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Blaj LA, Cucu AI, Tamba BI, Turliuc MD. The Role of the NF-kB Pathway in Intracranial Aneurysms. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1660. [PMID: 38137108 PMCID: PMC10871091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms (IA) has been proven to be closely linked to hemodynamic stress and inflammatory pathways, most notably the NF-kB pathway. Therefore, it is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In the present review, we investigated alterations in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), extracellular matrix, and endothelial cells by the mediators implicated in the NF-kB pathway that lead to the formation, growth, and rupture of IAs. We also present an overview of the NF-kB pathway, focusing on stimuli and transcriptional targets specific to IAs, as well as a summary of the current strategies for inhibiting NF-kB activation in IAs. Our report adds to previously reported data and future research directions for treating IAs using compounds that can suppress inflammation in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentiu Andrei Blaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.A.B.); (M.D.T.)
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Ionut Cucu
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dana Turliuc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.A.B.); (M.D.T.)
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Iacob S, Iacob R, Manea I, Uta M, Chiosa A, Dumbrava M, Becheanu G, Stoica L, Popa C, Brasoveanu V, Hrehoret D, Gheorghe C, Gheorghe L, Dima S, Popescu I. Host and immunosuppression-related factors influencing fibrosis occurrence post liver transplantation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1042664. [PMID: 36330082 PMCID: PMC9622773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1042664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Post liver transplantation (LT) fibrosis has a negative impact on graft function. Cytokine production in the host immune response after LT may contribute to the variable CYP3A-dependent immunosuppressive drug disposition, with subsequent impact on liver fibrogenesis, together with host-related factors. We aimed to investigate whether the cytochrome P4503A5*3 (CYP3A5*3) or TBX21 genotypes impact post-LT liver fibrogenesis. Furthermore, the impact of immunosuppressants on cellular apoptosis has been evaluated using human hepatocytes harvested from cirrhotic explanted livers. We have enrolled 98 LT recipients that were followed for occurrence of liver fibrosis for at least 12 months. There was a statistically significant higher trough level of TAC in patients with homozygous CC-TBX21 genotype (7.83 ± 2.84 ng/ml) vs. 5.66 ± 2.16 ng/ml in patients without this genotype (p = 0.009). The following variables were identified as risk factors for fibrosis ≥2: donor age (p = 0.02), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.04) and TBX21 genotype CC (p = 0.009). In the cell culture model cytometry analysis has indicated the lowest apoptotic cells percentage in human cirrhotic hepatocytes cultures treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (5%) and TAC + MMF (2%) whereas the highest apoptosis percentage was registered for the TAC alone (11%). The gene expression results are concordant to cytometry study results, indicating the lowest apoptotic effect for MMF and MMF + TAC immunosuppressive regimens. The allele 1993C of the SNP rs4794067 may predispose to the development of late significant fibrosis of the liver graft. MMF-based regimens have a favourable anti-apoptotic profile in vitro, supporting its use in case of LT recipients at high risk for liver graft fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Iacob
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Iacob
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Manea
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Uta
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Chiosa
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mona Dumbrava
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Becheanu
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luminita Stoica
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Codruta Popa
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Brasoveanu
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Hrehoret
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Gheorghe
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liana Gheorghe
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Dima
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Simona Dima,
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Semlali A, Papadakos S, Contant C, Zouaoui I, Rouabhia M. Rapamycin inhibits oral cancer cell growth by promoting oxidative stress and suppressing ERK1/2, NF-κB and beta-catenin pathways. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873447. [PMID: 36185289 PMCID: PMC9520465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of oral cancer is based exclusively on surgery combined with or without chemotherapy. However, it has several side effects. Targeting a new, more effective therapy has become an urgent matter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of rapamycin in oral cancer and its mechanism of action. Human gingival carcinoma cells were stimulated with different concentrations of rapamycin to assess proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, as well as apoptosis, and autophagy. The expression of proteins involved in the cell cycle (cyclin D1, p15, p21, p27) and autophagy, as well as that of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, were determined by quantitative PCR. The signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. Our results show that rapamycin has a selective effect at a low dose on cancer cell growth/survival. This was confirmed by low colony formation and the inhibition of cell migration, while increasing cell apoptosis by activating caspase-9 and -3. Rapamycin promoted cell autophagy and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress by being involved in DNA damage in the exposed cells. Finally, rapamycin exhibits potent anti-oral cancer properties through inhibition of several cancer-promoting pathways (MAPK, NF-κB, and Wnt/beta-catenin). These results indicate that rapamycin could be a potential agent for the treatment of oral cancer and for a prevention strategy.
