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Breslin JW, Yuan SY. Determination of Solute Permeability of Microvascular Endothelial Cell Monolayers In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2711:1-12. [PMID: 37776444 PMCID: PMC10928851 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3429-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The microvascular endothelium has a critical role in regulating the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and water to the surrounding tissues. Under inflammatory conditions that accompany acute injury or disease, microvascular permeability becomes elevated. When microvascular hyperpermeability becomes uncontrolled or chronic, the excessive escape of plasma proteins into the surrounding tissue disrupts homeostasis and ultimately leads to organ dysfunction. Much remains to be learned about the mechanisms that control microvascular permeability. In addition to in vivo and isolated microvessel methods, the cultured endothelial cell monolayer protocol is an important tool that allows for understanding the specific, endothelial subcellular mechanisms that determine permeability of the endothelium to plasma proteins. In this chapter, two variations of the popular Transwell culture methodology to determine permeability to using fluorescently labeled tracers are presented. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Breslin JW. Edema and lymphatic clearance: molecular mechanisms and ongoing challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1451-1476. [PMID: 37732545 PMCID: PMC11025659 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of edema remains a significant clinical challenge. Conditions such as traumatic shock, sepsis, or diabetes often involve microvascular hyperpermeability, which leads to tissue and organ dysfunction. Lymphatic insufficiency due to genetic causes, surgical removal of lymph nodes, or infections, leads to varying degrees of tissue swelling that impair mobility and immune defenses. Treatment options are limited to management of edema as there are no specific therapeutics that have demonstrated significant success for ameliorating microvascular leakage or impaired lymphatic function. This review examines current knowledge about the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that control microvascular permeability and lymphatic clearance, the respective processes for interstitial fluid formation and removal. Clinical conditions featuring edema, along with potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, U.S.A
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Mori H, Huq MA, Islam MM, Takeyama N. Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with altered human pulmonary artery endothelial barrier function. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211062386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute respiratory response syndrome (ARDS) leads to increased permeability of the endothelial-epithelial barrier, which in turn promotes edema formation and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although activated neutrophils are thought to play a significant role in mediating ARDS, at present the contribution of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to lung endothelial barrier function is unclear. Methods: To clarify their role, we co-cultured in vitro NETs induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)–activated neutrophils with lung endothelial cell monolayers and examined the barrier function of lung endothelial cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and albumin permeability in a double-chamber culture method. Results: Co-culture with stimulated neutrophils increased the albumin permeability of the human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) monolayer and altered cytoskeleton F-actin and vascular endothelial-cadherin in cell-cell junctions. Hyperpermeability to albumin and histological alterations were prevented by inhibition of NET formation with peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor or a neutrophil elastase inhibitor and were also prevented by increased degradation of NET structure with DNase. Conclusion: This in vitro experiment shows that altered HPAEC barrier function and increased albumin permeability are caused by the direct effect of PMA-induced NETs and their components. NET formation may be involved in the increased vascular permeability of the lung, which is a common feature in ARDS of various etiologies. These insights may help generate novel approaches for medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatake Mori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Muhammad Aminul Huq
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Md. Monirul Islam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoshi Takeyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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Rho-Proteins and Downstream Pathways as Potential Targets in Sepsis and Septic Shock: What Have We Learned from Basic Research. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081844. [PMID: 34440613 PMCID: PMC8391638 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are associated with acute and sustained impairment in the function of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, lungs, liver, and brain, among others. Despite the significant advances in prevention and treatment, sepsis and septic shock sepsis remain global health problems with elevated mortality rates. Rho proteins can interact with a considerable number of targets, directly affecting cellular contractility, actin filament assembly and growing, cell motility and migration, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and actin polymerization, physiological functions that are intensively impaired during inflammatory conditions, such as the one that occurs in sepsis. In the last few decades, Rho proteins and their downstream pathways have been investigated in sepsis-associated experimental models. The most frequently used experimental design included the exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in both in vitro and in vivo approaches, but experiments using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis have also been performed. The findings described in this review indicate that Rho proteins, mainly RhoA and Rac1, are associated with the development of crucial sepsis-associated dysfunction in different systems and cells, including the endothelium, vessels, and heart. Notably, the data found in the literature suggest that either the inhibition or activation of Rho proteins and associated pathways might be desirable in sepsis and septic shock, accordingly with the cellular system evaluated. This review included the main findings, relevance, and limitations of the current knowledge connecting Rho proteins and sepsis-associated experimental models.
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Dos Santos TM, Righetti RF, Rezende BG, Campos EC, Camargo LDN, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Fukuzaki S, Prado CM, Leick EA, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Effect of anti-IL17 and/or Rho-kinase inhibitor treatments on vascular remodeling induced by chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020; 14:1753466620962665. [PMID: 33357114 PMCID: PMC7768836 DOI: 10.1177/1753466620962665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Expansion and morphological dysregulation of the bronchial vascular network occurs in asthmatic airways. Interleukin (IL) -17 and Rho-kinase (ROCK) are known to act in inflammation control and remodeling. Modulation of Rho-kinase proteins and IL-17 may be a promising approach for the treatment of asthma through the control of angiogenesis. Our objective was to analyze the effects of treatment with anti-IL17 and/or Rho-kinase inhibitor on vascular changes in mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Methods: Sixty-four BALB/c mice, with pulmonary inflammation induced by ovalbumin were treated with anti-IL17A (7.5/µg per dose, intraperitoneal) and/or Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632-10 mg/kg, intranasal), 1 h before each ovalbumin challenge (22, 24, 26, and 28/days). Control animals were made to inhale saline. At the end of the protocol, lungs were removed, and morphometric analysis was performed to quantify vascular inflammatory, remodeling, and oxidative stress responses. Results: Anti-IL17 or Rho-kinase inhibitor reduced the number of CD4+, CD8+, dendritic cells, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, Rho-kinase 1 and 2, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor (NF)-KappaB, iNOS, metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-12, metalloproteinase inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1), FOXP-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and phospho-STAT1-positive cells, and actin, endothelin-1, isoprostane, biglycan, decorin, fibronectin and the collagen fibers volume fraction compared with the ovalbumin group (p < 0.05). The combination treatment, when compared with anti-IL17, resulted in potentiation of decrease in the number of IL1β- and dendritic cells-positive cells. When we compared the OVA-RHO inhibitor-anti-IL17 with OVA-RHO inhibitor we found a reduction in the number of CD8+ and IL-17, TGF-β, and phospho-STAT1-positive cells and endothelin-1 in the vessels (p < 0.05). There was an attenuation in the number of ROCK 2-positive cells in the group with the combined treatment when compared with anti-IL17 or Rho-kinase inhibitor-treated groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We observed no difference in angiogenesis after treatment with Rho-kinase inhibitor and anti-IL17. Although the treatments did not show differences in angiogenesis, they showed differences in the markers involved in the angiogenesis process contributing to inflammation control and vascular remodeling. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata M Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR; Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato F Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR; Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca G Rezende
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Campos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro do N Camargo
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR. Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Saraiva-Romanholo
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University City of São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University os Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna A Leick
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda F L C Tibério
