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Saito M, Tanaka C, Toyoda H, Kang Y. Subcellular Localization of Homomeric TASK3 Channels and Its Presumed Functional Significances in Trigeminal Motoneurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010344. [PMID: 36613787 PMCID: PMC9820627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic expressions of either heteromeric TASK1/3 or homomeric TASK1/1 channels have been reported in various neurons, while expression of homomeric TASK3/3 channels has been re-ported only in dendrites. However, it is not known why homomeric TASK3/3 channels are hardly seen in somata of CNS neurons. Given the absence of somatic TASK3/3 channels, it should be clarified why dendritic expression of TASK3/3 channels is inevitable and necessary and how differentially distributed TASK1/1 and TASK3/3 channels play roles in soma-to-dendritic integration. Here, we addressed these questions. We found that TASK3-transfected HEK293 cells showed decreases in cell volume after being transferred from the cultured medium to HEPES Ringer, suggesting that expressions of TASK3 channels in cell bodies cause an osmolarity problem. Using TASK1- and TASK3-transfected oocytes, we also found that cGMP application slightly suppressed TASK3 currents while it largely enhanced TASK1 currents, alleviating the difference between TASK1 and TASK3 currents at physiological pH. As larger motoneurons have extensive dendritic trees while smaller motoneurons have poor ones, cGMP could integrate Ia-EPSPs to recruit small and large motoneurons synchronously by differentially modulating TASKI and TASK3 channels which were complementary distributed in soma and dendrites of motoneurons in the dorsolateral part of the trigeminal motor nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Human Sciences, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (Y.K.)
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Shvetsova AA, Lazarenko VS, Gaynullina DK, Tarasova OS, Schubert R. TWIK-Related Acid-Sensitive Potassium Channels (TASK-1) Emerge as Contributors to Tone Regulation in Renal Arteries at Alkaline pH. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895863. [PMID: 35669582 PMCID: PMC9163564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: TASK-1 channels are established regulators of pulmonary artery tone but their contribution to the regulation of vascular tone in systemic arteries is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that TASK-1 channel functional impact differs among systemic vascular beds, that this is associated with differences in their expression and may increase with alkalization of the extracellular environment. Therefore, we evaluated the expression level of TASK-1 channels and their vasomotor role in mesenteric and renal arteries.Methods: Pulmonary, mesenteric and renal arteries from male Wistar rats were used for TASK-1 channel mRNA (qPCR) and protein content (Western blotting) measurements. The functional role of TASK-1 channels was studied by wire myography using the TASK-1 channel blocker AVE1231. In some experiments, the endothelium was removed with a rat whisker.Results: Expression levels of both mRNA and protein of the TASK-1 channel pore-forming subunit were highest in pulmonary arteries, lowest in mesenteric arteries and had an intermediate value in renal arteries. Blockade of TASK-1 channels by 1 µM AVE1231 increased U46619-induced contractile responses of pulmonary arteries but did not affect basal tone and contractile responses to methoxamine of mesenteric and renal arteries at physiological extracellular pH (pHo = 7.41). At alkaline extracellular pH = 7.75 (increase of NaHCO3 to 52 mM) AVE1231 evoked the development of basal tone and increased contractile responses to low concentrations of methoxamine in renal but not mesenteric arteries. This effect was independent of the endothelium.Conclusion: In the rat systemic circulation, TASK-1 channels are abundant in renal arteries and have an anticontractile function under conditions of extracellular alkalosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina K. Gaynullina
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Tarasova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rudolf Schubert
- Physiology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rudolf Schubert,
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Zheng X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Fang Y, Tian Y, Xie M, Wang W, Liu Y. The Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Exacerbates Neuronal Death After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2305-2327. [PMID: 35067892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown the neuroprotective role of TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) in global cerebral and spinal cord ischemia, while its function in focal cerebral ischemia has long been debated. This study used TREK-1-deficient mice to directly investigate the role of TREK-1 after focal cerebral ischemia. First, immunofluorescence assays in the mouse cerebral cortex indicated that TREK-1 expression was mostly abundant in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells but was low in myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, or endothelial cells. TREK-1 deficiency did not affect brain weight and morphology or the number of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia but did increase glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the cerebral cortex. The anatomy of the major cerebral vasculature, number and structure of brain micro blood vessels, and blood-brain barrier integrity were unaltered. Next, mice underwent 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia and 72 h of reperfusion induced by the intraluminal suture method. TREK-1-deficient mice showed less neuronal death, smaller infarction size, milder blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, reduced immune cell invasion, and better neurological function. Finally, the specific pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 also decreased infarction size and improved neurological function. These results demonstrated that TREK-1 might play a detrimental rather than beneficial role in focal cerebral ischemia, and inhibition of TREK-1 would be a strategy to treat ischemic stroke in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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De Silva TM, Sobey CG. Cerebral Vascular Biology in Health and Disease. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Manoury B, Idres S, Leblais V, Fischmeister R. Ion channels as effectors of cyclic nucleotide pathways: Functional relevance for arterial tone regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107499. [PMID: 32068004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mediators and drugs regulate blood flow or arterial pressure by acting on vascular tone, involving cyclic nucleotide intracellular pathways. These signals lead to regulation of several cellular effectors, including ion channels that tune cell membrane potential, Ca2+ influx and vascular tone. The characterization of these vasocontrictive or vasodilating mechanisms has grown in complexity due to i) the variety of ion channels that are expressed in both vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, ii) the heterogeneity of responses among the various vascular beds, and iii) the number of molecular mechanisms involved in cyclic nucleotide signalling in health and disease. This review synthesizes key data from literature that highlight ion channels as physiologically relevant effectors of cyclic nucleotide pathways in the vasculature, including the characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved. In smooth muscle cells, cation influx or chloride efflux through ion channels are associated with vasoconstriction, whereas K+ efflux repolarizes the cell membrane potential and mediates vasodilatation. Both categories of ion currents are under the influence of cAMP and cGMP pathways. Evidence that some ion channels are influenced by CN signalling in endothelial cells will also be presented. Emphasis will also be put on recent data touching a variety of determinants such as phosphodiesterases, EPAC and kinase anchoring, that complicate or even challenge former paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Manoury
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Sarah Idres
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leblais
- Inserm, Umr-S 1180, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Aleksandrowicz M, Dworakowska B, Dolowy K, Kozniewska E. Restoration of the response of the middle cerebral artery of the rat to acidosis in hyposmotic hyponatremia by the opener of large-conductance calcium sensitive potassium channels (BK Ca). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3219-3230. [PMID: 28058990 PMCID: PMC5584697 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16685575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyposmotic hyponatremia (the decrease of extracellular concentration of sodium ions from 145 to 121 mM and the decrease of hyposmolality from 300 to 250 mOsm/kg H2O) impairs response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) to acetylcholine and NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine). Since acidosis activates a similar intracellular signaling pathway, the present study was designed to verify the hypothesis that the response of the MCA to acidosis is impaired during acute hyposmotic hyponatremia due to abnormal NO-related signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle cells. Studies performed on isolated, cannulated, and pressurized rat MCA revealed that hyposmotic hyponatremia impaired the response of the MCA to acidosis and this was associated with hyposmolality rather than with decreased sodium ion concentration. Response to acidosis was restored by the BKCa but not by the KATP channel activator. Patch-clamp electrophysiology performed on myocytes freshly isolated from MCAs, demonstrated that hyposmotic hyponatremia does not affect BKCa currents but decreases the voltage-dependency of the activation of the BKCa channels in the presence of a specific opener of these channels. Our study suggests that reduced sensitivity of BKCa channels in the MCA to agonists results in the lack of response of this artery to acidosis during acute hyposmotic hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Aleksandrowicz
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dworakowska
- 2 Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dolowy
- 2 Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozniewska
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Pandit LM, Lloyd EE, Reynolds JO, Lawrence WS, Reynolds C, Wehrens XHT, Bryan RM. TWIK-2 channel deficiency leads to pulmonary hypertension through a rho-kinase-mediated process. Hypertension 2014; 64:1260-5. [PMID: 25245387 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
TWIK-2 (KCNK6) is a member of the 2-pore domain (K2P) family of potassium channels, which are highly expressed in the vascular system. We tested the hypothesis that TWIK-2 deficiency leads to pulmonary hypertension. TWIK-2 knockout mice and their wildtype littermates at 8 weeks of age had similar mean right ventricular systolic pressures (24±3 and 21±3 mm Hg, respectively.) Significantly, by 20 weeks of age, the mean right ventricular systolic pressures in TWIK-2 knockout mice increased to 35±3 mm Hg (P≤0.036), whereas mean right ventricular systolic pressures in wildtype littermates remained at 22±3 mm Hg. Elevated mean right ventricular systolic pressures in the TWIK-2 knockout mice was accompanied by pulmonary vascular remodeling as determined by a 25% increase in the cross-sectional area of the vessels occupied by the vessel wall. Additionally, secondary branches of the pulmonary artery from 20-week-old TWIK-2 knockout mice showed an enhanced contractile response to U46619 (10(-6) moles/L), a thromboxane A2 mimetic, which was completely abolished with the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632 (10(-6) and 10(-5) moles/L). Treatment of TWIK-2 knockout mice with the Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, in the drinking water for 12 weeks, abolished the development of pulmonary hypertension and attenuated the vessel remodeling. We concluded that mice deficient in the TWIK-2 channel develop pulmonary hypertension between 8 and 20 weeks of age through a mechanism involving Rho-kinase. Our results suggest that downregulation of TWIK-2 in the pulmonary vasculature may be an underlying mechanism in the development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavannya M Pandit
