoding proteins. However, they participate in developmental and biological processes and their abnormal expression affects cancer progression. These RNA molecules can function as upstream mediators of different signaling pathways and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is among them. Briefly, EZH2 belongs to PRCs family and can exert functional roles in cells due to its methyltransferase activity. EZH2 affects gene expression via inducing H3K27me3. In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic discussion of ncRNAs role in regulating EZH2 expression in different cancers. MiRNAs can dually induce/inhibit EZH2 in cancer cells to affect downstream targets such as Wnt, STAT3 and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs can regulate therapy response of cancer cells via affecting EZH2 signaling. It is noteworthy that EZH2 can reduce miRNA expression by binding to promoter and exerting its methyltransferase activity. Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) are synthetic, short ncRNAs capable of reducing EZH2 expression and suppressing cancer progression. LncRNAs mainly regulate EZH2 expression via targeting miRNAs. Furthermore, lncRNAs induce EZH2 by modulating miRNA expression. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs), like lncRNAs, affect EZH2 expression via targeting miRNAs. These areas are discussed in the present review with a focus on molecular pathways leading to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 1417466191, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Israel Canadas
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Su H, Ren W, Zhang D. Research progress on exosomal proteins as diagnostic markers of gastric cancer (review article). Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:203-218. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of tumors and the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The diagnosis of GC is critical to its prevention and treatment. Available tumor markers are the crucial step for GC diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that proteins in exosomes are potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for GC. Exosomes, secreted by cells, are cup-shaped with a diameter of 30–150 nm under the electron microscope. They are also surrounded by lipid bilayers and are widely found in various body fluids. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. The examination of exosomal proteins has the advantages of quickness, easy sampling, and low pain and cost, as compared with the routine inspection method of GC, which may lead to marked developments in GC diagnosis. This article summarized the exosomal proteins with a diagnostic and prognostic potential in GC, as well as exosomal proteins involved in GC progression.
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Gastrokine 2 Regulates the Antitumor Effect of JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Gastric Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1343808. [PMID: 34381519 PMCID: PMC8352702 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1343808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
GKN2 (gastrokine 2) mainly plays a regulatory role in gastric mucosal defense and cell protection mechanisms, and its role in gastric cancer has not been thoroughly elucidated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GKN2 and TFF1 expressions in 90 gastric cancer tissues, 48 neoplastic resection margins, and 22 normal gastric mucosa epithelia. It showed that the downregulation of GKN2 and TFF1 expressions in gastric cancer tissues was significantly different from that in adjacent normal gastric tissues and distal gastric mucosal tissues. Nevertheless, correlation analysis showed that GKN2 expression in gastric cancer tissues was independent of TFF1 expression. After overexpression of GKN2 was constructed in human gastric cancer cell line MKN28 with the Ad-GFP-GKN2 transfected, cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, and migration and invasion ability were analyzed by transwell migration assay and transwell invasion assay. It indicated that overexpression of GKN2 significantly reduced the viability of MKN28 and SGC7901 cells. Overexpression of GKN2 could also inhibit the migration and invasion ability in MKN28 and SGC7901 cells. In addition, upregulation of GKN2 can inactivate the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Our data suggest that GKN2 and TFF1 play the antitumor role in gastric carcinoma, and TFF1 may not interact or cooperate with GKN2. GKN2 overexpression can inhibit the growth and metastasis by downregulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in gastric cancer cells.
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Overstreet AMC, Grayson BE, Boger A, Bakke D, Carmody EM, Bales CE, Paski SC, Murphy SF, Dethlefs CR, Shannon KJ, Adlaka KR, Wolford CE, Campiti VJ, Raghunandan CV, Seeley RJ, Boone DL. Gastrokine-1, an anti-amyloidogenic protein secreted by the stomach, regulates diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9477. [PMID: 33947892 PMCID: PMC8096951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its sequelae have a major impact on human health. The stomach contributes to obesity in ways that extend beyond its role in digestion, including through effects on the microbiome. Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is an anti-amyloidogenic protein abundantly and specifically secreted into the stomach lumen. We examined whether GKN1 plays a role in the development of obesity and regulation of the gut microbiome. Gkn1-/- mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis (high fat diet (HFD) fat mass (g) = 10.4 ± 3.0 (WT) versus 2.9 ± 2.3 (Gkn1-/-) p < 0.005; HFD liver mass (g) = 1.3 ± 0.11 (WT) versus 1.1 ± 0.07 (Gkn1-/-) p < 0.05). Gkn1-/- mice also exhibited increased expression of the lipid-regulating hormone ANGPTL4 in the small bowel. The microbiome of Gkn1-/- mice exhibited reduced populations of microbes implicated in obesity, namely Firmicutes of the class Erysipelotrichia. Altered metabolism consistent with use of fat as an energy source was evident in Gkn1-/- mice during the sleep period. GKN1 may contribute to the effects of the stomach on the microbiome and obesity. Inhibition of GKN1 may be a means to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie C Overstreet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Antonia Boger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Danika Bakke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Erin M Carmody
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Cayla E Bales
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Stephen F Murphy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Kara J Shannon
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Katie R Adlaka
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Claire E Wolford
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Vincent J Campiti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Christina V Raghunandan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David L Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, RCH122, 1234 N. Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN, 46617, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.
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Yoon JH, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Hur H, Park WS. Uptake and tumor-suppressive pathways of exosome-associated GKN1 protein in gastric epithelial cells. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:848-862. [PMID: 32291710 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a stomach-specific tumor suppressor that is secreted into extracellular space as an exosomal cargo protein. The objective of this study was to investigate the uptake and tumor-suppressive pathways of exosome-associated GKN1 protein in gastric epithelial cells. METHODS Immunofluorescent and Western blot analysis were used to investigate gastric-specific uptake of HFE-145-derived exosomes. Binding affinity of HFE-145 derived exosomes with integrin proteins was examined using protein microarray chip. Tumor suppressor activities of exosome-carrying GKN1 protein were analyzed using transwell co-culture, MTT assay, BrdU incorporation, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS HFE-145-derived exosomes were internalized only into HFE-145 gastric epithelial cells and gastric cancer cells. Gastric-specific uptake of stomach-derived exosomes required integrin α6 and αX proteins. Clathrin and macropinocytosis increased the uptake of exosomes into gastric epithelial cells, whereas caveolin inhibited the uptake of exosomes. Transwell co-culture of AGS cells with HFE-145 cells markedly inhibited viability and proliferation of AGS cells. Following uptake of HFE-145-derived exosomes in recipient cells, GKN1 protein bound to HRas and inhibited the binding of HRas to b-Raf and c-Raf which subsequently downregulated HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in AGS, MKN1 cells, and MKN1-derived xenograft tumor tissues. In addition, exosomal GKN1 protein suppressed both migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Gastric-specific uptake of exosomes derived from gastric epithelial cells requires integrin α6 and αX proteins in both gastric epithelial cells and exosomes. Exosomal GKN1 protein inhibits gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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Chung Nien Chin S, O’Connor L, Scurr M, Busada JT, Graham AN, Alipour Talesh G, Tran CP, Sarkar S, Minamoto T, Giraud AS, Cidlowski JA, Sutton P, Menheniott TR. Coordinate expression loss of GKN1 and GKN2 in gastric cancer via impairment of a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G175-G188. [PMID: 32538140 PMCID: PMC9373792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokines (GKNs) are anti-inflammatory proteins secreted by gastric epithelial (surface mucous and pit) cells, with their aberrant loss of expression causally linked to premalignant inflammation and gastric cancer (GC). Transcriptional mechanisms accounting for GKN expression loss have not been elucidated. Using human clinical cohorts, mouse transgenics, bioinformatics, and transfection/reporter assays, we report a novel mechanism of GKN gene transcriptional regulation and its impairment in GC. GKN1/GKN2 loss is highly coordinated, with both genes showing parallel downregulation during human and mouse GC development, suggesting joint transcriptional control. In BAC transgenic studies, we defined a 152-kb genomic region surrounding the human GKN1/GKN2 genes sufficient to direct their tissue- and lineage-restricted expression. A screen of the 152-kb region for candidate regulatory elements identified a DNase I hypersensitive site (CR2) located 4 kb upstream of the GKN1 gene. CR2 showed overlapping enrichment of enhancer-related histone marks (H3K27Ac), a consensus binding site (GRE) for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), strong GR occupancy in ChIP-seq data sets and, critically, exhibited dexamethasone-sensitive enhancer activity in reporter assays. Strikingly, GR showed progressive expression loss, paralleling that of GKN1/2, in human and mouse GC, suggesting desensitized glucocorticoid signaling as a mechanism underlying GKN loss. Finally, mouse adrenalectomy studies revealed a critical role for endogenous glucocorticoids in sustaining correct expression (and anti-inflammatory restraint) of GKNs in vivo. Together, these data link the coordinate expression of GKNs to a glucocorticoid-responsive and likely shared transcriptional enhancer mechanism, with its compromised activation contributing to dual GKN loss during GC progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gastrokine 2 (GKN2) is an anti-inflammatory protein produced by the gastric epithelium. GKN2 expression is progressively lost during gastric cancer (GC), which is believed to play a casual role in GC development. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic studies to identify a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer element that likely governs expression of GKN1/GKN2, which, via parallel expression loss of the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid receptor, reveals a novel mechanism to explain the loss of GKN2 during GC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise O’Connor
