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Wu N, Zhou T, Carpino G, Baiocchi L, Kyritsi K, Kennedy L, Ceci L, Chen L, Wu C, Kundu D, Barupala N, Franchitto A, Onori P, Ekser B, Gaudio E, Francis H, Glaser S, Alpini G. Prolonged administration of a secretin receptor antagonist inhibits biliary senescence and liver fibrosis in Mdr2 -/- mice. Hepatology 2023; 77:1849-1865. [PMID: 36799446 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Secretin (SCT) and secretin receptor (SR, only expressed on cholangiocytes within the liver) play key roles in modulating liver phenotypes. Forkhead box A2 (FoxA2) is required for normal bile duct homeostasis by preventing the excess of cholangiocyte proliferation. Short-term administration of the SR antagonist (SCT 5-27) decreased ductular reaction and liver fibrosis in bile duct ligated and Mdr2 -/- [primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), model] mice. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and risks of long-term SCT 5-27 treatment in Mdr2 -/- mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS In vivo studies were performed in male wild-type and Mdr2 -/- mice treated with saline or SCT 5-27 for 3 months and human samples from late-stage PSC patients and healthy controls. Compared with controls, biliary SCT/SR expression and SCT serum levels increased in Mdr2 -/- mice and late-stage PSC patients. There was a significant increase in ductular reaction, biliary senescence, liver inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, biliary expression of TGF-β1/VEGF-A axis, and biliary phosphorylation of protein kinase A and ERK1/2 in Mdr2 -/- mice. The biliary expression of miR-125b and FoxA2 decreased in Mdr2 -/- compared with wild-type mice, which was reversed by long-term SCT 5-27 treatment. In vitro , SCT 5-27 treatment of a human biliary PSC cell line decreased proliferation and senescence and SR/TGF-β1/VEGF-A axis but increased the expression of miR-125b and FoxA2. Downregulation of FoxA2 prevented SCT 5-27-induced reduction in biliary damage, whereas overexpression of FoxA2 reduced proliferation and senescence in the human PSC cell line. CONCLUSIONS Modulating the SCT/SR axis may be critical for managing PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nipuni Barupala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Murshed M, Al-Quraishy S, Mares MM, Mohammed OB, Aljawdah HMA. Survey of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in imported Romani and local sheep ( Ovis aries), and potential epidemiological role in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1215-1225. [PMID: 36811998 PMCID: PMC9890332 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of parasite infection in local and imported breeds is quite an essential topic in the meat industry and human health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in local sheep breeds (Naemi, Najdi, and Harri) and imported breeds from Romania (Romani breed) and the epidemiology of the infection in Saudi Arabia. Morphological description, the relationship between dicrocoeliasis and sex, age, and histological changes were also presented. A total of 6845 slaughtered sheep at Riyadh Automated slaughterhouse were investigated and followed up for 4 months between 2020-2021. It included 4,680 local breeds and 2,165 imported Romanian breeds. Fecal samples and livers and gallbladders from slaughtered animals were examined for apparent pathological lesions. The results indicated that the infection rate in slaughtered animals was 10.6% in imported Romani sheep and 0.9% in the local Naeimi breed. After identifying the parasite morphologically, negative results were obtained from examining feces, gallbladders, and livers of Najdi and Harry sheep breeds. The mean number of eggs per 20 µL/gallbladder was low (72.78 ± 17.8: 76.11 ± 5.07), medium (334.59 ± 90.6: 292.91 ± 26.63), and high (1113.2 ± 22.3: 1004 ± 143.4) in imported and Naeime sheep, respectively. Significant differences were found between gender and age (males and females were 3.67% and 6.31%; > 2 years 4.39%, 1-2 years 4.22%, and 1 year 3.53%) respectively. Histopathological lesions in the liver were more pronounced. Our survey confirmed the presence of D. dendriticum in imported Romani and local Naeimi sheep, and the potential role of imported sheep in the epidemiology of dicrocoeliasis in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutee Murshed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author: Mutee Murshed,
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451,
Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966-4676916, E-mail:
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Mares
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B. Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M. A. Aljawdah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Hrncir HR, Gracz AD. Cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity in the intrahepatic biliary epithelium. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 2:108-120. [PMID: 36593993 PMCID: PMC9802653 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues comprise heterogeneous cellular subpopulations, which often compartmentalize specialized functions like absorption and secretion to distinct cell types. In the liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs; also called cholangiocytes) are the two major epithelial lineages and play distinct roles in (1) metabolism, protein synthesis, detoxification, and (2) bile transport and modification, respectively. Recent technological advances, including single cell transcriptomic assays, have shed new light on well-established heterogeneity among hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells in the liver. However, a "ground truth" understanding of molecular heterogeneity in BECs has remained elusive, and the field currently lacks a set of consensus biomarkers for identifying BEC subpopulations. Here, we review long-standing definitions of BEC heterogeneity as well as emerging studies that aim to characterize BEC subpopulations using next generation single cell assays. Understanding cellular heterogeneity in the intrahepatic bile ducts holds promise for expanding our foundational mechanistic knowledge of BECs during homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hrncir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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4
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Xie J, Fan Y, Jia R, Yang F, Ma L, Li L. Yes-associated protein regulates the hepatoprotective effect of vitamin D receptor activation through promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling in cholestatic mice. J Pathol 2021; 255:95-106. [PMID: 34156701 DOI: 10.1002/path.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting clinical evidence has revealed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with cholestatic liver injury, although the functions of VDR in this condition remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of VDR activation on bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated. A low-calcemic VDR agonist, paricalcitol (PAL, 200 ng/kg), was intraperitoneally injected into BDL mice every other day for 5 days or 28 days. Liver histology, liver function indicators, cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrosis scores, and inflammation were evaluated. Mice treated with PAL were rescued from the decreased survival rate induced by BDL and liver damage was reduced. Mechanistically, PAL promoted cholangiocyte proliferation, which was likely conducive to proliferating bile duct maturation and increased branching of bile ducts. PAL treatment also increased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its target protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) and decreased the level of inactive cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP. YAP knockdown abrogated PAL-induced primary bile duct epithelial cell proliferation, confirmed with YAP inhibitor administration. In addition, BDL-induced liver fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced by PAL treatment at both day 5 and day 28 post-BDL. In conclusion, VDR activation mitigates cholestatic liver injury by promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling through cholangiocytic YAP upregulation. Because PAL is an approved clinical drug, it may be useful for treatment of cholestatic liver disease. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of the Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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5
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Cyclic AMP Signaling in Biliary Proliferation: A Possible Target for Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment? Cells 2021; 10:cells10071692. [PMID: 34359861 PMCID: PMC8303798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a lethal disease with scarce response to current systemic therapy. The rare occurrence and large heterogeneity of this cancer, together with poor knowledge of its molecular mechanisms, are elements contributing to the difficulties in finding an appropriate cure. Cholangiocytes (and their cellular precursors) are considered the liver component giving rise to cholangiocarcinoma. These cells respond to several hormones, neuropeptides and molecular stimuli employing the cAMP/PKA system for the translation of messages in the intracellular space. For instance, in physiological conditions, stimulation of the secretin receptor determines an increase of intracellular levels of cAMP, thus activating a series of molecular events, finally determining in bicarbonate-enriched choleresis. However, activation of the same receptor during cholangiocytes’ injury promotes cellular growth again, using cAMP as the second messenger. Since several scientific pieces of evidence link cAMP signaling system to cholangiocytes’ proliferation, the possible changes of this pathway during cancer growth also seem relevant. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the cAMP pathway and its role in biliary normal and neoplastic cell proliferation. Perspectives for targeting the cAMP machinery in cholangiocarcinoma therapy are also discussed.
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6
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Yamashita S, Morine Y, Imura S, Ikemoto T, Saito Y, Takasu C, Yamada S, Tokuda K, Okikawa S, Miyazaki K, Oya T, Tsuneyama K, Shimada M. A new pathological classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to protein expression of SSTR2 and Bcl2. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:142. [PMID: 33962620 PMCID: PMC8106133 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No universal classification method for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) has been reported based on the embryological origin of biliary epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to classify IHCC according to protein expression levels of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) and b-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and to elucidate the clinicopathological features of each group. Methods Fifty-two IHCC patients who underwent hepatic resection were enrolled in this study. Protein expression levels of SSTR2 and Bcl2 were examined using immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological factors were compared between the three groups and prognostic factors were investigated. Results The patients were divided into three groups: SSTR2 positive and Bcl2 negative (p-Group H, n = 21), SSTR2 negative and Bcl2 positive (p-Group P, n = 14), and the indeterminate group (p-Group U, n = 17) for cases where SSTR2 and Bcl2 were both positive or both negative. All p-Group P cases displayed curability A or B. The 5-year survival rates of p-Group H and U patients were worse than those in p-Group P. p-Group H had higher T-factor, clinical stage, and incidence of periductal infiltration than p-Group P. Conclusions This method could be used to classify IHCC into peripheral and perihilar type by embryological expression patterns of SSTR2 and Bcl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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7
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Immunopathological Response, Histological Changes, Parasitic Burden, and Egg Output in Sheep Naturally Infected by Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020546. [PMID: 33669870 PMCID: PMC7923235 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dicrocoelium dendriticum, commonly known as the lancet liver fluke, is a liver parasite that affects ruminants and occasionally other species, including humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological modification and the phenotype of inflammatory cells in the livers of sheep naturally infected with D.dendriticum and the correlation of these variables with the parasitic burden, egg output, and gross appearance of the liver. We studied twenty-four sheep selected on the basis of positive D. dendriticum fecal egg counts. Gross and histological modifications of the liver and the number of adult D. dendriticum worms were examined. Macroscopically, the livers were swollen with thickened bile ducts, cholangitis, and fibrosis. Histologically, we observed leucocyte infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Lesions were present in different degrees of severity and were scored. A significant positive association was observed between the number of adult worms recovered from the liver, egg per gram, macroscopic lesions, fibrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. A significant negative association was observed among these variables and the degree of leukocyte infiltration. The immunohistochemical examination showed a CD3+ predominant cell population in all assessed animals. These findings allow us to better understand the complex mechanism of the host–parasite interaction, in relation to the egg output and parasitic burden in dicrocoeliosis. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between infection by Dicrocoelium dendriticum (class Trematoda) and the animal host response in terms of macroscopic lesions, the immunopathological response, and histological changes in the livers of naturally infected sheep. Twenty-four sheep were selected on the basis of positive D. dendriticum fecal egg counts (FECs). Gross and histological injuries were scored. A positive significant association was observed between the number of adult worms recovered from the liver, FEC, macroscopic lesions, fibrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. A significant negative association was observed among these variables and the degree of leukocyte infiltration. In addition, immunophenotyping of the inflammatory cells was carried out using primary antibodies against T cell epitopes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), B cell epitopes (CD79α), and the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) antigen. Independently of the severity of the D. dendriticum infection, the predominant cell population was CD3-positive and associated with lesser numbers of CD79α- and Iba-I-positive cells. An increase in Iba-1-positive cells was observed in the livers of animals with a high worm burden. Our results provide a reference basis to better understand the local immune response in sheep naturally infected by D. dendriticum in relation to the FEC and parasitic burden.
