1
|
Roszkowska-Chojecka MM, Baranowska I, Gawrys O, Sadowski J, Walkowska A, Kalisz M, Litwiniuk A, Kompanowska-Jezierska E. Role of chymase in blood pressure control, plasma and tissue angiotensin II, renal Haemodynamics, and excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:392-401. [PMID: 33687310 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1890762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chymase generates angiotensin II (ANG II) independently of angiotensin-converting enzyme in tissues and it contributes to vascular remodeling and development of hypertension, however the exact mechanism of its action is unclear. Methods: Hence, the effects of chymase inhibition were examined in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in two stages of the disease development, ie. pre-hypertensive (SHR7) and with established hypertension (SHR16). Chymostatin, a commercial chymase inhibitor, was infused intravenously alone or in subsequent groups co-infused with captopril. Results: Mean blood pressure (MBP), total renal blood flow (RBF) and ANG II content (plasma and tissues) were measured. In SHR16 chymase blockade significantly decreased MBP (-6%) and plasma (-38%), kidney (-71%) and heart (-52%) ANG II levels. In SHR7 chymostatin did not influence MBP or RBF, but significantly decreased heart ANG II level. Conclusion: Jointly, functional studies and ANG II determinations support the evidence that in SHR chymase can raise plasma ANG II and contribute to blood pressure elevation. We propose that addition of chymase blockade to ACE inhibition could be a promising approach in the treatment of hypertensive patients resistant to therapy with ACE-inhibitors alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina M Roszkowska-Chojecka
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Gawrys
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Walkowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kalisz
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polonis K, Becari C, Chahal CAA, Zhang Y, Allen AM, Kellogg TA, Somers VK, Singh P. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Triggers a Senescence-like Phenotype in Human White Preadipocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6846. [PMID: 32321999 PMCID: PMC7176724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder associated with obesity. Emerging evidence suggest that OSA increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality partly via accelerating the process of cellular aging. Thus, we sought to examine the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of OSA, on senescence in human white preadipocytes. We demonstrate that chronic IH is associated with an increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species along with increased prevalence of cells with nuclear localization of γH2AX & p16. A higher prevalence of cells positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity was also evident with chronic IH exposure. Intervention with aspirin, atorvastatin or renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors effectively attenuated IH-mediated senescence-like phenotype. Importantly, the validity of in vitro findings was confirmed by examination of the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue which showed that OSA patients had a significantly higher percentage of cells with nuclear localization of γH2AX & p16 than non-OSA individuals (20.1 ± 10.8% vs. 10.3 ± 2.7%, Padjusted < 0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of dual positive γH2AX & p16 nuclei in adipose tissue of OSA patients receiving statin, aspirin, and/or RAS inhibitors was comparable to non-OSA individuals. This study identifies chronic IH as a trigger of senescence-like phenotype in preadipocytes. Together, our data suggest that OSA may be considered as a senescence-related disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C Anwar A Chahal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Alina M Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LA, Baton Rouge, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chan AHW, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Pancreatic source of protease activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its reduction during temporary food restriction. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12548. [PMID: 30946505 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying cell and organ dysfunctions in hypertension are uncertain. