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Benis N, Wells JM, Smits MA, Kar SK, van der Hee B, Dos Santos VAPM, Suarez-Diez M, Schokker D. High-level integration of murine intestinal transcriptomics data highlights the importance of the complement system in mucosal homeostasis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1028. [PMID: 31888466 PMCID: PMC6937694 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian intestine is a complex biological system that exhibits functional plasticity in its response to diverse stimuli to maintain homeostasis. To improve our understanding of this plasticity, we performed a high-level data integration of 14 whole-genome transcriptomics datasets from samples of intestinal mouse mucosa. We used the tool Centrality based Pathway Analysis (CePa), along with information from the Reactome database. Results The results show an integrated response of the mouse intestinal mucosa to challenges with agents introduced orally that were expected to perturb homeostasis. We observed that a common set of pathways respond to different stimuli, of which the most reactive was the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway. Altered expression of the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway was verified in mouse organoids challenged with different stimuli in vitro. Conclusions Results of the integrated transcriptomics analysis and data driven experiment suggest an important role of epithelial production of complement and host complement defence factors in the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Kanti Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang H, Liao L, Cai Y, Hu Y, Wang H. IVS2vec: A tool of Inverse Virtual Screening based on word2vec and deep learning techniques. Methods 2019; 166:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kerimi A, Williamson G. Differential Impact of Flavonoids on Redox Modulation, Bioenergetics, and Cell Signaling in Normal and Tumor Cells: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1633-1659. [PMID: 28826224 PMCID: PMC6207159 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Flavonoids can interact with multiple molecular targets to elicit their cellular effects, leading to changes in signal transduction, gene expression, and/or metabolism, which can, subsequently, affect the entire cell and organism. Immortalized cell lines, derived from tumors, are routinely employed as a surrogate for mechanistic studies, with the results extrapolated to tissues in vivo. Recent Advances: We review the activities of selected flavonoids on cultured tumor cells derived from various tissues in comparison to corresponding primary cells or tissues in vivo, mainly using quercetin and flavanols (epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate) as exemplars. Several studies have indicated that flavonoids could retard cancer progression in vivo in animal models as well as in tumor cell models. CRITICAL ISSUES Extrapolation from in vitro and animal models to humans is not straightforward given both the extensive conjugation and complex microbiota-dependent metabolism of flavonoids after consumption, as well as the heterogeneous metabolism of different tumors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Comparison of data from studies on primary cells or in vivo are essential not only to validate results obtained from cultured cell models, but also to highlight whether any differences may be further exploited in the clinical setting for chemoprevention. Tumor cell models can provide a useful mechanistic tool to study the effects of flavonoids, provided that the limitations of each model are understood and taken into account in interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
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Zhu Y, Ding X, Fang C, Zhang QY. Regulation of intestinal cytochrome P450 expression by hepatic cytochrome P450: possible involvement of fibroblast growth factor 15 and impact on systemic drug exposure. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:139-47. [PMID: 24184963 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific deletion of the gene for NADPH-cytochrome P450 (P450) reductase (CPR), the essential electron donor to all microsomal P450 enzymes, in either liver or intestine, leads to upregulation of many P450 genes in the tissue with the Cpr deletion. Here, by studying the liver-specific Cpr-null (LCN) mouse, we examined whether an interorgan regulatory pathway exists, such that a loss of hepatic CPR would cause compensatory changes in intestinal P450 expression and capacity for first-pass metabolism of oral drugs. We show for the first time that intestinal expression of CYP2B, 2C, and 3A proteins was increased in LCN mice by 2- to 3-fold compared with wild-type (WT) mice, accompanied by significant increases in small intestinal microsomal lovastatin-hydroxylase activity and systemic clearance of oral lovastatin (at 5 mg/kg). Additional studies showed that the hepatic Cpr deletion, which caused large decreases in bile acid (BA) levels in the liver, intestine, plasma, and intestinal content, led to drastic decreases in the mRNA levels of intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), a target gene of the BA receptor farnesoid X receptor. Furthermore, treatment of mice with FGF19 (the human counterpart of mouse FGF15) abolished the difference between WT and LCN mice in small intestinal (SI) CYP3A levels at 6 hours after the treatment. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized direct role of intestinal FGF15/19 in the regulation of SI P450 expression and may have profound implications for the prediction of drug exposure in patients with compromised hepatic P450 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