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan T. Busada
- 2Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alison N. Graham
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ghazal Alipour Talesh
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,3Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chau P. Tran
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- 3Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- 2Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Philip Sutton
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Stella di Stadio C, Faraonio R, Federico A, Altieri F, Rippa E, Arcari P. GKN1 expression in gastric cancer cells is negatively regulated by miR-544a. Biochimie 2019; 167:42-48. [PMID: 31509760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine1 (GKN1), important for maintaining the physiological function of the gastric mucosa, is highly expressed in the stomach of healthy individuals but is down-regulated or absent in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines. The mechanisms underlying GKN1 gene inactivation are still unknown. We previously showed that GKN1 downregulation in gastric tumors is likely associated with an epigenetic transcriptional complex that negatively regulates GKN1 expression. In addition, TSA-mediated inhibition of HDACs leads to GKN1 restoration at the transcriptional level, but no at the translational level. These findings led to hypothesize the activation of a second regulatory mechanism microRNAs-mediated, thus resulting in translational repression and gene silencing. Bioinformatic analyses performed with 5 different algorithms highlighted that 4 miRNAs contained a seed sequence for the 3'UTR of GKN1 mRNA. Among these, only two miRNAs, hsa-miR-544a and miR-1245b-3p directly target the GKN1-3'UTR as evaluated by luciferase reporter assays. TaqMan miRNA assay performed on gastric cancer cell lines after TSA treatment showed a stronger increase of miR-544a expression than that of miR-1245b-3p. Finally, co-transfection of AGS cells with GKN1-3'UTR and premiR-544a showed compared to controls, a strong reduction of GKN1 expression both at translational and transcriptional levels. The up-regulation of miR-544a could be crucially involved in the GKN1 translational repression, thus suggesting its potential role as a biomarker and therapeutic target in GC patients. These findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms leading to the inactivation of GKN1 play a key role in the multi-step process of gastric carcinogenesis and would provide an essential starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on epigenetic targets for alternatives gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Zhang Z, Xue H, Dong Y, Zhang J, Pan Y, Shi L, Xiong P, Zhu J, Li W, Zheng W, Liu J, Du J. GKN2 promotes oxidative stress-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis via the Hsc70 pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:338. [PMID: 31382983 PMCID: PMC6683576 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GKN2 is a secretory protein, whose levels decrease in gastric cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the expression, function and mechanism of action of GKN2 in gastric cancer. METHODS Molecular biology assays were performed to elucidate the function and underlying mechanisms of GKN2 in gastric cancer under stress-induced condition in vivo and in vitro. Clinical specimens were used to assess the correlation of GKN2 and prognosis. RESULTS We found that overexpression of GKN2 significantly enhanced apoptosis and growth arrest in vitro. GKN2 expression increased in gastric cancer cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide and promoted reactive oxygen species-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and resulted in increased cell apoptosis via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of JNK signaling pathway through the direct interaction of GKN2 with Hsc70. Trefoil factor 1 might contribute to the tumor suppressing effects of GKN2. MiR-216a downregulated GKN2 expression. GKN2 also inhibited xenograft tumor growth and was an independent and significant prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer treated with oxaliplatin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicate that GKN2 may increase sensitivity of GC cells to the drugs which increase ROS levels in tumors. Inhibition of the interaction between GKN2 and Hsc70 could attenuate the effects induced by GKN2. GKN2 overexpression could be used to determine the subgroup of patients to obtain the more favorable outcome of oxaliplatin treatment and may be used as biomarker of the prognosis of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhang
- Departments of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Xue
- Departments of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanqiang Dong
- Departments of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yida Pan
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liubin Shi
- Departments of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xiong
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanwei Zheng
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Departments of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Du
- Departments of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Yoon JH, Park YG, Nam SW, Park WS. The diagnostic value of serum gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protein in gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5507-5514. [PMID: 31376239 PMCID: PMC6745860 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer provides effective treatment and saves lives. The objective of this study was to determine whether serum gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protein is a gastric cancer‐specific diagnostic biomarker. The serum concentration of GKN1 in healthy individuals (median: 6.34 ng/μL, interquartile range (IQR): 5.66‐7.54 ng/μL) was significantly higher compared with the levels in gastric cancer patients (median: 3.48 ng/μL, IQR: 2.90‐4.11 ng/μL; P < .0001). At the optimum cutoff (4.94 ng/μL) of serum GKN1 protein, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.2% and 96.0%, respectively, for gastric cancer. Using serum GKN1 protein as the diagnostic reference, the ROC curve showed a satisfactory diagnostic efficacy with an AUC value of 0.9954 (95% CI 0.9919‐0.9988) and Youden index of 0.8740. In addition, the diagnostic accuracy of the serum GKN1 protein at the optimum cutoff was 0.9675. Interestingly, serum GKN1 concentrations in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC; median: 3.11 ng/μL, IQR: 2.72‐3.72 ng/μL) were lower than in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC; median: 4.31 ng/μL, IQR: 3.88‐4.88 ng/μL). The diagnostic accuracies at the optimum serum GKN1 cutoff were 0.8912 and 0.9589 for EGC and AGC, respectively. Furthermore, the serum GKN1 concentrations robustly discriminated the patients with gastric cancer from the patients with colorectal, liver, lung, breast, pancreatic, ovary, and prostatic cancers with AUC values greater than 0.94. These data suggest that serum GKN1 is a promising and highly specific diagnostic biomarker for the prompt detection of early and advanced gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
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14
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Yao S, Huang HY, Han X, Ye Y, Qin Z, Zhao G, Li F, Hu G, Hu L, Ji H. Keratin 14-high subpopulation mediates lung cancer metastasis potentially through Gkn1 upregulation. Oncogene 2019; 38:6354-6369. [PMID: 31320708 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer-related death. Elucidating the metastasis process can provide new avenues to inhibit this malignant behavior of cancer cells. Here we found that human lung cancers with high Keratin 14 (K14) expression were associated with nodal metastasis and poor survival. Using the KrasG12D/Trp53L/L lung cancer mouse model, we confirmed that K14-high cancer cells harbored increased metastatic potential. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Gastrokine 1 (Gkn1) expression positively correlated with K14 level, cancer metastasis, and poor patient survival. Importantly, ectopic expression of Gkn1 enhanced the metastatic capability of K14-low cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of Gkn1 did the opposite, indicating the importance of Gkn1 in mediating the metastasis of K14-high cells. Further study demonstrated that Gkn1 expression conferred K14-high cells resistance to anoikis, which is critical for cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that K14-high cells contribute to lung cancer metastasis potentially through inhibition of anoikis via upregulation of Gkn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangkun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Kamińska J, Gawrońska B, Matowicka-Karna J. The role and diagnostic potential of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1921-1931. [PMID: 30881118 PMCID: PMC6402446 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene for gastrokine 1 (GKN1) was identified as one of the most significant in gastric cancer and indicated as a potential therapeutic target. Aim The aim was a review of literature reports concerning the role and diagnostic potential of GKN1 in gastric cancer. Materials and methods PubMED database was searched for sources using the following keywords: gastrokine 1/GKN1/AMP-18 and gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Preference was given to the sources which were published within the past 10 years. Conclusion GKN1 is a stomach-specific protein, and its role consists of maintaining mucosal integrity as well as the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cells layer. The evaluation of GKN1 expression seems to be a useful indicator of the presence of neoplastic or inflammatory lesions in the gastric mucosa. GKN1 expression is decreased in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines and its upregulation in cell lines of gastric cancer induces cells apoptosis. The mechanism by which GKN1 is inactivated in gastric cancer cells is still not fully understood. The future diagnostic capabilities of gastric cancer concern the assessment of serum GKN1 concentration by means of ELISA method. Serum GKN1 concentration is not related to patients’ sex. Moreover, the measurement of GKN1 concentration is possible only after the incubation of samples at 70°C for 10 minutes. Nevertheless, the aspect of quantitative serum GKN1 evaluation is new in the context of available literature and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Koper-Lenkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Beata Gawrońska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