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Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100251. [PMID: 34151244 PMCID: PMC8189933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) includes 5 members (VEGF-A to -D, and placenta growth factor), which regulate several critical biological processes. VEGF-A exerts a variety of biological effects through high-affinity binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), co-receptors and accessory proteins. In addition to its fundamental function in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, VEGF/VEGFR signalling also plays a role in other cell types including epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of VEGF signalling in biliary epithelial cell biology in both normal and pathologic conditions. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling stimulates bile duct proliferation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. VEGF/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 and angiopoietins are involved at different stages of biliary development. In certain conditions, cholangiocytes maintain the ability to secrete VEGF-A, and to express a functional VEGFR-2 receptor. For example, in polycystic liver disease, VEGF secreted by cystic cells stimulates cyst growth and vascular remodelling through a PKA/RAS/ERK/HIF1α-dependent mechanism, unveiling a new level of complexity in VEFG/VEGFR-2 regulation in epithelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling is also reactivated during the liver repair process. In this context, pro-angiogenic factors mediate the interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells. This process takes place during the wound healing response, however, in chronic biliary diseases, it may lead to pathological neo-angiogenesis, a condition strictly linked with fibrosis progression, the development of cirrhosis and related complications, and cholangiocarcinoma. Novel observations indicate that in cholangiocarcinoma, VEGF is a determinant of lymphangiogenesis and of the immune response to the tumour. Better insights into the role of VEGF signalling in biliary pathophysiology might help in the search for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, adult dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Anti-Angiogenic therapy
- BA, biliary atresia
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLDs, chronic liver diseases
- Cholangiocytes
- Cholangiopathies
- DP, ductal plate
- DPM, ductal plate malformation
- DRCs, ductular reactive cells
- Development
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor type 1α
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IHBD, intrahepatic bile ducts
- IL-, interleukin-
- LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver repair
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- PBP, peribiliary plexus
- PC, polycystin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PLD, polycystic liver diseases
- Polycystic liver diseases
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors
- VEGF-A
- VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling
- VEGFR-1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wu N, Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Kennedy L, Ceci L, Meng F, Sato K, Wu C, Ekser B, Kyritsi K, Kundu D, Chen L, Meadows V, Franchitto A, Alvaro D, Onori P, Gaudio E, Lenci I, Francis H, Glaser S, Alpinis G. Functional Role of the Secretin/Secretin Receptor Signaling During Cholestatic Liver Injury. Hepatology 2020; 72:2219-2227. [PMID: 32737904 PMCID: PMC8957864 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide, secretin (Sct) is an important homeostatic regulator of pancreatic and liver secretory function. With regard to the liver, discoveries have been made, in the last decades, indicating a key role for the secretin/secretin receptor axis during normal or cholestatic conditions. Since large cholangiocytes are the only cells to express secretin receptor in the liver, research on secretin also expanded our knowledge on biliary epithelia. In this review we examined in detail the role of the secretin/secretin receptor axis, not only on biliary secretion, but also on cholangiocyte proliferation and senescence, as well as in prompting fibrotic processes involving biliary epithelia. Relevant data on human chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, and obtained in animal models mimicking the diseases or in correlative studies on human are also reported. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the progress regarding the interactions between secretin and the biliary epithelia in normal and pathological conditions, underlining the aspects that suggests modulation of secretin pathway as a possible therapeutic approach for chronic cholestatic human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lixian Chen
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Vik Meadows
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX
| | - Gianfranco Alpinis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Kyritsi K, Francis H, Zhou T, Ceci L, Wu N, Yang Z, Meng F, Chen L, Baiocchi L, Kundu D, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Wu C, Glaser S, Alpini G. Downregulation of p16 Decreases Biliary Damage and Liver Fibrosis in the Mdr2 / Mouse Model of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gene Expr 2020; 20:89-103. [PMID: 32393417 PMCID: PMC7650011 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15889714507961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biliary senescence and hepatic fibrosis are hallmarks of cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Senescent cholangiocytes display senescence-associated secretory phenotypes [SASPs, e.g., transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1)] that further increase biliary senescence (by an autocrine loop) and trigger liver fibrosis by paracrine mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of p16 inhibition and role of the TGF-1/microRNA (miR)-34a/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis in biliary damage and liver fibrosis in the Mdr2/ mouse model of PSC. We treated (i) in vivo male wild-type (WT) and Mdr2/ mice with p16 Vivo-Morpholino or controls before measuring biliary mass [intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM)] and senescence, biliary SASP levels, and liver fibrosis, and (ii) in vitro intrahepatic murine cholangiocyte lines (IMCLs) with small interfering RNA against p16 before measuring the mRNA expression of proliferation, senescence, and fibrosis markers. p16 and miR-34a increased but SIRT1 decreased in Mdr2/ mice and PSC human liver samples compared to controls. p16 immunoreactivity and biliary senescence and SASP levels increased in Mdr2/ mice but decreased in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. The increase in IBDM and hepatic fibrosis (observed in Mdr2/ mice) returned to normal values in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. TGF-1 immunoreactivity and biliary SASPs levels were higher in Mdr2/ compared to those of WT mice but returned to normal values in Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino. The expression of fibrosis/senescence markers decreased in cholangiocytes from Mdr2/ mice treated with p16 Vivo-Morpholino (compared to Mdr2/ mice) and in IMCLs (after p16 silencing) compared to controls. Modulation of the TGF-1/miR-34a/SIRT1 axis may be important in the management of PSC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Francis
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- ‡Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lixian Chen
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- §Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- ¶Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- ‡Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- †Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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11
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Mancinelli R, Cutone A, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Onori P, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Valenti P. Different iron-handling in inflamed small and large cholangiocytes and in small and large-duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33131269 PMCID: PMC7586138 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents the second most common primary hepatic malignancy and originates from the neoplastic transformation of the biliary cells. The intrahepatic subtype includes two morpho-molecular forms: large-duct type intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) and small-duct type iCCA. Iron is fundamental for the cellular processes, contributing in tumor development and progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate iron uptake, storage, and efflux proteins in both lipopolysaccharide-inflamed small and large cholangiocytes as well as in different iCCA subtypes. Our results show that, despite an increase in interleukin-6 production by both small and large cholangiocytes, ferroportin (Fpn) was decreased only in small cholangiocytes, whereas transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) and ferritin (Ftn) did not show any change. Differently from in vitro models, Fpn expression was increased in malignant cholangiocytes of small-duct type iCCA in comparison to large-duct type iCCA and peritumoral tissues. TfR1, Ftn and hepcidin were enhanced, even if at different extent, in both malignant cholangiocytes in comparison to the surrounding samples. Lactoferrin was higher in large-duct type iCCA in respect to small-duct type iCCA and peritumoral tissues. These findings show a different iron handling by inflamed small and large cholangiocytes, and small and large-duct type iCCA. The difference in iron homeostasis by the iCCA subtypes may have implications for the tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche (IS).
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | | | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
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12
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Sex Hormone-Dependent Physiology and Diseases of Liver. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082620. [PMID: 32290381 PMCID: PMC7216036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is associated not only with somatic and behavioral differences between men and women, but also with physiological differences reflected in organ metabolism. Genes regulated by sex hormones differ in expression in various tissues, which is especially important in the case of liver metabolism, with the liver being a target organ for sex hormones as its cells express estrogen receptors (ERs: ERα, also known as ESR1 or NR3A; ERβ; GPER (G protein-coupled ER, also known as GPR 30)) and the androgen receptor (AR) in both men and women. Differences in sex hormone levels and sex hormone-specific gene expression are mentioned as some of the main variations in causes of the incidence of hepatic diseases; for example, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more common in men, while women have an increased risk of autoimmune liver disease and show more acute liver failure symptoms in alcoholic liver disease. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the distinction is less pronounced, but increased incidences are suggested among men and postmenopausal women, probably due to an increased tendency towards visceral fat accumulation.
