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Yang K, Shan X, Songru Y, Fu M, Zhao P, Guo W, Xu M, Chen H, Lu R, Zhang C. Network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the Guizhi-Gancao Decoction in the treatment of phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:456-471. [PMID: 38773737 PMCID: PMC11123502 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2354335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Guizhi-Gancao Decoction (GGD) remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study explores the mechanisms of GGD against cardiac hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology analysis was carried out to identify the potential targets of GGD. In vivo experiments, C57BL/6J mice were divided into Con, phenylephrine (PE, 10 mg/kg/d), 2-chloroadenosine (CADO, the stable analogue of adenosine, 2 mg/kg/d), GGD (5.4 g/kg/d) and GGD (5.4 g/kg/d) + CGS15943 (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg/d). In vitro experiments, primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) were divided into Con, PE (100 µM), CADO (5 µM), GGD (10-5 g/mL) and GGD (10-5 g/mL) + CGS15943 (5 µM). Ultrasound, H&E and Masson staining, hypertrophic genes expression and cell surface area were conducted to verify the GGD efficacy. Adenosine receptors (ADORs) expression were tested via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Network pharmacology identified ADORs among those of the core targets of GGD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GGD attenuated PE-induced increased surface area (with an EC50 of 5.484 × 10-6 g/mL). In vivo data shown that GGD attenuated PE-induced ventricular wall thickening. In vitro and in vivo data indicated that GGD alleviated PE-induced hypertrophic gene expression (e.g., ANP, BNP and MYH7/MYH6), A1AR over-expression and A2aAR down-expression. Moreover, CADO exerts effects similar to GGD, whereas CGS15943 eliminated most effects of GGD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the mechanism by which GGD inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, highlighting regulation of ADORs as a potential therapeutic strategy for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Shan
- Public Laboratory Platform, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Songru
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengwei Fu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Public Laboratory Platform, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihua Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Perfilova VN, Muzyko EA, Taran AS, Shevchenko AA, Naumenko LV. Problems and prospects for finding new pharmacological agents among adenosine receptor agonists, antagonists, or their allosteric modulators for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:353-370. [PMID: 38153051 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236906353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
A1-adenosine receptors (A1AR) are widely distributed in the human body and mediate many different effects. They are abundantly present in the cardiovascular system, where they control angiogenesis, vascular tone, heart rate, and conduction. This makes the cardiovascular system A1AR an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The review summarizes the literature data on the structure and functioning of A1AR, and analyzes their involvement in the formation of myocardial hypertrophy, ischemia-reperfusion damage, various types of heart rhythm disorders, chronic heart failure, and arterial hypertension. Special attention is paid to the role of some allosteric regulators of A1AR as potential agents for the CVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Perfilova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia; Volgograd Medical Research Center, Volgograd, Russia
| | - E A Muzyko
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - A S Taran
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - L V Naumenko
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
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Tallo FS, de Santana PO, Pinto SAG, Lima RY, de Araújo EA, Tavares JGP, Pires-Oliveira M, Nicolau LAD, Medeiros JVR, Taha MO, David AI, Luna-Filho B, Filho CEB, Barbosa AHP, Silva CMC, Wanderley AG, Caixeta A, Caricati-Neto A, Menezes-Rodrigues FS. Pharmacological Modulation of the Ca 2+/cAMP/Adenosine Signaling in Cardiac Cells as a New Cardioprotective Strategy to Reduce Severe Arrhythmias in Myocardial Infarction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1473. [PMID: 37895945 PMCID: PMC10610028 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is characterized by severe and fatal arrhythmias induced by cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (CIR). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these arrhythmias are still little understood. To investigate the cardioprotective role of the cardiac Ca2+/cAMP/adenosine signaling pathway in AMI, L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) were blocked with either nifedipine (NIF) or verapamil (VER), with or without A1-adenosine (ADO), receptors (A1R), antagonist (DPCPX), or cAMP efflux blocker probenecid (PROB), and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB), and lethality (LET) induced by CIR in rats was evaluated. VA, AVB and LET incidences were evaluated by ECG analysis and compared between control (CIR group) and intravenously treated 5 min before CIR with NIF 1, 10, and 30 mg/kg and VER 1 mg/kg in the presence or absence of PROB 100 mg/kg or DPCPX 100 µg/kg. The serum levels of cardiac injury biomarkers total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB were quantified. Both NIF and VER treatment were able to attenuate cardiac arrhythmias caused by CIR; however, these antiarrhythmic effects were abolished by pretreatment with PROB and DPCPX. The total serum CK and CK-MB were similar in all groups. These results indicate that the pharmacological modulation of Ca2+/cAMP/ADO in cardiac cells by means of attenuation of Ca2+ influx via LTCC and the activation of A1R by endogenous ADO could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the incidence of severe and fatal arrhythmias caused by AMI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sabia Tallo
- Department of Urgency and Emergency Care, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Oliveira de Santana
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandra Augusta Gordinho Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Rildo Yamaguti Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Erisvaldo Amarante de Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - José Gustavo Padrão Tavares
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (J.G.P.T.); (A.C.-N.)