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16
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Juanchich A, Hennequet-Antier C, Cabau C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Duclos MJ, Mignon-Grasteau S, Narcy A. Functional genomics of the digestive tract in broilers. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:928. [PMID: 30545300 PMCID: PMC6293548 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sustainability of poultry farming relies on the development of more efficient and autonomous production systems in terms of feed supply. This implies a better integration of adaptive traits in breeding programs, including digestive efficiency, in order to favor the use of a wider variety of feedstuffs. The aim of the project was to improve the understanding of genes involved in digestive functions by characterizing the transcriptome of different sections of the digestive tract: the junction between the proventriculus and the gizzard, the gizzard, the gastroduodenal junction, and the jejunum. Results Total RNA from the four tissues were sequenced on a HiSeq2500 for six 23-day-old chickens from a second generation (F2) cross between two lines that were divergent for their digestive efficiency (D+/D-). Bioinformatics and biostatistics analyses of the RNA-seq data showed a total of 11,040 differentially expressed transcripts between the four tissues. In total, seven clusters of genes with markedly different expression profiles were identified. Functional analysis on gene groups was performed using “Gene Ontology” and semantic similarity. It showed a significant enrichment of body immune defenses in the jejunum, and an enrichment of transcriptional activity in the gizzard. Moreover, an interesting enrichment for neurohormonal control of muscle contraction was found for the two gizzard’s junctions. Conclusion This analysis allows us to draw the first molecular portrait of the different sections of the digestive tract, which will serve as a basis for future studies on the genetic and physiological control of the response of the animal to feed variations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5344-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cédric Cabau
- SIGENAE, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | - Agnès Narcy
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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17
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Yoon JH, Ham IH, Kim O, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Hur H, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 protein is a potential theragnostic target for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:956-967. [PMID: 29704153 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis, and in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we determined whether GKN1 is a potential theragnostic marker for gastric cancer. METHODS We identified GKN1 binding proteins using the protein microarray assay and investigated whether GKN1 is one of the exosomal cargo proteins by western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescent assays. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by MTT, BrdU incorporation, flow cytometry, and western blot assays. We further validated the functional relevance of exosomal GKN1 in MKN1-injected xenograft mice. The possibility of serum GKN1 as a diagnostic marker for gastric cancer was determined by ELISA assay. RESULTS In protein microarray assay, GKN1 binding to 27 exosomal proteins was clearly observed. GKN1 was expressed in exosomes derived from HFE-145 gastric epithelial cells by western blot and immunofluorescent assays, but not in exosomes from AGS and MKN1 gastric cancer cells. Exosomes carrying GKN1 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both AGS and MKN1 cells, and exosomes carrying GKN1-treated nude mice-bearing MKN1 xenograft tumors exhibited significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight. Silencing of clathrin markedly down-regulated the internalization of exosomal GKN1. Interestingly, serum GKN1 concentrations in patients with gastric cancer were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals and patients with colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The GKN1 is secreted and internalized in the gastric epithelium by exosome-driven transfer, which inhibits gastric tumorigenesis and supports the clinical application of GKN1 protein in gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - In-Hye Ham
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Science, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Science, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea. .,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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18
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Ni CH, Lee CS, Chuan FY, Enomoto H, Takeda S, Lin LC, Sakata R. Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Functional Proteins of Chicken Gizzard Inner Lining. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.24.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiang Ni
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Chih-Shang Lee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University
| | | | - Hirofumi Enomoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University
| | - Shiro Takeda
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Liang-Chuan Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Ryoichi Sakata
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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19
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Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Federico A, Miselli G, De Palma M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Epigenetic alterations of gastrokine 1 gene expression in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16899-16911. [PMID: 28129645 PMCID: PMC5370009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protein is important for maintaining the physiological function of the gastric mucosa. GKN1 is down-regulated in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines and its over-expression in gastric cancer cells induces apoptosis, suggesting a possible role for the protein as a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanism by which GKN1 is inactivated in gastric cancer remains unknown. Here, we investigated the causes of GKN1 silencing to determine if epigenetic mechanisms such as histonic modification could contribute to its down-regulation. To this end, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays for the trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9triMe) and its specific histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (SUV39H1) were performed on biopsies of normal and cancerous human gastric tissues. GKN1 down-regulation in gastric cancer tissues was shown to be associated with high levels of H3K9triMe and with the recruitment of SUV39H1 to the GKN1 promoter, suggesting the presence of an epigenetic transcriptional complex that negatively regulates GKN1 expression in gastric tumors. The inhibition of histone deacetylases with trichostatin A was also shown to increase GKN1 mRNA levels. Collectively, our results indicate that complex epigenetic machinery regulates GKN1 expression at the transcriptional level, and likely at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Naples, Italy
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20
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Di Stadio CS, Altieri F, Minopoli G, Miselli G, Rippa E, Arcari P. Role of human GKN1 on APP processing in gastric cancer. Biochimie 2017; 135:149-153. [PMID: 28214529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is highly expressed in gastric tissue and is secreted into the stomach but is not expressed in gastric cancer. GKN1 belongs to the BRICHOS domain family and plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. We previously demonstrated that a recombinant human GKN1 protein was able to interact with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and was endowed with an anti-amyloidogenic property because it inhibited polymerization of the Aβ(1-40) peptide released from APP upon its partial hydrolysis. Here, we report that GKN1 can act as a physiological suppressor of Aβ production in gastric cancer cells. GKN1 blocked the access of γ-secretase to APP, thereby facilitating the cleavage of APP by α- and β-secretases. GKN1 directly interacted with APP C-terminal fragments, C83 and C99. In addition, it did not affect γ-secretase activity in gastric cancer cells because it did not alter Notch1 processing. GKN1-mediated inhibition of APP processing might represent a new approach for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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Villano V, Di Stadio CS, Federico A, Altieri F, Miselli G, De Palma M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Gastrokine 1 mRNA in human sera is not informative biomarker for gastric cancer. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:14. [PMID: 27452910 PMCID: PMC4959057 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to ascertain if Gastrokine 1 mRNA in the sera of patients with gastric cancer might be an informative biomarker for the disease. Results Analysis of GKN1 mRNA in serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 23) and from patients with diagnosis of gastric cancer (n = 16), performed by using absolute quantification based on standard curve method, did not show any significative statistical difference between the two unpaired group of individuals. Conclusions Our preliminary results did not confirm GKN1 as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy. .,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology scarl, Naples, Italy.
