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Talmor N, Gurin M, Smilowitz N, Gossett D, Eisner B, Pleasure M, Reynolds HR. Repetitive catamenial myocardial infarction due to coronary artery spasm: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2023; 7:ytad019. [PMID: 36793935 PMCID: PMC9924495 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronary artery spasm is an established mechanism of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Various mechanisms have been proposed, ranging from vascular smooth muscle hyperreactivity to endothelial dysfunction, to autonomic nervous system dysregulation. Case summary We report a case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with recurrent non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), coinciding with her menstrual periods. Intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing resulted in coronary spasm in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) that was relieved with nitroglycerine. Initiating calcium channel blockade and suppressing cyclical variation in sex hormones resulted in improvement of her symptoms and cessation of monthly NSTEMI events due to coronary spasm. Discussion Initiating calcium channel blockade and suppressing cyclical variation in sex hormones resulted in improvement of her symptoms and cessation of monthly NSTEMI events due to coronary spasm. Catamenial coronary artery spasm is a rare, but clinically important, presentation of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Talmor
- Sarah Ross Soter Center for Women's Cardiovascular Research, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine 530 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Gurin
- Sarah Ross Soter Center for Women's Cardiovascular Research, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine 530 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nathaniel Smilowitz
- Sarah Ross Soter Center for Women's Cardiovascular Research, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine 530 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dana Gossett
- Stanley H. Kaplan Professor and Chairman of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at NYU Grossman School of Medicine - Joan H. Tisch Center for Women's Health159 East 53rd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Bruria Eisner
- Department of Nursing, NYULangone Health- 550 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mitchell Pleasure
- Sarah Ross Soter Center for Women's Cardiovascular Research, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine 530 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
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Sipos M, Gerszi D, Dalloul H, Bányai B, Sziva RE, Kollarics R, Magyar P, Török M, Ács N, Szekeres M, Nádasy GL, Hadjadj L, Horváth EM, Várbíró S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Gender Alter Vasoconstrictor and Vasodilator Reactivity in Rat Carotid Artery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158029. [PMID: 34360792 PMCID: PMC8347553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin-D-sensitivity of the cardiovascular system may show gender differences. The prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency (VDD) is high, and it alters cardiovascular function and increases the risk of stroke. Our aim was to investigate the vascular reactivity and histological changes of isolated carotid artery of female and male rats in response to different VD supplies. A total of 48 male and female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: female VD supplemented, female VDD, male VD supplemented, male VDD. The vascular function of isolated carotid artery segments was examined by wire myography. Both vitamin D deficiency and male gender resulted in increased phenylephrine-induced contraction. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation decreased in male rats independently from VD status. Inhibition of prostanoid signaling by indomethacin reduced contraction in females, but increased relaxation ability in male rats. Functional changes were accompanied by VDD and gender-specific histological alterations. Elastic fiber density was significantly decreased by VDD in female rats, but not in males. Smooth muscle actin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly lowered, but the thromboxane receptor was elevated in VDD males. Decreased nitrative stress was detected in both male groups independently from VD supply. The observed interactions between vitamin D deficiency and sex may play a role in the gender difference of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sipos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
| | - Dóra Gerszi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Hicham Dalloul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
| | - Bálint Bányai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Réka Eszter Sziva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
- Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 22, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Réka Kollarics
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Péter Magyar
- Medical Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Marianna Török
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
- Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 22, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nándor Ács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
| | - Mária Szekeres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Vas Street 17, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György L. Nádasy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Leila Hadjadj
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Mária Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó Street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.S.); (G.L.N.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 78/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.); (D.G.); (H.D.); (R.K.); (M.T.); (N.Á.); (S.V.)
- Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Üllői Street 22, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Muka T, Vargas KG, Jaspers L, Wen KX, Dhana K, Vitezova A, Nano J, Brahimaj A, Colpani V, Bano A, Kraja B, Zaciragic A, Bramer WM, van Dijk GM, Kavousi M, Franco OH. Estrogen receptor β actions in the female cardiovascular system: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Maturitas 2016; 86:28-43. [PMID: 26921926 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Five medical databases were searched for studies that assessed the role of ERβ in the female cardiovascular system and the influence of age and menopause on ERβ functioning. Of 9472 references, 88 studies met our inclusion criteria (71 animal model experimental studies, 15 human model experimental studies and 2 population based studies). ERβ signaling was shown to possess vasodilator and antiangiogenic properties by regulating the activity of nitric oxide, altering membrane ionic permeability in vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and by regulating adrenergic control of the arteries. Also, a possible protective effect of ERβ signaling against left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion injury via genomic and non-genomic pathways was suggested in 27 studies. Moreover, 5 studies reported that the vascular effects of ERβ may be vessel specific and may differ by age and menopause status. ERβ seems to possess multiple functions in the female cardiovascular system. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether isoform-selective ERβ-ligands might contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kris G Vargas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Jaspers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ke-xin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vitezova
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adela Brahimaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Colpani
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjola Bano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bledar Kraja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania; University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Tirana, Albania
| | - Asija Zaciragic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gaby M van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Li T, Xiao X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Hu Y, Zang J, Lu K, Yang T, Ge H, Peng X, Lan D, Liu L. Age and sex differences in vascular responsiveness in healthy and trauma patients: contribution of estrogen receptor-mediated Rho kinase and PKC pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1105-15. [PMID: 24531808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00645.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several medical conditions exhibit age- and sex-based differences. Whether or not traumatic shock exhibits such differences with regard to vascular responsiveness is not clear. In a cohort of 177 healthy subjects and 842 trauma patients (21–82 years) as well as different ages (4, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 24 wk; 1 and 1.5 years) and sexes of Sprague-Dawley normal and traumatic shock rats, the age- and sex-based differences of vascular responsiveness and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Middle-aged and young women as well as female rats of reproductive age had higher vascular responsiveness in the normal condition and a lower decrease in vascular responsiveness after traumatic shock than older men and male rats of identical age. Exogenous supplementation of 17β-estrdiol increased vascular reactivity in both male and femal rats of 8–24 wk and preserved vascular responsiveness in rats following traumatic shock. No effect was observed in rats 1 to 1.5 years. These protective effects of estrogen were closely related to G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)30, estrogen receptor-mediated Rho kinase, and PKC pathway activation. Vascular responsiveness exhibits age- and sex-based differences in healthy subjects and trauma patients. Estrogen and its receptor (GPR30) mediated activation of Rho kinase and PKC using genomic and nongenomic mechanisms to elicit protective effects in vascular responsiveness. This finding is important for the personalized treatment for several age- and sex-related diseases involving estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaizhi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Western Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Gonzales RJ. Androgens and the cerebrovasculature: modulation of vascular function during normal and pathophysiological conditions. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:627-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cleve A, Fritzemeier KH, Haendler B, Heinrich N, Möller C, Schwede W, Wintermantel T. Pharmacology and clinical use of sex steroid hormone receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:543-587. [PMID: 23027466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors are ligand-triggered transcription factors. Oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors form, together with the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, a subgroup of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. They share a common mode of action, namely translating a hormone-i.e. a small-molecule signal-from outside to changes in gene expression and cell fate, and thereby represent "natural" pharmacological targets.For pharmacological therapy, these receptors have originally been addressed by hormones and synthetic hormone analogues in order to overcome pathologies related to deficiencies in the natural ligands. Another major use for female sex hormone receptor modulators is oral contraception, i.e. birth control.On the other side, blocking the activity of sex steroid receptors has become an established way to treat hormone-dependent malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancer.In this review, we will discuss how the experience gained from the classical pharmacology of these receptors and their molecular similarities led to new options for the treatment of gender-specific diseases and highlight recent progress in medicinal chemistry of sex hormone-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleve
