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Wang R, Shen L, Li H, Peng H. Eriodictyol attenuates dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in mice by regulating the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:974-985. [PMID: 34348563 PMCID: PMC8344262 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1948066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eriodictyol (EDT) is a flavonoid with strong anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of EDT in ulcerative colitis (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS UC model was induced by 3% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) solution for 7 days, meanwhile, EDT and Smoothened (Smo) inhibitor cyclopamine (Cyc) were intraperitoneally injected. In the first experiment, C57BL/6 mice divided into blank control, DSS, DSS + EDT (20 or 40 mg/kg) groups. In second experiment, added Cyc (5 mg/kg) and EDT + Cyc groups. All mice were sacrificed on day 8. Disease activity index (DAI), colon length and colon histology as well as MDA levels, SOD, and GSH-Px activities were measured. The expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Patched, Smo, glioblastoma-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2 in colon was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS After EDT treatment, compared with the DSS group, DAI (2.33 ± 0.516 vs. 3.67 ± 0.516), colon shortening (5.27 ± 0.476 vs. 4.53 ± 0.528 cm) and histological score (6.67 ± 1.211 vs. 12 ± 1.265) was significantly decreased. EDT also reduced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in colon. Additionally, EDT increased the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 (35%) and occludin (66.3%). Mechanistically, EDT upregulated the Shh signalling pathway. However, Cyc-mediated inhibition of the Shh pathway partially abolished the effects of EDT. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results indicate EDT attenuates DSS-induced colitis by activating the Shh pathway. Further clinical trials are needed to demonstrate its efficacy on UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
- CONTACT Lei Shen Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei430060, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng X, Nie M, Luan J, Wang Y, Ju D, Yin K. Hedgehog signaling in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:609-620. [PMID: 33777671 PMCID: PMC7982428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays important roles in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant HH signaling activation may accelerate the growth of gastrointestinal tumors and lead to tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance. The interaction between HH signaling and the TME is intimately involved in these processes, for example, tumor growth, tumor immune tolerance, inflammation, and drug resistance. Evidence indicates that inflammatory factors in the TME, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophages, and T cell-dependent immune responses, play a vital role in tumor growth by affecting the HH signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of proliferating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and inflammatory factors can normalize the TME by suppressing HH signaling. Furthermore, aberrant HH signaling activation is favorable to both the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the drug resistance of gastrointestinal tumors. This review discusses the current understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant HH signaling activation in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, the gastrointestinal TME, tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance and highlights the underlying therapeutic opportunities.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ALK5, TGF-β receptor I kinase
- ATO, arsenic trioxide
- BCC, basal cell carcinoma
- BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2
- BMI-1, B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- Carcinogenesis
- DHH, Desert Hedgehog
- Drug resistance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FOLFOX, oxaliplatin
- G protein coupled receptor kinase 2, HH
- Gastrointestinal cancer
- Hedgehog
- Hedgehog, HIF-1α
- IHH, Indian Hedgehog
- IL-10/6, interleukin 10/6
- ITCH, itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOX4, NADPH Oxidase 4
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PTCH, Patched
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHH, Sonic Hedgehog
- SMAD3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SMO, Smoothened
- SNF5, sucrose non-fermenting 5
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SUFU, Suppressor of Fused
- TAMs, tumor-related macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNT, Wingless/Integrated
- and leucovorin, GLI
- ch5E1, chimeric monoclonal antibody 5E1
- glioma-associated oncogene homologue, GRK2
- hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, IFN-γ: interferon-γ
- βArr2, β-arrestin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
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3
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Teh N, Leow LJ. The Role of Actin in Muscle Spasms in a Case Series of Patients with Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma Treated with a Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 11:293-299. [PMID: 33200373 PMCID: PMC7859007 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer globally, with the incidence increasing worldwide by approximately 1% annually. While most cases of BCC can be treated surgically, advanced BCC often poses treatment challenges for patients unsuitable for, or refractory to, radiotherapy and surgery. Since the majority of cases of BCC demonstrate Hedgehog signaling hyperactivation, Hedgehog pathway inhibitors provide durable treatment options and improved clinical outcomes for patients with advanced BCC. One of the most common adverse events seen in patients taking Hedgehog inhibitors includes muscle spasms, which are hypothesized to occur because of calcium influx into the muscle cells. Here we present a case series of patients with muscle spasms during treatment with sonidegib and propose an alternate etiology related to increased actin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Teh
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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4
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Belgacemi R, Luczka E, Ancel J, Diabasana Z, Perotin JM, Germain A, Lalun N, Birembaut P, Dubernard X, Mérol JC, Delepine G, Polette M, Deslée G, Dormoy V. Airway epithelial cell differentiation relies on deficient Hedgehog signalling in COPD. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102572. [PMID: 31877414 PMCID: PMC6931110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) pathway is constantly under scrutiny in the context of organ development. Lung morphogenesis requires HH signalling which participates thereafter to the pulmonary homeostasis by regulating epithelial cell quiescence and repair. Since epithelial remodelling is a hallmark of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), we investigated whether the main molecular actors of HH pathway participate to airway epithelial cell differentiation and we analysed their alterations in COPD patients. METHODS Sonic HH (Shh) secretion was assessed by ELISA in airway epithelial cell (AEC) air-liquid interface culture supernatants. HH pathway activation was evaluated by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunostaining. Inhibition of HH signalling was achieved upon Shh chelation during epithelial cell differentiation. HH pathway core components localization was investigated in lung tissues from non-COPD and COPD patients. FINDINGS We demonstrate that progenitors of AEC produced Shh responsible for the activation of HH signalling during the process of differentiation. Preventing the ligand-induced HH activation led to the establishment of a remodelled epithelium with increased number of basal cells and reduced ciliogenesis. Gli2 activating transcription factor was demonstrated as a key-element in the regulation of AEC differentiation. More importantly, Gli2 and Smo were lost in AEC from COPD patients. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that HH pathway is crucial for airway epithelial cell differentiation and highlight its role in COPD-associated epithelial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Belgacemi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Emilie Luczka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Julien Ancel
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Zania Diabasana
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Adeline Germain
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Nathalie Lalun
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Philippe Birembaut
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Xavier Dubernard
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mérol
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gonzague Delepine
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de chirurgie cardio-vasculaire et thoracique, Reims 51092, France
| | - Myriam Polette
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France.
