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Kerget B, Afşin DE, Laloglu E. Evaluation of serum salusin-α and β levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Biomark Med 2024; 18:603-610. [PMID: 38982740 PMCID: PMC11370929 DOI: 10.1080/17520363.2024.2366151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Salusin-α and salusin-β peptides are crucial in the development of cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compared serum levels of these peptides in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), those with both OSA and CAD.Materials & methods: Patients without OSA were included in Group 1, those with OSA alone comprised Group 2, and those with OSA and CAD were in Group 3.Results: Salusin-α level was significantly higher in controls than in Groups 2 and 3, while salusin-β levels were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 compared with the control group.Conclusion: Salusin-α and -β levels may be parameters that can guide the diagnosis of OSA in patients with a consistent clinical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buğra Kerget
- Depertment of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Dursun Erol Afşin
- Depertment of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Laloglu
- Depertment of Biochamistry, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
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Hajialilo M, Jorjani R, Rahimi M, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Malek Mahdavi A, Ghojazadeh M, Khabbazi A. Serum salusin-β levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s10067-023-06610-y. [PMID: 37120490 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction (ED) has an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Studies on other inflammatory diseases show that salusin-β with various mechanisms may play a role in the promotion of ED and inflammation. The aim of this study was to measure serum salusin-β levels in SLE patients and evaluate it as a potential biomarker in assessing SLE activity and predicting organ involvement. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 60 patients diagnosed with SLE and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Disease activity of SLE patients was assessed by the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2 K). Serum levels of salusin-ß were measured using a human salusin-ß enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS Serum salusin-β levels in SLE and control groups were 474.2 ± 117.1 pg/ml and 157.7 ± 88.7 pg/ml, respectively. The difference was significant (P = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum salusin-β levels with age (r = - 0.06, P = 0.632) and SLEDAI (r = - 0.185, P = 0.158). In patients with nephritis and thrombosis, serum salusin-β was significantly higher. In addition, in patients with serositis, serum salusin-β was significantly lower. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum salusin-β levels retained a significant association with nephritis and thrombosis after model adjustment for serositis, nephritis, and thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that salusin-β might have a possible role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Salusin-β may be a potential biomarker for nephritis and thrombosis in SLE. Key Points • Serum salusin-β levels were significantly higher in SLE patients than the control group. • There was no significant correlation between serum salusin-β levels with age and SLEDAI. • Serum salusin-β levels retained a significant association with nephritis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Hajialilo
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, P.O Box 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Razieh Jorjani
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, P.O Box 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, P.O Box 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Malek Mahdavi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, P.O Box 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Rahat Breathe and Sleep Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, P.O Box 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chen MX, Deng BY, Liu ST, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Salusins: advance in cardiovascular disease research. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:363-369. [PMID: 36508340 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salusins are discovered in 2003 and divided into salusin-α and salusin-β, which are bioactive peptides with hemodynamic and mitotic activity and mainly distributed in plasma, urine, endocrine glands and kidneys. A large number of studies have shown that salusins can regulate lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and vascular proliferation. Despite the profound and diverse physiological properties of salusins, the exact mechanism of their cardiovascular effects remains to be determined. The potential mechanisms of action of salusins in cardiovascular-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction and myocarditis, and their use as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are discussed. This review aims to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinical cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bo-Yan Deng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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The Clinical Significance of Salusins in Systemic Sclerosis-A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050848. [PMID: 36899991 PMCID: PMC10001236 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease manifesting with progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Its pathogenesis is strictly associated with vascular disfunction and damage. Salusin-α and salusin-β, endogenous peptides regulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular smooth muscle proliferation, may potentially play a role in SSc pathogenesis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of salusins in sera of patients with SSc and healthy controls and to evaluate correlations between the salusins levels and selected clinical parameters within the study group. Materials and methods: 48 patients with SSc (44 women; mean age, 56.4, standard deviation, 11.4) and 25 adult healthy volunteers (25 women; mean age, 55.2, standard deviation, 11.2) were enrolled. All patients with SSc were treated with vasodilators and twenty-seven of them (56%) also received immunosuppressive therapy. Results: Circulating salusin-α was significantly elevated in patients with SSc in comparison to healthy controls (U = 350.5, p = 0.004). Patients with SSc receiving immunosuppression had higher serum salusin-α concentrations compared with those without immunosuppressive therapy (U = 176.0, p = 0.026). No correlation was observed between salusins concentrations and skin or internal organ involvement parameters. Conclusions: Salusin-α, a bioactive peptide mitigating the endothelial disfunction, was elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis receiving vasodilators and immunosuppressants. Increased salusin-α concertation may be associated with the initiation of atheroprotective processes in patients with SSc managed pharmacologically, which requires verification in future studies.
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Knockdown of Salusin- β Improves Cardiovascular Function in Myocardial Infarction-Induced Chronic Heart Failure Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8896226. [PMID: 34422210 PMCID: PMC8373485 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8896226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salusin-β is a biologically active peptide with 20 amino acids that exerts several cardiovascular activity-regulating effects, such as regulating vascular endothelial function and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the regulatory effects of salusin-β in myocardial infarction-induced chronic heart failure (CHF) are still unknown. The current study is aimed at investigating the effects of silencing salusin-β on endothelial function, cardiac function, vascular and myocardial remodeling, and its underlying signaling pathways in CHF rats induced by coronary artery ligation. CHF and sham-operated (Sham) rats were subjected to tail vein injection of adenoviral vectors encoding salusin-β shRNA or a control-shRNA. The coronary artery (CA), pulmonary artery (PA), and mesenteric artery (MA) were isolated from rats, and isometric tension measurements of arteries were performed. Compared with Sham rats, the plasma salusin-β, leptin and visfatin levels and the salusin-β protein expression levels of CA, PA, and MA were increased, while the acetylcholine- (ACh-) induced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of CA, PA, and MA was attenuated significantly in CHF rats and was improved significantly by salusin-β gene knockdown. Salusin-β knockdown also improved cardiac function and vascular and myocardial remodeling, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and decreased NAD(P)H oxidase activity, NOX-2 and NOX-4 expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in arteries in CHF rats. The effects of salusin-β knockdown in CHF rats were attenuated significantly by pretreatment with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. These results indicate that silencing salusin-β contributes to the improvement of endothelial function, cardiac function, and cardiovascular remodeling in CHF by inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase-ROS generation and activating eNOS-NO production.