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455- Sala 1210, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
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Wang X, Gao L, Xiao L, Yang L, Li W, Liu G, Chen L, Zhang J. 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid impairs vascular endothelial permeability by altering adherens junction phosphorylation levels and affecting the binding and dissociation of its components in high glucose-induced vascular injury. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:639-649. [PMID: 30251333 PMCID: PMC6497583 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Diabetes is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. The initiating factor of atherosclerosis is local endothelial cell injury. The arachidonic acid metabolite, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12[S]-HETE), might be involved in this process. In recent years, some studies have discussed the effect of 12(S)-HETE on vascular endothelial cell function. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 12(S)-HETE on vascular endothelial cell function in high-glucose conditions and the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in conventional M199 medium and high-glucose M199 medium. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with 12(S)-HETE and cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (a 12/15-lipoxygenases inhibitor). A type 1 diabetes mellitus model was established in C57BL/6 or 12/15-lipoxygenases knockout mice with streptozotocin. Aortic tissue was harvested for subsequent testing. The transmembrane transport of dextran and human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1) cells was measured. The adherens junction protein, IkBα, nuclear factor kappa Bp65 (P65), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 expression and phosphorylation, and the binding/dissociation of endothelial cell components were observed. RESULTS Transendothelial migration of dextran and THP-1 cells was significantly increased by stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers with high glucose and 12(S)-HETE (P < 0.05). High glucose and 12(S)-HETE altered the vascular endothelial cadherin and β-catenin phosphorylation level, and promoted the dissociation of β-catenin and vascular endothelial cadherin. Expression levels of P-Ikbα, P-P65, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 were elevated in high glucose and 12(S)-HETE treated cells and diabetic mice compared with controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The lipoxygenases metabolite, 12(S)-HETE, can impair vascular endothelial permeability by altering adherens junction phosphorylation levels, and affecting the binding and dissociation of its components in high-glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Wenshu Li
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Gangqiong Liu
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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Nagashio S, Ajima K, Maejima D, Sanjo H, Kajihara R, Hayashi M, Watanabe-Asaka T, Kaidoh M, Yokoyama Y, Taki S, Kawai Y, Ohhashi T. Water intake increases mesenteric lymph flow and the total flux of albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and IL-22 in rats: new concept of absorption in jejunum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G155-G165. [PMID: 30431330 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00325.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Japanese health care custom recommends that a suitable volume of water is consumed. However, physiological and immunological mechanisms in support of this practice are unknown. Therefore, we conducted rat and rabbit in vivo experiments to investigate the effects of intragastric administration of distilled water on the jejunal-originated lymph flow and the concentrations and total flux of cells, albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC-3)-secreted interleukin-22 (IL-22) through mesenteric lymph vessels. The distribution and activity of ILC-3 in rat small intestine by water intake were evaluated using flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The intragastric administration of distilled water caused significant increases in rat mesenteric lymph flow and in the total flux of cells, albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and IL-22 through the lymph vessels. Intravenously injected Evans blue dye was rapidly transported into rabbit mesenteric lymph vessel and cisterna chyli. The distribution of ILC-3 and the expression of IL-22 mRNA were maximal in the lamina propria cells of the rat jejunum. No significant presence of ILC-3 in the lymph was observed in the control and under water intake conditions. In conclusion, the absorbed water in the jejunum is transported through mesenteric lymph vessels. The higher permeability of albumin in the jejunal microcirculation may play key roles in the transport of consumed water and the reservoir and transporter of long-chain fatty acids. Water intake also accelerates the transfer of IL-22 to the mesenteric lymph, which may contribute, in part, to maintaining and promoting the innate immunity in the body. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The higher permeability of albumin-mediated transport of water-soluble substances in mesenteric lymph vessels of the jejunum may have a large impact on the classic concept suggesting that water-soluble small molecules travel to the liver via the portal vein. ILC-3 is mainly housed in the lamina propria of the jejunum, especially its upper part. IL-22 released from the ILC-3 is also transported through mesenteric lymph in collaboration with the albumin-mediated movement of consumed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiho Nagashio
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Kumiko Ajima
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Ryo Kajihara
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Moyuru Hayashi
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
- Division of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
- Division of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Maki Kaidoh
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Yumiko Yokoyama
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Shinshuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawai
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
- Division of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Toshio Ohhashi
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
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Liu J, Wada Y, Katsura M, Tozawa H, Erwin N, Kapron CM, Bao G, Liu J. Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase (ROCK) in Molecular Regulation of Angiogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:6053-6069. [PMID: 30613282 PMCID: PMC6299434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified as a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a versatile regulator of multiple cellular processes. Angiogenesis, the process of generating new capillaries from the pre-existing ones, is required for the development of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, ROCK has attracted attention for its crucial role in angiogenesis, making it a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ROCK signaling in regulating the permeability, migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs), as well as its functions in non-ECs which constitute the pro-angiogenic microenvironment. The therapeutic potential of ROCK inhibitors in angiogenesis-related diseases is also discussed.
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Alves NG, Yuan SY, Breslin JW. Sphingosine-1-phosphate protects against brain microvascular endothelial junctional protein disorganization and barrier dysfunction caused by alcohol. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12506. [PMID: 30281888 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S1P has known endothelial barrier-protective properties, but whether this extends to the BBB is unclear. We hypothesized that alcohol-induced disruption of brain microvascular endothelial barrier function and junctional protein organization can be ameliorated by S1P treatment. METHODS Cultured primary HBMEC monolayers were used to characterize endothelial-specific mechanisms of BBB regulation. TER and apparent permeability coefficients for albumin, dextran-4 kDa, and sodium fluorescein were used as indices of barrier function. Junctional localization of Claudin-5, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin was determined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. S1P was applied following treatment with alcohol. RESULTS Alcohol significantly impaired HBMEC TER. Application of S1P after alcohol treatment resulted in a hastened recovery to the baseline HBMEC TER. Alcohol-treated HBMEC had a significantly higher mean permeability than control that was reversed by S1P. Alcohol caused the formation of gaps between cells. Treatment with S1P (after alcohol) increased junctional localization of VE-Cadherin, Claudin-5, and β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol impairs the barrier function and junctional organization of HBMEC monolayers. S1P enhanced barrier function and restored junctions in the presence of alcohol, and thus may be useful for restoring BBB function during alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha G Alves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Endothelial Protrusions in Junctional Integrity and Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:93-140. [PMID: 30360784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the microcirculation form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier between the blood and tissues. This permeability of the endothelium, particularly in the capillaries and postcapillary venules, is a normal physiological function needed for blood-tissue exchange in the microcirculation. During inflammation, microvascular permeability increases dramatically and can lead to tissue edema, which in turn can lead to dysfunction of tissues and organs. The molecular mechanisms that control the barrier function of endothelial cells have been under investigation for several decades and remain an important topic due to the potential for discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce edema. This review highlights current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammatory conditions associated with injury and disease. This includes a discussion of recent findings demonstrating temporal protrusions by endothelial cells that may contribute to intercellular junction integrity between endothelial cells and affect the diffusion distance for solutes via the paracellular pathway.