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Xu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Ajani JA. The role of hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms, clinical potential, and perspective. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:157. [PMID: 31775795 PMCID: PMC6882007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced gastric cancer usually have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Overcoming this challenge requires novel targets and effective drugs. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and maintenance of the physiologic function of the stomach. Aberrantly activated Hh signaling is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells. Somatic mutations in the components of Hh signaling (PTCH1 and SMO) have been shown to be a major cause of basal cell carcinoma, and dozens of Hh inhibitors have been developed. To date, two inhibitors (GDC-0449 and LDE225) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Here, we review the role of the Hh signaling in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and summarize recent findings on Hh inhibitors in gastric cancer. Hedgehog signaling is often aberrantly activated and plays an important role during inflammation and carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells. Further study of the precise mechanisms of Hh signaling in this disease is needed for the validation of therapeutic targets and evaluation of the clinical utility of Hh inhibitors for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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6
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Zhang Y, Qian H, Xu J, Gao W. ADAR, the carcinogenesis mechanisms of ADAR and related clinical applications. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:686. [PMID: 31930087 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA, which can change the codons after transcription. Abnormal ADAR editing is present in a variety of cancers. However, the study of the biological effects of ADARs in cancer is not very deep. Here, we review current important ADAR-mediated editing events, related carcinogenic mechanisms and applications in clinical medicine. Further exploration in ADARs can provide a new direction for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huizhu Qian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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7
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Loh CY, Chai JY, Tang TF, Wong WF, Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Chong PP, Looi CY. The E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Switch in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Signaling, Therapeutic Implications, and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E1118. [PMID: 31547193 PMCID: PMC6830116 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has been shown to be crucial in tumorigenesis where the EMT program enhances metastasis, chemoresistance and tumor stemness. Due to its emerging role as a pivotal driver of tumorigenesis, targeting EMT is of great therapeutic interest in counteracting metastasis and chemoresistance in cancer patients. The hallmark of EMT is the upregulation of N-cadherin followed by the downregulation of E-cadherin, and this process is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and transcription factors. In this review, we summarized the recent understanding of the roles of E- and N-cadherins in cancer invasion and metastasis as well as the crosstalk with other signaling pathways involved in EMT. We also highlighted a few natural compounds with potential anti-EMT property and outlined the future directions in the development of novel intervention in human cancer treatments. We have reviewed 287 published papers related to this topic and identified some of the challenges faced in translating the discovery work from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yap Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Muthu Kumaraswamy Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
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8
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Binder M, Chmielarz P, Mckinnon PJ, Biggs LC, Thesleff I, Balic A. Functionally Distinctive Ptch Receptors Establish Multimodal Hedgehog Signaling in the Tooth Epithelial Stem Cell Niche. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1238-1248. [PMID: 31145830 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous growth of the mouse incisor teeth is due to the life-long maintenance of epithelial stem cells (SCs) in their niche called cervical loop (CL). Several signaling factors regulate SC maintenance and/or their differentiation to achieve organ homeostasis. Previous studies indicated that Hedgehog signaling is crucial for both the maintenance of the SCs in the niche, as well as for their differentiation. How Hedgehog signaling regulates these two opposing cellular behaviors within the confinement of the CL remains elusive. In this study, we used in vitro organ and cell cultures to pharmacologically attenuate Hedgehog signaling. We analyzed expression of various genes expressed in the SC niche to determine the effect of altered Hedgehog signaling on the cellular hierarchy within the niche. These genes include markers of SCs (Sox2 and Lgr5) and transit-amplifying cells (P-cadherin, Sonic Hedgehog, and Yap). Our results show that Hedgehog signaling is a critical survival factor for SCs in the niche, and that the architecture and the diversity of the SC niche are regulated by multiple Hedgehog ligands. We demonstrated the presence of an additional Hedgehog ligand, nerve-derived Desert Hedgehog, secreted in the proximity of the CL. In addition, we provide evidence that Hedgehog receptors Ptch1 and Ptch2 elicit independent responses, which enable multimodal Hedgehog signaling to simultaneously regulate SC maintenance and differentiation. Our study indicates that the cellular hierarchy in the continuously growing incisor is a result of complex interplay of two Hedgehog ligands with functionally distinct Ptch receptors. Stem Cells 2019;37:1238-1248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Binder