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Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang H, Gong G, Luo M, Wang T, Mao X. Salusin- β is superior to salusin- α as a marker for evaluating coronary atherosclerosis. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520903868. [PMID: 32054363 PMCID: PMC7111058 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to evaluate the interaction effect of salusin-α and salusin-β on coronary artery injury or stenosis. Methods The salusin-α and salusin-β concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 256 patients who underwent coronary angiography for chest pain, and coronary artery stenosis was assessed by the SYNTAX scoring system. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between variables and coronary artery stenosis. The interaction of salusin-α and salusin-β on coronary artery stenosis was further explored by multiple linear regression. Results The model goodness of fit (R) for the interaction effect of salusin-α and salusin-β on coronary artery stenosis was 0.863, and the adjusted R value revealed that the interaction could explain 74.3% of the variation in SYNTAX scores. The F-statistic exceeded F0.05 (3.031485935) and P < 0.001, further showing that salusin-α and salusin-β had a significant interaction effect on coronary artery stenosis. The standard coefficient for salusin-β (0.797) was higher than that for salusin-α (−0.367, indicating an inhibitory effect), showing that salusin-β had a greater effect on coronary artery stenosis. Conclusions Salusin-β, a potential marker for assessing coronary atherosclerosis, was superior to salusin-α, contributing to our understanding of the etiology of coronary artery stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Songjiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ezhou Hospital, People's Hospital, Wuhan University, Ezhou, China
| | - Maona Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ezhou Hospital, People's Hospital, Wuhan University, Ezhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ezhou Hospital, People's Hospital, Wuhan University, Ezhou, China
| | - Guofu Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ezhou Hospital, People's Hospital, Wuhan University, Ezhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yassien M, Fawzy O, Mahmoud E, Khidr EG. Serum salusin-β in relation to atherosclerosis and ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:2057-2062. [PMID: 33113473 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Salusin-β is a newly defined biomarker that plays a role in atherogenesis and in homeostasis. The study aimed to assess serum salusin-β level in relation to atherosclerosis and ventricular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS Sixty T2DM patients and twenty-five age-matched healthy controls were included. Serum salusin-β was determined by ELISA. Echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography were carried out for all individuals. RESULTS Serum salusin-β level was significantly elevated in patients with T2DM than in controls (P < 0.001). It was positively correlated with obesity parameters, insulin resistance index (r = 0.280,P < 0.001), atherogenic dyslipidemia and with carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (r = 0.411, P < 0.001). Echocardiographic findings showed a positive correlation between salusin-β and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) parameters and a negative correlation with left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic functions. Regression analysis showed that serum salusin-β level was a significant predictor of diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSION Serum salusin-β may be associated with atherosclerosis and LV dysfunction in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Yassien
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Fawzy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Mahmoud
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 13465, Egypt.
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The importance of circulating levels of salusin-α, salusin-β, and heregulin-β1 in atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:19-25. [PMID: 33031820 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the severity of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) and circulating levels of salusin-α, salusin-β and heregulin-β1 has been investigated. In addition, the relationship with these peptides and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has been investigated. METHODS The study was conducted on 55 volunteers who had normal coronary angiography (CAG) as the control group, 35 volunteers with the degree of coronary artery stenosis below 50% in CA as the non-critical stenosis group, 37 volunteers with narrowing of one coronary artery above 50% as single vessel group and 41 volunteers with narrowing of more than one coronary artery above 50% as multi-vessel group. One hundred and thirteen volunteers have been included to CAD group. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in serum salusin-α levels between groups. Serum salusin-β ve hsCRP levels were significantly lower in control group compared to other groups and CAD group. There was no statistically significant difference in salusin-β and salusin-α levels in reciprocal comparison of other groups other than heregulin-β1 levels. Heregulin-β1 levels were significantly lower in 'non-critical occlusion' and 'multiple artery occlusion' groups compared to control group. Heregulin-β1 levels in 'single artery occlusion' group were significantly higher than control, 'non-critical occlusion' and 'multiple artery occlusion' groups. CONCLUSION Salusin-α levels does not indicate any significant differences between any groups in our study however the relationship of salusin-α with salusin- β and heregulin-β1 levels drives to cogitate that these peptides can be used as biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in CAD. We think that these peptides will be used in laboratories routinely in future in addition to hsCRP for CAD.
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Circular RNA circ_0003645 silencing alleviates inflammation and apoptosis via the NF-κB pathway in endothelial cells induced by oxLDL. Gene 2020; 755:144900. [PMID: 32554046 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a serious threat to the cardiovascular system. Circular RNA circ_0003645 was found to be differentially expressed in the process of AS. Our study tried to unravel the effect and underlying mechanism of circ_0003645 in endothelial cells treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Si-RNAs and over-circ0003645 were transfected into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the expression levels of circ_0003645 and NF-κB mRNA were measured. The protein level of NF-κB, lactate dehydrogenase leakage (LDH leakage), cell viability, and apoptosis were detected. Further, the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured. Circ_0003645 was found up-regulated in AS patients and in HUVECs treated with oxLDL. The LDH leakage, cell apoptosis, and expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, NF-κB mRNA, NF-κB protein were all inhibited by circ_0003645 silencing, while cell viability was promoted, and the opposite effects were observed by the overexpression of circ_0003645. In conclusion, circ_0003645 silencing alleviated inflammation and apoptosis, while promoted the viability in oxLDL-induced endothelial cells by the NF-κB pathway.
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A TOR2A Gene Product: Salusin-β Contributes to Attenuated Vasodilatation of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:125-139. [PMID: 32458319 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-06983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attenuated vasodilatation of small arteries is a hallmark feature of hypertension. Salusin-β, which is a TOR2A gene product and an important vasoactive peptide, has a close relationship with cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determinate the roles of salusin-β in vasodilatation, and its signal pathways in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS Isometric tension experiments were performed. Vasodilatation was induced by acetylcholine (ACh) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). RESULTS Plasma salusin-β levels and their protein expressions in coronary artery (CA), mesenteric artery (MA), and pulmonary artery (PA) of SHR were much higher than that of WKY. Intravenous injection of salusin-β increased arterial blood pressure in SHR, while anti-salusin-β IgG decreased it. Salusin-β further deteriorated, while anti-salusin-β IgG improved, the attenuated ACh-induced relaxation, the decreased nitric oxide (NO) level, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in arteries of SHR, and salusin-β had no significant effect on SNP-induced relaxation. The NAD(P)H oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in arteries of SHR were much higher than that of WKY, which was further increased by salusin-β but reduced by anti-salusin-β IgG. ROS scavenger NAC or antioxidant apocynin significantly inhibited, while SOD inhibitor DETC aggravated, the effects of salusin-β, and the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME inhibited the effects of anti-salusin-β IgG. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that enhanced salusin-β activity is involved in attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation pathogenesis in SHR by activating NAD(P)H oxidase derived ROS generation and inhibiting eNOS activation and NO release.
