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Chamani S, Kooshkaki O, Moossavi M, Rastegar M, Soflaei SS, McCloskey AP, Banach M, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on the function and differentiation of blood cells. Arch Med Sci 2022; 19:1314-1326. [PMID: 37732056 PMCID: PMC10507790 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR). They are used in patients with cardiovascular risk and/or suffering with cardiovascular disease. In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. Statins also regulate innate and acquired immunity. The focus of this review is to highlight the role of statins in modulating the function and differentiation of various blood cells. Given the proposed wider application of these medicines and their potentially important advantages in treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, more studies are needed with special focus on the molecular targets of statins included in regulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Chamani
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Kooshkaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moossavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mandana Rastegar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Alice P. McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Scott-Solomon E, Kuruvilla R. Prenylation of Axonally Translated Rac1 Controls NGF-Dependent Axon Growth. Dev Cell 2020; 53:691-705.e7. [PMID: 32533921 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalized signaling is critical for cellular organization and specificity of functional outcomes in neurons. Here, we report that post-translational lipidation of newly synthesized proteins in axonal compartments allows for short-term and autonomous responses to extrinsic cues. Using conditional mutant mice, we found that protein prenylation is essential for sympathetic axon innervation of target organs. We identify a localized requirement for prenylation in sympathetic axons to promote axonal growth in response to the neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF triggers prenylation of proteins including the Rac1 GTPase in axons, counter to the canonical view of prenylation as constitutive, and strikingly, in a manner dependent on axonal protein synthesis. Newly prenylated proteins localize to TrkA-harboring endosomes in axons and promote receptor trafficking necessary for axonal growth. Thus, coupling of prenylation to local protein synthesis presents a mechanism for spatially segregated cellular functions during neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Scott-Solomon
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, 227 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, 227 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Racine ML, Dinenno FA. Reduced deformability contributes to impaired deoxygenation-induced ATP release from red blood cells of older adult humans. J Physiol 2019; 597:4503-4519. [PMID: 31310005 DOI: 10.1113/jp278338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Red blood cells (RBCs) release ATP in response to deoxygenation, which can increase blood flow to help match oxygen supply with tissue metabolic demand. This release of ATP is impaired in RBCs from older adults, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, improving RBC deformability in older adults restored deoxygenation-induced ATP release, whereas decreasing RBC deformability in young adults reduced ATP release to the level of that of older adults. In contrast, treating RBCs with a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor did not affect ATP release in either age group, possibly due to intact intracellular signalling downstream of deoxygenation as indicated by preserved cAMP and ATP release responses to pharmacological Gi protein activation in RBCs from older adults. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the age-related decrease in RBC deformability is a primary mechanism of impaired deoxygenation-induced ATP release, which may have implications for treating impaired vascular control with advancing age. ABSTRACT In response to haemoglobin deoxygenation, red blood cells (RBCs) release ATP, which binds to endothelial purinergic receptors and stimulates vasodilatation. This ATP release is impaired in RBCs from older vs. young adults, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using isolated RBCs from young (24 ± 1 years) and older (65 ± 2 years) adults, we tested the hypothesis that age-related changes in RBC deformability (Study 1) and cAMP signalling (Study 2) contribute to the impairment. RBC ATP release during normoxia ( P O 2 ∼112 mmHg) and hypoxia ( P O 2 ∼20 mmHg) was quantified with the luciferin-luciferase technique following RBC incubation with Y-27632 (Rho-kinase inhibitor to increase deformability), diamide (cell-stiffening agent), cilostazol (phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor), or vehicle control. The mean change in RBC ATP release from normoxia to hypoxia in control conditions was significantly impaired in older vs. young (∼50% vs. ∼120%; P < 0.05). RBC deformability was also lower in older vs. young as indicated by a higher RBC transit time (RCTT) measured by blood filtrometry (RCTT: 8.541 ± 0.050 vs. 8.234 ± 0.098 a.u., respectively; P < 0.05). Y-27632 improved RBC deformability (RCTT: 8.228 ± 0.083) and ATP release (111.7 ± 17.2%) in older and diamide decreased RBC deformability (RCTT: 8.955 ± 0.114) and ATP release (67.4 ± 11.8%) in young (P < 0.05), abolishing the age group differences (P > 0.05). Cilostazol did not change ATP release in either age group (P > 0.05), and RBC cAMP and ATP release to pharmacological Gi protein activation was similar in both groups (P > 0.05). We conclude that decreased RBC deformability is a primary contributor to age-related impairments in RBC ATP release, which may have implications for impaired vascular control with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Racine