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Zechel JL, Doerner SK, Lager A, Tesar PJ, Heaney JD, Nadeau JH. Contrasting effects of Deadend1 (Dnd1) gain and loss of function mutations on allelic inheritance, testicular cancer, and intestinal polyposis. BMC Genet 2013; 14:54. [PMID: 23773267 PMCID: PMC3693958 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain mutations in the Deadend1 (Dnd1) gene are the most potent modifiers of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) susceptibility in mice and rats. In the 129 family of mice, the Dnd1Ter mutation significantly increases occurrence of TGCT-affected males. To test the hypothesis that he Dnd1Ter allele is a loss-of-function mutation; we characterized the consequences of a genetically-engineered loss-of-function mutation in mice, and compared these results with those for Dnd1Ter. Results We found that intercrossing Dnd1+/KO heterozygotes to generate a complete loss-of-function led to absence of Dnd1KO/KO homozygotes and significantly reduced numbers of Dnd1+/KO heterozygotes. Further crosses showed that Dnd1Ter partially rescues loss of Dnd1KO mice. We also found that loss of a single copy of Dnd1 in Dnd1KO/+ heterozygotes did not affect baseline occurrence of TGCT-affected males and that Dnd1Ter increased TGCT risk regardless whether the alternative allele was loss-of-function (Dnd1KO) or wild-type (Dnd1+). Finally, we found that the action of Dnd1Ter was not limited to testicular cancer, but also significantly increased polyp number and burden in the Apc+/Min model of intestinal polyposis. Conclusion These results show that Dnd1 is essential for normal allelic inheritance and that Dnd1Ter has a novel combination of functions that significantly increase risk for both testicular and intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Zechel
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
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Quercetin induces hepatic lipid omega-oxidation and lowers serum lipid levels in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51588. [PMID: 23359794 PMCID: PMC3554747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating lipid levels are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In order to examine the effects of quercetin on lipid metabolism, mice received a mild-high-fat diet without (control) or with supplementation of 0.33% (w/w) quercetin for 12 weeks. Gas chromatography and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance were used to quantitatively measure serum lipid profiles. Whole genome microarray analysis of liver tissue was used to identify possible mechanisms underlying altered circulating lipid levels. Body weight, energy intake and hepatic lipid accumulation did not differ significantly between the quercetin and the control group. In serum of quercetin-fed mice, triglycerides (TG) were decreased with 14% (p<0.001) and total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were increased with 13% (p<0.01). Palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were all decreased by 9–15% (p<0.05) in quercetin-fed mice. Both palmitic acid and oleic acid can be oxidized by omega (ω)-oxidation. Gene expression profiling showed that quercetin increased hepatic lipid metabolism, especially ω-oxidation. At the gene level, this was reflected by the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 4a10, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a31 and Acyl-CoA thioesterase 3 (Acot3). Two relevant regulators, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por, rate limiting for cytochrome P450s) and the transcription factor constitutive androstane receptor (Car; official symbol Nr1i3) were also up-regulated in the quercetin-fed mice. We conclude that quercetin intake increased hepatic lipid ω-oxidation and lowered corresponding circulating lipid levels, which may contribute to potential beneficial effects on CVD.
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Holloway GP, Chou CJ, Lally J, Stellingwerff T, Maher AC, Gavrilova O, Haluzik M, Alkhateeb H, Reitman ML, Bonen A. Increasing skeletal muscle fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) targets fatty acids to oxidation and does not predispose mice to diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1457-67. [PMID: 21442160 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined in skeletal muscle (1) whether fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 1 channels long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) to specific metabolic fates in rats; and (2) whether FATP1-mediated increases in LCFA uptake exacerbate the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. We also examined whether FATP1 is altered in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. METHODS LCFA uptake, oxidation and triacylglycerol esterification rates were measured in control and Fatp1-transfected soleus muscles to determine FATP1-mediated lipid handling. The effects of FATP1 on insulin sensitivity and triacylglycerol accumulation were determined in high-fat diet-fed wild-type mice and in muscle-specific Fatp1 (also known as Slc27a1) overexpressing transgenic mice driven by the muscle creatine kinase (Mck [also known as Ckm]) promoter. We also examined the relationship between FATP1 and both fatty acid transport and metabolism in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. RESULTS Transient Fatp1 overexpression in soleus muscle increased (p < 0.05) palmitate transport (24%) and oxidation (35%), without altering triacylglycerol esterification or the intrinsic rate of palmitate oxidation in isolated mitochondria. In Mck/Fatp1 animals, Fatp1 mRNA and 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid uptake in skeletal muscle were upregulated (75%). However, insulin sensitivity and intramuscular triacylglycerol content did not differ between wild-type and Mck/Fatp1 mice following a 16 week high-fat diet. In insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats, LCFA transport and triacylglycerol accumulation were increased (85% and 24%, respectively), but this was not attributable to Fatp1 expression, as neither total cellular nor sarcolemmal FATP1 content were altered. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Overexpression of Fatp1 in skeletal muscle increased the rate of LCFA transport and channelled these lipids to oxidation, not to intramuscular lipid accumulation. Therefore, skeletal muscle FATP1 overabundance does not predispose animals to diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd, ANNU Building #70, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Jiang XL, Gonzalez FJ, Yu AM. Drug-metabolizing enzyme, transporter, and nuclear receptor genetically modified mouse models. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 43:27-40. [PMID: 20854191 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.512294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the in vivo significance of a specific enzyme, transporter, or xenobiotic receptor in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics may be hampered by gene multiplicity and complexity, levels of expression, and interaction between various components involved. The development of knockout (loss-of-function) and transgenic (gain-of-function) mouse models opens the door to the improved understanding of gene function in a whole-body system. There is also growing interest in the development of humanized mice to overcome species differences in drug metabolism and disposition. This review, therefore, aims to summarize and discuss some successful examples of drug-metabolizing enzyme, transporter, and nuclear-receptor genetically modified mouse models. These genetically modified mouse models have been proven as invaluable models for understanding in vivo function of drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and xenobiotic receptors in drug metabolism and transport, as well as predicting potential drug-drug interaction and toxicity in humans. Nevertheless, concerns remain about interpretation of data obtained from such genetically modified mouse models, in which the expression of related genes is altered significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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Quercetin supplementation and its effect on human monocyte gene expression profiles in vivo. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:336-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin has been described as having a wide range of beneficial effects in humans, ranging from anti-carcinogenic properties to reducing the risk of CVD. Nevertheless, underlying molecular mechanisms have been mostly investigated in vitro. Here, we tested whether a daily supplementation of quercetin leads to reproducible changes in human monocyte gene expression profiles. In study I, quercetin in varying dosages was given to healthy subjects for 2 weeks. RNA from monocytes isolated at the beginning and end of the study from subjects receiving 150 mg quercetin per d was subjected to transcriptome-wide microarray analysis. In study II, a double-blind cross-over study, twenty subjects exhibiting a ‘cardiovascular risk phenotype’ received 150 mg quercetin or placebo daily for 6 weeks each and served as the verification group. Microarray analysis revealed a number of differentially expressed genes. The most significantly represented functional groups were those of the immune system, nucleic acid metabolism, apoptosis and O-glycan biosynthesis. Twenty-four genes were chosen for technical replication and independent verification by quantitative real-time PCR. When comparing placebo and quercetin treatment, four genes showed significantly different expression changes (C1GALT1, O-glycan biosynthesis; GM2A, glycolipid catabolism; HDGF, cell proliferation; SERPINB9, apoptosis). However, these were minimal in respect to magnitude of fold change. In conclusion, although microarray analysis revealed extensive effects of quercetin on gene expression, the employment of a placebo-controlled study design showed no comparable results for twenty-four verification targets. This emphasises the need for stringent designs in nutritional intervention studies with the aim to identify relevant changes in gene expression.
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Mutch DM, Klocke B, Morrison P, Murray CA, Henderson CJ, Seifert M, Williamson G. The Disruption of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Reductase Alters Mouse Lipid Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3976-84. [PMID: 17722906 DOI: 10.1021/pr0700448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of hepatic cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in lipid metabolism, we characterized perturbations in lipid homeostasis in a mouse model deficient in liver POR. Using an integrative approach in which transcriptomics, lipidomics, and various bioinformatic algorithms were employed, a disruption in liver lipid mobilization, oxidation, and electron transport functions were identified. Analyzing the promoters of genes in these biological processes identified common binding motifs for nuclear receptors sensitive to lipid status, while Srebp-1c binding sites were only identified in genes involved in lipid metabolism. POR-null mice had drastic increases in hepatic lipid content (diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol esters) and a specific enrichment in n-7 and n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs). It was found that while transporters involved in peroxisomal FA oxidation were induced, mitochondrial oxidation appeared to be more tightly controlled, supporting the increase in monounsaturated FAs. Genes coding for hepatic transporters were differentially expressed, where lipid uptake was induced and efflux repressed, indicating that in the absence of hepatic POR the liver serves as a lipid reservoir. Furthermore, while significant changes in intestinal gene expression were found in POR-deficient mice, only minor changes to plasma and intestinal lipid content were observed. Thus, while liver POR plays an important role regulating gene expression and lipid metabolism locally, the hepatic deficiency of this enzyme reverberates throughout the biological system and produces a coordinated response to the low levels of circulating cholesterol and bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mutch
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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