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Lipocalin-2 exerts pro-atherosclerotic effects as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1012-1024. [PMID: 31960147 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a multiple bioactive hormone particularly expressed in adipose tissue, neutrophils, and macrophages, is known to exhibit anti-microbial effect, increase inflammatory cytokine levels, and maintain glucose homeostasis. Serum LCN2 level is positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease. However, it still remains unknown whether LCN2 affects atherogenesis. We assessed the effects of LCN2 on the inflammatory response and monocyte adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), inflammatory phenotype and foam cell formation in THP1 monocyte-derived macrophages, and migration and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vitro and aortic lesions in Apoe-/- mice in vivo. LCN2 and its receptor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-related protein-2, were expressed in THP1 monocytes, macrophages, HASMCs, and HUVECs. LCN2 significantly enhanced THP1 monocyte adhesion to HUVECs accompanied with upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin associated with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) upregulation in HUVECs. LCN2 significantly increased HUVEC proliferation and oxidized LDL-induced foam cell formation in THP1 monocyte-derived macrophages. LCN2 significantly increased the inflammatory M1 phenotype associated with NF-κB upregulation during differentiation of THP1 monocytes into macrophages. In HASMCs, LCN2 significantly promoted the migration and collagen-1 expression without inducing proliferation, which are associated with increased protein expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun-N-terminal kinase, and NF-κB. Chronic LCN2 infusion into Apoe-/- mice significantly accelerated the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, with increased intraplaque monocyte/macrophage infiltration and pentraxin-3 and collagen-1 expressions. Our results suggested that LCN2 accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, LCN2 could serve as a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerotic diseases.
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Rashad NM, Ashour WMR, Samir GM, Abomandour HG. Serum salusin-β levels as predictors of coronary artery disease in obese Egyptian women. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_123_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of coronary slow flow (CSF) has not been clarified. Salusin-β is released predominantly from the atheroma plaques and influences the pathophysiologic processes of atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine serum salusin-β levels in CSF and its correlation with CSF. METHODS The study included 39 patients with CSF, and the control group (n=42) consisted of consecutive subjects with normal coronary arteriogram. We measured salusin-β and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC). RESULTS Age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking rates were similar (p values>0.05) in both groups. High sensitive C-reactive protein (2.80±1.2 vs. 2.21±1.2 mg/dL, p=0.011), salusin-β [1205 (330-2092) vs. 162 (29-676), pg/ml, p<0.001], corrected TFC of left anterior descending coronary artery (29±9 vs. 19.7±3.7, p<0.001), circumflex artery TFC (25±10 vs. 15±3.2, p<0.001), right coronary artery TFC (28±7.1 vs. 13±3.3, p<0.001), and mean TFC (28±4.4 vs. 16±3.7, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the CSF group. In univariate and multivariate regression analysis, only BMI (unstandardized β±SE=0.178±0.08, p=0.036) and salusin-β levels (unstandardized β±SE=0.006±0.01, p<0.001) were determined as predictors of CSF. There was a good correlation between serum salusin-β and mean TFC values (r=0.564; p<0.001). CONCLUSION There is an association between serum salusin-β levels and CSF.
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Çakır M, Sabah-Özcan S, Saçmacı H. Increased level of plasma salusin-α and salusin-β in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li HB, Yu XJ, Bai J, Su Q, Wang ML, Huo CJ, Xia WJ, Yi QY, Liu KL, Fu LY, Zhu GQ, Qi J, Kang YM. Silencing salusin β ameliorates heart failure in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats by ROS-relative MAPK/NF-κB pathways in the paraventricular nucleus. Int J Cardiol 2018; 280:142-151. [PMID: 30581101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustained hypertension is a major cause of heart failure in aging hypertensive patients. Salusin β, a novel bioactive peptide of 20 amino acids, has been reported to participate in various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. We therefore hypothesized that central knockdown of salusin β might be effective for hypertension-induced heart failure treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen-month-old male aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with heart failure and WKY rats were microinjected with either a specific adenoviral vector encoding salusin β shRNA (Ad-Sal-shRNA) or a scramble shRNA (Ad-Scr-shRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) for 4 weeks. Radiotelemetry and echocardiography were used for measuring blood pressure and cardiac function, respectively. Blood samples and heart were harvested for evaluating plasma norepinephrine, tyrosine hydroxylase, and cardiac morphology, respectively. The mesenteric arteries were separated for measurement of vascular responses. The PVN was analyzed for salusin β, proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-κB, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Compared with normotensive rats, aging SHR with heart failure had dramatically increased salusin β expression. Silencing salusin β with Ad-Sal-shRNA attenuated arterial pressure and improved autonomic function, cardiac and vascular dysfunction in aging SHR with heart failure, but not in aging WKY rats. Knockdown of salusin β significantly reduced paraventricular nucleus PICs levels, MAPK and NF-κB activity, and ROS levels in aging SHR with heart failure. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that in aging SHR, the heart failure that was developed during the end stage of hypertension could be ameliorated by silencing salusin β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mo-Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Chan-Juan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Sipahi S, Genc AB, Acikgoz SB, Yildirim M, Aksoy YE, Vatan MB, Dheir H, Altındis M. Relationship of salusin-alpha and salusin-beta levels with atherosclerosis in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Singapore Med J 2018; 60:210-215. [PMID: 30311629 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2018123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients undergoing haemodialysis, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, characterised by accelerated atherosclerosis and increased inflammation, are elevated. Salusins are newly defined molecules in the atherosclerotic processes, and while salusin-alpha (Sal-α) acts as an antiatherogenic factor, salusin-beta (Sal-β) has a proatherogenic role. Their roles are as yet undefined in patients undergoing haemodialysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, salusin levels, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) from the common carotid artery and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured for 180 patients undergoing haemodialysis and 90 healthy controls. RESULTS Mean Sal-α and Sal-β levels in patients undergoing haemodialysis (Sal-α: 726.4 ± 578.7 pg/mL; Sal-β: 1,080.4 ± 757.1 pg/mL) and healthy controls (Sal-α: 325.8 ± 303.7 pg/mL; Sal-β: 268.1 ± 409.0 pg/mL) were determined. Negative correlation was observed between Sal-α levels and CIMT (patients undergoing haemodialysis: r = -0.330, p < 0.0001; healthy controls: r = -0.223, p = 0.035) and PWV (patients undergoing haemodialysis: r = -0.210, p = 0.005; healthy controls: r = -0.378, p < 0.0001) in both groups. In patients undergoing haemodialysis, positive correlation was observed between Sal-β/Sal-α ratio and CIMT (r = 0.190, p = 0.012) and PWV (r = 0.155, p = 0.041). On subgroup analysis, Sal-α levels were found to be low in patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing haemodialysis have higher Sal-β and Sal-α levels, and their higher Sal-β/Sal-α ratio, in comparison with healthy controls, might have cardiovascular risk implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Sipahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Bilal Genc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Seyyid Bilal Acikgoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ersel Aksoy
- Department of Radiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bulent Vatan
- Department of Cardiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Hamad Dheir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altındis
- Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
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Chang Y, Yoo J, Kim H, Park HJ, Jeon S, Kim J. Salusin-β mediate neuroprotective effects for Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1428-1433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tanyeli A, Eraslan E, Polat E, Bal T. Protective effect of salusin-α and salusin-β against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:623-630. [PMID: 28917082 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption has been found to be associated with gastric ulcers, including gastric mucosal lesions. Salusin-α and salusin-β are bioactive peptides having 28 and 20 amino acids, respectively. Salusin-α and salusin-β immunoreactivity has been detected in the stomach and in the intestines. It has been reported that the salusins regulate the cytokine levels and decrease the infarct area in the heart tissue after ischemia. In this study, we investigated the effects of the salusins in the gastric injury formed with ethanol. METHODS Thirty-two sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups, including eight rats in each group as follows: Group 1: control; Group 2: ethanol 5 mL/kg; Group 3: ethanol 5 mL/kg+5 nmol/kg salusin-α; Group 4: ethanol 5 mL/kg+5 nmol/kg salusin-β. RESULTS The salusin-α level increased at a significant level in the ulcer group formed with ethanol (p<0.001); the change in the salusin-β level is not significant. As for malondialdehyde (p<0.05) and myeloperoxidase (p<0.001), when compared with the control group, tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.05) levels increased in the group to which ethanol was applied and decreased significantly with the application of salusins. Levels of GSH and IL-1β did not change at a significant level. In addition, histopathologic analysis demonstrated that, in salusin-administered groups, mucosal injury and caspase-3 expressions were reduced. CONCLUSIONS The suppression of salusin-α and salusin-β on caspase-3 expression by means of their effects on oxidative injury and TNF-α levels shows that these two hormones could serve as anti-ulcerative agents.
