1
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Banka AL, Guevara MV, Brannon ER, Nguyen NQ, Song S, Cady G, Pinsky DJ, Uhrich KE, Adili R, Holinstat M, Eniola-Adefeso O. Cargo-free particles divert neutrophil-platelet aggregates to reduce thromboinflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2462. [PMID: 37117163 PMCID: PMC10144907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of inflammation and thrombosis is a hallmark of many cardiovascular diseases. Under such conditions, platelets are recruited to an area of inflammation by forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates via interaction of PSGL-1 on leukocytes and P-selectin on activated platelets, which can bind to the endothelium. While particulate drug carriers have been utilized to passively redirect leukocytes from areas of inflammation, the downstream impact of these carriers on platelet accumulation in thromboinflammatory conditions has yet to be studied. Here, we explore the ability of polymeric particles to divert platelets away from inflamed blood vessels both in vitro and in vivo. We find that untargeted and targeted micron-sized polymeric particles can successfully reduce platelet adhesion to an inflamed endothelial monolayer in vitro in blood flow systems and in vivo in a lipopolysaccharide-induced, systemic inflammation murine model. Our data represent initial work in developing cargo-free, anti-platelet therapeutics specifically for conditions of thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Banka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - M Valentina Guevara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emma R Brannon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nhien Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gillian Cady
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David J Pinsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bayer F, Ascher S, Kiouptsi K, Kittner JM, Stauber RH, Reinhardt C. Colonization with Altered Schaedler Flora Impacts Leukocyte Adhesion in Mesenteric Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34442681 PMCID: PMC8401286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota impacts mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury, aggravating the interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells in mesenteric venules. The role of defined gut microbiomes in this life-threatening pathology is unknown. To investigate how a defined model microbiome affects the adhesion of leukocytes in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion, we took advantage of gnotobiotic isolator technology and transferred altered Schaedler flora (ASF) from C3H/HeNTac to germ-free C57BL/6J mice. We were able to detect all eight bacterial taxa of ASF in fecal samples of colonized C57BL/6J mice by PCR. Applying qRT-PCR for quantification of species-specific 16S rDNA sequences of ASF bacteria, we found a major shift in the abundance of ASF 500, which was greater in C57BL/6J mice relative to the C3H/HeNTac founder breeding pair. Using high-speed epifluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize the venules of the small bowel mesentery, we found that gnotobiotic ASF-colonized mice showed reduced leukocyte adherence, both pre- and post-ischemia. Relative to germ-free mice, the counts of adhering leukocytes were increased pre-ischemia but did not significantly increase in ASF-colonized mice in the post-ischemic state. Collectively, our results suggest a protective role of the minimal microbial consortium ASF in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefanie Ascher
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Jens M. Kittner
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Brunnenstraße 20, 66538 Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Ascher S, Wilms E, Pontarollo G, Formes H, Bayer F, Müller M, Malinarich F, Grill A, Bosmann M, Saffarzadeh M, Brandão I, Groß K, Kiouptsi K, Kittner JM, Lackner KJ, Jurk K, Reinhardt C. Gut Microbiota Restricts NETosis in Acute Mesenteric Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2279-2292. [PMID: 32611241 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recruitment of neutrophils and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to lethality in acute mesenteric infarction. To study the impact of the gut microbiota in acute mesenteric infarction, we used gnotobiotic mouse models to investigate whether gut commensals prime the reactivity of neutrophils towards formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis). Approach and Results: We applied a mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model to germ-free (GF) and colonized C57BL/6J mice. By intravital imaging, we quantified leukocyte adherence and NET formation in I/R-injured mesenteric venules. Colonization with gut microbiota or monocolonization with Escherichia coli augmented the adhesion of leukocytes, which was dependent on the TLR4 (Toll-like receptor-4)/TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β) pathway. Although neutrophil accumulation was decreased in I/R-injured venules of GF mice, NETosis following I/R injury was significantly enhanced compared with conventionally raised mice or mice colonized with the minimal microbial consortium altered Schaedler flora. Also ex vivo, neutrophils from GF and antibiotic-treated mice showed increased LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced NETosis. Enhanced TLR4 signaling in GF neutrophils was due to elevated TLR4 expression and augmented IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3) phosphorylation. Likewise, neutrophils from antibiotic-treated conventionally raised mice had increased NET formation before and after ischemia. Increased NETosis in I/R injury was abolished in conventionally raised mice deficient in the TLR adaptor TRIF. In support of the desensitizing influence of enteric LPS, treatment of GF mice with LPS via drinking water diminished LPS-induced NETosis in vitro and in the mesenteric I/R injury model. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results identified that the gut microbiota suppresses NETing neutrophil hyperreactivity in mesenteric I/R injury, while ensuring immunovigilance by enhancing neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ascher
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.).,Institute for Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany (S.A.)