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11
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Meegan JE, Yang X, Coleman DC, Jannaway M, Yuan SY. Neutrophil-mediated vascular barrier injury: Role of neutrophil extracellular traps. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28120468 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play an essential role in host defense against infection or injury. While neutrophil activation is necessary for pathogen clearance and tissue repair, a hyperactive response can lead to tissue damage and microcirculatory disorders, a process involving complex neutrophil-endothelium cross talk. This review highlights recent research findings about neutrophil-mediated signaling and structural changes, including those induced by neutrophil extracellular traps, which ultimately lead to vascular barrier injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Meegan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle C Coleman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Jannaway
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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12
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Breslin JW. Cellular cross talk, inflammatory signals, and enhanced microvascular permeability. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28295872 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular leakage remains a significant clinical problem for which there is no specific therapeutic available. This Special Topics issue of the journal Microcirculation features reviews pertaining to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control the integrity of the microvascular barrier. (Meegan et al., Microcirculation, 2017) summarize recent research findings about how neutrophil extracellular traps and how these can cause injury to the microvascular barrier.( Zhang et al. Microcirculation, 2017) highlight the microvascular response to advanced glycation end-products that are formed as part of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. These ongoing investigations are helping to clarify the mechanisms by which endothelial cells receive information and integrate it to generate cellular responses that fine-tune barrier function. Better understanding of these mechanisms is needed for the rational development of therapeutic strategies to reduce excessive microvascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Yamada H, Yoneda M, Inaguma S, Gosho M, Murasawa Y, Isogai Z, Zako M. A Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Protects Permeability in a Cell Culture Model of Ocular Disease, and Reduces Aqueous Flare in Anterior Uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:176-185. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yoneda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Nursing and Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masahiko Gosho
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murasawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Zenzo Isogai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Zako
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asai Hospital, Seto, Japan
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Zhang XE, Adderley SP, Breslin JW. Activation of RhoA, but Not Rac1, Mediates Early Stages of S1P-Induced Endothelial Barrier Enhancement. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155490. [PMID: 27187066 PMCID: PMC4871357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised endothelial barrier function is a hallmark of inflammation. Rho family GTPases are critical in regulating endothelial barrier function, yet their precise roles, particularly in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-induced endothelial barrier enhancement, remain elusive. Confluent cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were used to model the endothelial barrier. Barrier function was assessed by determining the transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) using an electrical cell-substrate impedance sensor (ECIS). The roles of Rac1 and RhoA were tested in S1P-induced barrier enhancement. The results show that pharmacologic inhibition of Rac1 with Z62954982 failed to block S1P-induced barrier enhancement. Likewise, expression of a dominant negative form of Rac1, or knockdown of native Rac1 with siRNA, failed to block S1P-induced elevations in TER. In contrast, blockade of RhoA with the combination of the inhibitors Rhosin and Y16 significantly reduced S1P-induced increases in TER. Assessment of RhoA activation in real time using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor showed that S1P increased RhoA activation primarily at the edges of cells, near junctions. This was complemented by myosin light chain-2 phosphorylation at cell edges, and increased F-actin and vinculin near intercellular junctions, which could all be blocked with pharmacologic inhibition of RhoA. The results suggest that S1P causes activation of RhoA at the cell periphery, stimulating local activation of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, and resulting in endothelial barrier enhancement. S1P-induced Rac1 activation, however, does not appear to have a significant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun E. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Breslin JW, Daines DA, Doggett TM, Kurtz KH, Souza-Smith FM, Zhang XE, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Rnd3 as a Novel Target to Ameliorate Microvascular Leakage. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003336. [PMID: 27048969 PMCID: PMC4859298 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Microvascular leakage of plasma proteins is a hallmark of inflammation that leads to tissue dysfunction. There are no current therapeutic strategies to reduce microvascular permeability. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of Rnd3, an atypical Rho family GTPase, in the control of endothelial barrier integrity. The potential therapeutic benefit of Rnd3 protein delivery to ameliorate microvascular leakage was also investigated. Methods and Results Using immunofluorescence microscopy, Rnd3 was observed primarily in cytoplasmic areas around the nuclei of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate–albumin and transendothelial electrical resistance of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers served as indices of barrier function, and RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 activities were determined using G‐LISA assays. Overexpression of Rnd3 significantly reduced the magnitude of thrombin‐induced barrier dysfunction, and abolished thrombin‐induced Rac1 inactivation. Depleting Rnd3 expression with siRNA significantly extended the time course of thrombin‐induced barrier dysfunction and Rac1 inactivation. Time‐lapse microscopy of human umbilical vein endothelial cells expressing GFP‐actin showed that co‐expression of mCherry‐Rnd3 attenuated thrombin‐induced reductions in local lamellipodia that accompany endothelial barrier dysfunction. Lastly, a novel Rnd3 protein delivery method reduced microvascular leakage in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, assessed by both intravital microscopic observation of extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate–albumin from the mesenteric microcirculation, and direct determination of solute permeability in intact isolated venules. Conclusions The data suggest that Rnd3 can shift the balance of RhoA and Rac1 signaling in endothelial cells. In addition, our findings suggest the therapeutic, anti‐inflammatory potential of delivering Rnd3 to promote endothelial barrier recovery during inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Dayle A Daines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Travis M Doggett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Kristine H Kurtz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Flavia M Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xun E Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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16
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Adderley SP, Lawrence C, Madonia E, Olubadewo JO, Breslin JW. Histamine activates p38 MAP kinase and alters local lamellipodia dynamics, reducing endothelial barrier integrity and eliciting central movement of actin fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C51-9. [PMID: 25948734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00096.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in endothelial barrier function has been debated for nearly four decades. Our previous investigation revealed spontaneous local lamellipodia in confluent endothelial monolayers that appear to increase overlap at intercellular junctions. We tested the hypothesis that the barrier-disrupting agent histamine would reduce local lamellipodia protrusions and investigated the potential involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and actin stress fiber formation. Confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) expressing green fluorescent protein-actin were studied using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The protrusion and withdrawal characteristics of local lamellipodia were assessed before and after addition of histamine. Changes in barrier function were determined using electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing. Histamine initially decreased barrier function, lamellipodia protrusion frequency, and lamellipodia protrusion distance. A longer time for lamellipodia withdrawal and reduced withdrawal distance and velocity accompanied barrier recovery. After barrier recovery, a significant number of cortical fibers migrated centrally, eventually resembling actin stress fibers. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the histamine-induced decreases in barrier function and lamellipodia protrusion frequency. SB203580 also inhibited the histamine-induced decreases in withdrawal distance and velocity, and the subsequent actin fiber migration. These data suggest that histamine can reduce local lamellipodia protrusion activity through activation of p38 MAP kinase. The findings also suggest that local lamellipodia have a role in maintaining endothelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that actin stress fiber formation may be a reaction to, rather than a cause of, reduced endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Curtis Lawrence
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eyong Madonia
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joseph O Olubadewo
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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Clark PR, Kim RK, Pober JS, Kluger MS. Tumor necrosis factor disrupts claudin-5 endothelial tight junction barriers in two distinct NF-κB-dependent phases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120075. [PMID: 25816133 PMCID: PMC4376850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary leak in severe sepsis involves disruption of endothelial cell tight junctions. We modeled this process by TNF treatment of cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HDMEC) monolayers, which unlike human umbilical vein endothelial cells form claudin-5-dependent tight junctions and a high-resistance permeability barrier. Continuous monitoring with electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing revealed that TNF disrupts tight junction-dependent HDMEC barriers in discrete steps: an ~5% increase in transendothelial electrical resistance over 40 minutes; a decrease to ~10% below basal levels over 2 hours (phase 1 leak); an interphase plateau of 1 hour; and a major fall in transendothelial electrical resistance to < 70% of basal levels by 8–10 hours (phase 2 leak), with EC50 values of TNF for phase 1 and 2 leak of ~30 and ~150 pg/ml, respectively. TNF leak is reversible and independent of cell death. Leak correlates with disruption of continuous claudin-5 immunofluorescence staining, myosin light chain phosphorylation and loss of claudin-5 co-localization with cortical actin. All these responses require NF-κB signaling, shown by inhibition with Bay 11 or overexpression of IκB super-repressor, and are blocked by H-1152 or Y-27632, selective inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase that do not block other NF-κB-dependent responses. siRNA combined knockdown of Rho-associated kinase-1 and -2 also prevents myosin light chain phosphorylation, loss of claudin-5/actin co-localization, claudin-5 reorganization and reduces phase 1 leak. However, unlike H-1152 and Y-27632, combined Rho-associated kinase-1/2 siRNA knockdown does not reduce the magnitude of phase 2 leak, suggesting that H-1152 and Y-27632 have targets beyond Rho-associated kinases that regulate endothelial barrier function. We conclude that TNF disrupts TJs in HDMECs in two distinct NF-κB-dependent steps, the first involving Rho-associated kinase and the second likely to involve an as yet unidentified but structurally related protein kinase(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Clark