- Bayer Pharma AG, Muellerstr. 178, Berlin, Germany
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Zuloaga KL, Gonzales RJ. Dihydrotestosterone attenuates hypoxia inducible factor-1α and cyclooxygenase-2 in cerebral arteries during hypoxia or hypoxia with glucose deprivation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1882-90. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00446.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) attenuates cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in coronary vascular smooth muscle. Since hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation can lead to COX-2 production, this study determined the influence of DHT on HIF-1α and COX-2 following hypoxia or hypoxia with glucose deprivation (HGD) in the cerebral vasculature. COX-2 and HIF-1α levels were assessed via Western blot, and HIF-1α activation was indirectly measured via a DNA binding assay. Experiments were performed using cerebral arteries isolated from castrated male rats treated in vivo with placebo or DHT (18 days) followed by hypoxic exposure ex vivo (1% O2), cerebral arteries isolated from castrated male rats treated ex vivo with vehicle or DHT (10 or 100 nM; 18 h) and then exposed to hypoxia ex vivo (1% O2), or primary human brain vascular smooth muscle cells treated with DHT (10 nM; 6 h) or vehicle then exposed to hypoxia or HGD. Under normoxic conditions, DHT increased COX-2 (cells 51%; arteries ex vivo 31%; arteries in vivo 161%) but had no effect on HIF-1α. Following hypoxia or HGD, HIF-1α and COX-2 levels were increased; this response was blunted by DHT (cells HGD: −47% COX-2, −34% HIF-1α; cells hypoxia: −29% COX-2, −54% HIF-1α; arteries ex vivo: −37% COX-2; arteries in vivo: −35% COX-2) and not reversed by androgen receptor blockade. Hypoxia-induced HIF-1α DNA-binding was also attenuated by DHT (arteries ex vivo and in vivo: −55%). These results demonstrate that upregulation of COX-2 and HIF-1α in response to hypoxia is suppressed by DHT via an androgen receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Zuloaga
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona; and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Rayna J. Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona; and
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Abstract
Abnormal coronary vasoconstriction, or coronary spasm, can be the result of several factors, including local and neuroendocrine aberrations. It can manifest clinically as a coronary syndrome and plays an important role in the genesis of myocardial ischemia. Over the past half century, coronary angiography allowed the in vivo demonstration of spasm in patients who fit the initial clinical description of the condition as reported by Prinzmetal et al. Several clinical, basic, and more recently, genetic studies have provided insight into the pathogenesis, manifestations, and therapy of this condition. It is not uncommonly encountered in patients with coronary syndromes and absence of clearly pathologic lesions on angiography. Provocation tests utilizing pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic stimuli combined with imaging (echocardiography or coronary angiography) can help make the correct diagnosis. The use of calcium channel blockers and long-acting nitrates is currently considered standard of care and the overall prognosis appears to be good. The recent discovery of genetic abnormalities predisposing to abnormal spasm of the coronaries has stimulated interest in the development of targeted therapies for the management of this condition.
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Pettersson H, Lundqvist J, Norlin M. Effects of CYP7B1-mediated catalysis on estrogen receptor activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:1090-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Norata GD, Cattaneo P, Poletti A, Catapano AL. The androgen derivative 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha and lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells and in mice aorta. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:100-6. [PMID: 20557886 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing body of evidence suggests that testosterone may exert beneficial effects against the development of atherosclerosis. These effects are thought to be the consequence of its conversion into estradiol and the activation of the estrogen receptors; however a direct role of androgens, such as dihydrotestosterone, has also been proposed. More recently, it has been shown that the transformation of the dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-Adiol), generates two molecules unable to bind the androgen receptor, but with a high affinity for the estrogen receptors (ERs) in particular the beta isoform. As the actions of testosterone may result from the balance between androgenic and estrogenic molecules originating from its catabolism, we investigated the effects of the 3beta-Adiol on inflammatory responses in vitro in human endothelial cells and ex vivo in mice aortas. METHODS AND RESULTS 3beta-Adiol reverts the pro-inflammatory gene expression pattern induced by TNF-alpha in HUVECs as determined by a cDNA microrray approach. Q-real-time PCR and protein array approaches confirmed that TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 as well as MCP-1 and IL-6 induction was affected upon 3beta-Adiol pre-incubation. ICI 182780, an estrogen receptor antagonist and R,R-THC, an estrogen receptor beta antagonist, counteracted the effect of 3beta-Adiol while bicalutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, had minor effects. 3beta-Adiol exerted a similar action on macrophages. Finally in castrated male mice, 3beta-Adiol significantly counteracted the LPS mediated mRNA induction of IL-6, ELAM-1and PECAM-1 in the aortas. CONCLUSION 3beta-Adiol reverts in vitro the TNF-alpha and LPS induced pro-inflammatory activation of endothelial cells and macrophages. 3beta-Adiol in vivo modulates the inflammatory response induced by LPS in the arterial vascular wall.