| | - Marcelo Pires-Oliveira
- União Metropolitana de Educação e Cultura—School of Medicine (UNIME), Lauro de Freitas 42700-000, BA, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Antonio Duarte Nicolau
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (L.A.D.N.); (J.V.R.M.)
| | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (L.A.D.N.); (J.V.R.M.)
| | - Murched Omar Taha
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil; (M.O.T.); (A.I.D.)
| | - André Ibrahim David
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil; (M.O.T.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Bráulio Luna-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Braga Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Adriano Henrique Pereira Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Célia Maria Camelo Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Almir Gonçalves Wanderley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Caixeta
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Afonso Caricati-Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (J.G.P.T.); (A.C.-N.)
| | - Francisco Sandro Menezes-Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.d.S.); (S.A.G.P.); (R.Y.L.); (E.A.d.A.); (B.L.-F.); (C.E.B.F.); (A.H.P.B.); (C.M.C.S.); (A.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil; (M.O.T.); (A.I.D.)
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Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors: Advances in Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112963. [PMID: 36428533 PMCID: PMC9687155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world. Because the key to developing innovative therapies that limit the onset and the progression of AF is to fully understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of AF, the aim of the present narrative review is to report the most recent advances in the potential role of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology of AF. After a comprehensive approach describing adenosinergic system signaling and the mechanisms of the initiation and maintenance of AF, we address the interactions of the adenosinergic system's signaling with AF. Indeed, adenosine release can activate four G-coupled membrane receptors, named A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Activation of the A2A receptors can promote the occurrence of delayed depolarization, while activation of the A1 receptors can shorten the action potential's duration and induce the resting membrane's potential hyperpolarization, which promote pulmonary vein firing, stabilize the AF rotors and allow for functional reentry. Moreover, the A2B receptors have been associated with atrial fibrosis homeostasis. Finally, the adenosinergic system can modulate the autonomous nervous system and is associated with AF risk factors. A question remains regarding adenosine release and the adenosine receptors' activation and whether this would be a cause or consequence of AF.
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Xu S, Gu R, Bian X, Xu X, Xia X, Liu Y, Jia C, Gu Y, Zhang H. Remote Conditioning by Rhythmic Compression of Limbs Ameliorated Myocardial Infarction by Downregulation of Inflammation via A2 Adenosine Receptors. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:723332. [PMID: 35498376 PMCID: PMC9040771 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.723332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a cardioprotective phenomenon, yet transient ischemia is not a requisite trigger for remote cardioprotection. In fact, RIC is a stimulus compound containing interruption of the blood vessel and tissue compression. In this study, we evaluate the effects of remote tissue compression on infarct size after myocardial infarction and explore its preliminary mechanisms. Methods and Results We used a murine model of myocardial infarction to assess ischemia injury and identified remote conditioning by rhythmic compression on forelimb as a novel cardioprotective intervention. We show that the cardioprotective signal transduction of remote conditioning from the trigger limb to the heart involves the release of adenosine. Our results demonstrate that A2a and A2b receptors are indispensable parts for cardioprotection of remote conditioning, which is linked to its anti-inflammatory properties by the subsequent activation of cAMP/PKA/NF-κB axis. Conclusion Our results establish a new connection between remote tissue compression and cardiovascular diseases, which enhances our cognition about the role of tissue compression on RIC cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlei Xu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjun Gu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyu Bian
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjie Jia
- Wuxi Municipal Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yihuang Gu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yihuang Gu
| | - Hongru Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Hongru Zhang
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Boknik P, Eskandar J, Hofmann B, Zimmermann N, Neumann J, Gergs U. Role of Cardiac A 2A Receptors Under Normal and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:627838. [PMID: 33574762 PMCID: PMC7871008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.627838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of cardiac A2A-adenosine receptors The localization of A2A-AR in the various cell types that encompass the heart and the role they play in force regulation in various mammalian species are depicted. The putative signal transduction systems of A2A-AR in cells in the living heart, as well as the known interactions of A2A-AR with membrane-bound receptors, will be addressed. The possible role that the receptors play in some relevant cardiac pathologies, such as persistent or transient ischemia, hypoxia, sepsis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmias, will be reviewed. Moreover, the cardiac utility of A2A-AR as therapeutic targets for agonistic and antagonistic drugs will be discussed. Gaps in our knowledge about the cardiac function of A2A-AR and future research needs will be identified and formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Boknik