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4
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Blocking TNF signaling may save lives in COVID-19 infection. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2303-2309. [PMID: 35076845 PMCID: PMC8787182 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Global vaccination effort and better understanding of treatment strategies provided a ray of hope for improvement in COVID-19 pandemic, however, in many countries, the disease continues to collect its death toll. The major pathogenic mechanism behind severe cases associated with high mortality is the burst of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IFNγ and others, resulting in multiple organ failure. Although the exact contribution of each cytokine is not clear, we provide an evidence that the central mediator of cytokine storm and its devastating consequences may be TNF. This cytokine is known to be involved in activated blood clotting, lung damage, insulin resistance, heart failure, and other conditions. A number of currently available pharmaceutical agents such as monoclonal antibodies and soluble TNF receptors can effectively prevent TNF from binding to its receptor(s). Other drugs are known to block NFkB, the major signal transducer molecule used in TNF signaling, or to block kinases involved in downstream activation cascades. Some of these medicines have already been selected for clinical trials, but more work is needed. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive method of directly monitoring TNF levels may be a valuable tool for a timely selection of COVID-19 patients for anti-TNF therapy.
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5
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Concha S, Rey-Jurado E, Poli MC, Hoyos-Bachiloglu R, Borzutzky A. Refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis successfully treated with rapamycin. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:e250-e251. [PMID: 33547778 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Concha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo.,Program of Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Cecilia Poli
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo.,Program of Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hoyos-Bachiloglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Arturo Borzutzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Sharma K, Dani S, Desai D, Kumar P, Bhalani N, Vasavada A, Trivedi R. Two-year safety and efficacy of Indigenous Abluminus Sirolimus Eluting Stent. Does it differ amongst diabetics? - Data from en-ABLe- REGISTRY. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 13:162-168. [PMID: 34326971 PMCID: PMC8302901 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2021.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To evaluate the efficacy/safety profile of the Abluminus DES+ over 2-years follow-up in the "real-world" scenario in diabetics as compared to non-diabetics. Methods: In prospective, all-comers, open-label registry conducted at 31 sites, patients were analyzed for 1 & 2-year outcomes with the primary endpoint defined as 3P-MACE of CV death, target vessel related myocardial infarction (TV-MI), ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (TLR)/target vessel revascularization (TVR) apart from Stent thrombosis (ST). Results: Of 2500 patients of PCI with 3286 Abluminus-DES+, 1641 (65.64%) were non-diabetics while859 (34.36%) were diabetics. The 3-P MACE for the cohort at 1 & 2 years were 2.9%, and 3.16%; TLR/TVR - 1.4% at both the intervals for 2493 patients at 2 yrs. follow-up. TV-MI & ST were 0.36% and0.56% at 1st and 2nd year respectively. The 3P-MACE was lower in non-diabetics at 1 & 2 years (2.3%vs 4.2%; 2.4% vs 4.7% respectively). For components of MACE, CV mortality (0.9 vs 1.9% at 1 yr ; 1.0vs 2.1% at 2 years) was significant (P < 0.05) while TLR (1.1 vs 1.9% at 1 yr. & 1.1 vs 2.1% at 2 yrs.) and TV-MI (0.9 vs 1.9% at 1 yr. & 1 vs 2.1% at 2 years) were similar for diabetics and non-diabetics so was ST (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Abluminus-DES+ showed excellent 2-year safety and efficacy with low 3-P MACE which was higher in diabetics driven by higher CV death but similar TLR, TV-MI and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, UNMICRC, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad (Gujarat), India
| | - Sameer Dani
- Apollo Hospitals Ahmedabad and Limsar, Ahmedabad (Gujarat), India
| | - Devang Desai
- Unicare Hospital, Mahavir Hospital, Surat (Gujarat) India
| | - Prathap Kumar
- ESIC Hospital Kollam and Meditrina Hospital, Kerala, India
| | - Nirav Bhalani
- Rhythm Hopsital and Sunshine Global, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
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7
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Ott C, Jung T, Brix S, John C, Betz IR, Foryst-Ludwig A, Deubel S, Kuebler WM, Grune T, Kintscher U, Grune J. Hypertrophy-Reduced Autophagy Causes Cardiac Dysfunction by Directly Impacting Cardiomyocyte Contractility. Cells 2021; 10:805. [PMID: 33916597 PMCID: PMC8065800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction are leading causes in hypertrophy-associated heart failure (HF), increasing with a population's rising age. A hallmark of aged and diseased hearts is the accumulation of modified proteins caused by an impaired autophagy-lysosomal-pathway. Although, autophagy inducer rapamycin has been described to exert cardioprotective effects, it remains to be shown whether these effects can be attributed to improved cardiomyocyte autophagy and contractility. In vivo hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), with