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Ricci MF, Béla SR, Barbosa JL, Moraes MM, Mazzeti AL, Bahia MT, Horta LS, Santiago HDC, Cruz JS, Capettini LDSA, Arantes RME. A Potential Role of Cholinergic Dysfunction on Impaired Colon Motility in Experimental Intestinal Chagas Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:483-500. [PMID: 35799242 PMCID: PMC9274474 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Chagasic megacolon is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which promotes in several cases, irreversible segmental colonic dilation. This alteration is the major anatomic-clinical disorder, characterized by the enteric nervous system and muscle wall structural damage. Herein, we investigate how T. cruzi-induced progressive colonic structural changes modulate the colonic contractile pattern activity. Methods We developed a murine model of T. cruzi-infection that reproduced long-term modifications of the enlarged colon. We evaluated colonic and total intestinal transit time in animals. The patterns of motor response at several time intervals between the acute and chronic phases were evaluated using the organ bath assays. Enteric motor neurons were stimulated by electric field stimulation. The responses were analyzed in the presence of the nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The neurotransmitter expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results In the chronic phase of infection, there was decreased intestinal motility associated with decreased amplitude and rhythmicity of intestinal contractility. Pharmacological tests suggested a defective response mediated by acetylcholine receptors. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine was decreased by atropine in the acute phase while the lack of its action in the chronic phase was associated with tissue damage, and decreased expression of choline acetyltransferase, nicotinic subunits of acetylcholine receptors, and neurotransmitters. Conclusions T. cruzi-induced damage of smooth muscles was accompanied by motility disorders such as decreased intestinal peristalsis and cholinergic system response impairment. This study allows integration of the natural history of Chagasic megacolon motility disorders and opens new perspectives for the design of effective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra F Ricci
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Samantha R Béla
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Joana L Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana L Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Maria T Bahia
- Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Laila S Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Helton da C Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jader S Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luciano dos S A Capettini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Koh SD, Drumm BT, Lu H, Kim HJ, Ryoo SB, Kim HU, Lee JY, Rhee PL, Wang Q, Gould TW, Heredia D, Perrino BA, Hwang SJ, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Propulsive colonic contractions are mediated by inhibition-driven poststimulus responses that originate in interstitial cells of Cajal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123020119. [PMID: 35446689 PMCID: PMC9170151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The peristaltic reflex is a fundamental behavior of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in which mucosal stimulation activates propulsive contractions. The reflex occurs by stimulation of intrinsic primary afferent neurons with cell bodies in the myenteric plexus and projections to the lamina propria, distribution of information by interneurons, and activation of muscle motor neurons. The current concept is that excitatory cholinergic motor neurons are activated proximal to and inhibitory neurons are activated distal to the stimulus site. We found that atropine reduced, but did not block, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) in mouse, monkey, and human colons, suggesting a mechanism other than one activated by cholinergic neurons is involved in the generation/propagation of CMMCs. CMMCs were activated after a period of nerve stimulation in colons of each species, suggesting that the propulsive contractions of CMMCs may be due to the poststimulus excitation that follows inhibitory neural responses. Blocking nitrergic neurotransmission inhibited poststimulus excitation in muscle strips and blocked CMMCs in intact colons. Our data demonstrate that poststimulus excitation is due to increased Ca2+ transients in colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) following cessation of nitrergic, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent inhibitory responses. The increase in Ca2+ transients after nitrergic responses activates a Ca2+-activated Cl− conductance, encoded by Ano1, in ICC. Antagonists of ANO1 channels inhibit poststimulus depolarizations in colonic muscles and CMMCs in intact colons. The poststimulus excitatory responses in ICC are linked to cGMP-inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase 3a and cAMP-dependent effects. These data suggest alternative mechanisms for generation and propagation of CMMCs in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Bernard T. Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Hongli Lu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Seung-Bum Ryoo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Heung-Up Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Poong-Lyul Rhee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea 135-710