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Salusin- β Is Involved in Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via Degradation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6905217. [PMID: 29359008 PMCID: PMC5735326 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6905217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms for vascular lesions in diabetes mellitus (DM) are complex, among which endothelial dysfunction plays a vital role. Therapeutic target against endothelial injury may provide critical venues for treatment of diabetic vascular diseases. We recently identified that salusin-β contributed to high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. However, the roles of salusin-β in DM-induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely elusive. Male C57BL/6J mice were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in high glucose/high fat (HG/HF) medium. We demonstrated increased expression of salusin-β in diabetic aortic tissues and high-glucose/high-fat- (HG/HF-) incubated HUVECs. Disruption of salusin-β by shRNA abrogated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and nitrotyrosine content of HUVECs cultured in HG/HF medium. The HG/HF-mediated decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was restored by salusin-β shRNA, and PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 abolished the protective actions of salusin-β shRNA on endothelial injury in HG/HF-treated HUVECs. Salusin-β silencing obviously improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and nitrative stress in diabetic aorta. Taken together, our results highlighted the essential role of salusin-β in pathological endothelial dysfunction, and salusin-β may be a promising target in treatment of vascular complications of DM.
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Esfahani M, Saidijam M, Goodarzi MT, Movahedian A, Najafi R. Salusin-α attenuates inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1314-1323. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fujimoto K, Hayashi A, Kodera Y, Saito T, Toki T, Ogawa A, Kamata Y, Takano K, Katakami H, Shichiri M. Identification and quantification of plasma free salusin-β, an endogenous parasympathomimetic peptide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8275. [PMID: 28811505 PMCID: PMC5557946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salusin-β is an endogenous parasympathomimetic proatherosclerotic peptide. Salusin-β was initially predicted from bioinformatic analyses and later immunologically detected in human biofluids. However, elucidation of salusin-β bioactivity has faced enormous challenges because of its unique physicochemical characteristics that cause it to strongly adhere to laboratory apparatus materials. In the strictest sense, the discovery of bioactive peptides is not complete until their exact native sequences have been confirmed in the peripheral circulation. In this study, we determined the plasma molecular form and levels of free salusin-β to determine its pathophysiological significance. Ultra-high-yield enrichment and preseparation of non-tryptic human plasma was followed by LC-MS/MS, and full-length salusin-β and seven different endogenous fragment sequences were identified. We established a new ELISA that specifically detects plasma free salusin-β without cross-reacting with any of its identified endogenous fragments. Free salusin-β levels exhibited a profound early morning nadir and rapidly decreased in response to parasympathetic nervous augmentation. Our technical advance in plasma native peptide analysis successfully identified a hard-to-detect bioactive peptide, salusin-β, together with its formerly unrecognized fragments, and further suggests that conventional immunological measurements of target peptides may not be fully representative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takuya Toki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Koji Takano
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hideki Katakami
- Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0111, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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Xie FJ, Chai C, Li DH, Yang WL, Lu Y, Cao N. The time changes of endogenous salusin-β in septic rats. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x17701745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salusin-α and salusin-β are newly found bioactive peptides of 28 and 20 amino acids, respectively, which are widely distributed in the hematopoietic system, endocrine system, and central nervous system. Salusins exert cardiovascular effects, including hypotension and bradycardia; promote vascular inflammation; and so on. However, little information is available yet on the relationships of salusin-β with sepsis. In this study, we investigated the distribution and content of endogenous salusin-β in septic rats. A total of 72 specified pathogen-free (SPF) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group (sham operation, n = 36) and experimental group (n = 36) with sepsis rat model by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The model group rats were sacrificed after 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment. The concentration of salusin-β in spleen, stomach, small intestine, hypothalamus, and serum specimens was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It showed that salusin-β was endogenously generated in rat tissues, including spleen, stomach, small intestine, hypothalamus, and serum. The content of salusin-β in the spleen was higher than that in other tissues. The content of salusin-β in the spleen, stomach, and small intestine, together with the serum level of salusin-β, increased significantly at 6 h after CLP compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). The content of salusin-β in spleen and serum peaked at 12 h, and in small intestine, it reached the summit at 24 h. Meanwhile, no significant fluctuations in salusin-β content were observed in the stomach. The content of salusin-β in hypothalamus began to increase at 6 h, and a significant increase appeared 12 h after CLP ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that the time-dependent alterations of salusin-β in septic rats suggest that salusin-β might be involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jia Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - De-Hong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Lin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, San Ai Tang Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Salusin-β contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2690. [PMID: 28333148 PMCID: PMC5386515 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salusin-β accelerates inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells, and increases oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. Plasma salusin-β levels were increased in diabetic patients. This study was designed to determine whether salusin-β is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), and whether knockdown of salusin-β attenuates cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress in rats with DCM. H9c2 or neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were incubated with 33.3 mM of glucose to mimic the high glucose (HG) in diabetes. Streptozotocin and high-fat diet were used to induce type 2 diabetes in rats. HG induced salusin-β expression in H9c2 cells. Salusin-β caused greater responses of oxidative stress, NFκB activation and inflammation in HG-treated H9c2 cells than these in control H9c2 cells. Diphenyleneiodonium (a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor) or N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant) inhibited the salusin-β-induced NFκB activation and inflammation. Bay11-7082 (a NFκB inhibitor) attenuated salusin-β-induced inflammation but not oxidative stress. Knockdown of salusin-β prevented the HG-induced oxidative stress, NFκB activation and inflammation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Silencing salusin-β with adenoviruse-mediated shRNA had no significant effects on blood glucose and insulin resistance, but attenuated ventricular dysfunction in diabetic rats. Oxidative stress, NFκB activation, inflammation, salusin-β upregulation in myocardium of diabetic rats were prevented by knockdown of salusin-β. These results indicate that salusin-β contributes to inflammation in DCM via NOX2/ROS/NFκB signaling, and that knockdown of salusin-β attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation in DCM.