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Frank A Dinenno
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Purinergic control of red blood cell metabolism: novel strategies to improve red cell storage quality. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2017; 15:535-542. [PMID: 28488967 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0366-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion of stored blood is regarded as one of the great advances in modern medicine. However, during storage in the blood bank, red blood cells (RBCs) undergo a series of biochemical and biomechanical changes that affect cell morphology and physiology and potentially impair transfusion safety and efficacy. Despite reassuring evidence from clinical trials, it is universally accepted that the storage lesion(s) results in the altered physiology of long-stored RBCs and helps explain the rapid clearance of up to one-fourth of long-stored RBCs from the recipient's bloodstream at 24 hours after administration. These considerations explain the importance of understanding and mitigating the storage lesion. With the emergence of new technologies that have enabled large-scale and in-depth screening of the RBC metabolome and proteome, recent studies have provided novel insights into the molecule-level metabolic changes underpinning the accumulation of storage lesions to RBCs in the blood bank and alternative storage strategies to mitigate such lesion(s). These approaches borrow from recent insights on the biochemistry of RBC adaptation to high altitude hypoxia. We recently conducted investigations in genetically modified mice and revealed novel insights into the role of adenosine signalling in response to hypoxia as a previously unrecognised cascade regulating RBC glucose metabolism and increasing O2 release, while decreasing inflammation and tissue injuries in animal models. Here, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of purinergic molecules, including adenosine and adenosine triphosphate in manipulating RBCs and blood vessels in response to hypoxia. We will also speculate about new therapeutic possibilities to improve the quality of stored RBCs and the prognosis after transfusion.
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Sisquella X, Nebl T, Thompson JK, Whitehead L, Malpede BM, Salinas ND, Rogers K, Tolia NH, Fleig A, O'Neill J, Tham WH, David Horgen F, Cowman AF. Plasmodium falciparum ligand binding to erythrocytes induce alterations in deformability essential for invasion. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28226242 PMCID: PMC5333951 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most lethal form of malaria in humans is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. These parasites invade erythrocytes, a complex process involving multiple ligand-receptor interactions. The parasite makes initial contact with the erythrocyte followed by dramatic deformations linked to the function of the Erythrocyte binding antigen family and P. falciparum reticulocyte binding-like families. We show EBA-175 mediates substantial changes in the deformability of erythrocytes by binding to glycophorin A and activating a phosphorylation cascade that includes erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins resulting in changes in the viscoelastic properties of the host cell. TRPM7 kinase inhibitors FTY720 and waixenicin A block the changes in the deformability of erythrocytes and inhibit merozoite invasion by directly inhibiting the phosphorylation cascade. Therefore, binding of P. falciparum parasites to the erythrocyte directly activate a signaling pathway through a phosphorylation cascade and this alters the viscoelastic properties of the host membrane conditioning it for successful invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sisquella
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennifer K Thompson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Brian M Malpede
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Kelly Rogers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Andrea Fleig
- The Queen's Medical Center and John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, United States
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, United States