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Sato K, Francis H, Zhou T, Meng F, Kennedy L, Ekser B, Baiocchi L, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Glaser S, Alpini G. Neuroendocrine Changes in Cholangiocarcinoma Growth. Cells 2020; 9:E436. [PMID: 32069926 PMCID: PMC7072848 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy that emerges from the biliary tree. There are three major classes of CCA-intrahepatic, hilar (perihilar), or distal (extrahepatic)-according to the location of tumor development. Although CCA tumors are mainly derived from biliary epithelia (i.e., cholangiocytes), CCA can be originated from other cells, such as hepatic progenitor cells and hepatocytes. This heterogeneity of CCA may be responsible for poor survival rates of patients, limited effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the lack of treatment options and novel therapies. Previous studies have identified a number of neuroendocrine mediators, such as hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, as well as corresponding receptors. The mediator/receptor signaling pathways play a vital role in cholangiocyte proliferation, as well as CCA progression and metastases. Agonists or antagonists for candidate pathways may lead to the development of novel therapies for CCA patients. However, effects of mediators may differ between healthy or cancerous cholangiocytes, or between different subtypes of receptors. This review summarizes current understandings of neuroendocrine mediators and their functional roles in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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14
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Wu N, Meng F, Zhou T, Venter J, Giang TK, Kyritsi K, Wu C, Alvaro D, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Glaser S, Franchitto A. The Secretin/Secretin Receptor Axis Modulates Ductular Reaction and Liver Fibrosis through Changes in Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Mediated Biliary Senescence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2264-2280. [PMID: 30036520 PMCID: PMC6168967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the secretin (Sct)/secretin receptor (SR) axis stimulates ductular reaction and liver fibrosis, which are hallmarks of cholangiopathies. Our aim was to define the role of Sct-regulated cellular senescence, and we demonstrated that both ductular reaction and liver fibrosis are significantly reduced in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- bile duct ligated (BDL) mice compared with BDL wild-type mice. The reduction in hepatic fibrosis in Sct-/-, SR-/-, and Sct-/-/SR-/- BDL mice was accompanied by reduced transforming growth factor-β1 levels in serum and cholangiocyte supernatant, as well as decreased expression of markers of cellular senescence in cholangiocytes in contrast to enhanced cellular senescence in hepatic stellate cells compared with BDL wild-type mice. Secretin directly stimulated the senescence of cholangiocytes and regulated, by a paracrine mechanism, the senescence of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis via modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 biliary secretion. Targeting senescent cholangiocytes may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ameliorating hepatic fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao K Giang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Research, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health Care, Temple, Texas
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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15
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Lewis PL, Su J, Yan M, Meng F, Glaser SS, Alpini GD, Green RM, Sosa-Pineda B, Shah RN. Complex bile duct network formation within liver decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12220. [PMID: 30111800 PMCID: PMC6093899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary tree is an essential component of transplantable human liver tissue. Despite recent advances in liver tissue engineering, attempts at re-creating the intrahepatic biliary tree have not progressed significantly. The finer branches of the biliary tree are structurally and functionally complex and heterogeneous and require harnessing innate developmental processes for their regrowth. Here we demonstrate the ability of decellularized liver extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels to induce the in vitro formation of complex biliary networks using encapsulated immortalized mouse small biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes). This phenomenon is not observed using immortalized mouse large cholangiocytes, or with purified collagen 1 gels or Matrigel. We also show phenotypic stability via immunostaining for specific cholangiocyte markers. Moreover, tight junction formation and maturation was observed to occur between cholangiocytes, exhibiting polarization and transporter activity. To better define the mechanism of duct formation, we utilized three fluorescently labeled, but otherwise identical populations of cholangiocytes. The cells, in a proximity dependent manner, either branch out clonally, radiating from a single nucleation point, or assemble into multi-colored structures arising from separate populations. These findings present liver dECM as a promising biomaterial for intrahepatic bile duct tissue engineering and as a tool to study duct remodeling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L. Lewis
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jimmy Su
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA ,0000 0004 4687 2082grid.264756.4Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco D. Alpini
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA ,0000 0004 4687 2082grid.264756.4Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Richard M. Green
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beatriz Sosa-Pineda
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Nephrology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramille N. Shah
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Surgery (Transplant Division), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Sato K, Meng F, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. Mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1262-1269. [PMID: 28648950 PMCID: PMC5742086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, epithelial cells that line the biliary epithelium, are the primary target cells for cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. Quiescent cholangiocytes respond to biliary damage and acquire an activated neuroendocrine phenotype to maintain the homeostasis of the liver. The typical response of cholangiocytes is proliferation leading to bile duct hyperplasia, which is a characteristic of cholestatic liver diseases. Current studies have identified various signaling pathways that are associated with cholangiocyte proliferation/loss and liver fibrosis in cholangiopathies using human samples and rodent models. Although recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles and microRNAs could be mediators that regulate these messenger/receptor axes, further studies are required to confirm their roles. This review summarizes current studies of biliary response and cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestatic liver injury with particular emphasis on the secretin/secretin receptor axis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Thao Giang
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States.
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17
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Cheung AC, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, LaRusso NF. Pathobiology of biliary epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1220-1231. [PMID: 28716705 PMCID: PMC5777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which is controlled via numerous signaling pathways influenced by endogenous (e.g., bile acids, nucleotides, hormones, neurotransmitters) and exogenous (e.g., microbes/microbial products, drugs etc.) molecules. When injured, cholangiocytes undergo apoptosis/lysis, repair and proliferation. They also become senescent, a form of cell cycle arrest, which may prevent propagation of injury and/or malignant transformation. Senescent cholangiocytes can undergo further transformation to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), where they begin secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals that may contribute to disease initiation and progression. These and other concepts related to cholangiocyte pathobiology will be reviewed herein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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18
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Okada H, Yamada M, Kamimoto K, Kok CYY, Kaneko K, Ema M, Miyajima A, Itoh T. The transcription factor Klf5 is essential for intrahepatic biliary epithelial tissue remodeling after cholestatic liver injury. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29523685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under various conditions of liver injury, the intrahepatic biliary epithelium undergoes dynamic tissue expansion and remodeling, a process known as ductular reaction. Mouse models defective in inducing such a tissue-remodeling process are more susceptible to liver injury, suggesting a crucial role of this process in liver regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the biliary epithelial cell (BEC) dynamics in the ductular reaction remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) is highly enriched in mouse liver BECs and plays a key role in regulating the ductular reaction, specifically under cholestatic injury conditions. Although mice lacking Klf5 in the entire liver epithelium, including both hepatocytes and BECs (Klf5-LKO (liver epithelial-specific knockout) mice), did not exhibit any apparent phenotype in the hepatobiliary system under normal conditions, they exhibited significant defects in biliary epithelial tissue remodeling upon 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced cholangitis, concomitantly with exacerbated cholestasis and reduced survival rate. In contrast, mice lacking Klf5 solely in hepatocytes did not exhibit any such phenotypes, confirming Klf5's specific role in BECs. RNA-sequencing analyses of BECs isolated from the Klf5-LKO mouse livers revealed that the Klf5 deficiency primarily affected expression of cell cycle-related genes. Moreover, immunostaining analysis with the proliferation marker Ki67 disclosed that the Klf5-LKO mice had significantly reduced BEC proliferation levels upon injury. These results indicate that Klf5 plays a critical role in the ductular reaction and biliary epithelial tissue expansion and remodeling by inducing BEC proliferation and thereby contributing to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Okada
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Minami Yamada
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Cindy Yuet-Yin Kok
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Kota Kaneko
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- the Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
| | - Tohru Itoh
- From the Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 and
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19
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Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Bailey JM, Dar W, Polireddy K, Chen Q, Nevah Rubin MI, Sybenga A, DeMorrow S, Meng F, Stockton L, Alpini G, Francis H. Knockout of l-Histidine Decarboxylase Prevents Cholangiocyte Damage and Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice Subjected to High-Fat Diet Feeding via Disrupted Histamine/Leptin Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:600-615. [PMID: 29248461 PMCID: PMC5840487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) coupled with sugar, mimicking a Western diet, causes fatty liver disease in mice. Histamine induces biliary proliferation and fibrosis and regulates leptin signaling. Wild-type (WT) and l-histidine decarboxylase (Hdc-/-) mice were fed a control diet or an HFD coupled with a high fructose corn syrup equivalent. Hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining were performed to determine steatosis. Biliary mass and cholangiocyte proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Senescence and fibrosis were measured by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Hepatic stellate cell activation was detected by immunofluorescence. Histamine and leptin levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Leptin receptor (Ob-R) was evaluated by quantitative PCR. The HDC/histamine/histamine receptor axis, ductular reaction, and biliary senescence were evaluated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or end-stage liver disease. Hdc-/- HFD mice had increased steatosis compared with WT HFD mice. WT HFD mice had increased biliary mass, biliary proliferation, senescence, fibrosis, and hepatic stellate cell activation, which were reduced in Hdc-/- HFD mice. In Hdc-/- HFD mice, serum leptin levels increased, whereas biliary Ob-R expression decreased. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients had increased HDC/histamine/histamine receptor signaling. Hdc-/- HFD mice are susceptible to obesity via dysregulated leptin/Ob-R signaling, whereas the lack of HDC protects from HFD-induced fibrosis and cholangiocyte damage. HDC/histamine/leptin signaling may be important in managing obesity-induced biliary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Jennifer Demieville
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas
| | - Jennifer M Bailey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wasim Dar
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kishore Polireddy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingzheng Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Moises I Nevah Rubin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Amelia Sybenga
- Department of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Research, Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas; Department of Research, Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Lindsey Stockton
- Department of Research, Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Research, Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Bryan, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Research, Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas.