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Chen P, Mancini M, Sonis ST, Fernandez-Martinez J, Liu J, Cohen EEW, Toback FG. A Novel Peptide for Simultaneously Enhanced Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer and Mitigation of Oral Mucositis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152995. [PMID: 27049860 PMCID: PMC4822960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a novel 21 amino acid-peptide derived from Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18 that mediates growth promotion of cultured normal epithelial cells and mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in animal models, while suppressing in vitro function of cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate these dual potential therapeutic effects of AMP peptide in a clinically relevant animal model of head and neck cancer (HNC) by simultaneously assessing its effect on tumor growth and radiation-induced oral mucositis in an orthotopic model of HNC. Bioluminescent SCC-25 HNC cells were injected into the anterior tongue and tumors that formed were then subjected to focal radiation treatment. Tumor size was assessed using an in vivo imaging system, and the extent of oral mucositis was compared between animals treated with AMP peptide or vehicle (controls). Synergism between AMP peptide and radiation therapy was suggested by the finding that tumors in the AMP peptide/radiation therapy cohort demonstrated inhibited growth vs. radiation therapy-only treated tumors, while AMP peptide-treatment delayed the onset and reduced the severity of radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis. A differential effect on apoptosis appears to be one mechanism by which AMP-18 can stimulate growth and repair of injured mucosal epithelial cells while inhibiting proliferation of HNC cells. RNA microarray analysis identified pathways that are differentially targeted by AMP-18 in HNC vs. nontransformed cells. These observations confirm the notion that normal cells and tumor cells may respond differently to common biological stimuli, and that leveraging this finding in the case of AMP-18 may provide a clinically relevant opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
| | - Maria Mancini
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Sonis
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Juan Fernandez-Martinez
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Mathematics Department, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - Ezra E. W. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - F. Gary Toback
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits gastrin-induced cell proliferation. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:381-391. [PMID: 25752269 PMCID: PMC5297461 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) acts as a gastric tumor suppressor. Here, we investigated whether GKN1 contributes to the maintenance of gastric mucosal homeostasis by regulating gastrin-induced gastric epithelial cell growth. METHODS We assessed the effects of gastrin and GKN1 on cell proliferation in stable AGS(GKN1) and MKN1(GKN1) gastric cancer cell lines and HFE-145 nonneoplastic epithelial cells. Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by MTT and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Cell cycle and expression of growth factor receptors were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Gastrin treatment stimulated a significant time-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation in AGS(mock) and MKN1(mock), but not in HFE-145, AGS(GKN1), and MKN1(GKN1), cells, which stably expressed GKN1. Additionally, gastrin markedly increased the S-phase cell population, whereas GKN1 significantly inhibited the effect of gastrin by regulating the expression of G1/S cell-cycle regulators. Furthermore, gastrin induced activation of the NF-kB and β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the expression of CCKBR, EGFR, and c-Met in AGS and MKN1 cells. However, GKN1 completely suppressed these effects of gastrin via downregulation of gastrin/CCKBR/growth factor receptor expression. Moreover, GKN1 reduced gastrin and CCKBR mRNA expression in AGS and MKN1 cells, and there was an inverse correlation between GKN1 and gastrin, as well as between GKN1 and CCKBR mRNA expression in noncancerous gastric mucosae. CONCLUSION These data suggest that GKN1 may contribute to the maintenance of gastric epithelial homeostasis and inhibit gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating the gastrin-CCKBR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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Menheniott TR, O'Connor L, Chionh YT, Däbritz J, Scurr M, Rollo BN, Ng GZ, Jacobs S, Catubig A, Kurklu B, Mercer S, Minamoto T, Ong DE, Ferrero RL, Fox JG, Wang TC, Sutton P, Judd LM, Giraud AS. Loss of gastrokine-2 drives premalignant gastric inflammation and tumor progression. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1383-400. [PMID: 26974160 DOI: 10.1172/jci82655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucosal inflammation is associated with a greater risk of gastric cancer (GC) and, therefore, requires tight control by suppressive counter mechanisms. Gastrokine-2 (GKN2) belongs to a family of secreted proteins expressed within normal gastric mucosal cells. GKN2 expression is frequently lost during GC progression, suggesting an inhibitory role; however, a causal link remains unsubstantiated. Here, we developed Gkn2 knockout and transgenic overexpressing mice to investigate the functional impact of GKN2 loss in GC pathogenesis. In mouse models of GC, decreased GKN2 expression correlated with gastric pathology that paralleled human GC progression. At baseline, Gkn2 knockout mice exhibited defective gastric epithelial differentiation but not malignant progression. Conversely, Gkn2 knockout in the IL-11/STAT3-dependent gp130F/F GC model caused tumorigenesis of the proximal stomach. Additionally, gastric immunopathology was accelerated in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gkn2 knockout mice and was associated with augmented T helper cell type 1 (Th1) but not Th17 immunity. Heightened Th1 responses in Gkn2 knockout mice were linked to deregulated mucosal innate immunity and impaired myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Finally, transgenic overexpression of human gastrokines (GKNs) attenuated gastric tumor growth in gp130F/F mice. Together, these results reveal an antiinflammatory role for GKN2, provide in vivo evidence that links GKN2 loss to GC pathogenesis, and suggest GKN restoration as a strategy to restrain GC progression.
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Yoon JH, Choi SS, Kim O, Choi WS, Park YK, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Inactivation of NKX6.3 in the stomach leads to abnormal expression of CDX2 and SOX2 required for gastric-to-intestinal transdifferentiation. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:194-208. [PMID: 26743476 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa is considered a preneoplastic lesion that progresses to gastric cancer. However, the molecular networks underlying this lesion formation are largely unknown. NKX6.3 is known to be an important regulator in gastric mucosal epithelial differentiation. In this study, we characterized the effects of NKX6.3 that may contribute to gastric intestinal metaplasia. NKX6.3 expression was significantly reduced in gastric mucosae with intestinal metaplasia. The mRNA expression levels of both NKX6.3 and CDX2 predicted the intestinal metaplasia risk, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.9414 and 0.9971, respectively. Notably, the NKX6.3 expression level was positively and inversely correlated with SOX2 and CDX2, respectively. In stable AGS(NKX6.3) and MKN1(NKX6.3) cells, NKX6.3 regulated the expression of CDX2 and SOX2 by directly binding to the promoter regions of both genes. Nuclear NKX6.3 expression was detected only in gastric epithelial cells without intestinal metaplasia. Furthermore, NKX6.3-induced TWSG1 bound to BMP4 and inhibited BMP4-binding activity to BMPR-II. These data suggest that NKX6.3 might function as a master regulator of gastric differentiation by affecting SOX2 and CDX2 expression and the NKX6.3 inactivation may result in intestinal metaplasia in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung S Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong K Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk W Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Y Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won S Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Di Stadio CS, Altieri F, Miselli G, Elce A, Severino V, Chambery A, Quagliariello V, Villano V, de Dominicis G, Rippa E, Arcari P. AMP18 interacts with the anion exchanger SLC26A3 and enhances its expression in gastric cancer cells. Biochimie 2015; 121:151-60. [PMID: 26700142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AMP18 is a stomach-specific secreted protein expressed in normal gastric mucosa but absent in gastric cancer. AMP18 plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity and is characterized by the presence of a BRICHOS domain