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - J. Eskandar
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - B. Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - N. Zimmermann
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn, Germany
| | - J. Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - U. Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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de Miranda DC, de Oliveira Faria G, Hermidorff MM, Dos Santos Silva FC, de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. Pre- and Post-Conditioning of the Heart: An Overview of Cardioprotective Signaling Pathways. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 19:499-524. [PMID: 33222675 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666201120160619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of ischemic pre- and post-conditioning, more than 30 years ago, the knowledge about the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in these processes has significantly increased. In clinical practice, on the other hand, such advancement has yet to be seen. This article provides an overview of ischemic pre-, post-, remote, and pharmacological conditioning related to the heart. In addition, we reviewed the cardioprotective signaling pathways and therapeutic agents involved in the above-mentioned processes, aiming to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the advancements in the field. The advancements made over the last decades cannot be ignored and with the exponential growth in techniques and applications. The future of pre- and post-conditioning is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Coutinho de Miranda
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Oliveira Faria
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Milla Marques Hermidorff
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cacilda Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Paganelli F, Gaudry M, Ruf J, Guieu R. Recent advances in the role of the adenosinergic system in coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1284-1294. [PMID: 32991685 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays a major role in the physiology and physiopathology of the coronary artery system, mainly by activating its A2A receptors (A2AR). Adenosine is released by myocardial, endothelial, and immune cells during hypoxia, ischaemia, or inflammation, each condition being present in coronary artery disease (CAD). While activation of A2AR improves coronary blood circulation and leads to anti-inflammatory effects, down-regulation of A2AR has many deleterious effects during CAD. A decrease in the level and/or activity of A2AR leads to: (i) lack of vasodilation, which decreases blood flow, leading to a decrease in myocardial oxygenation and tissue hypoxia; (ii) an increase in the immune response, favouring inflammation; and (iii) platelet aggregation, which therefore participates, in part, in the formation of a fibrin-platelet thrombus after the rupture or erosion of the plaque, leading to the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome. Inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, leading to myocardial ischaemia, which in turn leads to tissue hypoxia. Therefore, a vicious circle is created that maintains and aggravates CAD. In some cases, studying the adenosinergic profile can help assess the severity of CAD. In fact, inducible ischaemia in CAD patients, as assessed by exercise stress test or fractional flow reserve, is associated with the presence of a reserve of A2AR called spare receptors. The purpose of this review is to present emerging experimental evidence supporting the existence of this adaptive adenosinergic response to ischaemia or inflammation in CAD. We believe that we have achieved a breakthrough in the understanding and modelling of spare A2AR, based upon a new concept allowing for a new and non-invasive CAD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Paganelli
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France.,Department of Cardiology, North Hospital, Chemin des Bourrely, F-13015 Marseille, France
| | - Marine Gaudry
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Timone Hospital, 278 Rue Saint Pierre, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, 278 Rue Saint Pierre, F-13005 Marseille, France
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Electroacupuncture improves myocardial ischemia injury via activation of adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:337-345. [PMID: 32632520 PMCID: PMC7524961 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) can improve myocardial ischemia (MI) injury; nevertheless, the mechanism is not entirely clear. And there were disagreements about whether the effect of EA at acupoint in disease-affected meridian is better than EA at acupoint in non-affected meridian and sham acupoint. Here, we showed that the effect of EA at Neiguan (PC6) is better than EA at Hegu (LI4) and sham acupoint in affecting RPP and ECG, increasing ATP and ADO production, decreasing AMP production, and upregulating the mRNA expression levels of A1AR, A2aAR, and A2bAR; knockdown of A1AR or A2bAR reversed the effect of EA at PC6 in alleviating MI injury; knockdown of A2aAR had no influence on the cardiac protection of EA at PC6; thus, the cardioprotective effect of EA at PC6 needs A1AR and A2bAR, instead of A2aAR; considering that the cardio protection of adenosine receptor needs activation of other adenosine receptors, one of the reasons may be that after silence of A1AR or A2bAR, EA at PC6 could not impact the expression levels of the other two adenosine receptors, and after silence of A2aAR, EA at PC6 could impact the expression levels of A1AR and A2bAR. These results suggested that EA at PC6 may be a potential and effective treatment for MI by activation of A1AR and A2bAR.