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20
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Sato K, Meng F, Venter J, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. The role of the secretin/secretin receptor axis in inflammatory cholangiocyte communication via extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11183. [PMID: 28894209 PMCID: PMC5593902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small and large intrahepatic bile ducts consist of small and large cholangiocytes, respectively, and these cholangiocytes have different morphology and functions. The gastrointestinal peptide hormone, secretin (SCT) that binds to secretin receptor (SR), is a key mediator in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles and cell-cell EV communication is recognized as an important factor in liver pathology, although EV communication between cholangiocytes is not identified to date. Cholangiocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines during bacterial infection leading to biliary inflammation and hyperplasia. We demonstrate that cholangiocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, secrete more EVs than cholangiocytes incubated with vehicle. These LPS-derived EVs induce inflammatory responses in other cholangiocytes including elevated cytokine production and cell proliferation. Large but not small cholangiocytes show inflammatory responses against large but not small cholangiocyte-derived EVs. Large cholangiocytes with knocked down either SCT or SR by short hairpin RNAs show reduced EV secretion during LPS stimulation, and EVs isolated from SCT or SR knocked down cholangiocytes fail to induce inflammatory reactions in control large cholangiocytes. This study identifies cholangiocyte EV communication during LPS stimulation, and demonstrates that the SCT/SR axis may be important for this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Julie Venter
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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21
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Wan Y, Meng F, Wu N, Zhou T, Venter J, Francis H, Kennedy L, Glaser T, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Glaser S, Huang Q, Alpini G. Substance P increases liver fibrosis by differential changes in senescence of cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2017; 66:528-541. [PMID: 28256736 PMCID: PMC5519428 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Substance P (SP) is involved in the proliferation of cholangiocytes in bile duct-ligated (BDL) mice and human cholangiocarcinoma growth by interacting with the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). To identify whether SP regulates liver fibrosis during cholestasis, wild-type or NK-1R knockout (NK-1R-/- ) mice that received BDL or sham surgery and multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mice treated with either an NK-1R antagonist (L-733,060) or saline were used. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated with SP or saline intraperitoneally. In vivo, there was increased expression of tachykinin precursor 1 (coding SP) and NK-1R in both BDL and Mdr2-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Expression of tachykinin precursor 1 and NK-1R was significantly higher in liver samples from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients compared to healthy controls. Knockout of NK-1R decreased BDL-induced liver fibrosis, and treatment with L-733,060 resulted in decreased liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice, which was shown by decreased sirius red staining, fibrosis gene and protein expression, and reduced transforming growth factor-β1 levels in serum and cholangiocyte supernatants. Furthermore, we observed that reduced liver fibrosis in NK-1R-/- mice with BDL surgery or Mdr2-/- mice treated with L-733,060 was associated with enhanced cellular senescence of hepatic stellate cells and decreased senescence of cholangiocytes. In vitro, L-733,060 inhibited SP-induced expression of fibrotic genes in hepatic stellate cells and cholangiocytes; treatment with L-733,060 partially reversed the SP-induced decrease of senescence gene expression in cultured hepatic stellate cells and the SP-induced increase of senescence-related gene expression in cultured cholangiocytes. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results demonstrate the regulatory effects of the SP/NK-1R axis on liver fibrosis through changes in cellular senescence during cholestatic liver injury. (Hepatology 2017;66:528-541).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX,Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Trenton Glaser
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | | | | | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX
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22
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Yoo KS, Lim WT, Choi HS. Biology of Cholangiocytes: From Bench to Bedside. Gut Liver 2017; 10:687-98. [PMID: 27563020 PMCID: PMC5003190 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are involved in the modification of bile volume and composition. They are also involved in damaging and repairing the liver. Cholangiocytes have many functions including bile production. They are also involved in transport processes that regulate the volume and composition of bile. Cholangiocytes undergo proliferation and cell death under a variety of conditions. Cholangiocytes have functional and morphological heterogenecity. The immunobiology of cholangiocytes is important, particularly for understanding biliary disease. Secretion of different proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines suggests the major role that cholangiocytes play in inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates extensive cross-talk with other liver cells, including hepatocytes, stellate cells, stem cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathy refers to a category of chronic liver diseases whose primary disease target is the cholangiocyte. Cholangiopathy usually results in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant. We summarize the biology of cholangiocytes and redefine the concept of cholangiopathy. We also discuss the recent progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy and how such progress has influenced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sang Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Lim
- Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Kyritsi K, Meng F, Zhou T, Wu N, Venter J, Francis H, Kennedy L, Onori P, Franchitto A, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, McDaniel K, Mancinelli R, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Glaser S. Knockdown of Hepatic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone by Vivo-Morpholino Decreases Liver Fibrosis in Multidrug Resistance Gene 2 Knockout Mice by Down-Regulation of miR-200b. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1551-1565. [PMID: 28502477 PMCID: PMC5500827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis occurs during the progression of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Proliferating cholangiocytes and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) participate in the promotion of liver fibrosis during cholestasis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a trophic peptide hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons and the biliary epithelium and exerts its biological effects on cholangiocytes by interaction with the receptor subtype (GnRHR1) expressed by cholangiocytes and HSCs. Previously, we demonstrated that administration of GnRH to normal rats increased intrahepatic biliary mass (IBDM) and hepatic fibrosis. Also, miR-200b is associated with the progression of hepatic fibrosis; however, the role of the GnRH/GnRHR1/miR-200b axis in the development of hepatic fibrosis in PSC is unknown. Herein, using the mouse model of PSC (multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout), the hepatic knockdown of GnRH decreased IBDM and liver fibrosis. In vivo and in vitro administration of GnRH increased the expression of miR-200b and fibrosis markers. The GnRH/GnRHR1 axis and miR-200b were up-regulated in human PSC samples. Cetrorelix, a GnRHR1 antagonist, inhibited the expression of fibrotic genes in vitro and decreased IBDM and hepatic fibrosis in vivo. Inhibition of miR-200b decreased the expression of fibrosis genes in vitro in cholangiocyte and HSC lines. Targeting the GnRH/GnRHR1/miR-200b axis may be key for the management of hepatic fibrosis during the progression of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kyritsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas; Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas; Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas.
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24
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Qin L, Zhao X, Jian J, Zhao Y, Sun M, Hu C. High-resolution 3D visualization of ductular proliferation of bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats using x-ray phase contrast computed tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4215. [PMID: 28652608 PMCID: PMC5484700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) can provide excellent image contrast for soft tissues with small density differences, and it is particularly appropriate for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of accurate microstructures inside biological samples. In this study, the morphological structures of proliferative bile ductules (BDs) were visualized without contrast agents via PCCT with liver fibrosis samples induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, 2-week and 6-week post-BDL groups. All livers were removed after euthanasia for a subsequent imaging. The verification of the ductular structures captured by PCCT was achieved by a careful head-to-head comparison with their corresponding histological images. Our experimental results demonstrated that PCCT images corresponded very well to the proliferative BDs shown by histological staining using cytokeratin 19 (CK19). Furthermore, the 3D density of proliferative BDs increased with the progression of liver fibrosis. In addition, PCCT accurately revealed the architecture of proliferative BDs in a 3D fashion, including the ductular ramification, the elongation and tortuosity of the branches, and the corrugations of the luminal duct surface. Thus, the high-resolution PCCT technique can improve our understanding of the characteristics of ductular proliferation from a new 3D perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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25
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Kennedy I, Francis H, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs in cholangiopathies. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:34-41. [PMID: 29085701 PMCID: PMC5659325 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are a group of rare, devastating diseases that arise from damaged cholangiocytes, the cells that line the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts of the biliary epithelium. Cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and are a major cause of liver transplantation. A better understanding of the underlying pathogenesis that influences cholangiocyte dysregulation and cholangiopathy progression is necessary, considering the dismal prognosis associated with these diseases. MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional mRNA expression of specific genes. The role of microRNAs has expanded to include the initiation and development of many diseases, including cholangiopathies. Understanding microRNA regulation of cholangiopathies may provide diagnostic and therapeutic benefit for these diseases. In this review, the authors primarily focus on studies published within the last five years that help determine the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- indsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA,Corresponding author: Texas A&M Health Science Center Olin E. Teague Medical Center 1901 South 1st Street, Bldg. 205, 1R60 Temple, TX, 76504, USA
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26