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter J Mckinnon
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leah C Biggs
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anamaria Balic
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Holokai L, Chakrabarti J, Broda T, Chang J, Hawkins JA, Sundaram N, Wroblewski LE, Peek RM, Wang J, Helmrath M, Wells JM, Zavros Y. Increased Programmed Death-Ligand 1 is an Early Epithelial Cell Response to Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007468. [PMID: 30703170 PMCID: PMC6380601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Our laboratory has reported that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is an early response to infection that is fundamental to the initiation of H. pylori-induced gastritis. H. pylori also induces programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on gastric epithelial cells, yet the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesize that H. pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Shh signaling pathway during infection. To identify the role of Shh signaling as a mediator of H. pylori-induced PD-L1 expression, human gastric organoids generated from either induced pluripotent stem cells (HGOs) or tissue (huFGOs) were microinjected with bacteria and treated with Hedgehog/Gli inhibitor GANT61. Gastric epithelial monolayers generated from the huFGOs were also infected with H. pylori and treated with GANT61 to study the role of Hedgehog signaling as a mediator of induced PD-1 expression. A patient-derived organoid/autologous immune cell co-culture system infected with H. pylori and treated with PD-1 inhibitor (PD-1Inh) was developed to study the protective mechanism of PD-L1 in response to bacterial infection. H. pylori significantly increased PD-L1 expression in organoid cultures 48 hours post-infection when compared to uninfected controls. The mechanism was cytotoxic associated gene A (CagA) dependent. This response was blocked by pretreatment with GANT61. Anti-PD-L1 treatment of H. pylori infected huFGOs, co-cultured with autologous patient cytotoxic T lymphocytes and dendritic cells, induced organoid death. H. pylori-induced PD-L1 expression is mediated by the Shh signaling pathway within the gastric epithelium. Cells infected with H. pylori that express PD-L1 may be protected from the immune response, creating premalignant lesions progressing to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loryn Holokai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Taylor Broda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Julie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, United States of America
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10
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Silencing of c-Ski augments TGF-b1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells. Cardiol J 2018; 26:66-76. [PMID: 29570207 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2018.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shRNA lentiviral vector was constructed to silence c-Ski expression in cardiac mus- cle cells, with the aim of exploring the role of c-Ski in transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in H9C2 cells. METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect c-Ski ex- pression at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in 5 different cell lines. Then, lentiviral vector was constructed to silence or overexpress c-Ski in H9C2 cells. MTT and/or soft agar assay and tran- swell assay were used to detect cell proliferation and migration, respectively. The expression levels of c-Ski under different concentrations of TGF-b1 stimulation were detected by RT-qPCR and immunocytochemi- cal analysis. In the presence or absence of TGF-b1 stimulation, the proteins' expression levels of a-SMA, FN and E-cadherin, which are closely correlated with the process of EMT, were measured by western blot after c-Ski silencing or overexpression. Meanwhile, the effect of c-Ski on Samd3 phosphorylation with TGF-b1 stimulation was investigated. RESULTS There is a high expression of c-Ski at protein and mRNA levels in H9C2 cell line, which first demonstrated the presence of c-Ski expression in H9C2 cells. Overexpression of c-Ski significantly increased H9C2 cell proliferation. The ability of c-Ski gene silencing to suppress cell proliferation was gradually enhanced, and inhibition efficiency was the highest after 6 to 7 d of transfection. Moreover, H9C2 cells with c-Ski knockdown gained significantly aggressive invasive potential when compared with the control group. TGF-b1 stimulation could dose-independently reduce c-Ski expression in H9C2 cells and lead to obvious down-regulated expression of E-cadherin. Interestingly, c-Ski could restore E-cadherin expression while suppressing a-SMA and/or FN expression stimulated by TGF-b1. How- ever, shRNA-induced c-Ski knockdown aggravated only the TGF-b1-induced EMT. Moreover, c-Ski- -shRNA also promoted the phosphorylation of Samd3 induced by TGF-b1. CONCLUSIONS c-Ski expression in cardiac muscle cells could be down-regulated by TGF-b1. Silencing of c-Ski gene was accompanied by down-regulation of E-cadherin, up-regulation of a-SMA and/or FN and Smad3 phosphorylation induced by TGF-b1, promoting EMT process. Therefore, c-Ski may be closely associated with TGF-b1-induced EMT and play an important role in cardiac fibrosis develop- ment and progression.