consisting of about 100 amino acids, present also in several unrelated proteins, and probably endowed with a chaperon-like activity. In this work, we exploited a functional proteomic strategy to identify potential AMP18 interactors with the aim to add knowledge on its functional role within gastric cell lines and tissues. To this purpose, recombinant biotinylated AMP18 was purified and incubated with protein extract from human normal gastric mucosa by applying an affinity chromatography strategy. The interacting proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The pool of interacting proteins contained SLC26A3, a protein expressed in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, supposed to play a critical role in Cl(-) absorption and fluid homeostasis. The interaction was also confirmed by Western blot with anti-SLC26A3 on transfected AGS cell extract following AMP18 pull-down. Furthermore, the interaction between AMP18 and SLC26A3 was also validated by confocal microscopy that showed a co-localization of both proteins at plasma membrane level. More importantly, for the first time, we showed that SLC26A3 is down-regulated in gastric cancer and that the overexpression of AMP18 in AMP-transfected gastric cancer cells up-regulated the expression of SLC26A3 both at transcriptional and translational level, the latter probably through the activation of the MAP kinases pathway. These findings strongly suggest that AMP18 might play an anti-inflammatory role in maintaining mucosal integrity also by regulating SLC26A3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ausilia Elce
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Severino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, I-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Villano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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Antrum Mucosal Protein-18 Peptide Targets Tight Junctions to Protect and Heal Barrier Structure and Function in Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21. [PMID: 26197453 PMCID: PMC4567513 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A peptide derived from Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18 (gastrokine-1) reduces the extent of mucosal erosions and clinical severity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic injury. This study set out to determine if AMP peptide was also therapeutic for immune- and cytokine-mediated mouse models of intestinal injury and inflammatory bowel diseases by enhancing and stabilizing tight junctions. METHODS Therapeutic effects of AMP peptide were examined in interleukin-10-deficient and a T-cell adoptive transfer models of colitis in immunodeficient recombinase activating gene-1 knock-out (RAG-1-/-) mice. Mechanisms by which AMP peptide enhances barrier function and structure were studied ex vivo using intestine and colon from mice given lipopolysaccharide and in AMP-18-deficient mice given dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS In interleukin-10-deficient mice given piroxicam, AMP peptide enhanced recovery after weight loss, protected against colon shortening and segmental dilation, and reduced the colitis activity score. In the T-cell transfer model, treatment with the peptide protected against colon shortening. In mice given lipopolysaccharide in vivo to induce gut injury, AMP peptide prevented the onset of, and reversed established intestinal hyperpermeability by targeting TJ proteins and perijunctional actin. AMP-18-deficient mice challenged with dextran sulfate sodium exhibited increased mortality, developed erosions in the colon, and had lower levels of ZO-1 in TJs than heterozygous littermates or wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that AMP-18/peptide may serve a protective role against injury along the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, and recommend further development of AMP peptide as a novel agent to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Abstract
Dysregulated homeostasis of epithelial cells resulting in disruption of mucosal barrier function is an important pathogenic mechanism in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We have characterized a novel gastric protein, Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18, that has pleiotropic properties; it is mitogenic, anti-apoptotic and can stimulate formation of tight junctions. A 21-mer synthetic peptide derived from AMP-18 exhibits the same biological functions as the full-length protein and is an effective therapeutic agent in mouse models of IBD. In this study we set out to characterize therapeutic mechanisms and identify molecular targets by which AMP-18 maintains and restores disrupted epithelial homeostasis in cultured intestinal epithelial cells and a mouse model of IBD. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine known to mediate gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal injury in IBD, was used to induce intestinal epithelial cell injury, and study the effects of AMP-18 on apoptosis and the cell cycle. An apoptosis array used to search for targets of AMP-18 in cells exposed to TNF-α identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Treatment with AMP-18 blunted increases in p21 expression and apoptosis, while reversing disturbed cell cycle kinetics induced by TNF-α. AMP-18 appears to act through PI3K/AKT pathways to increase p21 phosphorylation, thereby reducing its nuclear accumulation to overcome the antiproliferative effects of TNF-α. In vitamin D receptor-deficient mice with TNBS-induced IBD, the observed increase in p21 expression in colonic epithelial cells was suppressed by treatment with AMP peptide. The results indicate that AMP-18 can maintain and/or restore the homeostatic balance between proliferation and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells to protect and repair mucosal barrier homeostasis and function, suggesting a therapeutic role in IBD.
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Rippa E, Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Miselli G, Lamberti A, Federico A, Quagliariello V, Papale F, Guerra G, Arcari P. Ectopic expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer cells up-regulates tight and adherens junction proteins network. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:577-83. [PMID: 26008777 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a stomach-specific protein important in the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cell layer and in maintaining mucosal integrity. A role in cell proliferation and differentiation has also been hypothesized. Despite these findings, the function(s) as well as the cellular localization of GKN1 in the cellular machinery are currently not clarified. The investigation of subcellular localization of GKN1 in gastric cancer cells can provide insights into its potential cellular roles. Subcellular fractions of gastric cancer cells (AGS) transfected with full-length GKN1 (flGKN1) or incubated with recombinant GKN1 (rGKN1) lacking the first 20 amino acids at N-terminal were analyzed by Western blot and confocal microscopy and compared with those from normal gastric tissue. Wild type GKN1 (wtGKN1) and flGKN1 were revealed in the cytoplasm and in the membrane fractions of gastric cells, whereas rGKN1 was revealed in the cytoplasmic fractions, but a high amount was detected in the membrane pellet of the AGS lysate. The cellular distribution of GKN1 was also confirmed by confocal microscopy. The purified protein was also used to highlight its possible association with actin through confocal microscopy, pelleting assay, and size-exclusion chromatography. GKN1 co-localizes with actin in normal gastric tissue, but no direct interaction was observed between the two proteins in vitro. Most likely, GKN1 indirectly participates in actin stabilization since its overexpression in gastric cancer cells strongly increases the expression of tight and adherens junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CNR, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Papale
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Naples, Italy.
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30
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Guo XY, Dong L, Qin B, Jiang J, Shi AM. Decreased expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16702-16706. [PMID: 25469040 PMCID: PMC4248215 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of gastrokine 1 (GKN1) in normal gastric mucosa, precancerous lesions and gastric cancer tissues, and to analyse its correlations with tumour site and pathological pattern.
METHODS: Thirty gastric cancer patients (12 cases of diffuse type and 18 cases of intestinal type), 13 atrophic gastritis patients and 15 healthy volunteers with almost normal gastric mucosa (superficial gastritis) were enrolled in this study. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was examined in all subjects. All gastric mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained. Cancer-adjacent specimens were taken from corresponding gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were performed to determine the expressions of the GKN1 protein and mRNA, respectively.