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Tropea A, Lanzone A, Tiberi F, Romani F, Catino S, Apa R. Estrogens and androgens affect human luteal cell function. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2257-63. [PMID: 20307879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate estrogens (Es)--E2, estrone (E1), and estriol--and androgens--T and androstendione (A)-effect on P, prostaglandin (PG) F2α, PGE2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release and on VEGF expression in human luteal cells. To elucidate whether androgens effects were direct or mediated by their conversion in Es, an aromatase inhibitor was used. Finally, the luteal effect of the non-aromatizable dihydrotestosterone was evaluated. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Corpora lutea (CLs) were obtained from 36 normally menstruating patients in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. INTERVENTION(S) The human luteal cells were isolated from CLs and primary cultures were established. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) P and PG release were assayed by enzyme immunoassay; VEGF secretion by ELISA; VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULT(S) P and PGF2α secretion were decreased by Es and androgens. The VEGF release was increased by Es and androgens, whereas VEGF mRNA expression was not. The aromatase inhibitor counteracted T and A luteal effects. CONCLUSION(S) Both Es and androgens could participate in the regulation of human luteal function. The effect of T and A seems to be mediated by their conversion to Es, whereas for dihydrotestosterone, both direct androgenic and indirect estrogenic luteal effects could coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tropea
- Cattedra di Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC), Rome, Italy
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Minutolo F, Macchia M, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Estrogen receptor β ligands: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:364-442. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Pettersson H, Lundqvist J, Oliw E, Norlin M. CYP7B1-mediated metabolism of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-Adiol): a novel pathway for potential regulation of the cellular levels of androgens and neurosteroids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1206-15. [PMID: 19732851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study presents data indicating that 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-Adiol) undergoes a previously unknown metabolism into hydroxymetabolites, catalyzed by CYP7B1. 3alpha-Adiol is an androgenic steroid which serves as a source for the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone and also can modulate gamma-amino butyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor function in the brain. The steroid hydroxylase CYP7B1 is known to metabolize cholesterol derivatives, sex hormone precursors and certain estrogens, but has previously not been thought to act on androgens or 3alpha-hydroxylated steroids. 3alpha-Adiol was found to undergo NADPH-dependent metabolism into 6- and 7-hydroxymetabolites in incubations with porcine microsomes and human kidney-derived HEK293 cells, which are high in CYP7B1 content. This metabolism was suppressed by addition of steroids known to be metabolized by CYP7B1. In addition, 3alpha-Adiol significantly suppressed CYP7B1-mediated catalytic reactions, in a way as would be expected for substrates that compete for the same enzyme. Recombinant expression of human CYP7B1 in HEK293 cells significantly increased the rate of 3alpha-Adiol hydroxylation. Furthermore, the observed hydroxylase activity towards 3alpha-Adiol was very low or undetectable in livers of Cyp7b1(-/-) knockout mice. The present results indicate that CYP7B1-mediated catalysis may play a role for control of the cellular levels of androgens, not only of estrogens. These findings suggest a previously unknown mechanism for metabolic elimination of 3alpha-Adiol which may impact intracellular levels of dihydrotestosterone and GABA(A)-modulating steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Pettersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Biomedical Centre Box 578, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Estrogen receptor-beta mediates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and vascular prostanoid levels in human placental villous endothelial cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:427.e1-8. [PMID: 19318151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulation of fetoplacental blood flow is likely mediated by factors such as prostanoids. Estrogen and its receptors affect prostanoid biosynthesis. Previously, we demonstrated that villous endothelial cells express estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2), and we sought to determine its role in the mediation of fetoplacental vascular function. STUDY DESIGN Villous endothelial cells from uncomplicated pregnancies were isolated, cultured, and treated with estrogen. RNA interference, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme immunoassays were performed. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels were not altered consistently by estrogen. RNA interference of ESR2 led to a concomitant decrease in COX-2 messenger RNA (P < .0001) and protein (P < .05) in the presence and absence of estradiol. ESR2 knock-down also led to diminished prostacyclin and thromboxane concentrations in the absence of estradiol (P < .005). CONCLUSION ESR2 mediates COX-2 expression levels and both prostacyclin and thromboxane concentrations in the basal state, which suggests the possibility of ligand-independent regulation of COX-2 activity and prostaglandin H2 substrate availability. Further investigation regarding ESR2 regulation of prostanoid biosynthesis and its effects on the fetoplacental vasculature is warranted.
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Babaei H, Azarmi Y. 17beta-estradiol inhibits calcium-dependent and -independent contractions in isolated human saphenous vein. Steroids 2008; 73:844-50. [PMID: 18486173 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that estrogen modulate vascular reactivity but at present its exact mechanism of action has yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on calcium-dependent and -independent contractions induced in the human saphenous veins (HSVs). HSVs were obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The ability of E2 to modulate Ca(2+) entry was assessed by obtaining concentration-response curve to CaCl(2) in the absence or presence of E2. In other experiments intracellular Ca(2+) was depleted by repeated application of phenylephrine in the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Then, at the plateau of PGF(2alpha) contraction, E2 or nifedipine (NIF) was added. Involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in relaxant effect of E2 was evaluated by application of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) in normal or Ca(2+)-free Krebs' solution. When the contraction was obtained, E2 or NIF was added. In Ca(2+)-free hyperpolarizing solution, pretreatment with E2, concentration dependently reduced contractions induced by cumulative addition of calcium chloride. Furthermore, E2 elicited relaxant effects on the PGF(2alpha)-induced contractions in Ca(2+)-free solution in the presence or absence of CPA. Both E2 and NIF produced significant relaxation in HSV rings contracted by direct activation of PKC in Krebs' solution. However, in Ca(2+)-free solution, NIF failed to induce relaxant effect but E2 kept its effect on the PDBu-induced contraction. These results suggest that the relaxant effect of E2 on HSV is elicited by calcium-dependent and -independent pathways. The calcium-independent pathway may involve PKC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Qiao X, McConnell KR, Khalil RA. Sex steroids and vascular responses in hypertension and aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl A:S46-64. [PMID: 18395683 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormones play a significant role in human physiology. Estrogen may have protective effects in the cardiovascular system, as evidenced by the decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in premenopausal compared with postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the acute and long-term effects of sex hormones on the vascular endothelium and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) in adults. Changes in the sex hormone mix, their receptors, and their effects on vascular function in hypertension and aging are also discussed. METHODS Literature collected from the National Centers for Biotechnology Information as identified by a PubMed database search, as well as our experimental work, was used to highlight current knowledge regarding vascular responses to sex hormones in hypertension and in aging. RESULTS Experiments in adult female animals have shown that estrogen induces endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation via the nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and hyperpolarization pathways. Also, surface membrane estrogen receptors (ERs) decrease intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and perhaps protein kinase C-dependent VSM contraction. However, clinical trials such as the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS), HERS-II, and the Women's Health Initiative did not support the experimental findings and demonstrated adverse cardiovascular events of hormone therapy (HT) in aging women. The lack of vascular benefits of HT may be related to the hormone used, the ER, or the patient's cardiovascular condition or age. Experiments on vascular strips from aging (16-month-old) female spontaneously hypertensive rats have shown reduced ER-mediated NO production from endothelial cells and decreased inhibitory effects of estrogen on Ca2+ entry mechanisms of VSM contraction. The age-related decrease in ER-mediated vascular relaxation may explain the decreased effectiveness of HT on CVD in aging