- Department of Immunobiology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Kim
- Department of Immunobiology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Department of Immunobiology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin S. Kluger
- Department of Immunobiology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Breslin JW, Zhang XE, Worthylake RA, Souza-Smith FM. Involvement of local lamellipodia in endothelial barrier function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117970. [PMID: 25658915 PMCID: PMC4320108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we observed that endothelial cells cultured in tightly confluent monolayers display frequent local lamellipodia, and that thrombin, an agent that increases endothelial permeability, reduces lamellipodia protrusions. This led us to test the hypothesis that local lamellipodia contribute to endothelial barrier function. Movements of subcellular structures containing GFP-actin or VE-cadherin-GFP expressed in endothelial cells were recorded using time-lapse microscopy. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) served as an index of endothelial barrier function. Changes in both lamellipodia dynamics and TER were assessed during baseline and after cells were treated with either the barrier-disrupting agent thrombin, or the barrier-stabilizing agent sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin was used to selectively block lamellipodia formation, and was used to test their role in the barrier function of endothelial cell monolayers and isolated, perfused rat mesenteric venules. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Rac1 and RhoA activation were evaluated using G-LISA assays. The role of Rac1 was tested with the specific inhibitor NSC23766 or by expressing wild-type or dominant negative GFP-Rac1. The results show that thrombin rapidly decreased both TER and the lamellipodia protrusion frequency. S1P rapidly increased TER in association with increased protrusion frequency. Blebbistatin nearly abolished local lamellipodia protrusions while cortical actin fibers and stress fibers remained intact. Blebbistatin also significantly decreased TER of cultured endothelial cells and increased permeability of isolated rat mesenteric venules. Both thrombin and S1P increased MLC phosphorylation and activation of RhoA. However, thrombin and S1P had differential impacts on Rac1, correlating with the changes in TER and lamellipodia protrusion frequency. Overexpression of Rac1 elevated, while NSC23766 and dominant negative Rac1 reduced barrier function and lamellipodia activity. Combined, these data suggest that local lamellipodia, driven by myosin II and Rac1, are important for dynamic changes in endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xun E. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Worthylake
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Flavia M. Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Zuidema MY, Korthuis RJ. Intravital microscopic methods to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects and signaling mechanisms evoked by hydrogen sulfide. Methods Enzymol 2015; 555:93-125. [PMID: 25747477 PMCID: PMC4722536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Exogenous application of H2S donors, administered either acutely during an inflammatory response or as an antecedent preconditioning intervention that invokes the activation of anti-inflammatory cell survival programs, effectively limits leukocyte rolling, adhesion and emigration, generation of reactive oxygen species, chemokine and cell adhesion molecule expression, endothelial barrier disruption, capillary perfusion deficits, and parenchymal cell dysfunction and injury. This chapter focuses on intravital microscopic methods that can be used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by H2S, as well as to explore the cellular signaling mechanisms by which this gaseous molecule limits the aforementioned inflammatory responses. Recent advances include use of intravital multiphoton microscopy and optical biosensor technology to explore signaling mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozow Y Zuidema
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Hospital, Cardiology, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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20
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodríguez-Perez AI, Villar-Cheda B, Borrajo A, Dominguez-Meijide A, Guerra MJ. Rho Kinase and Dopaminergic Degeneration. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:616-29. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858414554954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The small GTP-binding protein Rho plays an important role in several cellular functions. RhoA, which is a member of the Rho family, initiates cellular processes that act on its direct downstream effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). ROCK inhibition protects against dopaminergic cell death induced by dopaminergic neurotoxins. It has been suggested that ROCK inhibition activates neuroprotective survival cascades in dopaminergic neurons. Axon-stabilizing effects in damaged neurons may represent another mechanism of neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons by ROCK inhibition. However, it has been shown that microglial cells play a crucial role in neuroprotection by ROCK inhibition and that activation of microglial ROCK mediates major components of the microglial inflammatory response. Additional mechanisms such as interaction with autophagy may also contribute to the neuroprotective effects of ROCK inhibition. Interestingly, ROCK interacts with several brain factors that play a major role in dopaminergic neuron vulnerability such as NADPH-oxidase, angiotensin, and estrogen. ROCK inhibition may provide a new neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson’s disease. This is of particular interest because ROCK inhibitors are currently used against vascular diseases in clinical practice. However, it is necessary to develop more potent and selective ROCK inhibitors to reduce side effects and enhance the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Ana I. Rodríguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Ana Borrajo
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria J. Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
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21
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Sánchez FA, Ehrenfeld IP, Durán WN. S-nitrosation of proteins: An emergent regulatory mechanism in microvascular permeability and vascular function. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23896. [PMID: 24665382 PMCID: PMC3875611 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key factor in inflammation as it regulates microvascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and wound healing. This mini-review addresses mainly spatial and temporal requirements of NO regulatory mechanisms, with special emphasis on S-nitrosation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived NO induces S-nitrosation of p120 and β-catenin, particularly in response to platelet-activating factor (PAF), and through traffic and interactions at the adherens junction promotes endothelial hyperpermeability. S-nitrosation is a determinant in vascular processes such as vasodilation and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Interestingly, NO decreases leukocytes adhesion to endothelium, but the mechanisms are unknown. Advances in NO molecular biology and regulation may serve as a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of diseases characterized by inflammation such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Sánchez
- Instituto de Inmunología; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Walter N Durán
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; New Jersey Medical School; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
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22
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Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE, Breslin JW. Reduced RhoA activity mediates acute alcohol intoxication-induced inhibition of lymphatic myogenic constriction despite increased cytosolic [Ca(2+) ]. Microcirculation 2014; 20:377-84. [PMID: 23237297 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously showed that AAI reduces lymphatic myogenic constriction in response to step increases in luminal pressure. Because of the known role of Ca(2+) in smooth muscle contractile responses, we investigated how alcohol impacts cyclic Ca(2+) and whether changes in RhoA/ROCK-mediated Ca(2+) sensitivity underlie the alcohol-induced reduction of myogenic responsiveness. METHODS AAI was produced by intragastric administration of 30% alcohol in rats. Mesenteric lymphatics were cannulated and loaded with Fura-2 AM to [Ca(2+) ]i for 30 minutes after AAI. Active GTP-bound RhoA levels were determined by ELISA. To determine ROCK's ability to restore myogenic responsiveness following AAI, isolated lymphatics were transfected with constitutively active ca-ROCK protein. RESULTS Lymphatics from alcohol-treated rats displayed significantly larger Ca(2+) transients. Also, step increases in luminal pressure caused a gradual rise in the basal [Ca(2+) ]i between transients that was greater in lymphatics submitted to AAI, compared to vehicle control. RhoA-GTP was significantly reduced in lymphatics from the AAI group, compared to vehicle control. Transfection with ca-ROCK protein restored the myogenic response of lymphatic vessels isolated from AAI animals. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly suggest that the alcohol-induced inhibition of mesenteric lymphatic myogenic constriction is mediated by reduced RhoA/ROCK-mediated Ca(2+) sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Durán WN, Beuve AV, Sánchez FA. Nitric oxide, S-nitrosation, and endothelial permeability. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:819-26. [PMID: 24078390 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
S-Nitrosation is rapidly emerging as a regulatory mechanism in vascular biology, with particular importance in the onset of hyperpermeability induced by pro-inflammatory agents. This review focuses on the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) in regulating S-Nitrosation of adherens junction proteins. We discuss evidence for translocation of eNOS, via caveolae, to the cytosol and analyze the significance of eNOS location for S-Nitrosation and onset of endothelial hyperpermeability to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Durán
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, U.S.A
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Endothelial and epithelial barriers in graft-versus-host disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:105-31. [PMID: 23397621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial cells form selectively permeable barriers that separate tissue compartments. These cells coordinate movement between the lumen and tissue via the transcellular and paracellular pathways. The primary determinant of paracellular permeability is the tight junction, which forms an apical belt-like structure around endothelial and epithelial cells. This chapter discusses endothelial and epithelial barriers in graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, with a focus on the tight junction and its role in regulating paracellular permeability. Recent studies suggest that in graft-versus-host disease, pathological increases in paracellular permeability, or barrier dysfunction, are initiated by pretransplant conditioning and sustained by alloreactive cells and the proinflammatory milieu. The intestinal epithelium is a significant focus, as it is a target organ of graft-versus-host disease, and the mechanisms of barrier regulation in intestinal epithelium have been well characterized. Finally, we propose a model that incorporates endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction in graft-versus-host disease and discuss modulating barrier properties as a therapeutic approach.