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Eric E Lloyd
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Julia O Reynolds
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - William S Lawrence
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Corey Reynolds
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Robert M Bryan
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (L.M.P., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Anesthesiology (E.E.L., R.M.B.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.O.R., C.R., X.H.T.W., R.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (W.S.L.), The University of Texas Medical Branch
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Gil V, Gallego D, Moha Ou Maati H, Peyronnet R, Martínez-Cutillas M, Heurteaux C, Borsotto M, Jiménez M. Relative contribution of SKCa and TREK1 channels in purinergic and nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in the rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G412-23. [PMID: 22636169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00040.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission predominantly mediate inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the rat colon. We studied the sensitivity of both purinergic and nitrergic pathways to spadin, a TWIK-related potassium channel 1 (TREK1) inhibitor, apamin, a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blocker and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-α]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. TREK1 expression was detected by RT-PCR in the rat colon. Patch-clamp experiments were performed on cells expressing hTREK1 channels. Spadin (1 μM) reduced currents 1) in basal conditions 2) activated by stretch, and 3) with arachidonic acid (AA; 10 μM). l-Methionine (1 mM) or l-cysteine (1 mM) did not modify currents activated by AA. Microelectrode and muscle bath studies were performed on rat colon samples. l-Methionine (2 mM), apamin (1 μM), ODQ (10 μM), and N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; 1 mM) depolarized smooth muscle cells and increased motility. These effects were not observed with spadin (1 μM). Purinergic and nitrergic inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) were studied by incubating the tissue with l-NNA (1 mM) or MRS2500 (1 μM). Both purinergic and nitrergic IJP were unaffected by spadin. Apamin reduced both IJP with a different potency and maximal effect for each. ODQ concentration dependently abolished nitrergic IJP without affecting purinergic IJP. Similar effects were observed in hyperpolarizations induced by sodium nitroprusside (1 μM) and nitrergic relaxations induced by electrical stimulation. We propose a pharmacological approach to characterize the pathways and function of purinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission. Nitrergic neurotransmission, which is mediated by cyclic guanosine monophosphate, is insensitive to spadin, an effective TREK1 channel inhibitor. Both purinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission are inhibited by apamin but with different relative sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gil
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Namiranian K, Lloyd EE, Crossland RF, Marrelli SP, Taffet GE, Reddy AK, Hartley CJ, Bryan RM. Cerebrovascular responses in mice deficient in the potassium channel, TREK-1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R461-9. [PMID: 20357027 PMCID: PMC2928619 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that TREK-1, a two-pore domain K channel, is involved with dilations in arteries. Because there are no selective activators or inhibitors of TREK-1, we generated a mouse line deficient in TREK-1. Endothelium-mediated dilations were not different in arteries from wild-type (WT) and TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice. This includes dilations of the middle cerebral artery to ATP, dilations of the basilar artery to ACh, and relaxations of the aorta to carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. The nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor components of ATP dilations were identical in the middle cerebral arteries of WT and TREK-1 KO mice. Furthermore, the NO and cyclooxygenase-dependent components were identical in the basilar arteries of the different genotypes. Dilations of the basilar artery to alpha-linolenic acid, an activator of TREK-1, were not affected by the absence of TREK-1. Whole cell currents recorded using patch-clamp techniques were similar in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CVSMCs) from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. alpha-linolenic acid or arachidonic acid increased whole cell currents in CVSMCs from both WT and TREK-1 KO mice. The selective blockers of large-conductance Ca-activated K channels, penitrem A and iberiotoxin, blocked the increased currents elicited by either alpha-linolenic or arachidonic acid. In summary, dilations were similar in arteries from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. There was no sign of TREK-1-like currents in CVSMCs from WT mice, and there were no major differences in currents between the genotypes. We conclude that regulation of arterial diameter is not altered in mice lacking TREK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodadad Namiranian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Muller-Delp JM. The role of TREK-1 in cerebrovascular regulation remains elusive: focus on "Cerebrovascular responses in mice deficient in the potassium channel, TREK-1". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R459-60. [PMID: 20484697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00277.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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