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Fletcher S, Lucantoni L, Sykes ML, Jones AJ, Holleran JP, Saliba KJ, Avery VM. Biological characterization of chemically diverse compounds targeting the Plasmodium falciparum coenzyme A synthesis pathway. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:589. [PMID: 27855724 PMCID: PMC5114727 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the fight against malaria, the discovery of chemical compounds with a novel mode of action and/or chemistry distinct from currently used drugs is vital to counteract the parasite’s known ability to develop drug resistance. Another desirable aspect is efficacy against gametocytes, the sexual developmental stage of the parasite which enables the transmission through Anopheles vectors. Using a chemical rescue approach, we previously identified compounds targeting Plasmodium falciparum coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis or utilization, a promising target that has not yet been exploited in anti-malarial drug development. Results We report on the outcomes of a series of biological tests that help to define the species- and stage-specificity, as well as the potential targets of these chemically diverse compounds. Compound activity against P. falciparum gametocytes was determined to assess stage-specificity and transmission-reducing potential. Against early stage gametocytes IC50 values ranging between 60 nM and 7.5 μM were obtained. With the exception of two compounds with sub-micromolar potencies across all intra-erythrocytic stages, activity against late stage gametocytes was lower. None of the compounds were specific pantothenate kinase inhibitors. Chemical rescue profiling with CoA pathway intermediates demonstrated that most compounds acted on either of the two final P. falciparum CoA synthesis enzymes, phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) or dephospho CoA kinase (DPCK). The most active compound targeted either phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPCS) or phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (PPCDC). Species-specificity was evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. No specific activity against T. cruzi amastigotes was observed; however three compounds inhibited the viability of trypomastigotes with sub-micromolar potencies and were confirmed to act on T. b. brucei CoA synthesis. Conclusions Utilizing the compounds we previously identified as effective against asexual P. falciparum, we demonstrate for the first time that gametocytes, like the asexual stages, depend on CoA, with two compounds exhibiting sub-micromolar potencies across asexual forms and all gametocytes stages tested. Furthermore, three compounds inhibited the viability of T. cruzi and T. b. brucei trypomastigotes with sub-micromolar potencies and were confirmed to act on T. b. brucei CoA synthesis, indicating that the CoA synthesis pathway might represent a valuable new drug target in these parasite species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1860-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fletcher
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy J Jones
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - John P Holleran
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Medical School and Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
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Burnstock G. Blood cells: an historical account of the roles of purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:411-34. [PMID: 26260710 PMCID: PMC4648797 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of purinergic signalling in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes was recognised early. The release of ATP and the expression of purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases on erythrocytes in health and disease are reviewed. The release of ATP and ADP from platelets and the expression and roles of P1, P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X1 receptors on platelets are described. P2Y(1) and P2X(1) receptors mediate changes in platelet shape, while P2Y(12) receptors mediate platelet aggregation. The changes in the role of purinergic signalling in a variety of disease conditions are considered. The successful use of P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor, for the treatment of thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Matthews K, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Ang RR, Duffy SP, Scott MD, Ma H. Microfluidic deformability analysis of the red cell storage lesion. J Biomech 2015; 48:4065-4072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Pretorius E, Bester J, Vermeulen N, Alummoottil S, Soma P, Buys AV, Kell DB. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is accompanied by significant morphological and ultrastructural changes in both erythrocytes and in thrombin-generated fibrin: implications for diagnostics. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25848817 PMCID: PMC4364097 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have noted in previous work, in a variety of inflammatory diseases, where iron dysregulation occurs, a strong tendency for erythrocytes to lose their normal discoid shape and to adopt a skewed morphology (as judged by their axial ratios in the light microscope and by their ultrastructure in the SEM). Similarly, the polymerization of fibrinogen, as induced in vitro by added thrombin, leads not to the common ‘spaghetti-like’ structures but to dense matted deposits. Type 2 diabetes is a known inflammatory disease. In the present work, we found that the axial ratio of the erythrocytes of poorly controlled (as suggested by increased HbA1c levels) type 2 diabetics was significantly increased, and that their fibrin morphologies were again highly aberrant. As judged by scanning electron microscopy and in the atomic force microscope, these could be reversed, to some degree, by the addition of the iron chelators deferoxamine (DFO) or deferasirox (DFX). As well as their demonstrated diagnostic significance, these morphological indicators may have prognostic value.
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