RESULTS: H. pylori infection had no significant association with age, gender, tumour site or pathological pattern in all subjects. Compared with the superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis groups, the expression of GKN1 protein (P = 0.011) and mRNA (P < 0.001) in gastric cancer was significantly decreased. The GKN1 mRNA level in diffuse type gastric cancer was significantly lower than in intestinal type gastric cancer (0.296 ± 0.076 vs 0.525 ± 0.164, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Compared with almost normal gastric mucosa, GKN1 expression in the gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients is decreased; this is associated with progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Severino V, Sandomenico A, Minopoli G, Miselli G, Di Maro A, Ruvo M, Chambery A, Quagliariello V, Masullo M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Anti-amyloidogenic property of human gastrokine 1. Biochimie 2014; 106:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Colombo M, Priori D, Trevisi P, Bosi P. Differential gene expression in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa of the young pig. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111447. [PMID: 25357124 PMCID: PMC4214732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach is often considered a single compartment, although morphological differences among specific areas are well known. Oxyntic mucosa (OXY) and pyloric mucosa (PYL, in other species called antral mucosa) are primarily equipped for acid secretion and gastrin production, respectively, while it is not yet clear how the remainder of genes expressed differs in these areas. Here, the differential gene expression between OXY and PYL mucosa was assessed in seven starter pigs. Total RNA expression was analyzed by whole genome Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.1_ST array strips. Exploratory functional analysis of gene expression values was done by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, comparing OXY and PYL. Normalized enrichment scores (NESs) were calculated for each gene (statistical significance defined when False Discovery Rate % <25 and P-values of NES<0.05). Expression values were selected for a set of 44 genes and the effect of point of gastric sample was tested by analysis of variance with the procedure for repeated measures. In OXY, HYDROGEN ION TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORTER ACTIVITY gene set was the most enriched set compared to PYL, including the two genes for H+/K+-ATPase. Pathways related to mitochondrial activity and feeding behavior were also enriched (primarily cholecystokinin receptors and ghrelin). Aquaporin 4 was the top-ranking gene. In PYL, two gene sets were enriched compared with OXY: LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION and LIPID RAFT, a gene set involved in cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane. The single most differentially expressed genes were gastrin and secretoglobin 1A, member 1, presumably located in the epithelial line, to inactivate inflammatory mediators. Several genes related to mucosal integrity, immune response, detoxification and epithelium renewal were also enriched in PYL (P<0.05). The data indicate that there is significant differential gene expression between OXY of the young pig and PYL and further functional studies are needed to confirm their physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Priori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Yoon JH, Choi WS, Kim O, Park WS. The role of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:147-55. [PMID: 25328759 PMCID: PMC4199881 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic imbalance between cell proliferation and death in gastric mucosal epithelia may lead to gastritis and gastric cancer. Despite abundant gastrokine 1 (GKN1) expression in the normal stomach, the loss of GKN1 expression is frequently detected in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori, as well as in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer tissues, suggesting that GKN1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense, and the gene functions as a gastric tumor suppressor. In the stomach, GKN1 is involved in gastric mucosal inflammation by regulating cytokine production, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. GKN1 also inhibits the carcinogenic potential of H. pylori protein CagA by binding to it, and up-regulates antioxidant enzymes. In addition, GKN1 reduces cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation by inhibiting cell cycle progression and epigenetic modification by down-regulating the expression levels of DNMT1 and EZH2, and DNMT1 activity, and inducing apoptosis through the death receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, GKN1 also inhibits gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis via coordinated regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, reactive oxygen species production, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Although the modes of action of GKN1 have not been clearly described, recent limited evidence suggests that GKN1 acts as a gastric-specific tumor suppressor. This review aims to discuss, comment, and summarize the recent progress in the understanding of the role of GKN1 in gastric cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. GKN2 contributes to the homeostasis of gastric mucosa by inhibiting GKN1 activity. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:762-71. [PMID: 24151046 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. Here, we investigated whether gastrokine 2 (GKN2) contributes to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by regulating GKN1 activity. We analyzed cell viability, proliferation, and death in AGS cells transfected with GKN1, GKN2, GKN1 plus GKN2 using MTT, BrdU incorporation, and apoptosis assays, respectively. In addition, the expression levels of the cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins, miR-185, DNMT1, and EZH2 were determined. We also compared the expression of GKN1, GKN2, and CagA in 50 non-neoplastic gastric mucosae and measured GKN2 expression in 169 gastric cancers by immunohistochemistry. GKN2 inhibited anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities, miR-185 induction, and anti-epigenetic modifications of GKN1. There was a positive correlation between GKN1 and GKN2 expression (P = 0.0074), and the expression of GKN1, but not GKN2, was significantly lower in Helicobacter pylori CagA-positive gastric mucosa (P = 0.0013). Interestingly, ectopic GKN1 expression in AGS cells increased GKN2 mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner (P = 0.01). Loss of GKN2 expression was detected in 126 (74.6%) of 169 gastric cancers by immunohistochemical staining and was closely associated with GKN1 expression and differentiation of gastric cancer cells (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0114, respectively). Overall, our data demonstrate that in the presence of GKN2, GKN1 loses its ability to decrease cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer cells. Thus, we conclude that GKN2 may contribute to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting GKN1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Handa O, Yoshikawa T. Lipid hydroperoxide-derived modification of proteins in gastrointestinal tract. Subcell Biochem 2014; 77:137-148. [PMID: 24374925 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7920-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases has been evaluated by measuring the tissue levels of lipid peroxides as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the animal models as well as human. Recently, N (ε)-(hexanoyl)lysine (HEL) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are recognized as reliable and sensitive biomarkers for the early phase and the late phase of lipid peroxidation, respectively. The presence of HNE- and HEL-modified proteins has been demonstrated in in vivo models of several gastrointestinal diseases. In the present review, we introduced HNE-modification of TRPV1 channel in esophageal epithelial cells, HEL-modification of tropomyosin 1 (TMP1) in gastric cancer cells, and HEL-modification of gastrokine 1 in the healing of gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan,
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Choi WS, Seo HS, Song KY, Yoon JH, Kim O, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 expression in the human gastric mucosa is closely associated with the degree of gastritis and DNA methylation. J Gastric Cancer 2013; 13:232-41. [PMID: 24511419 PMCID: PMC3915185 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2013.13.4.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastrokine 1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense. Additionally, the Gastrokine 1-miR-185-DNMT1 axis has been shown to suppress gastric carcinogenesis through regulation of epigenetic alteration. Here, we investigated the effects of Gastrokine 1 on DNA methylation and gastritis. Materials and Methods Expression of Gastrokine 1, DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc proteins, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein were determined in 55 non-neoplastic gastric mucosal tissue samples by western blot analysis. The CpG island methylation phenotype was also examined using six markers (p16, hMLH1, CDH1, MINT1, MINT2 and MINT31) by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Histological gastritis was assessed according to the updated Sydney classification system. Results Reduced Gastrokine 1 expression was found in 20 of the 55 (36.4%) gastric mucosal tissue samples and was closely associated with miR-185 expression. The Gastrokine 1 expression level was inversely correlated with that of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc, and closely associated with the degree of gastritis. The H. pylori CagA protein was detected in 26 of the 55 (47.3%) gastric mucosal tissues and was positively associated with the expression of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc. In addition, 30 (54.5%) and 23 (41.9%) of the gastric mucosal tissues could be classified as CpG island methylation phenotype-low and CpG island methylation phenotype-high, respectively. Reduced expression of Gastrokine 1 and miR-185, and increased expression of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc were detected in the CpG island methylation phenotype-high gastric mucosa. Conclusions Gastrokine 1 has a crucial role in gastric inflammation and DNA methylation in gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Suk Seo