| | - Eivor Wilms
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Henning Formes
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Franziska Bayer
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Maria Müller
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Frano Malinarich
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Alexandra Grill
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany (A.G., C.R.)
| | - Markus Bosmann
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.).,Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (M.B.)
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Inês Brandão
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.).,Centro de Apoio Tecnológico Agro Alimentar (CATAA), Zona Industrial de Castelo Branco, Portugal (I.B.)
| | - Kathrin Groß
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Jens M Kittner
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany (J.M.K.)
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (K.J.L.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.)
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (JGU), Germany (S.A., E.W., G.P., H.F., F.B., M.M., F.M., A.G., M.B., M.S., I.B., K.G., K.K., K.J., C.R.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany (A.G., C.R.)
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Hasan RA, Koh AY, Zia A. The gut microbiome and thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2020; 189:77-87. [PMID: 32192995 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in various inflammatory conditions, and its modulation is a potential treatment option for these conditions. The role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of thromboembolism has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking the gut microbiome to the pathogenesis of arterial and venous thrombosis. In a human host, potentially pathogenic bacteria are normal residents of the human gut microbiome, but significantly outnumbered by commensal anaerobic bacteria. Several disease states with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are associated with an imbalance in the gut microbiome characterized by a decrease in commensal anaerobic bacteria and an increase in the abundance of pathogenic bacteria of which the most common is the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae (ENTERO) family. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the glycolipids found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is one of the links between the microbiome and hypercoagulability. LPS binds to toll-like receptors to activate endothelial cells and platelets, leading to activation of the coagulation cascade. Bacteria in the microbiome can also metabolite compounds in the diet to produce important metabolites like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO causes platelet hyperreactivity, promotes thrombus formation and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Modulating the gut microbiome to target LPS and TMAO levels may be an innovative approach for decreasing the risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Abid Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew Y Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America; Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Ayesha Zia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America.
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The Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Disease and Arterial Thrombosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120691. [PMID: 31847071 PMCID: PMC6956001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has emerged as a contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Metabolites from the gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and short chain fatty acids, were identified as messengers that induce cell type-specific signaling mechanisms and immune reactions in the host vasculature, impacting the development of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, microbial-associated molecular patterns drive atherogenesis and the microbiota was recently demonstrated to promote arterial thrombosis through Toll-like receptor signaling. Furthermore, by the use of germ-free mouse models, the presence of a gut microbiota was shown to influence the synthesis of endothelial adhesion molecules. Hence, the gut microbiota is increasingly being recognized as an influencing factor of arterial thrombosis and attempts of dietary pre- or probiotic modulation of the commensal microbiota, to reduce cardiovascular risk, are becoming increasingly significant.