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Thomas W. Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Dante Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Brian A. Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
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Barth BB, Spencer NJ, Grill WM. Activation of ENS Circuits in Mouse Colon: Coordination in the Mouse Colonic Motor Complex as a Robust, Distributed Control System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:113-123. [PMID: 36587151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic motor patterns of the colon are coordinated by the enteric nervous system (ENS) and involve enterochromaffin (EC) cells, enteric glia, smooth muscle fibers, and interstitial cells. While the fundamental control mechanisms of colonic motor patterns are understood, greater complexity in the circuitry underlying motor patterns has been revealed by recent advances in the field. We review these recent advances and new findings from our laboratories that provide insights into how the ENS coordinates motor patterns in the isolated mouse colon. We contextualize these observations by describing the neuromuscular system underling the colonic motor complex (CMC) as a robust, distributed control system. Framing the colonic motor complex as a control system reveals a new perspective on the coordinated motor patterns in the colon. We test the control system by applying electrical stimulation in the isolated mouse colon to disrupt the coordination and propagation of the colonic motor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Barth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Wang J, Shen Z, Shen B, Jian J, Hannan T, Goosby K, Wang W, Beckel J, de Groat WC, Chermansky C, Tai C. Defecation induced by stimulation of sacral S2 spinal root in cats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G735-G742. [PMID: 34855517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether stimulation of sacral spinal nerve roots can induce defecation in cats. In anesthetized cats, bipolar hook electrodes were placed on the S1-S3 dorsal and/or ventral roots. Stimulus pulses (1-50 Hz, 0.2 ms) were applied to an individual S1-S3 root to induce proximal/distal colon contractions and defecation. Balloon catheters were inserted into the proximal and distal colon to measure contraction pressure. Glass marbles were inserted into the rectum to demonstrate defecation by videotaping the elimination of marbles. Stimulation of the S2 ventral root at 7 Hz induced significantly (P < 0.05) larger contractions (32 ± 9 cmH2O) in both proximal and distal colon than stimulation of the S1 or S3 ventral root. Intermittent (5 times) stimulation (1 min on and 1 min off) of both dorsal and ventral S2 roots at 7 Hz produced reproducible colon contractions without fatigue, whereas continuous stimulation of 5-min duration caused significant fatigue in colon contractions. Stimulation (7 Hz) of both dorsal and ventral S2 roots together successfully induced defecation that eliminated 1 or 2 marbles from the rectum. This study indicates the possibility to develop a novel neuromodulation device to restore defecation function after spinal cord injury using a minimally invasive surgical approach to insert a lead electrode via the sacral foramen to stimulate a sacral spinal root.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study in cats determined the optimal stimulation parameters and the spinal segment for sacral spinal root stimulation to induce colon contraction. The results have significant implications for design of a novel neuromodulation device to restore defecation function after spinal cord injury (SCI) and for optimizing sacral neuromodulation parameters to treat non-SCI people with chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhijun Shen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianan Jian
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis Hannan
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Khari Goosby
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Beckel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William C de Groat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Changfeng Tai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Wood JD. Motor behavior of mouse large intestine: A Minireview. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14206. [PMID: 34145934 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mice with a recessive gene which reduces the number of ganglion cells of the distal colon and rectum and produces megacolon, imitating Hirschsprung disease, are discussed as a model for integrative control of the large intestinal smooth musculature by the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system (ie, the brain-in-the-gut). Investigative approaches, such as propulsion of artificial pellets in preparations of whole colon in organ baths in vitro and innovative approaches capitalizing on neurogenetic technologies (eg, optogenetics), are considered in view of potential application in the development of novel therapeutic mechanisms to selectively evoke and control gastrointestinal motility patterns, such as the small intestinal digestive motility pattern, interdigestive pattern, and reversed direction of powerful propulsive motility during emesis. This minireview relates to the paper titled: "Motor patterns in the proximal and distal mouse colon which underlie formation and propulsion of feces," appearing in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Dale Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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