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McMillin M, Frampton G, Grant S, DeMorrow S. The Neuropeptide Galanin Is Up-Regulated during Cholestasis and Contributes to Cholangiocyte Proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:819-830. [PMID: 28196718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the course of cholestatic liver diseases, mitotically dormant cholangiocytes proliferate and subsequently acquire a neuroendocrine phenotype. Galanin is a neuroendocrine factor responsible for regulation of physiological responses, such as feeding behavior and mood, and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, although its role in biliary hyperplasia is unknown. Biliary hyperplasia was induced in rats via bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and galanin was increased in serum and liver homogenates from BDL rats. Treatment of sham and BDL rats with recombinant galanin increased cholangiocyte proliferation and intrahepatic biliary mass, liver damage, and inflammation, whereas blocking galanin expression with specific vivo-morpholino sequences inhibited hyperplastic cholangiocyte proliferation, liver damage, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. The proliferative effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expressed specifically on cholangiocytes and were associated with an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 signal transduction pathways and subsequent increase in cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity and induction of Yes-associated protein expression. Strategies to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ribosomal S6 kinase 1, or cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity prevented the proliferative effects of galanin. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting galanin signaling may be effective for the maintenance of biliary mass during cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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27
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Hall C, Sato K, Wu N, Zhou T, Kyritsi K, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Regulators of Cholangiocyte Proliferation. Gene Expr 2017; 17:155-171. [PMID: 27412505 PMCID: PMC5494439 DOI: 10.3727/105221616x692568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, a small population of cells within the normal liver, have been the focus of a significant amount of research over the past two decades because of their involvement in cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. This article summarizes landmark studies in the field of cholangiocyte physiology and aims to provide an updated review of biliary pathogenesis. The historical approach of rodent extrahepatic bile duct ligation and the relatively recent utilization of transgenic mice have led to significant discoveries in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Cholangiocyte physiology is a complex system based on heterogeneity within the biliary tree and a number of signaling pathways that serve to regulate bile composition. Studies have expanded the list of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones that have been shown to be key regulators of proliferation and biliary damage. The peptide histamine and hormones, such as melatonin and angiotensin, angiotensin, as well as numerous sex hormones, have been implicated in cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestasis. Numerous pathways promote cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestasis, and there is growing evidence to suggest that cholangiocyte proliferation may promote hepatic fibrosis. These pathways may represent significant therapeutic potential for a subset of cholestatic liver diseases that currently lack effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- †Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
- ‡Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Keisaku Sato
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Fanyin Meng
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- *Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- ‡Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- §Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
- ¶Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
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Knockout of microRNA-21 reduces biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis in cholestatic bile duct ligated mice. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1256-1267. [PMID: 27775690 PMCID: PMC5121007 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a condition that leads to chronic hepatobiliary inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis. Many microRNAs (miRs) are known to have a role in fibrosis progression; however, the role of miR-21 during cholestasis remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of miR-21 during cholestasis-induced biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis. Wild-type (WT) and miR-21-/- mice underwent Sham or bile duct ligation (BDL) for 1 week, before evaluating liver histology, biliary proliferation, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, fibrotic response, and small mothers against decapentaplegic 7 (Smad-7) expression. In vitro, immortalized murine biliary cell lines (IMCLs) and human hepatic stellate cell line (hHSC) were treated with either miR-21 inhibitor or control before analyzing proliferation, apoptosis, and fibrotic responses. In vivo, the levels of miR-21 were increased in total liver and cholangiocytes after BDL, and loss of miR-21 decreased the amount of BDL-induced biliary proliferation and intrahepatic biliary mass. In addition, loss of miR-21 decreased BDL-induced HSC activation, collagen deposition, and expression of the fibrotic markers transforming growth factor-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin. In vitro, IMCL and hHSCs treated with miR-21 inhibitor displayed decreased proliferation and expression of fibrotic markers and enhanced apoptosis when compared with control treated cells. Furthermore, mice lacking miR-21 show increased Smad-7 expression, which may be driving the decrease in biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis. During cholestatic injury, miR-21 is increased and leads to increased biliary proliferation and hepatic fibrosis. Local modulation of miR-21 may be a therapeutic option for patients with cholestasis.
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Vasopressin regulates the growth of the biliary epithelium in polycystic liver disease. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1147-1155. [PMID: 27571215 PMCID: PMC5480400 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts by three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. In the liver, AVP is involved in ureogenesis, glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and regeneration. No data exist about the presence of AVP in the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes are the target cells in a number of animal models of cholestasis, including bile duct ligation (BDL), and in several human pathologies, such as polycystic liver disease characterized by the presence of cysts that bud from the biliary epithelium. In vivo, liver fragments from normal and BDL mice and rats as well as liver samples from normal and ADPKD patients were collected to evaluate: (i) intrahepatic bile duct mass by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin-19; and (ii) expression of V1a, V1b and V2 by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. In vitro, small and large mouse cholangiocytes, H69 (non-malignant human cholangiocytes) and LCDE (human cholangiocytes from the cystic epithelium) were stimulated with vasopressin in the absence/presence of AVP antagonists such as OPC-31260 and Tolvaptan, before assessing cellular growth by MTT assay and cAMP levels. Cholangiocytes express V2 receptor that was upregulated following BDL and in ADPKD liver samples. Administration of AVP increased proliferation and cAMP levels of small cholangiocytes and LCDE cells. We found no effect in the proliferation of large mouse cholangiocytes and H69 cells. Increases were blocked by preincubation with the AVP antagonists. These results showed that AVP and its receptors may be important in the modulation of the proliferation rate of the biliary epithelium.
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Macrophage Depletion Attenuates Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Ductular Reaction in a Mouse Model of Chronic Cholangiopathies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162286. [PMID: 27618307 PMCID: PMC5019458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholangiopathies, such as primary and secondary sclerosing cholangitis, are progressive disease entities, associated with periportal accumulation of inflammatory cells, encompassing monocytes and macrophages, peribiliary extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and ductular reaction (DR). This study aimed to elucidate the relevance of macrophages in the progression of chronic cholangiopathies through macrophage depletion in a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) mouse model. One group of mice received a single i.p. injection of Clodronate encapsulated liposomes (CLOLipo) at day 7 of a 14 day DDC treatment, while control animals were co-treated with PBSLipo instead. Mice were sacrificed after 7 or respectively 14 days of treatment for immunohistochemical assessment of macrophage recruitment (F4/80), ECM deposition (Sirius Red, Laminin) and DR (CK19). Macrophage depletion during a 14 day DDC treatment resulted in a significant inhibition of ECM deposition. Porto-lobular migration patterns of laminin-rich ECM and ductular structures were significantly attenuated and a progression of DR was effectively inhibited by macrophage depletion. CLOLipo co-treatment resulted in a confined DR to portal regions without amorphous cell clusters. This study suggests that therapeutic options selectively directed towards macrophages might represent a feasible treatment for chronic cholestatic liver diseases.
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Development and functional characterization of extrahepatic cholangiocyte lines from normal rats. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:964-72. [PMID: 26277684 PMCID: PMC4624466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since limited in vitro tools exist for evaluating the pathophysiology of extrahepatic bile ducts, we aim to develop an extrahepatic cholangiocyte culture system from normal rats. METHODS Extrahepatic ducts were dissected from rats, cut in half length-wise and cultured on collagen-I coated plates. Transepithelial electrical resistance was measured. At ∼85% confluence, in extrahepatic cholangiocytes we measured: (i) cell size and distribution, and expression for cytokeratin-19, secretin, secretin receptor and somatostatin receptor type II (SSTR2), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), chloride bicarbonate anion exchanger 2 (AE2), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and nerve growth factor (NGF); and (ii) the effect of secretin and/or somatostatin on 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and proliferation. RESULTS Cytokeratin-positive extrahepatic cholangiocytes were cultured for 6 passages to form a cell monolayer. Cholangiocytes proliferated to confluence over a 2-week period. The size of extrahepatic cholangiocytes averaged ∼16 μm. Extrahepatic ducts and cholangiocytes were positive for secretin, secretin receptor and SSTR2, CFTR, AE2, VEGF-A and NGF. In extrahepatic cholangiocyte cultures, secretin increased cAMP (prevented by somatostatin), chloride efflux and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Extrahepatic cholangiocyte cultures may be important for studying diseases targeting extrahepatic cholangiocytes such as biliary atresia.
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Kim KH, Chen CC, Alpini G, Lau LF. CCN1 induces hepatic ductular reaction through integrin αvβ₅-mediated activation of NF-κB. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1886-900. [PMID: 25822023 DOI: 10.1172/jci79327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cholestatic diseases, which stem from diverse etiologies, result in liver toxicity and fibrosis and may progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. We show that CCN1 (also known as CYR61), a matricellular protein that dampens and resolves liver fibrosis, also mediates cholangiocyte proliferation and ductular reaction, which are repair responses to cholestatic injury. In cholangiocytes, CCN1 activated NF-κB through integrin αvβ5/αvβ3, leading to Jag1 expression, JAG1/NOTCH signaling, and cholangiocyte proliferation. CCN1 also induced Jag1 expression in hepatic stellate cells, whereupon they interacted with hepatic progenitor cells to promote their differentiation into cholangiocytes. Administration of CCN1 protein or soluble JAG1 induced cholangiocyte proliferation in mice, which was blocked by inhibitors of NF-κB or NOTCH signaling. Knock-in mice expressing a CCN1 mutant that is unable to bind αvβ5/αvβ3 were impaired in ductular reaction, leading to massive hepatic necrosis and mortality after bile duct ligation (BDL), whereas treatment of these mice with soluble JAG1 rescued ductular reaction and reduced hepatic necrosis and mortality. Blockade of integrin αvβ5/αvβ3, NF-κB, or NOTCH signaling in WT mice also resulted in defective ductular reaction after BDL. These findings demonstrate that CCN1 induces cholangiocyte proliferation and ductular reaction and identify CCN1/αvβ5/NF-κB/JAG1 as a critical axis for biliary injury repair.