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Sharma S, Uggini GK, Patel V, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Exposure to sub-lethal dose of a combination insecticide during early embryogenesis influences the normal patterning of mesoderm resulting in incomplete closure of ventral body wall of chicks of domestic hen. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:302-308. [PMID: 29556477 PMCID: PMC5856662 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin treatment induced developmental anomalies in chicks. Protrusion of visceral organs and microphthalmia were the major anomalies observed. Treated embryos were conspicuous with incomplete ventral body wall and sternum. Altered expression pattern of E-cadherin, Shh, bmp4, Wnt11 and Pitx2 were recorded. Impairment of major regulators of development is suspected to induce VBWD.
Pesticide exposure to the non target groups especially during embryonic development has quite often resulted in congenital malformations. A commercially available combination insecticide (Ci, 50% chlorpyrifos and 5% cypermethrin) is known to induce ventral body wall defects (VBWDs) wherein abdominal viscera protrude out of the ventral body wall. Herein, an attempt was made to understand the mechanistic insight into Ci induced VBWDs. For this, before incubation, the chick embryos were dosed with the test chemical and then at different developmental stages of incubation, they were monitored for the changes in the expression of certain genes, which are indispensable for the ventral body wall closure since they regulate the cell fate, proliferation and survival. Concurrently, histopathological changes during the embryonic development were examined to corroborate the above observations. The results of mRNA profiling revealed a significant downregulation of Shh on day 4 and upregulation on day 10, while bmp4, Pitx2, E-cadherin, Wnt11, Wnt6, Pxn, MyoD1, Caspase-3, AHR, Cyp3A4, showed a significant upregulation on day 4 and/or on day 10. N-cadherin, fgf8, bmp1 showed no significant changes. The possible means by which these skewed expression patterns of regulatory molecules culminated into the VBWD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikant Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Gowri K Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Venus Patel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Desai
- N V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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Li S, Zhou J, Zhang L, Li J, Yu J, Ning K, Qu Y, He H, Chen Y, Reinach PS, Liu C, Liu Z, Li W. Ectodysplasin A regulates epithelial barrier function through sonic hedgehog signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:230-240. [PMID: 28782908 PMCID: PMC5742694 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodysplasin A (Eda), a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, plays an important role in ectodermal organ development. An EDA mutation underlies the most common of ectodermal dysplasias, that is X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) in humans. Even though it lacks a developmental function, the role of Eda during the postnatal stage remains elusive. In this study, we found tight junctional proteins ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression is largely reduced in epidermal, corneal and lung epithelia in Eda mutant Tabby mice at different postnatal ages. These declines are associated with tail ulceration, corneal pannus formation and lung infection. Furthermore, topical application of recombinant Eda protein markedly mitigated corneal barrier dysfunction. Using cultures of a human corneal epithelial cell line and Tabby mouse skin tissue explants, Eda up-regulated expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 through activation of the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway. We conclude that EDA gene expression contributes to the maintenance of epithelial barrier function. Such insight may help efforts to identify novel strategies for improving management of XLHED disease manifestations in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanming Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Jing Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Liying Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Juan Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ke Ning
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Yangluowa Qu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Hui He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
| | | | - Chia‐Yang Liu
- School of Optometry BloomingtonIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye CenterXiamenFujianChina
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Medical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceXiamenFujianChina
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye CenterXiamenFujianChina
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Lazzari E, Mondala PK, Santos ND, Miller AC, Pineda G, Jiang Q, Leu H, Ali SA, Ganesan AP, Wu CN, Costello C, Minden M, Chiaramonte R, Stewart AK, Crews LA, Jamieson CHM. Alu-dependent RNA editing of GLI1 promotes malignant regeneration in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1922. [PMID: 29203771 PMCID: PMC5715072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite novel therapies, relapse of multiple myeloma (MM) is virtually inevitable. Amplification of chromosome 1q, which harbors the inflammation-responsive RNA editase adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)1 gene, occurs in 30–50% of MM patients and portends a poor prognosis. Since adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing has recently emerged as a driver of cancer progression, genomic amplification combined with inflammatory cytokine activation of ADAR1 could stimulate MM progression and therapeutic resistance. Here, we report that high ADAR1 RNA expression correlates with reduced patient survival rates in the MMRF CoMMpass data set. Expression of wild-type, but not mutant, ADAR1 enhances Alu-dependent editing and transcriptional activity of GLI1, a Hedgehog (Hh) pathway transcriptional activator and self-renewal agonist, and promotes immunomodulatory drug resistance in vitro. Finally, ADAR1 knockdown reduces regeneration of high-risk MM in serially transplantable patient-derived xenografts. These data demonstrate that ADAR1 promotes malignant regeneration of MM and if selectively inhibited may obviate progression and relapse. The treatment of multiple myeloma is challenging due to high relapse rates. Here the authors show that expression of ADAR1 correlates with poor patient outcomes, and that ADAR1-mediated editing of GLI1 is a mechanism relevant in the context of multiple myeloma progression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lazzari
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phoebe K Mondala
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel Delos Santos
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amber C Miller
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gabriel Pineda
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Services at National University, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Qingfei Jiang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Heather Leu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shawn A Ali