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6
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Formes H, Reinhardt C. The gut microbiota - a modulator of endothelial cell function and a contributing environmental factor to arterial thrombosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:541-549. [PMID: 31159610 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1627191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is emerging evidence linking the commensal gut microbiota with the development of cardiovascular disease and arterial thrombosis. In immunothrombosis, the host clotting system protects against the dissemination of invading microbes, not considering the huge number of microbes that interact with host physiology in a mutualistic fashion. Areas covered: Interestingly, recent research revealed that colonizing gut microbes profoundly influence host innate immune pathways that support arterial thrombus growth. The gut microbiota promotes arterial thrombus formation by enhancing the pro-adhesive capacity of the vascular endothelium, triggering hepatic von Willebrand factor synthesis and its release by Weibel-Palade body exocytosis, resulting in elevated von Willebrand factor levels and enhancing FVIII stability in plasma. Furthermore, the metabolic capacity of gut resident microbes promotes agonist-induced platelet activation and deposition. Here, we give an overview, with a focus on the vascular endothelium, on how this gut-resident microbial ecosystem contributes to arterial thrombus formation. Expert opinion: The gut microbiota and its metabolites not only act on agonist-induced platelet reactivity, but also influence the hepatic endothelial phenotype via remote signaling, facilitating arterial thrombus growth at the arterial injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Formes
- a Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- a Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany.,b German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain , Mainz , Germany
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7
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Yu H, Kalogeris T, Korthuis RJ. Reactive species-induced microvascular dysfunction in ischemia/reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:182-197. [PMID: 30849489 PMCID: PMC6503659 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells line the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system as a single layer and are involved in an impressive array of functions, ranging from the regulation of vascular tone in resistance arteries and arterioles, modulation of microvascular barrier function in capillaries and postcapillary venules, and control of proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes, which occur in all segments of the vascular tree but can be especially prominent in postcapillary venules. When tissues are subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), the endothelium of resistance arteries and arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules become dysfunctional, resulting in impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilator and enhanced endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor responses along with increased vulnerability to thrombus formation, enhanced fluid filtration and protein extravasation, and increased blood-to-interstitium trafficking of leukocytes in these functionally distinct segments of the microcirculation. The number of capillaries open to flow upon reperfusion also declines as a result of I/R, which impairs nutritive perfusion. All of these pathologic microvascular events involve the formation of reactive species (RS) derived from molecular oxygen and/or nitric oxide. In addition to these effects, I/R-induced RS activate NLRP3 inflammasomes, alter connexin/pannexin signaling, provoke mitochondrial fission, and cause release of microvesicles in endothelial cells, resulting in deranged function in arterioles, capillaries, and venules. It is now apparent that this microvascular dysfunction is an important determinant of the severity of injury sustained by parenchymal cells in ischemic tissues, as well as being predictive of clinical outcome after reperfusion therapy. On the other hand, RS production at signaling levels promotes ischemic angiogenesis, mediates flow-induced dilation in patients with coronary artery disease, and instigates the activation of cell survival programs by conditioning stimuli that render tissues resistant to the deleterious effects of prolonged I/R. These topics will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ted Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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8
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Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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In silico mining and characterization of bifidobacterial lipoprotein with CHAP domain secreted in an aggregated form. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Roberts FA, Darveau RP. Microbial protection and virulence in periodontal tissue as a function of polymicrobial communities: symbiosis and dysbiosis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:18-27. [PMID: 26252399 PMCID: PMC4530467 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses polymicrobial interactions with the host in both health and disease. As our ability to identify specific bacterial clonal types, with respect to their abundance and location in the oral biofilm, improves, we will learn more concerning their contribution to both oral health and disease. Recent studies examining host- bacteria interactions have revealed that commensal bacteria not only protect the host simply by niche occupation, but that bacterial interactions with host tissue can promote the development of proper tissue structure and function. These data indicate that our host-associated polymicrobial communities, such as those found in the oral cavity, co-evolved with us and have become an integral part of who we are. Understanding the microbial community factors that underpin the associations with host tissue that contribute to periodontal health may also reveal how dysbiotic periodontopathic oral communities disrupt normal periodontal tissue functions in disease. A disruption of the oral microbial community creates dysbiosis, either by overgrowth of specific or nonspecific microorganisms or by changes in the local host response where the community can now support a disease state. Dysbiosis provides the link between systemic changes (e.g. diabetes) and exogenous risk factors (e.g. smoking), and the dysbiotic community, and can drive the destruction of periodontal tissue. Many other risk factors associated with periodontal disease, such as stress, aging and genetics, are also likely to affect the microbial community, and more research is needed, utilizing sophisticated bacterial taxonomic techniques, to elucidate these effects on the microbiome and to develop strategies to target the dysbiotic mechanisms and improve periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Roberts
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle Washington 98195-7444, Phone: 206-685-9046, Fax: 206-616-7478
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle Washington 98195-7444, Phone: 206-543-9514, Fax: 206-616-7478