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Johnson C, Hargrove L, Graf A, Kennedy L, Hodges K, Harris R, Francis T, Ueno Y, Francis H. Histamine restores biliary mass following carbon tetrachloride-induced damage in a cholestatic rat model. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:211-7. [PMID: 25575430 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct ligation coupled with carbon tetrachloride induces apoptosis of large but not small cholangiocytes. Histidine decarboxylase regulates histamine synthesis. We have shown that: (i) cholangiocytes express histidine decarboxylase and secrete histamine and (ii) histamine stimulates biliary growth. AIMS To demonstrate that histidine decarboxylase/histamine regulates cholangiocyte homeostasis after carbon tetrachloride treatment. METHODS In vivo, normal and bile duct ligated rats were treated with saline or histamine (0.5mg/kg body weight) and given carbon tetrachloride by gavage 2 days before sacrifice. Serum, liver blocks and large cholangiocytes were obtained. Histidine decarboxylase, bile duct mass and proliferation were measured in liver sections and in cholangiocytes. Apoptosis was measured by immunohistochemistry and gene expression. Histamine levels were evaluated in serum. In vitro, large cholangiocytes were treated with carbon tetrachloride in the absence/presence of histamine before evaluating proliferation. RESULTS After bile duct ligation there was enhanced ductal mass, histidine decarboxylase expression and serum histamine levels. Carbon tetrachloride treatment enhanced biliary apoptosis, and decreased histidine decarboxylase and serum histamine levels and biliary proliferation, changes that were restored by histamine. In vitro, cholangiocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride had a lower proliferative capacity that was reversed when cells were pre-treated with histamine. CONCLUSION Histidine decarboxylase may be a key regulator of cholangiocyte homeostasis during biliary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Allyson Graf
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Kyle Hodges
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Rachel Harris
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Taylor Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veteran's Health Care System, USA; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, BaylorScott and White, USA; Medicine, Texas A&M University HSC, Temple, TX, USA.
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Eldridge SR, Covey J, Morris J, Fang B, Horn TL, Elsass KE, Hamre JR, McCormick DL, Davis MA. Characterization of acute biliary hyperplasia in Fisher 344 rats administered the indole-3-carbinol analog, NSC-743380. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:303-9. [PMID: 25448049 PMCID: PMC4312220 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NSC-743380 (1-[(3-chlorophenyl)-methyl]-1H-indole-3-carbinol) is in early stages of development as an anticancer agent. Two metabolites reflect sequential conversion of the carbinol functionality to a carboxaldehyde and the major metabolite, 1-[(3-chlorophenyl)-methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid. In an exploratory toxicity study in rats, NSC-743380 induced elevations in liver-associated serum enzymes and biliary hyperplasia. Biliary hyperplasia was observed 2 days after dosing orally for 2 consecutive days at 100mg/kg/day. Notably, hepatotoxicity and biliary hyperplasia were observed after oral administration of the parent compound, but not when major metabolites were administered. The toxicities of a structurally similar but pharmacologically inactive molecule and a structurally diverse molecule with a similar efficacy profile in killing cancer cells in vitro were compared to NSC-743380 to explore scaffold versus target-mediated toxicity. Following two oral doses of 100mg/kg/day given once daily on two consecutive days, the structurally unrelated active compound produced hepatic toxicity similar to NSC-743380. The structurally similar inactive compound did not, but, lower exposures were achieved. The weight of evidence implies that the hepatotoxicity associated with NSC-743380 is related to the anticancer activity of the parent molecule. Furthermore, because biliary hyperplasia represents an unmanageable and non-monitorable adverse effect in clinical settings, this model may provide an opportunity for investigators to use a short-duration study design to explore biomarkers of biliary hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R Eldridge
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Covey
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joel Morris
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | - John R Hamre
- Investigative Toxicology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Myrtle A Davis
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA.
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Han Y, Onori P, Meng F, DeMorrow S, Venter J, Francis H, Franchitto A, Ray D, Kennedy L, Greene J, Renzi A, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Glaser S, Alpini G. Prolonged exposure of cholestatic rats to complete dark inhibits biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G894-904. [PMID: 25214401 PMCID: PMC4216989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00288.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis are common features in cholestatic liver disease. Melatonin is synthesized by the pineal gland as well as the liver. Melatonin inhibits biliary hyperplasia of bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. Since melatonin synthesis (by the enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) from the pineal gland increases after dark exposure, we hypothesized that biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis are diminished by continuous darkness via increased melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland. Normal or BDL rats (immediately after surgery) were housed with light-dark cycles or complete dark for 1 wk before evaluation of 1) the expression of AANAT in the pineal gland and melatonin levels in pineal gland tissue supernatants and serum; 2) biliary proliferation and intrahepatic bile duct mass, liver histology, and serum chemistry; 3) secretin-stimulated ductal secretion (functional index of biliary growth); 4) collagen deposition, liver fibrosis markers in liver sections, total liver, and cholangiocytes; and 5) expression of clock genes in cholangiocytes. In BDL rats exposed to dark there was 1) enhanced AANAT expression/melatonin secretion in pineal gland and melatonin serum levels; 2) improved liver morphology, serum chemistry and decreased biliary proliferation and secretin-stimulated choleresis; and 4) decreased fibrosis and expression of fibrosis markers in liver sections, total liver and cholangiocytes and reduced biliary expression of the clock genes PER1, BMAL1, CLOCK, and Cry1. Thus prolonged dark exposure may be a beneficial noninvasive therapeutic approach for the management of biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- 4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Paolo Onori
- 7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,3Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 2Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Julie Venter
- 4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Heather Francis
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,3Operational Funds, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- 5Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy; ,7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Debolina Ray
- 4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
| | - John Greene
- 6Pathology, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- 7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; ,4Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas;
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Afroze S, Meng F, Jensen K, McDaniel K, Rahal K, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Glaser SS. The physiological roles of secretin and its receptor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:29. [PMID: 25332973 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is secreted by S cells in the small intestine and affects the function of a number of organ systems. Secretin receptors (SR) are expressed in the basolateral domain of several cell types. In addition to regulating the secretion of a number of epithelia (e.g., in the pancreas and biliary epithelium in the liver), secretin exerts trophic effects in several cell types. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive review on the multiple roles of secretin and SR signaling in the regulation of epithelial functions in various organ systems with particular emphasis in the liver. We will discuss the role of secretin and its receptor in health and biliary disease pathogenesis. Finally, we propose future areas of research for the further evaluation of the secretin/secretin receptor axis in liver pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Afroze
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kendal Jensen
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kinan Rahal
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Franchitto A, Onori P, Renzi A, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Recent advances on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:27. [PMID: 25332971 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells lining the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes play several key roles in the modification of ductal bile and are also the target cells in chronic cholestatic liver diseases (i.e., cholangiopathies) such as PSC, PBC, polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). During these pathologies, cholangiocytes (which in normal condition are in a quiescent state) begin to proliferate acquiring phenotypes of neuroendocrine cells, and start secreting different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones to modulate cholangiocytes proliferation and interaction with the surrounding environment, trying to reestablish the balance between proliferation/loss of cholangiocytes for the maintenance of biliary homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. To clarify the mechanisms of action of these factors we will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franchitto
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Graf A, Meng F, Hargrove L, Kennedy L, Han Y, Francis T, Hodges K, Ueno Y, Nguyen Q, Greene JF, Francis H. Knockout of histidine decarboxylase decreases bile duct ligation-induced biliary hyperplasia via downregulation of the histidine decarboxylase/VEGF axis through PKA-ERK1/2 signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G813-23. [PMID: 25169977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00188.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Histidine is converted to histamine by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). We have shown that cholangiocytes 1) express HDC, 2) secrete histamine, and 3) proliferate after histamine treatment via ERK1/2 signaling. In bile duct-ligated (BDL) rodents, there is enhanced biliary hyperplasia, HDC expression, and histamine secretion. This studied aimed to demonstrate that knockdown of HDC inhibits biliary proliferation via downregulation of PKA/ERK1/2 signaling. HDC(-/-) mice and matching wild-type (WT) were subjected to sham or BDL. After 1 wk, serum, liver blocks, and cholangiocytes were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed for 1) hematoxylin and eosin, 2) intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) by cytokeratin-19, and 3) HDC biliary expression. We measured serum and cholangiocyte histamine levels by enzyme immunoassay. In total liver or cholangiocytes, we studied: 1) HDC and VEGF/HIF-1α expression and 2) PCNA and PKA/ERK1/2 protein expression. In vitro, cholangiocytes were stably transfected with shRNA-HDC plasmids (or control). After transfection we evaluated pPKA, pERK1/2, and cholangiocyte proliferation by immunoblots and MTT assay. In BDL HDC(-/-) mice, there was decreased IBDM, PCNA, VEGF, and HDC expression compared with BDL WT mice. Histamine levels were decreased in BDL HDC(-/-). BDL HDC(-/-) livers were void of necrosis and inflammation compared with BDL WT. PKA/ERK1/2 protein expression (increased in WT BDL) was lower in BDL HDC(-/-) cholangiocytes. In vitro, knockdown of HDC decreased proliferation and protein expression of PKA/ERK1/2 compared with control. In conclusion, loss of HDC decreases BDL-induced biliary mass and VEGF/HIF-1α expression via PKA/ERK1/2 signaling. Our data suggest that HDC is a key regulator of biliary proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | | | | | - Yuyan Han
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Yamagata University, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata, Japan; and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Heather Francis