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Effendi WI, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E785. [PMID: 32213945 PMCID: PMC7140859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors, described as A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR, which are the center of cAMP signal pathway-based drug development. Several types of agonists, partial agonists or antagonists, and allosteric substances have been synthesized from these receptors as new therapeutic drug candidates. Research efforts surrounding A1AR and A2AAR are perhaps the most enticing because of their concentration and affinity; however, as a consequence of distressing conditions, both A2BAR and A3AR levels might accumulate. This review focuses on the biological features of each adenosine receptor as the basis of ligand production and describes clinical studies of adenosine receptor-associated pharmaceuticals in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
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11
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Recent Advances in Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Strategies of Cardioprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164002. [PMID: 31426434 PMCID: PMC6720817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart diseases (IHD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Although the principal form of treatment of IHD is myocardial reperfusion, the recovery of coronary blood flow after ischemia can cause severe and fatal cardiac dysfunctions, mainly due to the abrupt entry of oxygen and ionic deregulation in cardiac cells. The ability of these cells to protect themselves against injury including ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), has been termed “cardioprotection”. This protective response can be stimulated by pharmacological agents (adenosine, catecholamines and others) and non-pharmacological procedures (conditioning, hypoxia and others). Several intracellular signaling pathways mediated by chemical messengers (enzymes, protein kinases, transcription factors and others) and cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and sarcolemma) are involved in cardioprotective responses. Therefore, advancement in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective response can lead to the development of new pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for cardioprotection, thus contributing to increasing the efficacy of IHD treatment. In this work, we analyze the recent advances in pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies of cardioprotection.
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12
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Cristallini C, Vaccari G, Barbani N, Cibrario Rocchietti E, Barberis R, Falzone M, Cabiale K, Perona G, Bellotti E, Rastaldo R, Pascale S, Pagliaro P, Giachino C. Cardioprotection of PLGA/gelatine cardiac patches functionalised with adenosine in a large animal model of ischaemia and reperfusion injury: A feasibility study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1253-1264. [PMID: 31050859 PMCID: PMC6771506 DOI: 10.1002/term.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The protection from ischaemia‐reperfusion‐associated myocardial infarction worsening remains a big challenge. We produced a bioartificial 3D cardiac patch with cardioinductive properties on stem cells. Its multilayer structure was functionalised with clinically relevant doses of adenosine. We report here the first study on the potential of these cardiac patches in the controlled delivery of adenosine into the in vivo ischaemic‐reperfused pig heart. A Fourier transform infrared chemical imaging approach allowed us to perform a characterisation, complementary to the histological and biochemical analyses on myocardial samples after in vivo patch implantation, increasing the number of investigations and results on the restricted number of pigs (n = 4) employed in this feasibility step. In vitro tests suggested that adenosine was completely released by a functionalised patch, a data that was confirmed in vivo after 24 hr from patch implantation. Moreover, the adenosine‐loaded patch enabled a targeted delivery of the drug to the ischaemic‐reperfused area of the heart, as highlighted by the activation of the pro‐survival signalling reperfusion injury salvage kinases pathway. At 3 months, though limited to one animal, the used methods provided a picture of a tissue in dynamic conditions, associated to the biosynthesis of new collagen and to a non‐fibrotic outcome of the healing process underway. The synergistic effect between the functionalised 3D cardiac patch and adenosine cardioprotection might represent a promising innovation in the treatment of reperfusion injury. As this is a feasibility study, the clinical implications of our findings will require further in vivo investigation on larger numbers of ischaemic‐reperfused pig hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giovanni Perona
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Bellotti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. The adenosine A 2B G protein-coupled receptor: Recent advances and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:20-33. [PMID: 30677476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is one of four adenosine receptor subtypes belonging to the Class A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Until recently, the A2BAR remained poorly characterised, in part due to its relatively low affinity for the endogenous agonist adenosine and therefore presumed minor physiological significance. However, the substantial increase in extracellular adenosine concentration, the sensitisation of the receptor and the upregulation of A2BAR expression under conditions of hypoxia and inflammation, suggest the A2BAR as an exciting therapeutic target in a variety of pathological disease states. Here we discuss the pharmacology of the A2BAR and outline its role in pathophysiology including ischaemia-reperfusion injury, fibrosis, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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14