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Corbitt N, Kimura S, Isse K, Specht S, Chedwick L, Rosborough BR, Lunz JG, Murase N, Yokota S, Demetris AJ. Gut bacteria drive Kupffer cell expansion via MAMP-mediated ICAM-1 induction on sinusoidal endothelium and influence preservation-reperfusion injury after orthotopic liver transplantation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:180-91. [PMID: 23159949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in the gut microbiome shed microbial-associated molecule patterns (MAMPs) into the portal venous circulation, where they augment various aspects of systemic immunity via low-level stimulation. Because the liver is immediately downstream of the intestines, we proposed that gut-derived MAMPs shape liver immunity and affect Kupffer cell (KC) phenotype. Germ-free (GF), antibiotic-treated (AVMN), and conventional (CL) mice were used to study KC development, function, and response to the significant stress of cold storage, reperfusion, and orthotopic transplantation. We found that a cocktail of physiologically active MAMPs translocate into the portal circulation, with flagellin (Toll-like receptor 5 ligand) being the most plentiful and capable of promoting hepatic monocyte influx in GF mice. In MAMP-deficient GF or AVMN livers, KCs are lower in numbers, have higher phagocytic activity, and have lower major histocompatibility complex II expression. MAMP-containing CL livers harbor significantly increased KC numbers via induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on liver sinusoidal endothelium. These CL KCs have a primed yet expected phenotype, with increased major histocompatibility complex class II and lower phagocytic activity that increases susceptibility to liver preservation/reperfusion injury after orthotopic transplantation. The KC number, functional activity, and maturational status are directly related to the concentration of gut-derived MAMPs and can be significantly reduced by broad-spectrum antibiotics, thereby affecting susceptibility to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Corbitt
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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12
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Taking off the brakes: T cell immunity in the liver. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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14
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Darveau RP. The oral microbial consortium's interaction with the periodontal innate defense system. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:389-95. [PMID: 19435427 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial consortium is the most characterized polymicrobial microbial community associated with the human host. Extensive sampling of both microbial and tissue samples has demonstrated that there is a strong association between the type of microbial community found in the gingival crevice and the status of innate host mediator expression. The strong clinical association between the microbial community and the innate host response in both clinically healthy and diseased tissue suggests that the oral consortium has a direct effect on periodontal tissue expression of innate defense mediators. A preliminary study in germ-free mice has demonstrated that the oral commensal consortium has direct effect on IL-1beta expression, indicating that this microbial community may contribute to the strong protective status of healthy gingival tissue. Likewise, the lipopolysaccharide composition and invasion characteristics of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral bacterium strongly associated with periodontitis, suggest that it may be a keystone member of the oral microbial community and facilitate a destructive change in the protective gingival innate host status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7444, USA.
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15
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations: Roles in Inflammation and Immunity. Compr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Miura S, Kubes P, Granger DN. Gastrointestinal and Liver Microcirculations. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Activated CD8+ T cells migrate to the liver at the end of an immune response and go through apoptosis there, but this mechanism is impaired in mice lacking Toll-like receptor-4. This allowed us to test the importance of liver trapping in an ongoing immune response. In the absence of Toll-like receptor-4, reduced liver accumulation was associated with an increase in the circulating CD8+ T cell pool, more long-lived memory T cells and increased CD8+ T cell memory responses. Using experimental orthotopic liver transplantation, we showed that the effect of Toll-like receptor-4 on the formation of the CD8+ T cell memory resides in the liver. CONCLUSION These studies reveal a new function for the liver, which is to regulate the magnitude of T cell memory responses through a Toll-like receptor-4-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena John
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, The Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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18
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Limmer A, Ohl J, Wingender G, Berg M, Jüngerkes F, Schumak B, Djandji D, Scholz K, Klevenz A, Hegenbarth S, Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ, Arnold B, Knolle PA. Cross-presentation of oral antigens by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to CD8 T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2970-81. [PMID: 16163670 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After ingestion, oral antigens distribute systemically and provoke T cell stimulation outside the gastrointestinal tract. Within the liver, scavenger liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) eliminate blood-borne antigens and induce T cell tolerance. Here we investigated whether LSEC contribute to oral tolerance. Oral antigens were efficiently cross-presented on H-2K(b) by LSEC to naive CD8 T cells. Cross-presentation efficiency in LSEC but not dendritic cells was increased by antigen-exposure to heat or low pH. Mechanistically, cross-presentation in LSEC requires endosomal maturation, involves hsc73 and proteasomal degradation. H-2K(b)-restricted cross-presentation of oral antigens by LSEC in vivo induced CD8 T cell priming and led to development of CD8 T cell tolerance in two independent experimental systems. Adoptive transfer of LSEC from mice fed with antigen (ovalbumin) into RAG2-/- knockout mice, previously reconstituted with naive ovalbumin-specific CD8 T cells, prevented development of specific cytotoxicity and expression of IFN-gamma in CD8 T cells. Using a new transgenic mouse line expressing H-2K(b) only on endothelial cells, we have demonstrated that oral antigen administration leads to tolerance in H-2K(b)-restricted CD8 T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a participation of the liver, in particular scavenger LSEC, in development of CD8 T cell tolerance towards oral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Limmer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Experimentelle Immunologie, Bonn, Germany.
