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Vrachnis N, Zygouris D, Vrachnis D, Roussos N, Loukas N, Antonakopoulos N, Paltoglou G, Barbounaki S, Valsamakis G, Iliodromiti Z. Perinatal Inflammation: Could Partial Blocking of Cell Adhesion Molecule Function Be a Solution? CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050380. [PMID: 34065912 PMCID: PMC8150343 DOI: 10.3390/children8050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the great advances made in recent years in prenatal and perinatal medicine, inflammation can still frequently result in injury to vital organs and often constitutes a major cause of morbidity. It is today well established that in neonates—though vulnerability to infection among neonates is triggered by functional impairments in leukocyte adhesion—the decreased expression of cell adhesion molecules also decreases the inflammatory response. It is also clear that the cell adhesion molecules, namely, the integrins, selectins, and the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene super family, all play a crucial role in the inflammatory cascade. Thus, by consolidating our knowledge concerning the actions of these vital cell adhesion molecules during the prenatal period as well as regarding the genetic deficiencies of these molecules, notably leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) I, II, and III, which can provoke severe clinical symptoms throughout the first year of life, it is anticipated that intervention involving blocking the function of cell adhesion molecules in neonatal leukocytes has the potential to constitute an effective therapeutic approach for inflammation. A promising perspective is the potential use of antibody therapy in preterm and term infants with perinatal inflammation and infection focusing on cases in which LAD is involved, while a further important scientific advance related to this issue could be the combination of small peptides aimed at the inhibition of cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vrachnis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece;
- Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Research Centre in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hellenic Society of Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergency, 11526 Athens, Greece; (D.Z.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107777442
| | - Dimitrios Zygouris
- Research Centre in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hellenic Society of Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergency, 11526 Athens, Greece; (D.Z.); (N.R.)
| | - Dionysios Vrachnis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Roussos
- Research Centre in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hellenic Society of Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergency, 11526 Athens, Greece; (D.Z.); (N.R.)
| | - Nikolaos Loukas
- Department of Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens “G. Gennimatas”, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Antonakopoulos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Paltoglou
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (G.V.)
| | | | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Zoi Iliodromiti
- Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece;
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Sanchez-Schmitz G, Morrocchi E, Cooney M, Soni D, Khatun R, Palma P, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Neonatal monocytes demonstrate impaired homeostatic extravasation into a microphysiological human vascular model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17836. [PMID: 33082466 PMCID: PMC7576166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most frequent at the extremes of life, especially among newborns, reflecting age-specific differences in immunity. Monocytes maintain tissue-homeostasis and defence-readiness by escaping circulation in the absence of inflammation to become tissue-resident antigen presenting cells in vivo. Despite equivalent circulating levels, neonates demonstrate lower presence of monocytes inside peripheral tissues as compared to adults. To study the ability of monocytes to undergo autonomous transendothelial extravasation under biologically accurate circumstances we engineered a three-dimensional human vascular-interstitial model including collagen, fibronectin, primary endothelial cells and autologous untreated plasma. This microphysiological tissue construct enabled age-specific autonomous extravasation of monocytes through a confluent human endothelium in the absence of exogenous chemokines and activation. Both CD16- and CD16+ newborn monocytes demonstrated lower adherence and extravasation as compared to adults. In contrast, pre-activated tissue constructs were colonized by newborn monocytes at the same frequency than adult monocytes, suggesting that neonatal monocytes are capable of colonizing inflamed tissues. The presence of autologous plasma neither improved newborn homeostatic extravasation nor shaped age-specific differences in endothelial cytokines that could account for this impairment. Newborn monocytes demonstrated significantly lower surface expression of CD31 and CD11b, and mechanistic experiments using blocking antibodies confirmed a functional role for CD31 and CD54 in neonatal homeostatic extravasation. Our data suggests that newborn monocytes are intrinsically impaired in extravasation through quiescent endothelia, a phenomenon that could contribute to the divergent immune responsiveness to vaccines and susceptibility to infection observed during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Academic Department of Paediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Mitchell Cooney
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rahima Khatun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Paediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Paediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - David J Dowling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Liu F, Mccullough LD. Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1121-30. [PMID: 23892271 PMCID: PMC3764334 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in mediating brain injury induced by neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses to ischemia may be shared by neonatal and adult brains; however, HIE exhibits a unique inflammation phenotype that results from the immaturity of the neonatal immune system. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning systemic and local inflammatory responses in the acute and subacute stages of HIE. The key components of inflammation, including immune cells, adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines and oxidative stress, will be reviewed, and the differences between neonatal and adult inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemic injury will also be discussed.
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