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by selective destruction of intrahepatic cholangiocytes. Mechanisms underlying the development and progression of the disease are still controversial and largely undefined. Evidence suggests that PBC results from an articulated immunologic response against an immunodominant mitochondrial autoantigen, the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2); characteristics of the disease are also the presence of disease-specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recent evidence suggests that cholangiocytes show specific immunobiological features that are responsible for the selective targeting of those cells by the immune system. The immune reaction in PBC selectively targets small sized, intrahepatic bile ducts; although a specific reason for that has not been defined yet, it has been established that the biliary epithelium displays a unique heterogeneity, for which the physiological and pathophysiological features of small and large cholangiocytes significantly differ. In this review article, the authors provide a critical overview of the current evidence on the role of cholangiocytes in the immune-mediated destruction of the biliary tree that characterizes PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Guerrier M, Attili F, Alpini G, Glaser S. Prolonged administration of secretin to normal rats increases biliary proliferation and secretin-induced ductal secretory activity. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:118-25. [PMID: 25019073 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cholangiocyte proliferation is coordinately regulated by a number of gastrointestinal hormones/peptides, some of which display stimulatory effects and some have inhibitory actions on cholangiocyte proliferation. Enhanced biliary proliferation [for example after bile duct ligation (BDL) and partial hepatectomy] is associated with increased expression of secretin receptor (SR), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) anion exchanger 2 and secretin-stimulated ductal secretion, whereas loss/damage of bile ducts [for example after acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration] is associated with reduced secretin-stimulated ductal secretory activity. There is growing information regarding the role of gastrointestinal hormones the regulation of biliary growth. For example, while gastrin, somatostatin and serotonin inhibit bile duct hyperplasia of cholestatic rats by downregulation of cAMP signaling, secretin has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of normal mice by activation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling. However, no information exists regarding the stimulatory effects of secretin on biliary proliferation of normal rats. Thus, we evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effect of secretin on biliary proliferation, the expression of markers key of ductal secretion and secretin-stimulated ductal secretion. METHODS Normal male rats were treated with saline or secretin (2.5 nmoles/kg BW/day by osmotic minipumps for one week). We evaluated: (I) intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) in liver sections and PCNA expression in purified cholangiocytes; (II) SR and CFTR mRNA expression and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels in purified cholangiocytes; and (III) secretin-stimulated bile and bicarbonate secretion in bile fistula rats. In vitro, normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte lines (NRIC) were treated with BSA (basal) or secretin (100 nM) for 24 to 72 hours in the absence/presence of a PKA or a MEK inhibitor before evaluating proliferation by MTS assays. RESULTS Prolonged administration of secretin to normal rats increased IBDM and PCNA expression in purified cholangiocytes compared to saline-treated normal rats. Also, secretin increased the expression of proteins (SR and CFTR) that are key in the regulating ductal secretion and enhanced secretin-stimulated cAMP levels and bile and bicarbonate secretion. In vitro, secretin increased the proliferation of NRIC, increase that was prevented by PKA and MAPK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that secretin stimulates both in vivo and in vitro biliary proliferation and secretin-stimulated ductal secretory activity in normal rats. We suggest that the stimulatory effect of secretin on biliary proliferation and secretion may be important for preventing biliary dysfunction during ductopenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheleine Guerrier
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA ; 2 University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TX, USA ; 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, USA
| | - Fabia Attili
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA ; 2 University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TX, USA ; 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA ; 2 University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TX, USA ; 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA ; 2 University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TX, USA ; 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, USA
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Glaser S, Meng F, Han Y, Onori P, Chow BK, Francis H, Venter J, McDaniel K, Marzioni M, Invernizzi P, Ueno Y, Lai JM, Huang L, Standeford H, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Alpini G. Secretin stimulates biliary cell proliferation by regulating expression of microRNA 125b and microRNA let7a in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1795-808.e12. [PMID: 24583060 PMCID: PMC4035389 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferating cholangiocytes secrete and respond to neuroendocrine hormones, including secretin. We investigated whether secretin secreted by S cells and cholangiocytes stimulates biliary proliferation in mice. METHODS Cholestasis was induced in secretin knockout (Sct(-/-)) and wild-type (control) mice by bile duct ligation (BDL). At days 3 and 7 after BDL, control and Sct(-/-) mice received tail-vein injections of morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a. One week later, liver tissues and cholangiocytes were collected. Immunohistochemical, immunoblot, luciferase reporter, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and proliferation were measured. Secretin secretion was measured in conditioned media from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile. RESULTS Secretin secretion was increased in supernatants from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile after BDL in control mice. BDL Sct(-/-) mice had lower IBDM, reduced proliferation, and reduced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and nerve growth factor (NGF) compared with BDL control. BDL and control mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a had increased IBDM. Livers of mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b had increased expression of VEGFA, and those treated with morpholinos against microRNA let7a had increased expression of NGF. Secretin regulated VEGF and NGF expression that negatively correlated with microRNA 125b and let7a levels in liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS After liver injury, secretin produced by cholangiocytes and S cells reduces microRNA 125b and let7a levels, resulting in up-regulation of VEGF and NGF. Modulation of cholangiocyte expression of secretin could be a therapeutic approach for biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Billy K Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jia-ming Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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Renzi A, Mancinelli R, Onori P, Franchitto A, Alpini G, Glaser S, Gaudio E. Inhibition of the liver expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase increases the expression of angiogenic factors in cholangiocytes. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:4-10. [PMID: 24696833 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reduction of biliary serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) expression and melatonin administration/secretion in cholangiocytes increases biliary proliferation and the expression of SR, CFTR and Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) AE2. The balance between biliary proliferation/damage is regulated by several autocrine neuroendocrine factors including vascular endothelial growth factor-A/C (VEGF-A/C). VEGFs are secreted by several epithelia, where they modulate cell growth by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. No data exists regarding the effect of AANAT modulation on the expressions of VEGFs by cholangiocytes. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effect of local modulation of biliary AANAT expression on the cholangiocytes synthesis of VEGF-A/C. RESULTS The decrease in AANAT expression and subsequent lower melatonin secretion by cholangiocytes was associated with increased expression of VEGF-A/C. Overexpression of AANAT in cholangiocyte lines decreased the expression of VEGF-A/C. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of melatonin synthesis may affect the expression of VEGF-A/C by cholangiocytes and may modulate the hepatic microvascularization through the regulation of VEGF-A/C expression regulating biliary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Renzi
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Noguchi H, Yamada S, Nabeshima A, Guo X, Tanimoto A, Wang KY, Kitada S, Tasaki T, Takama T, Shimajiri S, Horlad H, Komohara Y, Izumi H, Kohno K, Ichijo H, Sasaguri Y. Depletion of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 prevents bile duct ligation-induced necroinflammation and subsequent peribiliary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:644-61. [PMID: 24412091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), is ubiquitously expressed and situated in an important upstream position of many signal transduction pathways. ASK1 plays a pivotal role in stressor-induced cell survival and inflammatory reactions. To ascertain the regulatory functions of ASK1 in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver injury, we examined the net effects of ASK1 depletion on hepatic necroinflammation and/or fibrosis. We subjected C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or ASK1-deficient (ASK1(-/-)) mice to sham or BDL surgery for 14 days. In day 3 BDL animals, ASK1(-/-) mice had significantly fewer bile infarcts along with more reduced interlobular or portal inflammatory infiltrate of various immune cells, including neutrophils, compared with WT mice in which ASK1 expression was markedly activated. Morphologically apoptotic hepatocytes or cholangiocytes were negligible in both the sham and BDL animals. In contrast, ASK1(-/-) mice had significantly less proliferating activity of not only hepatocytes but also large cholangiocytes than WT mice. Day 14 BDL ASK1(-/-) mice manifested potential antifibrogenic aspects of ASK1 deficiency, characterized by significantly fewer activated peribiliary fibrogenic cells and peribiliary fibrosis. These observations indicate that ASK1-mediated hepatic necroinflammation and proliferation, but not apoptosis, are closely linked to liver fibrosis and fibrogenesis. A specific ASK1 pathway blocker or inhibitor might offer a therapeutic strategy against human cholestatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Noguchi
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Atsunori Nabeshima
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Xin Guo
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ke-Yong Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Bio-information Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shohei Kitada
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Tasaki
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Takama
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shohei Shimajiri
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hasita Horlad
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Kohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaguri
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Abstract
Intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) is a highly versatile second messenger that regulates a wide range of functions in every type of cell and tissue. To achieve this versatility, the Ca(2+) signaling system operates in a variety of ways to regulate cellular processes that function over a wide dynamic range. This is particularly well exemplified for Ca(2+) signals in the liver, which modulate diverse and specialized functions such as bile secretion, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These Ca(2+) signals are organized to control distinct cellular processes through tight spatial and temporal coordination of [Ca(2+)]i signals, both within and between cells. This article will review the machinery responsible for the formation of Ca(2+) signals in the liver, the types of subcellular, cellular, and intercellular signals that occur, the physiological role of Ca(2+) signaling in the liver, and the role of Ca(2+) signaling in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Amaya
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Tabibian JH, Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. Physiology of cholangiocytes. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:541-65. [PMID: 23720296 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic ducts of the biliary tree. The main physiologic function of cholangiocytes is modification of hepatocyte-derived bile, an intricate process regulated by hormones, peptides, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and other molecules through intracellular signaling pathways and cascades. The mechanisms and regulation of bile modification are reviewed herein.