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Perry MA, Phillipson M, Holm L. Transmural gradient of leukocyte-endothelial interaction in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G852-9. [PMID: 16020654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00208.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal injury usually starts in the superficial mucosa. We investigated whether leukocyte-endothelial interactions were greater in the gastrointestinal mucosa than the submucosa and muscularis in control tissue and after upregulation of adhesion molecules with endotoxin and after chemical insult with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Inactin-anesthetized rats were given either endotoxin, flurbiprofen, or nitric oxide (NO)-flurbiprofen, after which ICAM-1 and P-selectin expression was measured with the dual-label antibody technique. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the different gastric layers were assessed after endotoxin using intravital microscopy. Endotoxin caused a two- to threefold increase in ICAM-1 expression in the stomach and duodenum. There was, however, a gradient in expression across the gut wall with the level of expression in the superficial mucosa (per g) being only 10-25% of that in the deeper layers in both control and endotoxin-treated animals. Constituitive expression of P-selectin in control animals was barely detectable. Endotoxin caused a modest increase in mucosal P-selectin but a very significant increase in the deeper layers. Flurbiprofen caused a slight upregulation of ICAM-1 in the gastric mucosa and duodenum, whereas NO-flurbiprofen had no affect on expression. Intravital microscopy revealed no adhesion and virtually no leukocyte rolling in the vessels of the gastric mucosa despite endotoxin treatment. There was, however, some adhesion and significant leukocyte rolling in the submucosa and muscularis. Thus the superficial gastric and duodenal mucosal microcirculations have a much lower density of ICAM-1 and P-selectin and less leukocyte-endothelial interactions than occurs in the deeper layers of the gut wall even during stimulated upregulation with endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Perry
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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20
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Uhrig A, Banafsche R, Kremer M, Hegenbarth S, Hamann A, Neurath M, Gerken G, Limmer A, Knolle PA. Development and functional consequences of LPS tolerance in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:626-33. [PMID: 15860798 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0604332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) clear portal venous blood from gut-derived bacterial degradation products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) without inducing a local inflammatory reaction. LPS tolerance was reported for Kupffer cells, but little is known whether sensitivity of LSEC toward LPS is dynamically regulated. Here, we demonstrate that LSEC react to LPS directly as a function of constitutive Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/CD14 expression but gain a LPS-refractory state upon repetitive stimulation without loss of scavenger activity. LPS tolerance in LSEC is characterized by reduced nuclear localization of nuclear factor-kappaB upon LPS rechallenge. In contrast to monocytes, however, TLR4 surface expression of LSEC is not altered by LPS stimulation and thus does not account for LPS tolerance. Mechanistically, LPS tolerance in LSEC is linked to prostanoid production and may account for cross-tolerance of LPS-treated LSEC to interferon-gamma stimulation. Functionally, LPS tolerance in LSEC results in reduced leukocyte adhesion following LPS rechallenge as a consequence of decreased CD54 surface expression. Furthermore, LPS tolerance is operative in vivo, as we observed by intravital microscopy-reduced leukocyte adhesion to LSEC and improved sinusoidal microcirculation in the liver after repetitive LPS challenges. Our results support the notion that LPS tolerance in organ-resident scavenger LSEC contributes to local hepatic control of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Uhrig
- Department of Transplant Surgery, University Mainz, Germany
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21
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Dixon DR, Reife RA, Cebra JJ, Darveau RP. Commensal bacteria influence innate status within gingival tissues: a pilot study. J Periodontol 2005; 75:1486-92. [PMID: 15633325 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.11.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of commensal bacteria to the innate defense status of gingival tissue by examining the expression of innate host defense mediators in germ-free and conventionally reared groups in both BALBc/ByJ and SCID C.B17 mice. METHODS Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to determine the constitutive levels within each gingival tissue set (N = 5) for: E-selectin, P-selectin, interleukin-(IL)-8 homologue, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, intercellular adhesion molecule-(ICAM)-1, ICAM-2, and vascular adhesion molecule-(VCAM)-1. In addition, IL-1beta protein content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Gingival samples revealed that only IL-1beta mRNA expression among all mediators examined was significantly reduced in conventionally reared mice (P<0.01) compared to germ-free mice. In contrast, IL-1beta protein levels were significantly (P <0.001) higher in conventionally reared mice compared to germ-free animals. Conventionally reared and germ-free SCID C.B17 mice revealed a similar pattern in regard to reduced IL-1beta mRNA and significantly increased IL-1beta protein (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Commensal microbial colonization influences innate host defense mediator expression of IL-1beta at both the mRNA and protein levels in healthy periodontal tissue in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Dixon