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Kuckleburg CJ, Newman PJ. Neutrophil proteinase 3 acts on protease-activated receptor-2 to enhance vascular endothelial cell barrier function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012. [PMID: 23202369 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The principle role of the vascular endothelium is to present a semi-impermeable barrier to soluble factors and circulating cells, while still permitting the passage of leukocytes from the bloodstream into the tissue. The process of diapedesis involves the selective disruption of endothelial cell junctions, which could compromise vascular integrity. It is therefore somewhat surprising that neutrophil transmigration does not significantly impair endothelial barrier function. We examined whether neutrophils might secrete factors that promote vascular integrity during the latter stages of neutrophil transmigration, in particular, the role of neutrophil serine proteinase 3 (PR3). METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial cells were treated with PR3 either in its soluble form or in a complex form with cell surface NB1. We observed that PR3 mediated the enhancement of endothelial cell junctional integrity and that this required its proteolytic activity, as well as endothelial cell expression of the protease-activated receptor-2. Importantly, PR3 suppressed the vascular permeability changes and disruption of junctional proteins induced by the action of protease-activated receptor-1 agonists. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish the potential for neutrophil-derived PR3 to play a role in reestablishing vascular integrity after leukocyte transmigration and in protecting endothelial cells from protease-activated receptor-1-induced permeability changes that occur during thrombotic and inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kuckleburg
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53051, USA.
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Kumar Y, Liang C, Bo Z, Rajapakse JC, Ooi EE, Tannenbaum SR. Serum proteome and cytokine analysis in a longitudinal cohort of adults with primary dengue infection reveals predictive markers of DHF. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1887. [PMID: 23209847 PMCID: PMC3510095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections caused by dengue virus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Factors that control transition from mild forms of disease such as dengue fever (DF) to more life-threatening forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are poorly understood. Consequently, there are no reliable methods currently available for early triage of DHF patients resulting in significant over-hospitalization. Methodology/Principal Findings We have systematically examined the proteome, cytokines and inflammatory markers in sera from 62 adult dengue patients (44 DF; 18 DHF) with primary DENV infection, at three different times of infection representing the early febrile, defervescence and convalescent stages. Using fluorescent bioplex assays, we measured 27 cytokines in these serum samples. Additionally, we used multiple mass spectrometry methods for iTRAQ-based comparative analysis of serum proteome as well as measurements of protein adducts- 3-nitrotyrosine and 3-chlorotyrosine as surrogate measures of free radical activity. Using multiple methods such as OPLS, MRMR and MSVM-RFE for multivariate feature selection and classification, we report molecular markers that allow prediction of primary DHF with sensitivity and specificity of >80%. Conclusions/Significance This report constitutes a comprehensive analysis of molecular signatures of dengue disease progression and will help unravel mechanisms of dengue disease progression. Our analysis resulted in the identification of markers that may be useful for early prediction of DHF during the febrile phase. The combination of highly sensitive analytical methods and novel statistical approaches described here forms a robust platform for biomarker discovery. While the majority of patients who exhibit febrile dengue infection recover within a week, a small proportion of the patients progress to develop severe symptoms that can be life-threatening if not managed in a hospital setting. Because there is no method to accurately identify this subgroup of patients, many dengue patients are hospitalized unnecessarily, which causes significant burden to the healthcare system. In our study, we have systematically measured a large number of molecules including cytokines and serum proteins in blood samples from a dengue patient cohort using highly sensitive mass spectrometry-based methods. We have further developed novel statistical methods that allow us to identify small panels of measureable blood markers, which can distinguish dengue patients that develop milder, self-limiting form of the disease from those that progress to develop severe symptoms. Because these markers can be applied within 48–72 hours of onset of febrile symptoms, we expect them to be useful for early classification of severe dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadunanda Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cui Liang
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Bo
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jagath C. Rajapakse
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Cinel I, Ark M, Dellinger P, Karabacak T, Tamer L, Cinel L, Michael P, Hussein S, Parrillo JE, Kumar A, Kumar A. Involvement of Rho kinase (ROCK) in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. J Thorac Dis 2012; 4:30-9. [PMID: 22295165 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2010.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Indirect acute lung injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the link between Rho kinase (ROCK) activation and apoptotic cell death in sepsis induced acute lung injury. This hypothesis was tested by administering a specific, selective inhibitor of ROCK (Y-27632) to rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as; sham-operated, sham + Y-27632, CLP and CLP + Y-27632. Twenty-four hours later, each experiment was terminated and lungs analyzed. Histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the presence of apoptosis was evaluated through the TUNEL assay. Pulmonary activity of caspase 3 and ROCK 1 & 2 were measured by western blot. Interstitial edema, severely damaged pulmonary architecture with massive infiltration of the inflammatory cells and an increase in lung tissue TBARS levels as well as 3-NT to total tyrosine ratios were observed in untreated CLP animals. Pretreatment of animals with Y-27632, reduced lung injury in the CLP induced septic rats in each of these parameters of lung injury (p<0.05). Western immunoblot revealed active caspase cleavage and increased expression of active fragment of ROCK 1 & 2 in the CLP group. TUNEL assay showed an increase in percentage of apoptotic cells when comparing the CLP group with the CLP + Y-27632 group. These results suggest an important role of Rho kinase in sepsis induced lung injury by a mechanism that might be related to oxidative and/or nitrosative stress mediated caspase cleavage leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Cinel
- Department of Anesthesiology & Reanimation Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Duan Y, Learoyd J, Meliton AY, Leff AR, Zhu X. Inhibition of Pyk2 blocks lung inflammation and injury in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Respir Res 2012; 13:4. [PMID: 22257498 PMCID: PMC3275485 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is essential in neutrophil degranulation and chemotaxis in vitro. However, its effect on the process of lung inflammation and edema formation during LPS induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of inhibiting Pyk2 on LPS-induced acute lung inflammation and injury in vivo. Methods C57BL6 mice were given either 10 mg/kg LPS or saline intratracheally. Inhibition of Pyk2 was effected by intraperitoneal administration TAT-Pyk2-CT 1 h before challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis of cell counts, lung histology and protein concentration in BAL were analyzed at 18 h after LPS treatment. KC and MIP-2 concentrations in BAL were measured by a mouse cytokine multiplex kit. The static lung compliance was determined by pressure-volume curve using a computer-controlled small animal ventilator. The extravasated Evans blue concentration in lung homogenate was determined spectrophotometrically. Results Intratracheal instillation of LPS induced significant neutrophil infiltration into the lung interstitium and alveolar space, which was attenuated by pre-treatment with TAT-Pyk2-CT. TAT-Pyk2-CT pretreatment also attenuated 1) myeloperoxidase content in lung tissues, 2) vascular leakage as measured by Evans blue dye extravasation in the lungs and the increase in protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage, and 3) the decrease in lung compliance. In each paradigm, treatment with control protein TAT-GFP had no blocking effect. By contrast, production of neutrophil chemokines MIP-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine in the bronchoalveolar lavage was not reduced by TAT-Pyk2-CT. Western blot analysis confirmed that tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 in LPS-challenged lungs was reduced to control levels by TAT-Pyk2-CT pretreatment. Conclusions These results suggest that Pyk2 plays an important role in the development of acute lung injury in mice and that pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 might provide a potential therapeutic strategy in the pretreatment for patients at imminent risk of developing acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Duan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Do viral infections mimic bacterial sepsis? The role of microvascular permeability: A review of mechanisms and methods. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:2-15. [PMID: 22068147 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response and functional immunosuppression have been considered the major mechanisms of the bacterial sepsis syndrome. More recently, the loss of endothelial barrier function and resultant microvascular leak have been found to be a key determinant of the pathogenesis of bacterial sepsis. Whether a similar paradigm applies to systemic viral syndromes is not known. Answering this question has far-reaching implications for the development of future anti-viral therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the endothelium and how its barrier integrity is compromised in bacterial sepsis. The various in vitro and in vivo methodologies available to investigate vascular leak are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the advantages and limitations of cell culture techniques, which represent the most commonly used methods. Within this context, we appraise recent studies of three viruses - hantavirus, human herpes virus 8 and dengue virus - that suggest microvascular leak may play a role in the pathogenesis of these viral infections. We conclude with a discussion of how endothelial barrier breakdown may occur in other viral infections such as H5N1 avian influenza virus.