- Department of General Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo Young Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yong Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yoon JH, Cho ML, Choi YJ, Back JY, Park MK, Lee SW, Choi BJ, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression in gastric cancers. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1800-9. [PMID: 23444260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense mechanism and also acts as a functional gastric tumor suppressor. In this study, we examined the effect of GKN1 on the expression of inflammatory mediators, including NF-κB, COX-2, and cytokines in GKN1-transfected AGS cells and shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells. Lymphocyte migration and cell viability were also analyzed after treatment with GKN1 and inflammatory cytokines in AGS cells by transwell chemotaxis and an MTT assay, respectively. In GKN1-transfected AGS cells, we observed inactivation and reduced expression of NF-κB and COX-2, whereas shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells showed activation and increased expression of NF-κB and COX-2. GKN1 expression induced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 and -17A, but decreased expression of IL-6 and -10. We also found IL-17A expression in 9 (13.6%) out of 166 gastric cancer tissues and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 expression. GKN1 also acted as a chemoattractant for the migration of Jurkat T cells and peripheral B lymphocytes in the transwell assay. In addition, GKN1 significantly reduced cell viability in both AGS and HFE-145 cells. These data suggest that the GKN1 gene may inhibit progression of gastric epithelial cells to cancer cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Choi WS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Functional analysis of the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:689-95. [PMID: 24099765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protects the gastric antral mucosa and promotes healing by facilitating restitution and proliferation after injury. GKN1 is down-regulated in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells and loss of GKN1 expression is tightly associated with gastric carcinogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms as a tumor suppressor are largely unknown. Presently, the hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1, pGKN1(D13N), pGKN1(Δ68-199), and pGKN1(Δ1-67,165-199) were shown to suppress gastric cancer cell growth and recapitulate GKN1 functions. As well, the hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 had a synergistic anti-cancer effect with 5-FU on tumor cell growth, implying that the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 are sufficient for tumor suppression, thereby suggesting a therapeutic intervention for gastric cancer. Also, its domain inducing endogenous miR-185 directly targeted the epigenetic effectors DNMT1 and EZH2 in gastric cancer cells. Our results suggest that the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 are sufficient for its tumor suppressor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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GKN1 and miR-185 are associated with CpG island methylator phenotype in gastric cancers. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Zuern C, Thiel F, Koch M, Menendez-Castro C, Wachter DL, Hartner A, Rascher W. The tumor suppressor gastrokine-1 is expressed in placenta and contributes to the regulation of trophoblast migration. Placenta 2013; 34:1027-35. [PMID: 23993393 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is a secreted auto-/paracrine protein, described to be expressed in the gastric mucosa. In gastric cancers GKN1 expression is commonly down-regulated. While current research focusses on the exploration of tumor-suppressive properties of GKN1 with regard to its potential clinical use in the treatment of gastroenterologic tumor disease, nothing is known about GKN1 expression and function in other organ systems. We investigated GKN1 expression in placental tissue and cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKN1 was localized using immunohistochemistry in first and third trimester placental tissue, hydatidiform moles and various gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. We determined the expression of GKN1 in immunomagnetic bead-separated term placental cells and in choriocarcinoma cell lines. The role of GKN1 for JEG-3 migration was studied using live cell imaging. E-cadherin, MMP-2 and -9, TIMP-1 and -2, as well as urokinase (uPA) expression levels were determined. RESULTS GKN1 is expressed in healthy third trimester placentas. Its expression is specifically limited to the extravillous trophoblast (EVT). GKN1 expression is significantly reduced in choriocarcinoma cell lines and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. GKN1 attenuates the migration of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, possibly via AKT-mediated induction of E-cadherin. GKN1 treatment reduced MMP-9 expression in JEG-3. DISCUSSION Besides its role in gastric physiology our results clearly indicate regulatory functions of GKN1 in the EVT at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy. Based on our findings in the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line, an auto-/paracrine role of GKN1 for EVT motility and villous anchorage at the basal plate is conceivable. Thus, the tumor suppressor GKN1 is expressed in placental EVT and might contribute to the regulation of EVT migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. GKN1-miR-185-DNMT1 axis suppresses gastric carcinogenesis through regulation of epigenetic alteration and cell cycle. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4599-610. [PMID: 23846337 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) functions to protect the gastric antral mucosa and promotes healing by facilitating restoration and proliferation after injury. GKN1 is downregulated in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells and loss of GKN1 expression is closely associated with gastric carcinogenesis, but underlying mechanisms of the tumor-suppressing effects of GKN1 remain largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AGS, MKN1, MKN28 gastric cancer cells and HFE-145 immortalized non-neoplastic gastric mucosal cells were transfected with GKN1 or shGKN1. We conducted molecular and functional studies of GKN1 and miR-185 and investigated the mechanisms of alteration. We also analyzed epigenetic alterations in 80 gastric cancer tissues. RESULTS Restoration of GKN1 protein suppressed gastric cancer cell growth by inducing endogenous miR-185 that directly targets epigenetic effectors DNMT1 and EZH2 in gastric cancer cells. In addition, ectopic expression of GKN1 upregulated Tip60 and downregulated HDAC1 in an miR-185-independent manner, thereby inducing cell-cycle arrest by regulating cell-cycle proteins in gastric cancer cells. Notably, GKN1 expression was inversely correlated with DNMT1 and EZH2 expression in a subset of 80 gastric cancer tissues and various gastric cancer cell lines. Interestingly, it was found that GKN1 exerted a synergistic anti-cancerous effect with 5-fluorouracil on tumor cell growth, which suggests a possible therapeutic intervention method for gastric cancer. CONCLUSION Our results show that GKN1 has an miR-185-dependent and -independent mechanism for chromatic and DNA epigenetic modification, thereby regulating the cell cycle. Thus, the loss of GKN1 function contributes to malignant transformation and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Xiao JW, Chen JH, Ren MY, Tian XB, Wang CS. Relationship between expression of gastrokine 1 and clinicopathological characteristics in gastric cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5897-901. [PMID: 23317277 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to clarify the role of gastrokine 1 in the process of formation and development of gastric cancer. The expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous gastric tissues of 52 gastric cancer patients was assessed with the real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. We also analyzed the relationship between the expression level and clinicopathological characteristics. Gastrokine 1 gene and protein expression in gastric cancer tissues was in both cases significantly lower than in corresponding non-cancerous gastric tissues (both P<0.01), but no significant relationship was found with clinicopathological parameters including tumor location, depth of invasion, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, stage, gender, age and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level in peripheral blood preoperation of patients (P>0.05, respectively). Furthermore, gastrokine 1 gene expression was markedly lower in gastric cancer tissues of Helicobacter pylori (HP)-positive patients than negative ones (P<0.05). The result of the study showed that gastrokine 1 might play a significant role in the process of formation and development of gastric cancer as an anti-oncogene. Its effect might be weakened by HP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Wei Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Geahlen JH, Lapid C, Thorell K, Nikolskiy I, Huh WJ, Oates EL, Lennerz JKM, Tian X, Weis VG, Khurana SS, Lundin SB, Templeton AR, Mills JC. Evolution of the human gastrokine locus and confounding factors regarding the pseudogenicity of GKN3. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:667-83. [PMID: 23715263 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a screen for genes expressed specifically in gastric mucous neck cells, we identified GKN3, the recently discovered third member of the gastrokine family. We present confirmatory mouse data and novel porcine data showing that mouse GKN3 expression is confined to mucous cells of the corpus neck and antrum base and is prominently expressed in metaplastic lesions. GKN3 was proposed originally to be expressed in some human populations and a pseudogene in others. To investigate that hypothesis, we studied human GKN3 evolution in the context of its paralogous genomic neighbors, GKN1 and GKN2. Haplotype analysis revealed that GKN3 mimics GKN2 in patterns of exonic SNP allocation, whereas GKN1 appeared to be more stringently selected. GKN3 showed signatures of both directional selection and population based selective sweeps in humans. One such selective sweep includes SNP rs10187256, originally identified as an ancestral tryptophan to premature STOP codon mutation. The derived (nonancestral) allele went to fixation in Asia. We show that another SNP, rs75578132, identified 5 bp downstream of rs10187256, exhibits a second selective sweep in almost all Europeans, some Latinos, and some Africans, possibly resulting from a reintroduction of European genes during African colonization. Finally, we identify a mutation that would destroy the splice donor site in the putative exon3-intron3 boundary, which occurs in all human genomes examined to date. Our results highlight a stomach-specific human genetic locus, which has undergone various selective sweeps across European, Asian, and African populations and thus reflects geographic and ethnic patterns in genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Geahlen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Menheniott TR, Kurklu B, Giraud AS. Gastrokines: stomach-specific proteins with putative homeostatic and tumor suppressor roles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G109-21. [PMID: 23154977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00374.