- United States Army Dental Corps and Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Arumugam TV, Salter JW, Chidlow JH, Ballantyne CM, Kevil CG, Granger DN. Contributions of LFA-1 and Mac-1 to brain injury and microvascular dysfunction induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2555-60. [PMID: 15308480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00588.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the beta2-integrins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the relative contributions of the alpha-subunits to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether and how genetic deficiency of either lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) or macrophage-1 (Mac-1) alters the blood cell-endothelial cell interactions, tissue injury, and organ dysfunction in the mouse brain exposed to focal I/R. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 h (followed by either 4 or 24 h of reperfusion) in wild-type mice and in mice with null mutations for either LFA-1 or Mac-1. Neurological deficit and infarct volume were monitored for 24 h after reperfusion. Platelet- and leukocyte-vessel wall adhesive interactions were monitored in cortical venules by intravital microscopy. Mice with null mutations for LFA-1 or Mac-1 exhibited significant reductions in infarct volume. This was associated with a significant improvement in the I/R-induced neurological deficit. Leukocyte adhesion in cerebral venules did not differ between wild-type and mutant mice at 4 h after reperfusion. However, after 24 h of reperfusion, leukocyte adhesion was reduced in both LFA-1- and Mac-1-deficient mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. Platelet adhesion was also reduced at both 4 and 24 h after reperfusion in the LFA-1- and Mac-1-deficient mice. These findings indicate that both alpha-subunits of the beta2-integrins contribute to the brain injury and blood cell-vessel wall interactions that are associated with transient focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruma V Arumugam
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State Univ. Health Sciences Center, 1500 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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23
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Reid G, Bocking A. The potential for probiotics to prevent bacterial vaginosis and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:1202-8. [PMID: 14586379 DOI: 10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the urogenital tract in women represent a major burden on the quality of life of women and on the health care system of Canada and other countries. Complications arising from bacterial vaginosis (BV) include increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases including human immunodeficiency virus and elevated risk of preterm birth (PTB). Pharmaceutical interventions, such as antibiotics, have been suboptimally effective and have failed to reduce the incidence of PTB. The absence of lactobacilli in the vagina, a specific feature of BV, raises the question as to whether restoration of lactobacilli, by probiotic therapy, can restore the normal flora and improve the chances of having a healthy term pregnancy. The rationale for probiotic use in pregnant women is quite strong. Certain lactobacilli strains can safely colonize the vagina after oral and vaginal administration, displace and kill pathogens including Gardnerella vaginalis and Escherichia coli, and modulate the immune response to interfere with the inflammatory cascade that leads to PTB. Additional attributes of probiotics include their potential to degrade lipids and enhance cytokine levels, which promote embryo development. In a society that focuses on disease rather than health and drug therapy rather than natural preventive measures, it will take some effort to get remedies such as probiotics into mainstream care. Perhaps the escalating health care budgets and emergence of "superbugs" will provide the incentives to put in place clinical trials designed to evaluate how best to use the commensal organisms that, after all, make up more of our body than human cells, and without which none of us would survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Verdú EF, Deng Y, Bercik P, Collins SM. Modulatory effects of estrogen in two murine models of experimental colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G27-36. [PMID: 12065288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00460.