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Breslin JW. ROCK and cAMP promote lymphatic endothelial cell barrier integrity and modulate histamine and thrombin-induced barrier dysfunction. Lymphat Res Biol 2011; 9:3-11. [PMID: 21417762 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2010.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is recent evidence that inflammatory signals can modulate lymphatic vessel permeability, but current understanding of the mechanisms regulating lymphatic endothelial barrier function is limited. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate whether inflammatory mediators that increase microvascular permeability also cause barrier dysfunction of lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers, and 2) determine the roles of signaling pathways that affect intercellular junctions and cell contraction in lymphatic endothelial barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of confluent adult human microlymphatic endothelial cells of dermal origin (HMLEC-d) served as an indicator of lymphatic endothelial barrier function. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used to model blood-tissue barrier function. The inflammatory mediators histamine and thrombin each caused a decrease in TER of HMLEC-d and HUVEC monolayers, with notable differences between the two cell types. Treatment with 8-Br-cAMP enhanced HMLEC-d barrier function, which limited histamine and thrombin-induced decreases in TER. Blockade of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) with ML-7 did not affect histamine or thrombin-induced decreases in TER. Treatment with the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 caused a decrease in HMLEC-d barrier function. CONCLUSIONS These data show that inflammatory mediators can cause lymphatic endothelial barrier dysfunction, although the responses are not identical to those seen with blood endothelial cells. ROCK and cAMP both promote lymphatic endothelial barrier function, however ROCK appears to also serve as a mediator of histamine and thrombin-induced barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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31
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Shen Q, Rigor RR, Pivetti CD, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Myosin light chain kinase in microvascular endothelial barrier function. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:272-80. [PMID: 20479130 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammation, posttraumatic complications, sepsis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Under physiological conditions, a precise equilibrium between endothelial cell-cell adhesion and actin-myosin-based centripetal tension tightly controls the semi-permeability of microvascular barriers. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays an important role in maintaining the equilibrium by phosphorylating myosin light chain (MLC), thereby inducing actomyosin contractility and weakening endothelial cell-cell adhesion. MLCK is activated by numerous physiological factors and inflammatory or angiogenic mediators, causing vascular hyperpermeability. In this review, we discuss experimental evidence supporting the crucial role of MLCK in the hyperpermeability response to key cell signalling events during inflammation. At the cellular level, in vitro studies of cultured endothelial monolayers treated with MLCK inhibitors or transfected with specific inhibiting peptides have demonstrated that induction of endothelial MLCK activity is necessary for hyperpermeability. Ex vivo studies of live microvessels, enabled by development of the isolated, perfused venule method, support the importance of MLCK in endothelial permeability regulation in an environment that more closely resembles in vivo tissues. Finally, the role of MLCK in vascular hyperpermeability has been confirmed with in vivo studies of animal disease models and the use of transgenic MLCK210 knockout mice. These approaches provide a more complete view of the role of MLCK in vascular barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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32
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Kimura R, Ishida T, Kuriyama M, Hirata KI, Hayashi Y. Interaction of endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule and MAGI-1 promotes mature cell-cell adhesion via activation of RhoA. Genes Cells 2010; 15:385-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Spindler V, Schlegel N, Waschke J. Role of GTPases in control of microvascular permeability. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:243-53. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Fernandez-Borja M, van Buul JD, Hordijk PL. The regulation of leucocyte transendothelial migration by endothelial signalling events. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:202-10. [PMID: 20068003 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes use sophisticated mechanisms to cross the endothelium lining the vasculature. This is initiated by chemokine- and adhesion molecule-induced intracellular signalling that controls adhesion, spreading, and motility. At the same time, adherent leucocytes trigger the endothelium, manipulating the barrier to promote their transmigration into the underlying tissues. Over the past years, our insights in the associated signalling events within the endothelium have increased considerably, albeit the order of events, their crosstalk, and the consequences for endothelial cells and leucocytes are only partially resolved. Here, we briefly review endothelial signalling that is initiated at the apical endothelial membrane, where the first contact with the leucocytes takes place and signal transduction is induced. In addition, we discuss subsequent events at endothelial cell-cell junctions insofar as they have been linked to transendothelial migration. Finally, we briefly touch upon the modulation of endothelial signalling by infectious pathogens, since these have developed additional, elegant ways to manipulate the endothelium and transendothelial migration that may provide new, relevant insights into this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Fernandez-Borja
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chico LK, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Targeting protein kinases in central nervous system disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:892-909. [PMID: 19876042 PMCID: PMC2825114 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are a growing drug target class in disorders in peripheral tissues, but the development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge, largely owing to issues associated specifically with CNS drug discovery. However, several candidate therapeutics that target CNS protein kinases are now in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. We review candidate compounds and discuss selected CNS protein kinases that are emerging as important therapeutic targets. In addition, we analyse trends in small-molecule properties that correlate with key challenges in CNS drug discovery, such as blood-brain barrier penetrance and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism, and discuss the potential of future approaches that will integrate molecular-fragment expansion with pharmacoinformatics to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Chico
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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36
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DiStasi MR, Ley K. Opening the flood-gates: how neutrophil-endothelial interactions regulate permeability. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:547-56. [PMID: 19783480 PMCID: PMC2767453 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases have an inflammatory component, where neutrophil interactions with the vascular endothelium lead to barrier dysfunction and increased permeability. Neutrophils increase permeability through secreted products such as the chemokines CXCL1, 2, 3, and 8, through adhesion-dependent processes involving beta(2) integrins interacting with endothelial ICAM-1, and through combinations where beta(2) integrin engagement leads to degranulation and secretion of heparin-binding protein. Some neutrophil products, such as arachidonic acid or the leukotriene LTA4, are further processed by endothelial enzymes via transcellular metabolism before the resulting products thromboxane A2 or LTC4 can activate their cognate receptors. Neutrophils also generate reactive oxygen species that induce vascular leakage. This review focuses on the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R DiStasi
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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37