women. CONCLUSIONS New HT strategies should further examine the benefits of natural estrogens and phytoestrogens. Transdermal estrogen may be more effective than the oral form, and specific ER modulators may maximize the vascular benefits and reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer. Variants of vascular ERs should be screened for genetic polymorphisms and postmenopausal decrease in the amount of downstream signaling mechanisms. HT may be more effective during the menopausal transition than in late menopause. Progesterone, testosterone, or their specific modulators may be combined with estrogen to provide alternative HT strategies. Thus, HT type, dose, route of administration, and timing should be customized, depending on the patient's cardiovascular condition and age, thereby enhancing the vascular benefits of HT in aging women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Qiao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Abstract
The impact of estrogen exposure in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease is controversial. But it is clear that estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and pathophysiology, with potential therapeutic implications. Therefore, the goal of this review is to summarize, using an integrated approach, current knowledge of the vascular effects of estrogen, both in humans and in experimental animals. Aspects of estrogen synthesis and receptors, as well as general mechanisms of estrogenic action are reviewed with an emphasis on issues particularly relevant to the vascular system. Recent understanding of the impact of estrogen on mitochondrial function suggests that the longer lifespan of women compared with men may depend in part on the ability of estrogen to decrease production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Mechanisms by which estrogen increases endothelial vasodilator function, promotes angiogenesis, and modulates autonomic function are summarized. Key aspects of the relevant pathophysiology of inflammation, atherosclerosis, stroke, migraine, and thrombosis are reviewed concerning current knowledge of estrogenic effects. A number of emerging concepts are addressed throughout. These include the importance of estrogenic formulation and route of administration and the impact of genetic polymorphisms, either in estrogen receptors or in enzymes responsible for estrogen metabolism, on responsiveness to hormone treatment. The importance of local metabolism of estrogenic precursors and the impact of timing for initiation of treatment and its duration are also considered. Although consensus opinions are emphasized, controversial views are presented to stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Miller
- Professor, Surgery and Physiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, , Phone: 507-284-2290, Fax: 507-266-2233
| | - Sue P. Duckles
- Professor, Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, , Phone: 949-824-4265, Fax: 949-824-4855
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Luksha L, Poston L, Gustafsson JA, Hultenby K, Kublickiene K. The oestrogen receptor beta contributes to sex related differences in endothelial function of murine small arteries via EDHF. J Physiol 2006; 577:945-55. [PMID: 17038424 PMCID: PMC1890383 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex related differences in cardiovascular function have been reported in oestrogen receptor beta knockout (ERbetaKO) mice. In this study we examined the role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in differences in small artery endothelial function between ERbetaKO and wild-type (WT) mice. Small femoral arteries were isolated from ERbetaKO and WT mice and mounted on a wire myograph. Concentration-response curves to ACh were compared before and after incubation with inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis. Comparison of the expression of the principal vascular connexins (Cx37, 40 and 43), implicated in EDHF-mediated dilatation were undertaken by immunohistochemistry. Vascular ultrastructure was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. ACh-induced relaxation of arteries (< 200 microm internal diameter) was greater in WT females versus males and was attributable to a greater EDHF component of relaxation. This sex difference was absent in ERbetaKO mice. Arteries from ERbetaKO males (but not females) were more sensitive to ACh compared to WT. The pharmacological evidence and morphological prerequisite for involvement of gap junctions in EDHF-mediated responses was confirmed in male arteries. The absence of ERbeta had no influence on expression of main Cx subtypes within vascular wall or on ultrastructure and morphology of the endothelium. The data suggest that in WT male mice, ERbeta reduces EDHF-mediated relaxation through gap junction communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Luksha
- Institution for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge campus, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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