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a new family of stomach-specific proteins has been recognized. Known as "gastrokines" (GKNs), these secreted proteins are products of gastric mucus-producing cell lineages. GKNs are highly conserved in physical structure, and emerging data point to convergent functions in the modulation of gastric mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. While GKNs are highly prevalent in the normal stomach, frequent loss of GKN expression in gastric cancers, coupled with established antiproliferative activity, suggests putative tumor suppressor roles. Conversely, ectopic expression of GKNs in reparative lesions of Crohn's disease alludes to additional activity in epithelial wound healing and/or repair. Modes of action remain unsolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN2-trefoil factor 1 heterodimer implicates functional interplay with trefoil factors. This review aims to provide a historical account of GKN biology and encapsulate the rapidly accumulating evidence supporting roles in gastric epithelial homeostasis and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Pavone LM, Del Vecchio P, Mallardo P, Altieri F, De Pasquale V, Rea S, Martucci NM, Di Stadio CS, Pucci P, Flagiello A, Masullo M, Arcari P, Rippa E. Structural characterization and biological properties of human gastrokine 1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:412-21. [PMID: 23319233 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine-1 (GKN1), a protein expressed in normal gastric tissue, but absent in gastric cancer tissues and derived cell lines, has recently emerged as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer. To better establish the molecular properties of GKN1, the first protocol for the production of mature human GKN1 in the expression system of Pichia pastoris was settled. The recombinant protein showed anti-proliferative properties specifically on gastric cancer cell lines thus indicating that it was properly folded. Characterization of structural and biochemical properties of recombinant GKN1 was achieved by limited proteolysis analysis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis of GKN1 primary structure coupled to proteolytic experiments highlighted that GKN1 was essentially resistant to proteolytic enzymes and showed the presence of at least a disulphide bond between Cys61 and one of the other three Cys (Cys122, Cys145 and Cys159) of the molecule. The secondary structure analysis revealed a prevailing β-structure. Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigations on GKN1 thermal denaturation pointed out its high thermal stability and suggested a more complex than a two-state unfolding process. The resulting protein was endowed with a globular structure characterized by domains showing different stabilities toward chemical and physical denaturants. These results are in agreement with the prediction of GKN1 secondary structure and a three-dimensional structure model. Our findings provide the basis for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds of potential use for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Chen P, Kartha S, Bissonnette M, Hart J, Toback FG. AMP-18 facilitates assembly and stabilization of tight junctions to protect the colonic mucosal barrier. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1749-59. [PMID: 22271547 PMCID: PMC3337967 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an injured epithelium. Development of agents that could enhance mucosal healing is a major goal in IBD therapeutics. The 18-kDa antrum mucosal protein (AMP-18) and a 21-mer peptide derived from AMP-18 stimulate accumulation of tight junction (TJ) proteins in cultured epithelial cells and mouse colonic mucosa to protect the mucosal barrier, suggesting it might be a useful agent to treat IBD. METHODS We searched for molecular mechanisms by which AMP peptide or recombinant AMP-18 act on TJs in intact cell monolayers, or those disrupted by low-calcium medium. Roles of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) / heat shock protein (hsp)25 pathway and PKCζ were investigated by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. RESULTS AMP peptide activated p38 MAPK, which subsequently phosphorylated hsp25. Accumulated phospho-hsp25 was associated with perijunctional actin. AMP-18 also induced rapid phosphorylation of PKCζ and its colocalization with perijunctional actin in Caco2/bbe cells, which was accompanied by translocation and formation of complexes of "polarity proteins" in the TJ-containing detergent-insoluble fraction. Treatment with AMP-18 also stimulated accumulation of ZO-1, ZO-2, and JAM-A in nascent TJs known to associate with the multimeric p-PKCζ/Par6/ Cdc42/ECT2·GTP/Par3 polarity protein complex. CONCLUSIONS AMP-18 facilitates translocation and assembly of multiple proteins into TJs and their association with and subsequent stabilization of the actin filament network. We speculate that improved barrier function induced by AMP-18 is mediated by enhanced TJ assembly. Thus, AMP-18 may provide a promising lead to develop agents effective in healing injured colonic epithelium in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - F. Gary Toback
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Mao W, Chen J, Peng TL, Yin XF, Chen LZ, Chen MH. Downregulation of gastrokine-1 in gastric cancer tissues and restoration of its expression induced gastric cancer cells to apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:49. [PMID: 22621392 PMCID: PMC3511871 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastrokine-1 (GKN1), a secreted protein, is specifically expressed in gastric mucosa to protect and maintain the integrity of gastric epithelium. The present study investigated differential expression of GKN1 in normal, precancerous, and cancerous gastric tissues, and explored the biological functions of GKN1 protein in gastric cancer cells. Methods RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect GKN1 expression in normal, precancerous, cancerous gastric tissues and seven gastric cancer cell lines. Gene transfection was used to restore GKN1 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells. Phenotypic changes (i.e., cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, and sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to fluorouracil (5-FU)) were assayed in the transfected cells. DNA microarrays were used to analyze expression changes of apoptosis-related genes. Results Significant downregulation or absence of GKN1 expression in seven gastric cancer cell lines were detected and progressive decrease of GKN1 expression from normal mucosa, precancerous tissue, to cancer tissues was observed. Moreover, restoration of GKN1 expression suppressed gastric cancer cell viability and induced the cells to undergo apoptosis. GKN1 expression also enhanced tumor cell sensitivity to 5-FU treatment. Moreover, it was found that GKN1 expression in AGS cells modulated expression of 19 apoptosis-related genes. Conclusions Expression of GKN1 is progressively lost from normal mucosa, precancerous to cancerous gastric tissues, while restoration of GKN1 expression induces gastric cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and enhances sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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A novel Peptide to treat oral mucositis blocks endothelial and epithelial cell apoptosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:e409-15. [PMID: 22420966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE No effective agents currently exist to treat oral mucositis (OM) in patients receiving chemoradiation for the treatment of head-and-neck cancer. We identified a novel 21-amino acid peptide derived from antrum mucosal protein-18 that is cytoprotective, mitogenic, and motogenic in tissue culture and animal models of gastrointestinal epithelial cell injury. We examined whether administration of antrum mucosal protein peptide (AMP-p) could protect against and/or speed recovery from OM. METHODS AND MATERIALS OM was induced in established hamster models by a single dose of radiation, fractionated radiation, or fractionated radiation together with cisplatin to simulate conventional treatments of head-and-neck cancer. RESULTS Daily subcutaneous administration of AMP-p reduced the occurrence of ulceration and accelerated mucosal recovery in all three models. A delay in the onset of erythema after irradiation was observed, suggesting that a protective effect exists even before injury to mucosal epithelial cells occurs. To test this hypothesis, the effects of AMP-p on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis were studied in an endothelial cell line (human dermal microvascular endothelial cells) as well as an epithelial cell line (human adult low-calcium, high-temperature keratinocytes; HaCaT) used to model the oral mucosa. AMP-p treatment, either before or after cell monolayers were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α, protected against development of apoptosis in both cell types when assessed by annexin V and propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry or ligase-mediated polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the ability of AMP-p to attenuate radiation-induced OM could be attributable, at least in part, to its antiapoptotic activity.
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Rippa E, La Monica G, Allocca R, Romano MF, De Palma M, Arcari P. Overexpression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer cells induces Fas-mediated apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2571-8. [PMID: 21792914 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is involved in the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cell layer, in maintaining the mucosal integrity, and could play a role in cell proliferation and differentiation. In fact, after injury of the gastric mucosa, restoration may occur very rapidly in the presence of GKN1. In contrast, if the protein is downregulated, the repair process may be hampered; however, application of GKN1 to gastrointestinal cells promoted epithelial restoration. Because GKN1 possesses some mitogenic effects on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) whereas this protein was also capable of inhibiting proliferation in gastric cancer cells (MKN28), we decided to study its involvement in apoptosis to understand the role of GKN1 in the modulation of inflammatory damage or tumorigenesis in gastric mucosa. We found by cytofluorimetry, Western blot and RT-PCR that the overexpression of GKN1 in gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and MKN28) stimulated the expression of Fas receptor. Moreover, compared to control cells, a significant increase of apoptosis, evaluated by TUNEL, was observed when GKN1 transfected cells were treated with a monoclonal antibody (IgM) anti-Fas. The activation of Fas expression was also observed by the overexpression of GKN1 in other cancer cell lines. Moreover, in GKN1-overexpressing gastric cancer cells exposed to FasL, the activation of caspase-3 was also observed by Western blot and fluorescence assays. Our data represent the first report for GKN1 as modulator of apoptotic signals and suggest that GKN1 might play an important role for tissue repair during the early stages of neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rippa
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Yoon JH, Kang YH, Choi YJ, Park IS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Lee YS, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1697-704. [PMID: 21898090 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense mechanism and also acts as a functional gastric tumor suppressor. The specific aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying GKN1 tumor suppressor activity in the progression of gastric cancers. METHODS We examined the effect of GKN1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in GKN1-transfected and recombinant GKN1-treated AGS gastric cancer cells using in vitro wound healing, microchemotaxis, and invasion assays. RESULTS In GKN1-transfected AGS cells, we observed inhibition of cell migration and invasion in wound healing, transwell and Matrigel assay. Also, GKN1-transfected and recombinant GKN1-treated AGS cells showed decreased levels of ROS and expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway proteins, concomitant with re-expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of β-catenin, slug, snail, fibronectin, and vimentin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the GKN1 gene may play an important role in the progression of sporadic gastric cancers via inhibition of EMT and cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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