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Cakir M, Duzova H, Taslidere A, Orhan G, Ozyalin F. Protective effects of salusin-α and salusin-β on renal ischemia/reperfusion damage and their levels in ischemic acute renal failure. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:122-133. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1283056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F Ozyalin
- Biochemistry, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Jiang S, Han J, Li T, Xin Z, Ma Z, Di W, Hu W, Gong B, Di S, Wang D, Yang Y. Curcumin as a potential protective compound against cardiac diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:373-383. [PMID: 28274852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, which was first used 3000 years ago as an anti-inflammatory agent, is a well-known bioactive compound derived from the active ingredient of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Previous research has demonstrated that curcumin has immense therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases via anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and cause considerable harm to human beings. Numerous studies have suggested that curcumin exerts a protective role in the human body whereas its actions in cardiac diseases remain elusive and poorly understood. On the basis of the current evidence, we first give a brief introduction of cardiac diseases and curcumin, especially regarding the effects of curcumin in embryonic heart development. Secondly, we analyze the basic roles of curcumin in pathways that are dysregulated in cardiac diseases, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Thirdly, actions of curcumin in different cardiac diseases will be discussed, as will relevant clinical trials. Eventually, we would like to discuss the existing controversial opinions and provide a detailed analysis followed by the remaining obstacles, advancement, and further prospects of the clinical application of curcumin. The information compiled here may serve as a comprehensive reference of the protective effects of curcumin in the heart, which is significant to the further research and design of curcumin analogs as therapeutic options for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhenlong Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shouyin Di
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Genetic Modifiers of White Blood Cell Count, Albuminuria and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164364. [PMID: 27711207 PMCID: PMC5053442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery and validation of genetic variants that influence disease severity in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) could lead to early identification of high-risk patients, better screening strategies, and intervention with targeted and preventive therapy. We hypothesized that newly identified genetic risk factors for the general African American population could also impact laboratory biomarkers known to contribute to the clinical disease expression of SCA, including variants influencing the white blood cell count and the development of albuminuria and abnormal glomerular filtration rate. We first investigated candidate genetic polymorphisms in well-characterized SCA pediatric cohorts from three prospective NHLBI-supported clinical trials: HUSTLE, SWiTCH, and TWiTCH. We also performed whole exome sequencing to identify novel genetic variants, using both a discovery and a validation cohort. Among candidate genes, DARC rs2814778 polymorphism regulating Duffy antigen expression had a clear influence with significantly increased WBC and neutrophil counts, but did not affect the maximum tolerated dose of hydroxyurea therapy. The APOL1 G1 polymorphism, an identified risk factor for non-diabetic renal disease, was associated with albuminuria. Whole exome sequencing discovered several novel variants that maintained significance in the validation cohorts, including ZFHX4 polymorphisms affecting both the leukocyte and neutrophil counts, as well as AGGF1, CYP4B1, CUBN, TOR2A, PKD1L2, and CD163 variants affecting the glomerular filtration rate. The identification of robust, reliable, and reproducible genetic markers for disease severity in SCA remains elusive, but new genetic variants provide avenues for further validation and investigation.
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Increased understanding leads to increased complexity: Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:1188-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xu T, Zhang Z, Liu T, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang W, Wang J. Salusin-β contributes to vascular inflammation associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:1177-87. [PMID: 27353339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is closely linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Salusin-β, a bioactive peptide, has been reported to participate in vascular inflammation. We therefore hypothesized that salusin-β contributes to monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with MCT (60 mg kg(-1), single intraperitoneal injection). Salusin-β expression in the lungs of the MCT-treated rats was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining, western blot, and real-time PCR. For salusin-β blockade assay, rats injected with MCT were given a chronic infusion of anti-salusin-β immunoglobulin G (IgG) (salusin-β blocker, 1.0 μg kg(-1) h(-1)) or isotype-matched control IgG. Four weeks after MCT+anti-salusin-β treatment, the effects of salusin-β blockade were determined using hemodynamics, western blot, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemical detection. The effect of salusin-β on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (HPAEC) function was detected by adhesion and tube formation experiments in vitro. RESULTS Salusin-β expression was significantly increased in the lungs of the MCT-treated rats, and immunofluorescence results showed that salusin-β was predominantly expressed in pulmonary macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. Salusin-β blockade significantly ameliorated PAH by acting against pulmonary vascular remodeling, decreasing macrophage infiltration, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity in the lungs of the MCT-treated rats. In addition, salusin-β could induce cell adhesion and accelerate angiogenesis by activating the NF-κB pathway and promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the cultured HPAECs. This effect was suppressed by addition of the NF-κB inhibitor, N-acetyl-L-cysteine. CONCLUSIONS Salusin-β plays a crucial role in the development of MCT-induced PAH models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Wang T, Dong AH, Cao HY. Serum Salusin-β Levels Are Correlated with Slow Coronary Flow. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:393-7. [PMID: 27227272 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Slow coronary flow (SCF) is a special coronary microvascular disorder associated with recurrent chest pain. The pathogenesis of SCF remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess whether serum salusin-β levels are correlated with SCF. METHODS We enrolled 76 patients with angiographically confirmed SCF and 108 age- and gender-matched controls. We measured serum salusin-β levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and coronary flow rate was assessed using thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC). RESULTS Serum salusin-β levels were elevated in SCF patients compared with controls (4.33 [range 3.52-5.87] nmol/L vs. 3.76 [range 2.98-4.67] nmol/L). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that salusin-β in serum was the independent predictor of SCF (odds ratio = 1.814). Serum salusin-β levels were independently correlated with mean-TFC (r = 0.355, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Serum salusin-β levels were independently associated with SCF. Therefore, our findings implicate a potential role of salusin-β in the pathophysiology of SCF and provide insights on both risk stratification and modification in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital , Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Hua Dong
- 2 Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Linzi District , Zibo, China
| | - Hong-Yun Cao
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, People's Hospital of Linzi District , Zibo, China
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Serum salusin-β levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. J Investig Med 2016; 63:632-5. [PMID: 25730454 DOI: 10.1097/jim.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to assess whether serum salusin-β levels are correlated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We measured serum salusin-β levels in 278 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) for the evaluation of CAD and in 126 healthy controls. Serum salusin-β levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of CAD was assessed by angiographic coronary atherosclerosis index score system. RESULTS Serum salusin-β levels were significantly higher in patients undergoing CAG (n = 278) than those in healthy controls (n = 126) (3.81 ± 0.99 vs 4.34 ± 1.40 nmol/L, P < 0.01). In patients undergoing CAG, patients with CAD (n = 160) had significantly higher serum salusin-β levels compared to patients without CAD (n = 118) (4.65 ± 1.44 vs 3.94 ± 1.23 nmol/L, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum salusin-β levels were independently associated with the presence of CAD (odds ratio, 1.439; 95% confidence interval, 1.176-1.760; P < 0.01). Serum salusin-β levels were positively correlated with the coronary atherosclerosis index score (r = 0.316, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum salusin-β levels were associated with the presence and severity of CAD. Salusin-β in serum might serve as a potential biomarker for reflecting the development and progression of CAD. Therapeutic treatment by inhibiting salusin-β interaction to prevent CAD warrants further investigation.