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Han Y, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Marzioni M, McDaniel K, Alvaro D, Venter J, Carpino G, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Franchitto A. Recent advances in the morphological and functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:549-65. [PMID: 23856906 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances related to the heterogeneity of different-sized bile ducts with regard to the morphological and phenotypical characteristics, and the differential secretory, apoptotic and proliferative responses of small and large cholangiocytes to gastrointestinal hormones/peptides, neuropeptides and toxins. We describe several in vivo and in vitro models used for evaluating biliary heterogeneity. Subsequently, we discuss the heterogeneous proliferative and apoptotic responses of small and large cholangiocytes to liver injury and the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of small into large (more differentiated) cholangiocytes. Following a discussion on the heterogeneity of stem/progenitor cells in the biliary epithelium, we outline the heterogeneity of bile ducts in human cholangiopathies. After a summary section, we discuss the future perspectives that will further advance the field of the functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, TX, USA
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Mancinelli R, Franchitto A, Glaser S, Meng F, Onori P, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Venter J, Carpino G, Baker K, Han Y, Ueno Y, Gaudio E, Alpini G. GABA induces the differentiation of small into large cholangiocytes by activation of Ca(2+) /CaMK I-dependent adenylyl cyclase 8. Hepatology 2013; 58:251-63. [PMID: 23389926 PMCID: PMC3733050 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Large, but not small, cholangiocytes (1) secrete bicarbonate by interaction with secretin receptors (SRs) through activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), Cl(-) /HCO3 (-) (apex) anion exchanger 2 (Cl(-) /HCO3 (-) AE2), and adenylyl cyclase (AC)8 (proteins regulating large biliary functions) and (2) proliferate in response to bile duct ligation (BDL) by activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Small, mitotically dormant cholangiocytes are activated during damage of large cholangiocytes by activation of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) affects cell functions by modulation of Ca(2+) -dependent signaling and AC. We hypothesized that GABA induces the differentiation of small into large cholangiocytes by the activation of Ca(2+) /CaMK I-dependent AC8. In vivo, BDL mice were treated with GABA in the absence or presence of 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetraacetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM) or N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide (W7) before evaluating apoptosis and intrahepatic bile ductal mass (IBDM) of small and large cholangiocytes. In vitro, control- or CaMK I-silenced small cholangiocytes were treated with GABA for 3 days before evaluating apoptosis, proliferation, ultrastructural features, and the expression of CFTR, Cl(-) /HCO3 (-) AE2, AC8, and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels. In vivo administration of GABA induces the apoptosis of large, but not small, cholangiocytes and decreases large IBDM, but increased de novo small IBDM. GABA stimulation of small IBDM was blocked by BAPTA/AM and W7. Subsequent to GABA in vitro treatment, small cholangiocytes de novo proliferate and acquire ultrastructural and functional phenotypes of large cholangiocytes and respond to secretin. GABA-induced changes were prevented by BAPTA/AM, W7, and stable knockdown of the CaMK I gene. CONCLUSION GABA damages large, but not small, cholangiocytes that differentiate into large cholangiocytes. The differentiation of small into large cholangiocytes may be important in the replenishment of the biliary epithelium during damage of large, senescent cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Paolo Onori
- Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | | | - Kimberley Baker
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan,CREST, Yamagata Japan
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy,Address Correspondence to Eugenio Gaudio, M.D., Professor, Dean of the First Faculty of Medicine, Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy, Phone: 01139-0649918060, Fax: 01139-0649918062, Or Gianfranco Alpini, Ph. D., VA Research Scientist Recipient, Professor, Medicine, Director, Scott & White Digestive Diseases Research Center, Dr. Nicholas C. Hightower Centennial Chair of Gastroenterology, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Olin E. Teague Medical Center, 1901 South 1 Street, Bldg. 205, 1R60, Temple, TX, 76504, Phone: 254-743-2625 and 254-743-1044 Fax: 743-0378 or 743-0555, or
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504,Address Correspondence to Eugenio Gaudio, M.D., Professor, Dean of the First Faculty of Medicine, Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy, Phone: 01139-0649918060, Fax: 01139-0649918062, Or Gianfranco Alpini, Ph. D., VA Research Scientist Recipient, Professor, Medicine, Director, Scott & White Digestive Diseases Research Center, Dr. Nicholas C. Hightower Centennial Chair of Gastroenterology, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Olin E. Teague Medical Center, 1901 South 1 Street, Bldg. 205, 1R60, Temple, TX, 76504, Phone: 254-743-2625 and 254-743-1044 Fax: 743-0378 or 743-0555, or
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Renzi A, DeMorrow S, Onori P, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, Meng F, Venter J, White M, Franchitto A, Francis H, Han Y, Ueno Y, Dusio G, Jensen KJ, Greene JJ, Glaser S, Gaudio E, Alpini G. Modulation of the biliary expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase alters the autocrine proliferative responses of cholangiocytes in rats. Hepatology 2013; 57:1130-41. [PMID: 23080076 PMCID: PMC3566412 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Secretin stimulates ductal secretion by interacting with secretin receptor (SR) activating cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate/cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator/chloride bicarbonate anion exchanger 2 (cAMP⇒CFTR⇒Cl(-) /HCO 3- AE2) signaling that is elevated by biliary hyperplasia. Cholangiocytes secrete several neuroendocrine factors regulating biliary functions by autocrine mechanisms. Melatonin inhibits biliary growth and secretin-stimulated choleresis in cholestatic bile-duct-ligated (BDL) rats by interaction with melatonin type 1 (MT1) receptor through down-regulation of cAMP-dependent signaling. No data exist regarding the role of melatonin synthesized locally by cholangiocytes in the autocrine regulation of biliary growth and function. In this study, we evaluated the (1) expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT; the rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin synthesis from serotonin) in cholangiocytes and (2) effect of local modulation of biliary AANAT expression on the autocrine proliferative/secretory responses of cholangiocytes. In the liver, cholangiocytes (and, to a lesser extent, BDL hepatocytes) expressed AANAT. AANAT expression and melatonin secretion (1) increased in BDL, compared to normal rats and BDL rats treated with melatonin, and (2) decreased in normal and BDL rats treated with AANAT Vivo-Morpholino, compared to controls. The decrease in AANAT expression, and subsequent lower melatonin secretion by cholangiocytes, was associated with increased biliary proliferation and increased SR, CFTR, and Cl(-) /HCO 3- AE2 expression. Overexpression of AANAT in cholangiocyte cell lines decreased the basal proliferative rate and expression of SR, CFTR, and Cl(-) /HCO 3- AE2 and ablated secretin-stimulated biliary secretion in these cells. CONCLUSION Local modulation of melatonin synthesis may be important for management of the balance between biliary proliferation/damage that is typical of cholangiopathies. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, State University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Mellanie White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Giuseppina Dusio
- Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Kendal J Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - John J Greene
- Division of Pathology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
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Frampton G, Ueno Y, Quinn M, McMillin M, Pae HY, Galindo C, Leyva-Illades D, DeMorrow S. The novel growth factor, progranulin, stimulates mouse cholangiocyte proliferation via sirtuin-1-mediated inactivation of FOXO1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1202-11. [PMID: 23086914 PMCID: PMC3532458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a secreted growth factor, regulates the proliferation of various epithelial cells. Its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is a protein deacetylase that is known to regulate the transcriptional activity of the forkhead receptor FOXO1, thereby modulating the balance between proapoptotic and cell cycle-arresting genes. We have shown that PGRN is overexpressed in cholangiocarcinoma and stimulates proliferation. However, its effects on hyperplastic cholangiocyte proliferation are unknown. In the present study, the expression of PGRN and its downstream targets was determined after bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice and in a mouse cholangiocyte cell line after stimulation with PGRN. The effects of PGRN on cholangiocyte proliferation were assessed in sham-operated (sham) and BDL mice treated with PGRN or by specifically knocking down endogenous PGRN expression using Vivo-Morpholinos or short hairpin RNA. PGRN expression and secretion were upregulated in proliferating cholangiocytes isolated after BDL. Treatment of mice with PGRN increased biliary mass and cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro and enhanced cholangiocyte proliferation observed after BDL. PGRN treatment decreased Sirt1 expression and increased the acetylation of FOXO1, resulting in the cytoplasmic accumulation of FOXO1 in cholangiocytes. Overexpression of Sirt1 in vitro prevented the proliferative effects of PGRN. Conversely, knocking down PGRN expression in vitro or in vivo inhibited cholangiocyte proliferation. In conclusion, these data suggest that the upregulation of PGRN may be a key feature stimulating cholangiocyte proliferation. Modulating PGRN levels may be a viable technique for regulating the balance between ductal proliferation and ductopenia observed in a variety of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Frampton
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Matthew Quinn
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Matthew McMillin
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Hae Yong Pae
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Cheryl Galindo
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Dinorah Leyva-Illades
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; ,3Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
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Lee M, Waser B, Reubi JC, Pellegata NS. Secretin receptor promotes the proliferation of endocrine tumor cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1394-405. [PMID: 22692904 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretin receptor (SR), a G protein-coupled receptor, mediates the effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin on digestion and water homeostasis. Recently, high SR expression has been observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, cholangiocellular carcinomas, gastrinomas, and bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. Receptor overexpression associates with enhanced secretin-mediated signaling, but whether this molecule plays an independent role in tumorigenesis is currently unknown. We recently discovered that pheochromocytomas developing in rats affected by the MENX (multiple endocrine neoplasia-like) syndrome express at very high-level Sctr, encoding SR. We here report that SR are also highly abundant on the membranes of rat adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytoma, starting from early stages of tumor development, and are functional. PC12 cells, the best characterized in vitro pheochromocytoma model, also express Sctr at high level. Thus, we used them as model to study the role of SR in neoplastic transformation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Sctr decreases PC12 cells proliferation and increases p27 levels. The proproliferative effect of SR in PC12 cells is mediated, in part, by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) pathway. Transfection of Sctr in Y1 adrenocortical carcinoma cells, expressing low endogenous levels of Sctr, stimulates cell proliferation also, in part, via the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. Because of the link between SR and PI3K/AKT signaling, tumor cells expressing high levels of the receptor (MENX-associated primary pheochromocytoma and NCI-H727 human bronchopulmonary carcinoid cells) respond well and in a SR-dependent manner to PI3K inhibitors, such as NVP-BEZ235. The association between SR levels and response to PI3K inhibition might open new avenues for the treatment of tumors overexpressing this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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