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The association between oral contraceptives or pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease is unclear. We investigated whether 17beta-estradiol modulates intestinal inflammation in two models of colitis. Female mice were treated with 17beta-estradiol alone or with tamoxifen, tamoxifen alone, 17 alpha-estradiol, or placebo. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNB)- or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were assessed macroscopically, histologically, and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Malondialdehyde and mRNA levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were determined. In DNB colitis, 17beta-estradiol alone, but not 17beta-estradiol plus tamoxifen, or 17 alpha-estradiol reduced macroscopic and histological scores, MPO activity and malondialdehyde levels. 17beta-Estradiol also decreased the expression of ICAM-1, IFN-gamma, and IL-13 mRNA levels compared with placebo. In contrast, 17beta-Estradiol increased the macroscopic and histological scores compared with placebo in mice with DSS colitis. These results demonstrate anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol in two different models of experimental colitis. The net modulatory effect most likely reflects a combination of estrogen receptor-mediated effects and antioxidant activity and may explain, in part, conflicting results from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Verdú
- Intestinal Disease Research Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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25
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Olanders K, Sun Z, Börjesson A, Dib M, Andersson E, Lasson A, Ohlsson T, Andersson R. The effect of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury on ICAM-1 expression, endothelial barrier function, neutrophil tissue influx, and protease inhibitor levels in rats. Shock 2002; 18:86-92. [PMID: 12095141 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200207000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is mediated by complex mechanisms in which interactions between activated leukocytes and endothelial cells play a central role. ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) mediates firm adhesion and transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes from postcapillary venules into the tissue. The present study evaluated the ICAM-1 expression in various organs after 40 min of intestinal ischemia and 1, 3, 6, 12 h of reperfusion (I/R) in the rat, using a dual monoclonal antibody technique (n = 36). Endothelial barrier permeability, using the vascular leakage of radiolabeled human serum albumin was also assessed (n = 12). Neutrophil sequestration in the lungs was quantitated by myeloperoxidase activity and plasma protease inhibitor levels were measured with electroimmunoassay. Significant regional differences were found in ICAM-1 expression between organs, both constitutively and after I/R-injury. The highest constitutive levels were observed in the liver and lungs, followed by the kidneys. The constitutive ICAM-1 expression in the intestines and in the heart was about 1/20 compared with that found in the liver and lungs. The brain and muscle had levels of about 1/150 of that in the liver and lungs. After intestinal I/R, significant increases (17-45%) were found in the lungs, intestines, brain, heart, and muscle. Albumin leakage index (ALI) in all examined organs and myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs increased after I/R-injury. Serum levels of albumin and most protease inhibitors decreased significantly after I/R challenge. Intestinal I/R results in an increase of systemic ICAM-1 expression with marked organ variability. The upregulation of ICAM-1 could represent a crucial step in the adherence- and migration process of activated leukocytes and potentially in the development of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Olanders
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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Abstract
The concept that one bacterial species can interfere with the ability of another to colonize and infect the host has at its foundation the prerequisite that bacteria must attach to biological surfaces to cause infection. Although this is an over-simplification of pathogenesis, it has led to studies aimed at creating vaccines that block adhesion events. Arguably, the use of commensal bacteria (also referred to as "normal flora", "indigenous" or "autochthonous" microorganisms) to inhibit pathogens has even greater potential than vaccine use, because these bacteria are natural competitors of pathogens and their action does not require host immune stimulation. Exogenous application of commensal organisms (probiotics) has been shown to reduce the risk of infections in the gut, urogenital tract and wound sites. To manipulate and optimize these effects, further studies are required to understand cell signaling amongst commensals and pathogens within biofilms adherent to host tissues. The potential for new therapeutic regimens using probiotics is significant and worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2.
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