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Shen Q, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Endothelial contractile cytoskeleton and microvascular permeability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2009:43-50. [PMID: 20871798 DOI: 10.2147/chc.s5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction represents a significant problem in clinical conditions associated with trauma, burn, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and diabetic retinopathy. An important cellular mechanism underlying microvascular leakage is the generation of contractile force from the endothelial cytoskeleton, which counteracts cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions leading to paracellular hyperpermeability. In this review, we present recent experimental evidence supporting the critical role of MLCK-activated, RhoA/ROCK-regulated contractile cytoskeleton in endothelial permeability response to inflammatory and thrombotic stimuli arising from thermal injury, activated neutrophils, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibrinogen degradation products. Further understanding the molecular basis of microvascular barrier structure and function would contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets for treating circulatory disorders and vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Division of Research, Department, of Surgery, University of California, at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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38
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Molecular mechanisms of endothelial hyperpermeability: implications in inflammation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e19. [PMID: 19563700 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability is a significant problem in vascular inflammation associated with trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, thrombosis and cancer. An important mechanism underlying this process is increased paracellular leakage of plasma fluid and protein. Inflammatory stimuli such as histamine, thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor and activated neutrophils can cause dissociation of cell-cell junctions between endothelial cells as well as cytoskeleton contraction, leading to a widened intercellular space that facilitates transendothelial flux. Such structural changes initiate with agonist-receptor binding, followed by activation of intracellular signalling molecules including calcium, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, myosin light chain kinase, and small Rho-GTPases; these kinases and GTPases then phosphorylate or alter the conformation of different subcellular components that control cell-cell adhesion, resulting in paracellular hypermeability. Targeting key signalling molecules that mediate endothelial-junction-cytoskeleton dissociation demonstrates a therapeutic potential to improve vascular barrier function during inflammatory injury.
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40
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Breaching the basement membrane: who, when and how? Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:560-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Breslin JW, Wu MH, Guo M, Reynoso R, Yuan SY. Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to microvascular inflammation and barrier dysfunction in thermal injury. Shock 2008; 29:349-55. [PMID: 17704733 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181454975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and microvascular inflammation plays a key role in the development of multiple organ failure after infection, sepsis, and traumatic injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate host responses to pathogens and sterile, injury-associated inflammatory responses. We investigated whether TLR-4 contributes to microvascular dysfunction during thermal injury in vivo in anesthetized wild-type or TLR-4 (-/-) mice receiving either a 25% total body surface area full-thickness scald burn or sham treatment on the dorsal skin. Using intravital microscopy, we assessed the hemodynamics and leukocyte dynamics in the mesenteric microvasculature as representative of the splanchnic microcirculation at a site remote from the burn wound. The transvascular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-albumin across mesenteric venules was measured as an indicator of microvascular permeability. Furthermore, cultured microvascular endothelial cell models were used to evaluate the endothelial-specific mechanisms involved in TLR-4-mediated barrier dysfunction. The results showed significantly elevated microvascular permeability in wild-type mice after burn, whereas this response was markedly attenuated in TLR-4 (-/-) mice. Burn injury also increased leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules of wild-type mice, and a blunted leukocyte response was seen in the TLR-4 mice. Treatment of endothelial cell monolayers with burn plasma induced a rapid reduction in the transendothelial electrical resistance measured by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing, indicative of endothelial cell-cell adhesive barrier dysfunction. Reducing expression of TLR-4 with siRNA treatment attenuated this response. Taken together, these data indicate that TLR-4 plays an important role in microvascular leakage and leukocyte adhesion under the inflammatory condition associated with nonseptic thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Surgery Division of Research, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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42
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Gaudreault N, Perrin RM, Guo M, Clanton CP, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Counter regulatory effects of PKCbetaII and PKCdelta on coronary endothelial permeability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1527-33. [PMID: 18497307 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.166975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial distribution and activity of selected PKC isoforms in coronary vessels with respect to their functional impact on endothelial permeability under the experimental conditions relevant to diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS En face immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant increase of PKC(betaII) and decrease of PKCdelta expression in coronary arterial endothelium of Zucker diabetic rats. To test whether changes in PKC expression alter endothelial barrier properties, we measured the transcellular electric resistance in human coronary microvascular endothelial monolayers and found that either PKC(betaII) overexpression or PKCdelta inhibition disrupted the cell-cell adhesive barrier. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy revealed that hyperpermeability was caused by altered PKC activity in association with distinct translocation of PKC(betaII) to the cell-cell junction and PKCdelta localization to the cytosol. Further analyses in fractionated endothelial lysates confirmed the differential redistribution of these isozymes. Additionally, FRET analysis of PKC subcellular dynamics demonstrated a high PKC(betaII) activity at the cell surface and junction, whereas PKCdelta activity is concentrated in intracellular membrane organelles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that PKC(betaII) and PKCdelta counter-regulate coronary endothelial barrier properties by targeting distinctive subcellular sites. Imbalanced PKC(betaII)/PKCdelta expression and activity may contribute to endothelial hyperpermeability and coronary dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gaudreault
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Room 3006, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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43
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van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Musters RJP, Eringa EC, Sipkema P, van Hinsbergh VWM. Thrombin-induced endothelial barrier disruption in intact microvessels: role of RhoA/Rho kinase-myosin phosphatase axis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C1234-41. [PMID: 18353893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00551.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability is regulated by a myosin light chain-2 (MLC2) phosphorylation-dependent contractile mechanism. Thrombin is a potent inducer of hyperpermeability of cultured monolayers of endothelial cells (ECs) via Rho kinase-mediated MLC2-phosphorylation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of thrombin on in situ endothelial morphology and barrier integrity. Cytoskeletal dynamics, regions of paracellular flux, and MLC2-phosphorylation of ECs were visualized by digital three-dimensional imaging microscopy of pressurized rat kidney arterioles. Myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1)-phosphorylation was used as a surrogate marker for Rho kinase activity. Thrombin induced the formation of F-actin filaments in ECs in situ and rounding of the ECs in the absence of obvious formation of gaps between ECs. These changes were accompanied by an increase in MLC2 phosphorylation and a decrease in barrier integrity. In vitro analysis revealed that Rho kinase activity on F-actin filaments was associated with a contractile response that enhanced opening of the barrier. Rho kinase activity was not detectable on F-actin filaments induced by histamine, an inducer of a more transient hyperpermeability response. Inhibition of the myosin phosphatase mimicked the effects of thrombin on barrier function. The thrombin-induced changes in in situ MLC2 phosphorylation and barrier function were Rho kinase dependent. These data demonstrate a direct effect of thrombin on EC morphology and barrier integrity in intact microvessels. Furthermore, they establish an important contribution of enhanced Rho kinase activity to the development of prolonged but not transient types of endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rockson SG. Molecular insights into the microvascular regulation of lymph formation. Lymphat Res Biol 2008; 5:149-50. [PMID: 18035932 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Guo M, Breslin JW, Wu MH, Gottardi CJ, Yuan SY. VE-cadherin and beta-catenin binding dynamics during histamine-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C977-84. [PMID: 18287330 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.90607.