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anusha-Preethi Ganesan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christina N Wu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Caitlin Costello
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark Minden
- Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M9
| | | | - A Keith Stewart
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Leslie A Crews
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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14
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Gu D, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhang P, Zhou G. Directed transdifferentiation of Müller glial cells to photoreceptors using the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway agonist purmorphamine. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7993-8002. [PMID: 28983586 PMCID: PMC5779882 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specification of distinct cell types from Müller glial cells is key to the potential application of endogenous repair in retinal regeneration. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) has been established as a potent mitogen for rat Müller glial cells, which also induces Müller glial cells to dedifferentiate and adopt the phenotype of rod photoreceptors. The present study investigated the effects of purmorphamine, a small molecule that activates the SHH‑pathway, in the proliferation, dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation of Müller glial cells, as determined by several methods including immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. It was demonstrated that it may be able to replace SHH for the regeneration of retinal neurons. Purmorphamine was revealed to stimulate the proliferation of Müller glial cells by increasing the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin D3. In addition, purmorphamine‑treated Müller glial cells were induced to dedifferentiate by inducing the expression of progenitor‑specific markers; subsequently differentiating into rod‑like photoreceptors. Intraocular injection of purmorphamine promoted the activation of Müller glial cells, and in turn, the production of rod‑like photoreceptors in acute damaged retina. These results suggested that the endogenous neurogenic capacity of retinal Müller glial cells may be enhanced by this small molecular agonist of the SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Gu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Acupuncture Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guomin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Acupuncture Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Lai CM, Lin KY, Kao SH, Chen YN, Huang F, Hsu HJ. Hedgehog signaling establishes precursors for germline stem cell niches by regulating cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1439-1453. [PMID: 28363970 PMCID: PMC5412570 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells require different types of supporting cells, or niches, to control stem cell maintenance and differentiation. However, little is known about how those niches are formed. We report that in the development of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, the Hedgehog (Hh) gradient sets differential cell affinity for somatic gonadal precursors to specify stromal intermingled cells, which contributes to both germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation niches in the adult. We also report that Traffic Jam (an orthologue of a large Maf transcription factor in mammals) is a novel transcriptional target of Hh signaling to control cell-cell adhesion by negative regulation of E-cadherin expression. Our results demonstrate the role of Hh signaling in niche establishment by segregating somatic cell lineages for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Lai
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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16
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Konstantinou D, Bertaux-Skeirik N, Zavros Y. Hedgehog signaling in the stomach. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:76-82. [PMID: 27750091 PMCID: PMC5154826 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway not only plays a key part in controlling embryonic development, but in the adult stomach governs important cellular events such as epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, gastric disease, and regeneration. In particular, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been well studied for its role in gastric physiology and pathophysiology. Shh is secreted from the gastric parietal cells and contributes to the regeneration of the epithelium in response to injury, or the development of gastritis during Helicobacter pylori infection. Dysregulation of the Shh signaling pathway leads to the disruption of gastric differentiation, loss of gastric acid secretion and the development of cancer. In this chapter, we will review the most recent findings that reveal the role of Shh as a regulator of gastric physiology, regeneration, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Konstantinou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nina Bertaux-Skeirik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Loss of a Candidate Biliary Atresia Susceptibility Gene, add3a, Causes Biliary Developmental Defects in Zebrafish. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:524-530. [PMID: 27526058 PMCID: PMC5074882 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibroinflammatory cholangiopathy affecting the bile ducts of neonates. Although BA is the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation, the etiology remains elusive. Adducin 3 (ADD3) and X-prolyl aminopeptidase 1 (XPNPEP1) are 2 genes previously identified in genome-wide association studies as potential BA susceptibility genes. Using zebrafish, we investigated the importance of ADD3 and XPNPEP1 in functional studies. METHODS To determine whether loss of either gene leads to biliary defects, we performed morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO) knockdown studies targeting add3a and xpnpep1 in zebrafish. Individuals were assessed for decreases in biliary function and the presence of biliary defects. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on pooled 5 days postfertilization larvae to assess variations in transcriptional expression of genes of interest. RESULTS Although both xpnpep1 and add3a are expressed in the developing zebrafish liver, only knockdown of add3a produced intrahepatic defects and decreased biliary function. Similar results were observed in homozygous add3a mutants. MO-mediated knockdown of add3a also showed higher mRNA expression of hedgehog (Hh) targets. Inhibition of Hh signaling rescued biliary defects caused by add3a knockdown. Combined knockdown of add3a and glypican-1 (gpc1), another mediator of Hh activity that is also a BA susceptibility gene, resulted in more severe biliary defects than knockdown of either alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results support previous studies identifying ADD3 as a putative genetic risk factor for BA susceptibility. Our results also provide evidence that add3a may be affecting the Hh pathway, an important factor in BA pathogenesis.