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Lasley RD. Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Cardioprotection-Current Limitations and Future Directions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:310. [PMID: 29670529 PMCID: PMC5893789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal reports of adenosine receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the early 1990s, there have been a multitude of such reports in various species and preparations. Original observations of the beneficial effects of A1 receptor agonists have been followed up with numerous reports also implicating A2A, A3, and most recently A2B, receptor agonists as cardioprotective agents. Although adenosine has been approved for clinical use in the United States for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and coronary artery imaging, and the selective A2A agonist, regadenoson, for the latter, clinical use of adenosine receptor agonists for protecting the ischemic heart has not advanced beyond early trials. An examination of the literature indicates that existing experimental studies have several limitations in terms of clinical relevance, as well as lacking incorporation of recent new insights into adenosine receptor signaling. Such deficiencies include the lack of experimental studies in models that most closely mimic human cardiovascular disease. In addition, there have been very few studies in chronic models of myocardial ischemia, where limiting myocardial remodeling and heart failure, not reduction of infarct size, are the primary endpoints. Despite an increasing number of reports of the beneficial effects of adenosine receptor antagonists, not agonists, in chronic diseases, this idea has not been well-studied in experimental myocardial ischemia. There have also been few studies examining adenosine receptor subtype interactions as well as receptor heterodimerization. The purpose of this Perspective article is to discuss these deficiencies to highlight future directions of research in the field of adenosine receptor-mediated protection of ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Lasley
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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15
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Boknik P, Drzewiecki K, Eskandar J, Gergs U, Grote-Wessels S, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Müller FU, Stümpel F, Schmitz W, Zimmermann N, Kirchhefer U, Neumann J. Phenotyping of Mice with Heart Specific Overexpression of A 2A-Adenosine Receptors: Evidence for Cardioprotective Effects of A 2A-Adenosine Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29403384 PMCID: PMC5786519 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adenosine can be produced in the heart and acts on cardiac adenosine receptors. One of these receptors is the A2A-adenosine receptor (A2A-AR). Methods and Results: To better understand its role in cardiac function, we generated and characterized mice (A2A-TG) which overexpress the human A2A-AR in cardiomyocytes. In isolated atrial preparations from A2A-TG but not from WT, CGS 21680, an A2A-AR agonist, exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. In ventricular preparations from A2A-TG but not WT, CGS 21680 increased the cAMP content and the phosphorylation state of phospholamban and of the inhibitory subunit of troponin in A2A-TG but not WT. Protein expression of phospholamban, SERCA, triadin, and junctin was unchanged in A2A-TG compared to WT. Protein expression of the α-subunit of the stimulatory G-protein was lower in A2A-TG than in WT but expression of the α-subunit of the inhibitory G-protein was higher in A2A-TG than in WT. While basal hemodynamic parameters like left intraventricular pressure and echocardiographic parameters like the systolic diameter of the interventricular septum were higher in A2A-TG than in WT, after β-adrenergic stimulation these differences disappeared. Interestingly, A2A-TG hearts sustained global ischemia better than WT. Conclusion: We have successfully generated transgenic mice with cardiospecific overexpression of a functional A2A-AR. This receptor is able to increase cardiac function per se and after receptor stimulation. It is speculated that this receptor may be useful to sustain contractility in failing human hearts and upon ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boknik
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Drzewiecki
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - John Eskandar
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grote-Wessels
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank U Müller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Stümpel
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schmitz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kirchhefer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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16
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Shao Q, Casin KM, Mackowski N, Murphy E, Steenbergen C, Kohr MJ. Adenosine A1 receptor activation increases myocardial protein S-nitrosothiols and elicits protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in male and female hearts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177315. [PMID: 28493997 PMCID: PMC5426678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in cardioprotection, and recent work from our group and others has implicated protein S-nitrosylation (SNO) as a critical component of NO-mediated protection in different models, including ischemic pre- and post-conditioning and sex-dependent cardioprotection. However, studies have yet to examine whether protein SNO levels are similarly increased with pharmacologic preconditioning in male and female hearts, and whether an increase in protein SNO levels, which is protective in male hearts, is sufficient to increase baseline protection in female hearts. Therefore, we pharmacologically preconditioned male and female hearts with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA). CHA administration prior to ischemia significantly improved functional recovery in both male and female hearts compared to baseline in a Langendorff-perfused heart model of ischemia-reperfusion injury (% of preischemic function ± SE: male baseline: 37.5±3.4% vs. male CHA: 55.3±3.2%; female baseline: 61.4±5.7% vs. female CHA: 76.0±6.2%). In a separate set of hearts, we found that CHA increased p-Akt and p-eNOS levels. We also used SNO-resin-assisted capture with LC-MS/MS to identify SNO proteins in male and female hearts, and determined that CHA perfusion induced a modest increase in protein SNO levels in both male (11.4%) and female (12.3%) hearts compared to baseline. These findings support a potential role for protein SNO in a model of pharmacologic preconditioning, and provide evidence to suggest that a modest increase in protein SNO levels is sufficient to protect both male and female hearts from ischemic injury. In addition, a number of the SNO proteins identified with CHA treatment were also observed with other forms of cardioprotective stimuli in prior studies, further supporting a role for protein SNO in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Casin