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has elevated levels of unchecked degrading proteases compared to the control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The extracellular proteases destroy membrane receptors leading to cell dysfunctions, including arteriolar constriction and elevated blood pressure. Our goal was to identify potential sources of the uncontrolled enzymatic activity. METHODS Zymographic and digital immunohistochemical measurements in SHR pancreas and intestine were obtained as part of the digestive system with high levels of degrading enzymes. OBJECTIVE The results showed that SHRs have significantly higher protease activity than WKY in pancreas (22.04 ± 9.01 vs 13.02 ± 3.92 casein fluorescence intensity unit; P < 0.05) and pancreatic venules (0.011 ± 0.003 vs 0.005 ± 0.003 trypsin absorbance; P < 0.05) as well as in venous blood (71.07 ± 13.92 vs 36.44 ± 16.59 casein fluorescence intensity unit; P < 0.05). The enzymatic activity is contributed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Furthermore, a decrease of these enzyme activity levels achieved during a short-term fasting period is associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressurein SHR (135 ± 8 mm Hg vs 124 ± 7 mm Hg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the pancreas of the SHR is a potential source for serine proteases leaking into the circulation and contributing to its protease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hsueh Wen Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saskin A, Alfares A, Bernard C, Blumenkrantz M, Braverman N, Gupta I, Brosnihan KB, Antignac C, Gubler MC, Morinière V, De Bie I, Bitzan M. Renal tubular dysgenesis and microcolon, a novel association. Report of three cases. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:254-258. [PMID: 30071301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) is a developmental abnormality of the nephron characterized by fetal anuria, oligohydramnios, and severe postnatal hypotension. Genetic forms have an autosomal recessive inheritance and are caused by mutations in genes encoding key components of the renin-angiotensin pathway. We report three patients from two unrelated families with RTD due to pathogenic variants of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, in whom RTD was associated with microcolon. We also detail key variations of the renin-angiotensin system in one of these infants. The severe intestinal developmental abnormality culminating in microcolon and early terminal ileum perforation/necrotizing enterocolitis is a novel finding not previously associated with RTD, which points to a role of the renin-angiotensin system in gut development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avi Saskin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmed Alfares
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Bernard
- Department of Pediatric Pathology and Cytogenetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Miriam Blumenkrantz
- Department of Pediatric Pathology and Cytogenetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Indra Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle De Bie
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martin Bitzan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elastase-2 Knockout Mice Display Anxiogenic- and Antidepressant-Like Phenotype: Putative Role for BDNF Metabolism in Prefrontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7062-7071. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Chronic treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor increases cardiac fibrosis in young rats submitted to early ovarian failure. Auton Neurosci 2017; 206:28-34. [PMID: 28712539 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the treatment with enalapril maleate, combined with aerobic physical training, promotes positive effects on the autonomic balance, the morphology and the cardiac function in female rats submitted to early ovarian failure. METHODS Thirty-five female Wistar rats, ovariectomized at 10weeks of age, were assigned into Ovariectomized rats (OVX) and Ovariectomized rats treated with enalapril maleate (OVX-EM, 10mg-1·kg-1·d-1) Each group was subdivided into sedentary and trained (aerobic swimming training for 10weeks). All animals were submitted to a) double pharmacological autonomic blockade, b) study of morphology and cardiac function by echocardiography, and c) analysis of cardiac fibrosis. RESULTS The OVX-EM sedentary group showed a significant increase in cardiac fibrosis, relative heart weight, interventricular septum thickness and increased sympathetic participation and reduced participation of the vagal tone in the determination of the basal heart rate when compared to the OVX sedentary group. Physical training reduced cardiac fibrosis in both groups, however, with less intensity in the OVX-EM group. It also increased the absolute and relative heart weight and the end-systolic volume. Finally, the OVX-EM trained group showed higher values for left ventricular end-systolic volume and lower values for ejection fraction and shortening fraction than the sedentary OVX-EM group. CONCLUSION Enalapril maleate exacerbated cardiac fibrosis and increased sympathetic participation in the basal heart rate determination, without significantly affecting the cardiac function. Aerobic physical training did not change the cardiac autonomic control, but reduced cardiac fibrosis and had little effect on the cardiac function.