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Maggiorani D, Dissard R, Belloy M, Saulnier-Blache JS, Casemayou A, Ducasse L, Grès S, Bellière J, Caubet C, Bascands JL, Schanstra JP, Buffin-Meyer B. Shear Stress-Induced Alteration of Epithelial Organization in Human Renal Tubular Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131416. [PMID: 26146837 PMCID: PMC4493045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells in the kidney are continuously exposed to urinary fluid shear stress (FSS) generated by urine movement and recent in vitro studies suggest that changes of FSS could contribute to kidney injury. However it is unclear whether FSS alters the epithelial characteristics of the renal tubule. Here, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo the influence of FSS on epithelial characteristics of renal proximal tubular cells taking the organization of junctional complexes and the presence of the primary cilium as markers of epithelial phenotype. Human tubular cells (HK-2) were subjected to FSS (0.5 Pa) for 48h. Control cells were maintained under static conditions. Markers of tight junctions (Claudin-2, ZO-1), Par polarity complex (Pard6), adherens junctions (E-Cadherin, β-Catenin) and the primary cilium (α-acetylated Tubulin) were analysed by quantitative PCR, Western blot or immunocytochemistry. In response to FSS, Claudin-2 disappeared and ZO-1 displayed punctuated and discontinuous staining in the plasma membrane. Expression of Pard6 was also decreased. Moreover, E-Cadherin abundance was decreased, while its major repressors Snail1 and Snail2 were overexpressed, and β-Catenin staining was disrupted along the cell periphery. Finally, FSS subjected-cells exhibited disappeared primary cilium. Results were confirmed in vivo in a uninephrectomy (8 months) mouse model where increased FSS induced by adaptive hyperfiltration in remnant kidney was accompanied by both decreased epithelial gene expression including ZO-1, E-cadherin and β-Catenin and disappearance of tubular cilia. In conclusion, these results show that proximal tubular cells lose an important number of their epithelial characteristics after long term exposure to FSS both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the changes in urinary FSS associated with nephropathies should be considered as potential insults for tubular cells leading to disorganization of the tubular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Maggiorani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Dissard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcy Belloy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Casemayou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Ducasse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Grès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Bellière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Caubet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P. Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Bénédicte Buffin-Meyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases - I2MC, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Chung Y, Fu E. Cyclosporine A up-regulates Sonic hedgehog in gingiva: role of the up-regulation on gingival cell proliferation. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:810-6. [PMID: 24823913 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is a mitogen that stimulates cell proliferation. Cyclosporine A enhances the proliferation of gingival cells; however, the relationships of SHH to cyclosporine A or to cyclosporine A-enhanced gingival cell proliferation have not been described. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we investigated SHH expression in gingiva in vitro and in vivo after cyclosporine A treatment and tested the effect of SHH inhibition on cyclosporine A-enhanced gingival fibroblast proliferation in vitro. RESULTS In human gingival fibroblasts, cyclosporine A treatment increased the expression of SHH transcripts and SHH protein, and stimulated cell proliferation; the addition of cyclopamine, an SHH signaling inhibitor, suppressed cyclosporine A-enhanced cell proliferation. Up-regulated expression of SHH and up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen transcripts and protein were observed in the edentulous gingiva of cyclosporine A-treated rats. CONCLUSION Cyclosporine A up-regulates gingival SHH expression in vitro and in vivo, and the inhibition of the SHH pathway counteracts the stimulatory effect of cyclosporine A on gingival fibroblast proliferation. Therefore, we suggest that SHH mediates a novel molecular mechanism for cyclosporine A-induced gingival complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chung
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, China; Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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Carneiro P, Figueiredo J, Bordeira-Carriço R, Fernandes MS, Carvalho J, Oliveira C, Seruca R. Therapeutic targets associated to E-cadherin dysfunction in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1187-201. [PMID: 23957294 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell adhesion, contributing to tissue differentiation and homeostasis. Throughout the past decades, research has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying E-cadherin's role in tumor progression, namely in invasion and metastization. Emerging evidence established E-cadherin as a tumor suppressor and suggests that targeting E-cadherin or downstream signaling molecules may constitute effective cancer therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review aims to cover E-cadherin-mediated signaling during cancer development and progression and highlight putative therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION Reconstitution of E-cadherin expression or targeting of E-cadherin downstream molecules holds promise in cancer therapies. Considering the high frequency of CDH1 promoter hypermethylation as a second hit in malignant lesions from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer patients, histone deacetylase inhibitors are potential therapeutic agents in combination with conventional chemotherapy, specifically in initial tumor stages. Concerning E-cadherin-mediated signaling, we propose that HER receptors (as epidermal growth factor receptor) and Notch downstream targets are clinically relevant and should be considered in gastric cancer therapeutics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto , Portugal +00351 225570700 ; +00351 225570799 ;