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan Mackowski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Kohr
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Busse H, Bitzinger D, Höcherl K, Seyfried T, Gruber M, Graf BM, Zausig YA. Adenosine A2A and A2B Receptor Substantially Attenuate Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Septic rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 30:551-558. [PMID: 27757725 PMCID: PMC5156668 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical and morphological ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is reduced in septic hearts. The mechanism behind this “cardioprotection” is less well understood. As adenosine receptors play a major role for cardioprotection in non-septic hearts, we investigated the influence of adenosine receptors in a model of I/R in septic hearts. Methods SHAM operation or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed in adult male Wistar rats (n = 60). After 24 h of incubation, hearts were isolated and randomly assigned to a group with or without adenosine receptor (Ador) antagonists (SCH 58261 and MRS 1706) administered before reperfusion. Ischemia and reperfusion lasted for 40 min each. Cardiac function of the heart was determined by measuring left ventricular pressure (LVP). Results Before I/R, CLP hearts showed a significant mechanical left ventricular impairment (CLP: 63 ± 5 mmHg vs. SHAM: 104 ± 6 mmHg. After I/R, left ventricular function was significantly reduced in SHAM (24 ± 32 mmHg), but not in CLP hearts (65 ± 13 mmHg). mRNA expression for the AdorA2a and AdorA2b was significantly increased in CLP, but not in SHAM hearts. LVP of CLP hearts deteriorated when AdorA2a and AdorA2b were blocked. Conclusions The morphological and functional I/R injury in septic animals is less pronounced compared to non-septic animals. By a combined blockade of AdorA2a and AdorA2b this “cardioprotective” effect is nearly abolished in septic hearts. This is the first study showing, that AdorA2a and AdorA2b may play an important role for a reduced functional I/R injury in the septic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Busse
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Diane Bitzinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Seyfried
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - York A Zausig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Kang C, Qin J, Osei W, Hu K. Regulation of protein kinase C-epsilon and its age-dependence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1201-1206. [PMID: 27919679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important mediator in the cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning and has been shown to translocate to mitochondria upon activation. However, little is known about the cellular signaling underlying the translocation of PKC isoforms to mitochondria and its age-dependence. The present study aimed to explore whether adenosine-induced translocation of PKCε to mitochondria is mediated by caveolin-3 and/or adenosine A2B receptor/PI3 kinase mediated signaling, and whether the mitochondrial targeting of PKCε is age-related. Immunofluorescence imaging of isolated mitochondria from cardiomyocytes and H9c2 cells showed that while adenosine-induced increase in mitochondrial PKCε was inhibited by adenosine A1 receptor blocker, pretreatment with adenosine A2B receptor specific inhibitor MRS 1754 or PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin did not significantly reduce adenosine-mediated increase in mitochondrial PKCε. Interestingly, adenosine-induced increase in mitochondrial translocation of PKCε was significantly blocked by suppressing caveolin-3 expression with specific siRNA. When compared to that in young adult rat hearts, the level of mitochondrial PKCε in middle-aged rat hearts was significantly lower at the basal condition and in response to adenosine treatment, along with largely decreased mitochondrial HSP90 and TOM70 protein expression. We demonstrate that adenosine-induced translocation of PKCε to mitochondria is mediated by a caveolin-3-dependent mechanism and this process is age-related, possibly in part, through regulation of HSP90 and TOM70 expression. These results point out a novel mechanism in regulating PKC function in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jingping Qin
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wil Osei
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keli Hu
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Adenosine receptors: regulatory players in the preservation of mitochondrial function induced by ischemic preconditioning of rat liver. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:179-190. [PMID: 27848069 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) have been associated to ischemic preconditioning (IPC), direct evidence for their ability to preserve mitochondrial function upon hepatic preconditioning is still missing and could represent a novel strategy to boost the quality of liver transplants. We tested if the A1R antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) prevented IPC in the liver and if the A1R agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) might afford a pharmacological preconditioning. Livers underwent a 120 min of 70% warm ischemia and 16 h of reperfusion (I/R), and the IPC group underwent a 5-min ischemic episode followed by a 10-min period of reperfusion before I/R. DPCPX or CCPA was administered intraperitoneally 2 h before IPC or I/R. The control of mitochondrial function emerged as the central element affected by IPC and controlled by endogenous A1R activation. Thus, livers from IPC- or CCPA-treated rats displayed an improved oxidative phosphorylation with higher state 3 respiratory rate, higher respiratory control ratio, increased ATP content, and decreased lag phase. IPC and CCPA also prevented the I/R-induced susceptibility to calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition, the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the decreased mitochondrial content of phospho-Ser9 GSK-3β. DPCPX abrogated these effects of IPC. These implicate the control of GSK-3β activity by Akt-mediated Ser9-GSK-3β phosphorylation preserving the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and ROS-mediated cell death in the ability of A1R activation to mimic IPC in the liver. In conclusion, the parallel between IPC and A1R-mediated preconditioning also paves the way to consider a putative therapeutic use of the later in liver transplants.