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Suzuki-Kemuriyama N, Nakano-Tateno T, Tani Y, Hirata Y, Shichiri M. Salusin-β as a powerful endogenous antidipsogenic neuropeptide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20988. [PMID: 26869388 PMCID: PMC4751483 DOI: 10.1038/srep20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salusin-β is an endogenous parasympathomimetic peptide, predominantly localized to the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary. Subcutaneously administered salusin-β (50 nmol/mouse) significantly increased water intake but did not affect locomotor activity or food intake. The salusin-β-induced increase in water intake was completely abrogated by pretreatment with muscarinic antagonist, atropine sulphate. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of salusin-β, at lower doses (10–100 fmol/mouse) caused a long-lasting decrease in water intake and locomotor activity throughout the entire dark phase of the diurnal cycle. Pre-injection of intracerebroventricular anti-salusin-β IgG completely abrogated the central salusin-β mediated suppression of water intake and locomotor activity. These results demonstrate contrasting actions of salusin-β in the control of water intake via the central and peripheral systems and highlight it as a potent endogenous antidipsogenic neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki-Kemuriyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tae Nakano-Tateno
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuji Tani
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yukio Hirata
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
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Hypochlorite-Modified Albumin Upregulates ICAM-1 Expression via a MAPK-NF-κB Signaling Cascade: Protective Effects of Apocynin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1852340. [PMID: 26881015 PMCID: PMC4736979 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1852340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorite-modified albumin (HOCl-alb) has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, which plays an important role in the development of hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. However, whether HOCl-alb induces endothelial dysfunction via vascular inflammation and whether a signaling pathway is involved are unknown and have not been investigated. HOCl-alb was found to upregulate ICAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. HOCl-alb time-dependently phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK). HOCl-alb also activated NF-κB. ICAM-1 expression was dose-dependently inhibited by U0126 (a specific inhibitor of MEK1/2, a signal upstream from ERK1/2), SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of p38(MAPK)), and SN50 (a specific inhibitor of NF-κB). U0126 and SB203580 both counteracted the activation of NF-κB, whereas the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK) was not blocked by SN50. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was blocked by U0126 but not by SB203580, and p38(MAPK) activity was reduced by SB203580 but not by U0126. Apocynin, a specific NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, inhibited ICAM-1 expression and the activity of ERK1/2, p38(MAPK), and NF-κB. These results indicate that HOCl-alb-induced ICAM-1 expression is caused by the activation of a redox-sensitive intracellular signal cascade involving ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK), culminating in the activation of NF-κB and involving NOXs among the upstream signals.
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Li HB, Qin DN, Suo YP, Guo J, Su Q, Miao YW, Sun WY, Yi QY, Cui W, Cheng K, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Blockade of Salusin-β in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Salt-induced Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:323-31. [PMID: 26038832 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salusin-β, a multifunctional bioactive peptide, is considered as a promising candidate biomarker for predicting cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of salusin-β in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with a normal salt diet (NS, 0.3%) or a high salt diet (HS, 8%) for 8 weeks to induce hypertension. Then, these rats received bilateral PVN infusion of a specific salusin-β blocker, antisalusin-β IgG (SIgG), or control IgG (CIgG) for 2 weeks. HS rats exhibited higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by increased whole heart weight/bodyweight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, and messenger RNA levels of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and β-myosin heavy chain. Compared with NS rats, HS rats had higher levels of glutamate, norepinephrine, tyrosine hydroxylase, proinflammatory cytokines, and lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid, interleukin 10, and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the PVN, and higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic PVN infusion of SIgG attenuated all these changes in HS rats. Our findings suggest that HS rats have an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, as well as an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN; and chronic inhibition of salusin-β in the PVN restores neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, thereby attenuating hypertensive responses and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- *Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China; †Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; ‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China; §Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Public Health, Xi'an, China; ¶Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; ‖Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and **Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li HB, Qin DN, Cheng K, Su Q, Miao YW, Guo J, Zhang M, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Central blockade of salusin β attenuates hypertension and hypothalamic inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11162. [PMID: 26220637 PMCID: PMC4518230 DOI: 10.1038/srep11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salusin β is a multifunctional bioactive peptide and is considered as a promising candidate biomarker for predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of salusin β in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in attenuating hypertension and hypothalamic inflammation and whether central salusin β blockade has protective effects in essential hypertension. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used in this study. The rats were chronic PVN infusion either specific salusin β blocker, antisalusin β IgG (SIgG), or control IgG (CIgG) for 2 weeks. Hypertensive rats had significantly increased salusin β expression compared with normotensive rats. Central blockade of salusin β attenuated hypertension, reduced circulating norepinephrine (NE) levels, and improved cardiac hypertrophy and function in hypertensive rats. Salusin β blockade significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and altered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in the PVN of hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of salusin β blockade in essential hypertension are possibly due to down-regulate of inflammatory molecules and ROS in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Wang Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
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Salusin-β Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cyclins D1 and E Expression Through MAPKs Signaling Pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65:377-85. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhou CH, Pan J, Huang H, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Liu L, Wu Y. Salusin-β, but not salusin-α, promotes human umbilical vein endothelial cell inflammation via the p38 MAPK/JNK-NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107555. [PMID: 25210730 PMCID: PMC4161457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, salusin-β has been reported to have pro-atherosclerotic effects, but salusin-α has anti-atherosclerotic effects. Our previous study has shown that salusin-β but not salusin-α promotes vascular inflammation in apoE-deficient mice. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we observed the effect of salusins on inflammatory responses and the MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS AND RESULTS HUVECs were incubated with different concentrations of salusin-α and salusin-β. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein expressions of VCAM-1, MCP-1, I-κBα, NF-κB, p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK were measured using western blotting analysis. Our results showed that in HUVECs, salusin-β could up-regulate the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and MCP-1, promote I-κBα degradation and NF-κB activation, and increase the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. These effects could be inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and/or JNK inhibitor SP600125. In contrast, salusin-α could selectively decrease VCAM-1 protein, but did not show any effect on the expressions of VCAM-1 mRNA, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, I-κBα, NF-κB, p-JNK or p-p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION Salusin-β was able to promote inflammatory responses in HUVECs via the p38 MAPK-NF-κB and JNK-NF-κB pathways. In contrast, salusin-α failed to show any significant effects on the inflammatory responses in HUVECs. These results provide further insight into the mechanisms behind salusins in vascular inflammation and offer a potential target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hua Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YQW); (CHZ)