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21
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Ge X, Lu Y, Leung TM, Sørensen ES, Nieto N. Milk osteopontin, a nutritional approach to prevent alcohol-induced liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G929-39. [PMID: 23518682 PMCID: PMC3652071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00014.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide; thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic interventions. Key events for the onset and progression of alcoholic liver disease result in part from the gut-to-liver interaction. Osteopontin is a cytokine present at high concentration in human milk, umbilical cord, and infants' plasma with beneficial potential. We hypothesized that dietary administration of milk osteopontin could prevent alcohol-induced liver injury perhaps by maintaining gut integrity and averting hepatic inflammation and steatosis. Wild-type mice were fed either the control or the ethanol Lieber-DeCarli diets alone or in combination with milk osteopontin for 3 wk, and parameters of gut and liver damage were measured. Milk osteopontin protected the stomach and the gut by increasing gland height, crypt cell plus enterocyte proliferation, and mucin content in addition to lowering macrophages, plasmacytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the mucosa and submucosa in alcohol-fed mice. Milk osteopontin targeted the gut-liver axis, preserving the expression of tight-junction proteins in alcohol-fed mice thus maintaining intestinal integrity and permeability. There was protection from liver injury since transaminases, the activity scores, triglyceride levels, neutrophil infiltration, 3-nitrotyrosine residues, lipid peroxidation end products, translocation of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide levels, and tumor necrosis factor-α were lower in cotreated than in ethanol-fed mice. Furthermore, milk osteopontin diminished ethanol-mediated liver injury in OPN knockout mice. Milk osteopontin could be a simple effective nutritional therapeutic strategy to prevent alcohol hepatotoxicity due, among others, to gut protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-steatotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ge
- 1Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Yongke Lu
- 1Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Tung-Ming Leung
- 1Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Esben S. Sørensen
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus Science Park, Denmark
| | - Natalia Nieto
- 1Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
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22
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Han ME, Oh SO. Gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:8-18. [PMID: 23560232 PMCID: PMC3615616 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric epithelium is continuously regenerated by gastric stem cells, which give rise to various kinds of daughter cells, including parietal cells, chief cells, surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells need delicate regulation to maintain the normal physiology of the stomach. Recently, it was hypothesized that cancer stem cells drive the cancer growth and metastasis. In contrast to conventional clonal evolution hypothesis, only cancer stem cells can initiate tumor formation, self-renew, and differentiate into various kinds of daughter cells. Because gastric cancer can originate from gastric stem cells and their self-renewal mechanism can be used by gastric cancer stem cells, we review here how critical signaling pathways, including hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, may regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells and gastric cancer stem cells. In addition, the precancerous change of the gastric epithelium and the status of isolating gastric cancer stem cells from patients are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Disturbance of SHH signalling pathway during early embryogenesis in the cadmium-induced omphalocele chick model. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:165-70. [PMID: 23124188 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Administration of cadmium (Cd) after 60 h (H) incubation induces ventral body wall defect (VBWD) similar to the omphalocele phenotype in the chick embryo. In this model, the earliest histological changes have been observed in somites commencing at 4-h post-treatment (4H). The molecular mechanism by which Cd acts in this critical period of embryogenesis still remains unclear. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling plays an important role in vertebrate development, including somitogenesis and thus ventral body wall formation. Patched (PTCH), a cell membrane receptor for SHH, is expressed in somites and Patched knockout mice display somite dysfunction. Another transmembrane receptor, Smoothened (SMO), is also expressed in somites and transduces the SHH signal regulated by PTCH. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that SHH signalling is downregulated during the critical period of early embryogenesis in the Cd-induced omphalocele chick model. METHODS After 60 h of incubation, chicks were exposed to either chick saline or 50 μL of 50 μM cadmium acetate and divided into two groups: control and Cd (n = 24 for each group). Chicks were harvested 1, 4, and 8 h post-treatment. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the relative mRNA expression level of SHH, PTCH and SMO. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was then performed to evaluate protein expression/distribution of SHH, PTCH and SMO. RESULTS The relative mRNA expression levels of SHH, PTCH and SMO were significantly downregulated in the Cd group compared to controls at 4H post treatment, whereas, there were no significant differences at the other time points. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the intensity of SHH, PTCH and SMO was markedly diminished at 4 h in Cd-treated embryos compared to controls. CONCLUSION Disturbance of the SHH signalling pathway as evidenced by SHH, PTCH and SMO downregulation during the narrow window of early embryogenesis may result in somite maldevelopment, contributing to the omphalocele phenotype in the Cd chick model.