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20
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A2 Adenosine Receptor-mediated Cardioprotection Against Reperfusion Injury in Rat Hearts Is Associated With Autophagy Downregulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:25-34. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Burnstock G, Pelleg A. Cardiac purinergic signalling in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:1-46. [PMID: 25527177 PMCID: PMC4336308 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a historical account about purinergic signalling in the heart, for readers to see how ideas and understanding have changed as new experimental results were published. Initially, the focus is on the nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Control of the heart by centers in the brain and vagal cardiovascular reflexes involving purines are also discussed. The actions of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides on cardiomyocytes, atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary blood vessels are described. Cardiac release and degradation of ATP are also described. Finally, the involvement of purinergic signalling and its therapeutic potential in cardiac pathophysiology is reviewed, including acute and chronic heart failure, ischemia, infarction, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, syncope, hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, angina, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Ischaemic conditioning strategies reduce ischaemia/reperfusion-induced organ injury. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:204-16. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Bibli SI, Iliodromitis EK, Lambertucci C, Zoga A, Lougiakis N, Dagres N, Volpini R, Dal Ben D, Kremastinos DT, Tsantili Kakoulidou A, Cristalli G, Andreadou I. Pharmacological postconditioning of the rabbit heart with non-selective, A1, A2A and A3 adenosine receptor agonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1140-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We investigated the effects of novel selective and non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (ARs) on cardioprotection.
Methods
Male rabbits divided into six groups were subjected to 30-min heart ischaemia and 3-h reperfusion: (1) control group, (2) postconditioning (PostC) group, (3) group A: treated with the non-selective agonist (S)-PHPNECA, (4) group B: treated with the A1 agonist CCPA, (5) group C: treated with the A2A agonist VT 7 and (6) group D: treated with the A3 agonist AR 170. The infarcted (I) and the areas at risk (R) were estimated as %I/R. In additional rabbits of all groups, heart samples were taken for determination of Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 at the 10th reperfusion minute.
Key findings
(S)-PHPNECA and CCPA reduced the infarct size (17.2 ± 2.9% and 17.9 ± 2.0% vs 46.8 ± 1.9% in control, P < 0.05), conferring a benefit similar to PostC (26.4 ± 0.3%). Selective A2A and A3 receptor agonists did not reduce the infarct size (39.5 ± 0.8% and 38.7 ± 3.5%, P = NS vs control). Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 were significantly activated after non-selective A1 ARs and PostC.
Conclusions
Non-selective and A1 but not A2A and A3 ARs agonists are essential for triggering cardioprotection. The molecular mechanism involves both RISK and the JAK/STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia-Iris Bibli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anastasia Zoga
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lougiakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Th Kremastinos
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gloria Cristalli
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
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Cardiovascular adenosine receptors: Expression, actions and interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:92-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ortiz-Capisano MC, Atchison DK, Harding P, Lasley RD, Beierwaltes WH. Adenosine inhibits renin release from juxtaglomerular cells via an A1 receptor-TRPC-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1209-19. [PMID: 23884142 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00710.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is synthesized and released from juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. Adenosine inhibits renin release via an adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) calcium-mediated pathway. How this occurs is unknown. In cardiomyocytes, adenosine increases intracellular calcium via transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. We hypothesized that adenosine inhibits renin release via A1R activation, opening TRPC channels. However, higher concentrations of adenosine may stimulate renin release through A2R activation. Using primary cultures of isolated mouse JG cells, immunolabeling demonstrated renin and A1R in JG cells, but not A2R subtypes, although RT-PCR indicated the presence of mRNA of both A2AR and A2BR. Incubating JG cells with increasing concentrations of adenosine decreased renin release. Different concentrations of the adenosine receptor agonist N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) did not change renin. Activating A1R with 0.5 μM N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) decreased basal renin release from 0.22 ± 0.05 to 0.14 ± 0.03 μg of angiotensin I generated per milliliter of sample per hour of incubation (AngI/ml/mg prot) (P < 0.03), and higher concentrations also inhibited renin. Reducing extracellular calcium with EGTA increased renin release (0.35 ± 0.08 μg AngI/ml/mg prot; P < 0.01), and blocked renin inhibition by CHA (0.28 ± 0.06 μg AngI/ml/mg prot; P < 0. 005 vs. CHA alone). The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM increased renin release by 55%, and blocked the inhibitory effect of CHA. Repeating these experiments in JG cells from A1R knockout mice using CHA or NECA demonstrated no effect on renin release. However, RT-PCR showed mRNA from TRPC isoforms 3 and 6 in isolated JG cells. Adding the TRPC blocker SKF-96365 reversed CHA-mediated inhibition of renin release. Thus A1R activation results in a calcium-dependent inhibition of renin release via TRPC-mediated calcium entry, but A2 receptors do not regulate renin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Ortiz-Capisano
- Henry Ford Hospital, Dept. of Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, 7088 E&R Bldg., 2799 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202.