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-catenin plays an important role in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell-cell adhesions and barrier function by linking the VE-cadherin junction complex to the cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of beta-catenin and VE-cadherin interactions on endothelial permeability during inflammatory stimulation by histamine. We first assessed the ability of a beta-catenin binding polypeptide known as inhibitor of beta-catenin and T cell factor (ICAT) to compete beta-catenin binding to VE-cadherin in vitro. We then overexpressed recombinant FLAG-ICAT in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to study its impact on endothelial barrier function controlled by cell-cell adhesions. The binding of beta-catenin to VE-cadherin was quantified before and after stimulation with histamine along with measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and apparent permeability to albumin (P(a)) under the same conditions. The results showed that ICAT bound to beta-catenin and competitively inhibited binding of the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic domain to beta-catenin in a concentration-dependent manner. Overexpression of FLAG-ICAT in endothelial cell monolayers did not affect their basal permeability properties, as indicated by unaltered TER and P(a); however, the magnitude and duration of histamine-induced decreases in TER were significantly augmented. Likewise, the increase in P(a) in the presence of histamine was exacerbated. Overexpression of FLAG-ICAT also significantly decreased the level of beta-catenin-associated VE-cadherin following histamine stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that inflammatory agents like histamine cause a transient and reversible disruption of binding between beta-catenin and VE-cadherin, during which endothelial permeability is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Adamson RH, Ly JC, Sarai RK, Lenz JF, Altangerel A, Drenckhahn D, Curry FE. Epac/Rap1 pathway regulates microvascular hyperpermeability induced by PAF in rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1188-96. [PMID: 18178724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00937.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiments in cultured endothelial cell monolayers demonstrate that increased intracellular cAMP strongly inhibits the acute permeability responses by both protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent and -independent pathways. The contribution of the PKA-independent pathways to the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of cAMP in intact mammalian microvessels has not been systematically investigated. We evaluated the role of the cAMP-dependent activation of the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1, in rat venular microvessels exposed to the platelet-activating factor (PAF). The cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2'-O-methyl-cAMP (O-Me-cAMP), which stimulates the Epac/Rap1 pathway but has no effect on PKA, significantly attenuated the PAF increase in microvessel permeability as measured by hydraulic conductivity (Lp). We also demonstrated that PAF induced a rearrangement of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin seen as numerous lateral spikes and frequent short breaks in the otherwise continuous peripheral immunofluorescent label. Pretreatment with O-Me-cAMP completely prevented the PAF-induced rearrangement of VE-cadherin. We conclude that the action of the Epac/Rap1 pathway to stabilize cell-cell adhesion is a significant component of the activity of cAMP to attenuate an acute increase in vascular permeability. Our results indicate that increased permeability in intact microvessels by acute inflammatory agents such as PAF is the result of the decreased effectiveness of the Epac/Rap1 pathway modulation of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Adamson
- Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Breslin JW, Yuan SY, Wu MH. VEGF-C alters barrier function of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells through a VEGFR-3-dependent mechanism. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:105-13. [PMID: 17935478 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic endothelium is an important semi-permeable barrier separating lymph from the interstitial space. However, there is currently a limited understanding of the lymphatic endothelial barrier and the mechanisms of lymph formation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential active role of lymphatic endothelial cells in barrier regulation, and to test whether the endothelial cell agonists VEGF-A and VEGF-C can alter lymphatic endothelial barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured adult human dermal microlymphatic endothelial cells (HMLEC-d) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were respectively used as models of lymphatic and vascular endothelium. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of endothelial monolayers served as an index of barrier function. Cells were treated with VEGF-A, VEGF-C, or the VEGFR-3 selective mutant VEGF-C156S. MAZ51 was used to inhibit VEGFR-3 signaling. The results show that while VEGF-A causes a time-dependent decrease in TER in HUVEC, there is no response in HMLEC-d. In contrast, VEGF-C and VEGF-C156S cause a similar decrease in TER in HMLEC-d that is not observed in HUVEC. These results corresponded to the protein expression of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in these cell types, determined by Western blotting. In addition, the VEGF-C- and VEGF-C156S-induced TER changes were inhibited by MAZ51. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate differential responses of the lymphatic and vascular endothelial barriers to VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Furthermore, our data suggest that VEGF-C alters lymphatic endothelial function through a mechanism involving VEGFR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Xu M, Waters CL, Hu C, Wysolmerski RB, Vincent PA, Minnear FL. Sphingosine 1-phosphate rapidly increases endothelial barrier function independently of VE-cadherin but requires cell spreading and Rho kinase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1309-18. [PMID: 17670896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00014.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) rapidly increases endothelial barrier function and induces the assembly of the adherens junction proteins vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and catenins. Since VE-cadherin contributes to the stabilization of the endothelial barrier, we determined whether the rapid, barrier-enhancing activity of S1P requires VE-cadherin. Ca2+-dependent, homophilic VE-cadherin binding of endothelial cells, derived from human umbilical veins and grown as monolayers, was disrupted with EGTA, an antibody to the extracellular domain of VE-cadherin, or gene silencing of VE-cadherin with small interfering RNA. All three protocols caused a reduction in the immunofluorescent localization of VE-cadherin at intercellular junctions, the separation of adjacent cells, and a decrease in basal endothelial electrical resistance. In all three conditions, S1P rapidly increased endothelial electrical resistance. These findings demonstrate that S1P enhances the endothelial barrier independently of homophilic VE-cadherin binding. Junctional localization of VE-cadherin, however, was associated with the sustained activity of S1P. Imaging with phase-contrast and differential interference contrast optics revealed that S1P induced cell spreading and closure of intercellular gaps. Pretreatment with latrunculin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, or Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, attenuated cell spreading and the rapid increase in electrical resistance induced by S1P. We conclude that S1P rapidly closes intercellular gaps, resulting in an increased electrical resistance across endothelial cell monolayers, via cell spreading and Rho kinase and independently of VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Cardiovascular Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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50
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Kargozaran H, Yuan SY, Breslin JW, Watson KD, Gaudreault N, Breen A, Wu MH. A role for endothelial-derived matrix metalloproteinase-2 in breast cancer cell transmigration across the endothelial-basement membrane barrier. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:495-502. [PMID: 17653824 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells utilize matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade the extracellular matrix and basement membrane in the process of metastasis. Among multiple members of the MMP family, the gelatinase MMP-2 has been implicated in the development and dissemination of malignancies. However, the cellular source of MMP-2 and its effect on metastatic extravasation have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that active MMP-2 derived from endothelial cells facilitated the transmigration of breast cancer cells across the microvascular barrier. Gelatin zymography was used to assess latent and active MMP-2 production in conditioned media from MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) and co-culture of these two cells. Transmigrated cancer cells were measured during MMP-2 knockdown with siRNA and pharmacological inhibition of MMP activity with OA-HY. The results showed consistent MMP-2 secretion by the HLMVECs, whereas a low level production was seen in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Inhibition of MMP-2 expression or activity in HLMVECs significantly attenuated the transmigration of MDA-MB-231 cells across an endothelial monolayer barrier grown on a reconstituted basement membrane. The data provide evidence supporting a potential role for the endothelial production of MMPs in promoting cancer cell extravasation. We suggest that the interaction between malignant cells and peritumoral benign tissues including the vascular endothelium may serve as an important mechanism in the regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kargozaran
- Department of Surgery, Division of Research, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Room 3006, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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