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CDC42 is required for structural patterning of the lung during development. Dev Biol 2012; 374:46-57. [PMID: 23219958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of highly branched epithelial structures is critical for the development of many essential organs, including lung, liver, pancreas, kidney and mammary glands. Elongation and branching of these structures require precise control of complex morphogenetic processes that are dependent upon coordinate regulation of cell shape, apical-basal polarity, proliferation, migration, and interactions among multiple cell types. Herein, we demonstrate that temporal-spatial regulation of epithelial cell polarity by the small GTPase, CDC42, is essential for branching morphogenesis of the developing lung. Epithelial cell-specific deletion of CDC42 in fetal mice disrupted epithelial cell polarity, the actin cytoskeleton, intercellular contacts, directional trafficking of proteins, proliferation and mitotic spindle orientation, impairing the organization and patterning of the developing respiratory epithelium and adjacent mesenchyme. Transition from a pseudostratified to a simple columnar epithelium was impaired, consistent with coordinate dysregulation of epithelial cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, and repositioning of mitotic cells within the epithelium during cell cycle progression. Expression of sonic hedgehog and its receptor, patched-1, was decreased, while fibroblast growth factor 10 expression in the mesenchyme was expanded, resulting in disruption of branching morphogenesis and bronchiolar smooth muscle formation in this model. CDC42 is required for spatial positioning of proliferating epithelial cells, as well as signaling interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme and is, therefore, essential for formation and maintenance of the respiratory tract during morphogenesis of the fetal lung.
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Joost S, Almada LL, Rohnalter V, Holz PS, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Lauth M. GLI1 Modulates EMT in Pancreatic Cancer—Response. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joost
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Luciana L. Almada
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Verena Rohnalter
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Philipp S. Holz
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; and 2Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Tang VW, Brieher WM. α-Actinin-4/FSGS1 is required for Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly at the adherens junction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:115-30. [PMID: 22232703 PMCID: PMC3255975 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro assay to study actin assembly at cadherin-enriched cell junctions. Using this assay, we demonstrate that cadherin-enriched junctions can polymerize new actin filaments but cannot capture preexisting filaments, suggesting a mechanism involving de novo synthesis. In agreement with this hypothesis, inhibition of Arp2/3-dependent nucleation abolished actin assembly at cell-cell junctions. Reconstitution biochemistry using the in vitro actin assembly assay identified α-actinin-4/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1 (FSGS1) as an essential factor. α-Actinin-4 specifically localized to sites of actin incorporation on purified membranes and at apical junctions in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Knockdown of α-actinin-4 decreased total junctional actin and inhibited actin assembly at the apical junction. Furthermore, a point mutation of α-actinin-4 (K255E) associated with FSGS failed to support actin assembly and acted as a dominant negative to disrupt actin dynamics at junctional complexes. These findings demonstrate that α-actinin-4 plays an important role in coupling actin nucleation to assembly at cadherin-based cell-cell adhesive contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Yang L, Su X, Xie J. Activation of Hedgehog pathway in gastrointestinal cancers. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:461-72. [PMID: 22391316 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a major regulator for cell differentiation, tissue polarity, and cell proliferation in embryonic development and homeostasis in adult tissue. Studies from many laboratories reveal activation of this pathway in a variety of human cancer, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), medulloblastomas, leukemia, gastrointestinal, lung, ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers. It is thus believed that targeted inhibition of Hh signaling may be effective in treatment and prevention of human cancer. Even more exciting is the discovery and synthesis of specific signaling antagonists for the Hh pathway, which have significant clinical implications in novel cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize major advances in the past 2 years in our understanding of Hh signaling activation in human gastrointestinal cancer and their potential in clinical treatment with Hh pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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The role of Sonic Hedgehog as a regulator of gastric function and differentiation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:473-489. [PMID: 22391317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) genes play a key role in the regulation of embryonic development and govern processes such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and tissue patterning. In vertebrate embryos, Hh gene expression regulates correct formation of limbs, skeleton, muscles, and organs including stomach. In the adult, the Hh pathway functions in tissue repair and regeneration, along with maintenance of stem cells. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been extensively studied for its role in developmental and cancer biology. Recent advances in the field of gastroenterology show that in the stomach, Shh is responsible for proper differentiation of the gastric glands. The aberrant activity of the Shh signaling pathway leads to an altered gastric differentiation program and loss of gastric acid secretion that is the predominant function of the stomach. In this chapter, we review the most recent findings that reveal the role of Shh as a regulator of gastric function and differentiation and how this signaling is dysregulated during the development of gastric cancer in response bacterial infection.
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Joost S, Almada LL, Rohnalter V, Holz PS, Vrabel AM, Fernandez-Barrena MG, McWilliams RR, Krause M, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Lauth M. GLI1 inhibition promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 72:88-99. [PMID: 22086851 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway has been identified as an important deregulated signal transduction pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a cancer type characterized by a highly metastatic phenotype. In PDAC, the canonical HH pathway activity is restricted to the stromal compartment while HH signaling in the tumor cells is reduced as a consequence of constitutive KRAS activation. Here, we report that in the tumor compartment of PDAC the HH pathway effector transcription factor GLI1 regulates epithelial differentiation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of GLI1 abolished characteristics of epithelial differentiation, increased cell motility, and synergized with TGFβ to induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Notably, EMT conversion in PDAC cells occurred in the absence of induction of SNAIL or SLUG, two canonical inducers of EMT in many other settings. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that GLI1 directly regulated the transcription of E-cadherin, a key determinant of epithelial tissue organization. Collectively, our findings identify GLI1 as an important positive regulator of epithelial differentiation, and they offer an explanation for how decreased levels of GLI1 are likely to contribute to the highly metastatic phenotype of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joost
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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