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McNeely PM, Naranjo AN, Robinson AS. Structure-function studies with G protein-coupled receptors as a paradigm for improving drug discovery and development of therapeutics. Biotechnol J 2013; 7:1451-61. [PMID: 23213015 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are a great variety of human membrane proteins, and these currently form the largest group of targets for marketed drugs. Despite the advances in drug design, however, promiscuity between drug molecules and targets often leads to undesired signaling effects, which result in unintended side effects. In this review, one family of membrane proteins - the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - is used as a model to review experimental techniques that may be used to examine the activity of membrane proteins. As these receptors are highly relevant to healthy human physiology and represent the largest family of drug targets, they represent an excellent model for membrane proteins in general. We also review experimental evidence that suggests there may be multiple ways to target a GPCR - and by extension, membrane proteins - to more effectively target unhealthy phenotypes while reducing the occurrence and severity of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McNeely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Przyklenk K. Role of adenosine A(2B) receptor stimulation in ischaemic postconditioning: dawn of a new paradigm in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:195-7; discussion 198-201. [PMID: 22843707 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Abd-Elfattah AS, Ding M, Jessen ME, Wechsler AS. On-pump inhibition of es-ENT1 nucleoside transporter and adenosine deaminase during aortic crossclamping entraps intracellular adenosine and protects against reperfusion injury: role of adenosine A1 receptor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:243-9. [PMID: 22325325 PMCID: PMC3355204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inhibition of adenosine deaminase with erythro-9 (2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA) and the es-ENT1 transporter with p-nitro-benzylthioinosine (NBMPR), entraps myocardial intracellular adenosine during on-pump warm aortic crossclamping, leading to a complete recovery of cardiac function and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during reperfusion. The differential role of entrapped intracellular and circulating adenosine in EHNA/NBMPR-mediated protection is unknown. Selective (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine) or nonselective [8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophyline] A1 receptor antagonists were used to block adenosine A1-receptor contribution in EHNA/NBMPR-mediated cardiac recovery. METHODS Anesthetized dogs (n = 45), instrumented to measure heart performance using sonomicrometry, were subjected to 30 minutes of warm aortic crossclamping and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Three boluses of the vehicle (series A) or 100 μM EHNA and 25 μM NBMPR (series B) were infused into the pump at baseline, before ischemia and before reperfusion. 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine (10 μM) or 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophyline (100 μM) was intra-aortically infused immediately after aortic crossclamping distal to the clamp in series A and series B. The ATP pool and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Ischemia depleted ATP in all groups by 50%. The adenosine/inosine ratios were more than 10-fold greater in series B than in series A (P < .001). ATP and function recovered in the EHNA/NBMPR-treated group (P < .05 vs control group). 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine and 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophyline partially reduced cardiac function in series A and B to the same degree but did not abolish the EHNA/NBMPR-mediated protection in series B. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the cardioprotection mediated by activation of the adenosine receptors by extracellular adenosine, EHNA/NBMPR entrapment of intracellular adenosine provided a significant component of myocardial protection despite adenosine A1 receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Saad Abd-Elfattah
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0068, USA.
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Riksen NP, Rongen GA. Targeting adenosine receptors in the development of cardiovascular therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 5:199-218. [PMID: 22390562 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor stimulation has negative inotropic and dromotropic actions, reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and remodeling, and prevents cardiac arrhythmias. In the vasculature, adenosine modulates vascular tone, reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and generation of foam cells, and may prevent the development of atherosclerosis as a result. Modulation of insulin sensitivity may further add to the anti-atherosclerotic properties of adenosine signaling. In the kidney, adenosine plays an important role in tubuloglomerular feedback and modulates tubular sodium reabsorption. The challenge is to take advantage of the beneficial actions of adenosine signaling while preventing its potential adverse effects, such as salt retention and sympathoexcitation. Drugs that interfere with adenosine formation and elimination or drugs that allosterically enhance specific adenosine receptors seem to be most promising to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels P Riksen
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology 149 and Internal Medicine 463, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yang Z, Sun W, Hu K. Molecular mechanism underlying adenosine receptor-mediated mitochondrial targeting of protein kinase C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:950-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Johnston-Cox HA, Koupenova M, Ravid K. A2 adenosine receptors and vascular pathologies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:870-8. [PMID: 22423039 PMCID: PMC5755359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.246181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death and morbidity, is regulated, among various factors, by inflammation. The level of the metabolite adenosine is augmented under stress, including inflammatory, hypoxic, or injurious events. Adenosine has been shown to affect various physiological and pathological processes, largely through 1 or more of its 4 types of receptors: the A1 and A3 adenylyl cyclase inhibitory receptors and the A2A and A2B adenylyl cyclase stimulatory receptors. This article focuses on reviewing common and distinct effects of the 2 A2-type adenosine receptors on vascular disease and the mechanisms involved. Understanding the pathogenesis of vascular disease mediated by these receptors is important to the development of therapeutics and to the prevention and management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Johnston-Cox
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Katya Ravid
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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