Collapse
|
7
|
Becari C, Durand MT, Guimaraes AO, Lataro RM, Prado CM, de Oliveira M, Candido SCO, Pais P, Ribeiro MS, Bader M, Pesquero JB, Salgado MCO, Salgado HC. Elastase-2, a Tissue Alternative Pathway for Angiotensin II Generation, Plays a Role in Circulatory Sympathovagal Balance in Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:170. [PMID: 28386233 PMCID: PMC5363176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo experiments indicate that elastase-2 (ELA-2), a chymotrypsin-serine protease elastase family member 2A, is an alternative pathway for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation. However, the role played by ELA-2 in vivo is unclear. We examined ELA-2 knockout (ELA-2KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice and determined whether ELA-2 played a role in hemodynamics [arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR)], cardiocirculatory sympathovagal balance and baroreflex sensitivity. The variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) for evaluating autonomic modulation was examined for time and frequency domains (spectral analysis), whereas a symbolic analysis was also used to evaluate PI variability. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity was examined using the sequence method. Cardiac function was evaluated echocardiographically under anesthesia. The AP was normal whereas the HR was reduced in ELA-2KO mice (425 ± 17 vs. 512 ± 13 bpm from WT). SAP variability and baroreflex sensitivity were similar in both strains. The LF power from the PI spectrum (33.6 ± 5 vs. 51.8 ± 4.8 nu from WT) and the LF/HF ratio (0.60 ± 0.1 vs. 1.45 ± 0.3 from WT) were reduced, whereas the HF power was increased (66.4 ± 5 vs. 48.2 ± 4.8 nu from WT) in ELA-2KO mice, indicating a shift toward parasympathetic modulation of HR. Echocardiographic examination showed normal fractional shortening and an ejection fraction in ELA-2KO mice; however, the cardiac output, stroke volume, and ventricular size were reduced. These findings provide the first evidence that ELA-2 acts on the sympathovagal balance of the heart, as expressed by the reduced sympathetic modulation of HR in ELA-2KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | - Marina T Durand
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Ribeirão PretoRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alessander O Guimaraes
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany; Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M Lataro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cibele M Prado
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarai C O Candido
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paloma Pais
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Ribeiro
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-University Medicine BerlinBerlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Joao B Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C O Salgado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Becari C, Silva MAB, Durand MT, Prado CM, Oliveira EB, Ribeiro MS, Salgado HC, Salgado MCO, Tostes RC. Elastase-2, an angiotensin II-generating enzyme, contributes to increased angiotensin II in resistance arteries of mice with myocardial infarction. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1104-1115. [PMID: 28222221 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin II (Ang II), whose generation largely depends on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, mediates most of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) effects. Elastase-2 (ELA-2), a chymotrypsin-serine protease elastase family member 2A, alternatively generates Ang II in rat arteries. Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to intense RAS activation, but mechanisms involved in Ang II-generation in resistance arteries are unknown. We hypothesized that ELA-2 contributes to vascular Ang II generation and cardiac damage in mice subjected to MI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Concentration-effect curves to Ang I and Ang II were performed in mesenteric resistance arteries from male wild type (WT) and ELA-2 knockout (ELA-2KO) mice subjected to left anterior descending coronary artery ligation (MI). KEY RESULTS MI size was similar in WT and ELA-2KO mice. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening after MI similarly decreased in both strains. However, MI decreased stroke volume and cardiac output in WT, but not in ELA-2KO mice. Ang I-induced contractions increased in WT mice subjected to MI (MI-WT) compared with sham-WT mice. No differences were observed in Ang I reactivity between arteries from ELA-2KO and ELA-2KO subjected to MI (MI-ELA-2KO). Ang I contractions increased in arteries from MI-WT versus MI-ELA-2KO mice. Chymostatin attenuated Ang I-induced vascular contractions in WT mice, but did not affect Ang I responses in ELA-2KO arteries. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide the first evidence that ELA-2 contributes to increased Ang II formation in resistance arteries and modulates cardiac function after MI, implicating ELA-2 as a key player in ACE-independent dysregulation of the RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marcondes A B Silva
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina T Durand
- Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele M Prado
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Oliveira
- Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Ribeiro
- Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amlodipine and enalapril promote distinct effects on cardiovascular autonomic control in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of aerobic physical training. J Hypertens 2016; 34:2383-2392. [PMID: 27607457 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the autonomic and hemodynamic cardiovascular effects of amlodipine and enalapril treatment associated with an aerobic physical training program on spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS Eighteen-week-old (n = 48) spontaneously hypertensive rats were assigned to one of two groups: sedentary (n = 24) and trained (n = 24) through a 10-week swimming training program. Each group was subdivided into three groups (n = 8): control (vehicle group), amlodipine (amlodipine group; 10 mg/kg per day) and enalapril (enalapril group; 10 mg/kg per day) (both for 10 weeks). We cannulated the femoral artery and vein of all animals for recording arterial pressure and injecting drugs, respectively. Autonomic assessment was performed by double blockade with propranolol and atropine, analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), systolic arterial pressure variability and baroflex sensitivity. RESULTS Arterial pressure reduction was more prominent in the sedentary and trained enalapril groups. Amlodipine sedentary group presented important autonomic adjustments characterized by a predominance of vagal tone in cardiac autonomic balance, increased HRV associated with sympathetic autonomic modulation reduction and increased vagal autonomic modulation, and increased baroflex sensitivity. All findings were not potentialized by physical training. In turn, the enalapril trained group, but not its sedentary counterpart, also had vagal tone prevalence in cardiac autonomic balance, increased HRV, increased baroflex sensitivity and decreased low-frequency band in systolic arterial pressure variability. CONCLUSION Amlodipine was more effective in promoting beneficial autonomic cardiovascular adaptations in sedentary animals. In contrast, enalapril achieved better autonomic results only when combined with aerobic physical training.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Varagic J, Cheng CP, Groban L, Wang H, Collawn JF, Dell Italia LJ. Intracrine angiotensin II functions originate from noncanonical pathways in the human heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H404-14. [PMID: 27233763 PMCID: PMC5008653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00219.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well-known that excess renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiac and vascular disease, tissue-based expression of RAS genes has given rise to the possibility that intracellularly produced angiotensin II (Ang II) may be a critical contributor to disease processes. An extended form of angiotensin I (Ang I), the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], that generates Ang II directly from chymase, particularly in the human heart, reinforces the possibility that an alternative noncanonical renin independent pathway for Ang II formation may be important in explaining the mechanisms by which the hormone contributes to adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the work that has been done in evaluating the functional significance of Ang-(1-12) and how this substrate generated from angiotensinogen by a yet to be identified enzyme enhances knowledge about Ang II pathological actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James F Collawn
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louis J Dell Italia
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmad S, Simmons T, Varagic J, Moniwa N, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM. Chymase-dependent generation of angiotensin II from angiotensin-(1-12) in human atrial tissue. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28501. [PMID: 22180785 PMCID: PMC3236741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is a non-renin dependent alternate precursor for the generation of cardiac Ang peptides in rat tissue, we investigated the metabolism of Ang-(1-12) by plasma membranes (PM) isolated from human atrial appendage tissue from nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery for primary control of atrial fibrillation (MAZE surgical procedure). PM was incubated with highly purified ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) at 37°C for 1 h with or without renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors [lisinopril for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), SCH39370 for neprilysin (NEP), MLN-4760 for ACE2 and chymostatin for chymase; 50 µM each]. ¹²⁵I-Ang peptide fractions were identified by HPLC coupled to an inline γ-detector. In the absence of all RAS inhibitor, ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was converted into Ang I (2±2%), Ang II (69±21%), Ang-(1-7) (5±2%), and Ang-(1-4) (2±1%). In the absence of all RAS inhibitor, only 22±10% of ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was unmetabolized, whereas, in the presence of the all RAS inhibitors, 98±7% of ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) remained intact. The relative contribution of selective inhibition of ACE and chymase enzyme showed that ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was primarily converted into Ang II (65±18%) by chymase while its hydrolysis into Ang II by ACE was significantly lower or undetectable. The activity of individual enzyme was calculated based on the amount of Ang II formation. These results showed very high chymase-mediated Ang II formation (28±3.1 fmol × min⁻¹ × mg⁻¹, n = 9) from ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) and very low or undetectable Ang II formation by ACE (1.1±0.2 fmol×min⁻¹ × mg⁻¹). Paralleling these findings, these tissues showed significant content of chymase protein that by immunocytochemistry were primarily localized in atrial cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time in human cardiac tissue a dominant role of cardiac chymase in the formation of Ang II from Ang-(1-12).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|