| | - Jin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yangzi Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthetic Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YQW); (CHZ)
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Ogawa A, Fujimoto K, Hayashi A, Chida S, Sato K, Takai K, Masaki T, Suzuki A, Kamata Y, Takano K, Koyama T, Shichiri M. Physiological fluctuations of human plasma total salusin-β, an endogenous parasympathomimetic/proatherosclerotic peptide. Peptides 2014; 59:83-8. [PMID: 25063054 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salusin-β is an endogenous bioactive peptide that systemically exerts acute parasympathomimetic hemodynamic actions and locally induces atherogenesis. Due to its unique physicochemical characteristics to immediately adhere to all types of plastic and glassware, its plasma concentrations have only been successfully determined very recently. Using a total of 50 healthy adults (median age 28 years, range 24-57 years), we evaluated whether circulating salusin-β levels are affected by the autonomic nervous functions. Plasma total salusin-β levels obtained during daytime ambulatory monitoring of heart rate variability showed strong negative correlations with variables reflecting parasympathetic nervous activity, high frequency amplitude (HF; r=-0.27, p=0.0018) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD; r=-0.19, p=0.0292), but did not with low frequency amplitude (LF) or LF/HF, variables influenced by sympathetic nervous activity. Because early morning nadir in the diurnal variation of plasma total salusin-β levels appeared to follow the nighttime parasympathetic nervous activity peak as quantified by HF and RMSSD, we determined whether parasympathetic stimulation reduces plasma salusin-β levels. Both Valsalva maneuver (p<0.05) and urination (p<0.05) significantly reduced plasma total salusin-β levels. Despite the fact that salusin-β is the sole endogenous parasympathomimetic peptide identified to date, the current results argue against the contention that physiological parasympathetic augmentation is the consequences of upregulated circulating salusin-β. Rather, circulating salusin-β levels are suppressed following physiological parasympathetic stimulation and appear to constitute a negative feedback relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoma Chida
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kuninobu Takai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuguto Masaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Takano
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Salusin-β in rostral ventrolateral medulla increases sympathetic outflow and blood pressure via superoxide anions in hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1059-67; discussion 1067. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhou CH, Liu L, Liu L, Zhang MX, Guo H, Pan J, Yin XX, Ma TF, Wu YQ. Salusin-β not salusin-α promotes vascular inflammation in ApoE-deficient mice via the I-κBα/NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91468. [PMID: 24621517 PMCID: PMC3951361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vascular inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Recently, salusins (salusin-α and salusin-β) have been reported to be associated wtih atherosclerosis. However, its underlying mechanism remains incompletely known. In this study, we observed the effects of salusins on vascular inflammation in apoE-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Methods and Results Six-week old male apoE-/- mice were infused with salusin-α, salusin-β or vehicle for 8 weeks via osmotic mini-pumps. Our results showed that apoE-/- mice receiving vehicle alone developed severe atherosclerotic lesions and dyslipidemia, with significantly up-regulated levels of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and MCP-1. For apoE-/- mice receiving 8 weeks of salusin-β infusion, the atherosclerotic lesions were markedly aggravated, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 were substantially increased, despite a similar plasma lipid concentration with that of apoE-/- mice. However, after 8 week-infusion of salusin-α, apoE-/- mice presented significant amelioration in atherosclerotic lesions, along with remarkably up-regulated level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and down-regulated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, but without any effect on the expressions of VCAM-1 and MCP-1. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), an important transcription factor essential for inflammatory molecules, and the degradation of I-κBα, an inhibitor of NF-κB, were markedly increased in apoE-/- mice receiving vehicle alone. Treatment with salusin-β not salusin-α could remarkably accelerate the process of NF-κB nuclear translocation and I-κBα degradation. Conclusion Salusin-β, but not salusin-α, promotes vascular inflammation in apoE-deficient mice via the I-κBα/NF-κB pathway. These findings provide further insight into the mechanism of salusins in atherosclerosis and potential targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hua Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (YW) (CZ); (CZ) (YW)
| | - Lian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Anesthetic Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (YW) (CZ); (CZ) (YW)
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Sun HJ, Zhang LL, Fan ZD, Chen D, Zhang L, Gao XY, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Superoxide anions involved in sympathoexcitation and pressor effects of salusin-β in paraventricular nucleus in hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:534-45. [PMID: 24304512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salusin-β in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release in hypertensive rats but not in normal rats. The present study was designed to investigate the downstream molecular mechanism of salusin-β in the PVN in hypertension. METHOD Renovascular hypertension was induced by two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) in male SD rats. Acute experiments were carried out 4 weeks after 2K1C or sham operation under anaesthesia. RESULTS MrgA1 mRNA expression and salusin-β level in the PVN as well as plasma salusin-β level were increased in 2K1C rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of salusin-β increased the RSNA, MAP and HR in 2K1C rats, which were abolished by the pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), the superoxide anion scavenger tempol, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (CLC), but not affected by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, the Mas receptor antagonist A-779, the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or the GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists gabazine+CGP-35348. Salusin-β-induced increases in superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in the PVN were abolished by the PVN pre-treatment with CLC. Salusin-β increased AVP levels in rostral ventrolateral medulla and plasma, which were prevented by the pre-treatment with PEG-SOD, apocynin or CLC in 2K1C rats. Salusin-β augmented the enhanced activity of PKC in the PVN in 2K1C rats. CONCLUSION Protein kinase C-NAD(P)H oxidase-superoxide anions pathway in the PVN is involved in salusin-β-induced sympathetic activation, pressor response and AVP release in renovascular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-J. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - L.-L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Z.-D. Fan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - D. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - X.-Y. Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Y.-M. Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Cardiovascular Research Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - G.-Q. Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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Salusins: potential use as a biomarker for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:965140. [PMID: 24251033 PMCID: PMC3819761 DOI: 10.1155/2013/965140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human salusin- α and salusin- β are related peptides produced from prosalusin. Bolus injection of salusin- β into rats induces more profound hypotension and bradycardia than salusin- α . Central administration of salusin- β increases blood pressure via release of norepinephrine and arginine-vasopressin. Circulating levels of salusin- α and salusin- β are lower in patients with essential hypertension. Salusin- β exerts more potent mitogenic effects on human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and fibroblasts than salusin- α . Salusin- β accelerates inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells and monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Human macrophage foam cell formation is stimulated by salusin- β but suppressed by salusin- α . Chronic salusin- β infusion into apolipoprotein E-deficient mice enhances atherosclerotic lesions; salusin- α infusion reduces lesions. Salusin- β is expressed in proliferative neointimal lesions of porcine coronary arteries after stenting. Salusin- α and salusin- β immunoreactivity have been detected in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques, with dominance of salusin- β in macrophage foam cells, VSMCs, and fibroblasts. Circulating salusin- β levels increase and salusin- α levels decrease in patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that salusin- β and salusin- α may contribute to proatherogenesis and antiatherogenesis, respectively. Increased salusin- β and/or decreased salusin- α levels in circulating blood and vascular tissue are closely linked with atherosclerosis. Salusin- α and salusin- β could be candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Fujimoto K, Hayashi A, Kamata Y, Ogawa A, Watanabe T, Ichikawa R, Iso Y, Koba S, Kobayashi Y, Koyama T, Shichiri M. Circulating levels of human salusin-β, a potent hemodynamic and atherogenesis regulator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76714. [PMID: 24098553 PMCID: PMC3789687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bioinformatics analysis, we previously identified salusin-β, an endogenous bioactive peptide with diverse physiological activities. Salusin-β is abundantly expressed in the neuroendocrine system and in systemic endocrine cells/macrophages. Salusin-β acutely regulates hemodynamics and chronically induces atherosclerosis, but its unique physicochemical characteristics to tightly adhere to all types of plastic and glassware have prevented elucidation of its precise pathophysiological role. To quantitate plasma total salusin-β concentrations, we produced rabbit and chicken polyclonal antibodies against the C- and N-terminal end sequences, circumvented its sticky nature, and successfully established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Salusin-β was abundantly present in the plasma of healthy volunteers, ranging from 1.9 to 6.6 nmol/L. Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that a single immunoreactive salusin-β peak coincided with synthetic authentic salusin-β. Plasma salusin-β concentrations were unaffected by postural changes and by potent vasopressin release stimuli, such as hypertonic saline infusion or smoking. However, salusin-β concentrations showed significant circadian variation; concentrations were high during the daytime and reached the lowest concentrations in the early morning. Plasma salusin-β levels in subjects with diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease showed distinctly higher levels than healthy controls. Patients with panhypopituitarism combined with complete central diabetes insipidus also showed significantly higher plasma salusin-β levels. Therefore, the ELISA system developed in this study will be useful for evaluating circulating total salusin-β levels and for confirming the presence of authentic salusin-β in human plasma. The obtained results suggest a limited contribution of the neuroendocrine system to peripheral total salusin-β concentrations and a role for plasma total salusin-β concentrations as an indicator of systemic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raishi Ichikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iso
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Masumura M, Watanabe R, Nagashima A, Ogawa M, Suzuki JI, Shichiri M, Komuro I, Isobe M. Anti-salusin-β antibody enhances angiogenesis after myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1003-9. [PMID: 23865521 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.819852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Salusins are multifunctional endogenous bioactive peptides simultaneously biosynthesized from their precursor prosalusin. Salusin-β stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and regulates myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Salusin-β has potent hypotensive, bradycardic and proatherosclerotic effects. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether salusin-β plays a role in myocardial remodeling after myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, rat I/R models were created by the left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 min, followed by 24 h or 7 days of reperfusion (control, n = 6 each). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical double staining showed the enhanced expression of salusin-β in the macrophages around myocardial ischemic area. Anti-salusin-β treated groups were administered the neutralizing salusin-β antibody (10 μl/day, i.p.) once daily from day -1 to day 1 or from day -1 to day 7 (anti-salusin-β, n = 6 each). The anti-salusin-β therapy enhanced myocardial angiogenesis in the peri-ischemic area of reperfusion. The small vessels (< 40 μm in diameter) of I/R hearts treated with anti-salusin-β were more densely populated than those of control animals (108.5 ± 19.7 vs 47.5 ± 2.4, p < 0.05). Real-time PCR revealed that the anti-salusin-β therapy-induced angiogenesis was not associated with enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. The authors, for the first time, have clarified that endogenous salusin-β suppresses angiogenesis which is critical in the development of cardiac remodeling following I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Masumura
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510 , Japan
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Salusin-β in paraventricular nucleus increases blood pressure and sympathetic outflow via vasopressin in hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:344-51. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Sahin I, Aydin S. Serum concentration and kidney expression of salusin-α and salusin-β in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by fructose. Biotech Histochem 2012; 88:153-60. [PMID: 23244237 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.744848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salusins expressed in a variety of tissues exert a hypotensive effect owing to their vasodilator action. They are found in serum and tissues in two different forms: salusin-α and salusin-β. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important public health problem characterized by diabetes, obesity, abnormal blood lipid levels and high blood pressure. We investigated how salusins in the circulation and in kidney tissues change in relation to MetS. Experiments were conducted on 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats assigned to either a control group or a MetS group. Controls were fed standard rat food and water ad libitum, while the MetS group was fed standard food with 10% fructose solution added to their drinking water for three months. After three months, all animals were sacrificed after a one night fast. Blood and tissues were collected and stored appropriately. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using the Konelab 60 auto-analyzer. Salusin-α and salusin-β levels in the blood and kidneys were studied using the ELISA method. The salusin expression in the renal tissue was shown by immunohistochemical staining. Compared to the control group, the MetS group showed elevated uric acid and other lipid parameters for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum salusin-α and salusin-β levels were decreased; however, salusin levels/mg kidney tissue were elevated. Immunohistochemical analysis of salusins in kidney tissue revealed their presence in the epithelium cells of the glomeruli, and proximal and distal tubule cells. The expression of both peptides in renal tissues was greater in the MetS group than in the control group. We believe that salusins are critical mediators in the etiopathology of MetS. Altered salusin levels are thought to regulate hypertension, which is a component of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sahin
- Department of Histology & Embryology , Erzincan University , Erzincan, 24100
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