mice receiving daily rapamycin injections beginning six weeks after surgery for four weeks. Echocardiographic analysis demonstrated TAC-induced HF and protein analyses showed abundance of modified proteins in TAC-hearts after 10 weeks, both reduced by rapamycin. In vitro, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was mimicked by endothelin 1 (ET-1) and autophagy manipulated by silencing Atg5 in neonatal cardiomyocytes. ET-1 and siAtg5 decreased Atg5-Atg12 and LC3-II, increased natriuretic peptides, and decreased amplitude and early phase of contraction in cardiomyocytes, the latter two evaluated using ImageJ macro Myocyter recently developed by us. ET-1 further decreased cell contractility in control but not in siAtg5 cells. In conclusion, ET-1 decreased autophagy and cardiomyocyte contractility, in line with siAtg5-treated cells and the results of TAC-mice demonstrating a crucial role for autophagy in cardiomyocyte contractility and cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (T.J.); (C.J.); (S.D.); (T.G.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (T.J.); (C.J.); (S.D.); (T.G.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Sarah Brix
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathleen John
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (T.J.); (C.J.); (S.D.); (T.G.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Iris R. Betz
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deubel
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (T.J.); (C.J.); (S.D.); (T.G.)
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (T.J.); (C.J.); (S.D.); (T.G.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Grune
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany; (S.B.); (I.R.B.); (A.F.-L.); (W.M.K.); (U.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Milocco A, Scuor N, Lughi V, Lamberti G, Barba AA, Divittorio R, Grassi G, Perkan A, Grassi M, Abrami M. Thermal gelation modeling of a pluronic‐alginate blend following coronary angioplasty. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Milocco
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Nicola Scuor
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Vanni Lughi
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gaetano Lamberti
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I‐84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Anna Angela Barba
- Department of PharmacySalerno University, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I‐84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Rosario Divittorio
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life SciencesCattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I‐34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Andrea Perkan
- Struttura Complessa di Cardiologia, Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria n. 1 Triestina, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, I‐34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and ArchitectureTrieste University, via Valerio 6, I‐34127 Trieste Italy
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Shang Z, Yu J, Sun L, Tian J, Zhu S, Zhang B, Dong Q, Jiang N, Flores-Morales A, Chang C, Niu Y. LncRNA PCAT1 activates AKT and NF-κB signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer by regulating the PHLPP/FKBP51/IKKα complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4211-4225. [PMID: 30773595 PMCID: PMC6486551 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In PTEN-deficient prostate cancers, AKT signaling may be activated upon suppression of androgen receptor signaling. Activation of AKT as well as NF-κB signaling involves a key regulatory protein complex containing PHLPP, FKBP51 and IKKα. Here, we report a critical role of lncRNA PCAT1 in regulating the PHLPP/FKBP51/IKKα complex and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Using database queries, bioinformatic analyses, as well as RIP and RNA pull-down assays, we discovered and validated that the lncRNA-PCAT1 perturbs the PHLPP/FKBP51/IKKα complex and activates AKT and NF-κB signaling. Expression of lncRNA-PCAT1 is positively linked to CRPC progression. PCAT1 binds directly to FKBP51, displacing PHLPP from the PHLPP/FKBP51/IKKα complex, leading to activation of AKT and NF-κB signaling. Targeting PCAT1 restores PHLPP binding to FKBP1 leading to suppression of AKT signaling. Preclinical study in a mouse model of CRPC suggests therapeutic potential by targeting lncRNA PCAT1 to suppress CRPC progression. Together, the newly identified PCAT1/FKBP51/IKKα complex provides mechanistic insight in the interplay between AKT, NF-κB and AR signaling in CRPC, and the preclinical studies suggest that a novel role for PCAT1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Shang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Jianpeng Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Libin Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.,Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Shimiao Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Amilcar Flores-Morales
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.,Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
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10
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Galigniana MD. HSP90-Based Heterocomplex as Essential Regulator for Cancer Disease. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2019:19-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23158-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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11
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Zhao T, Li R, Tan X, Zhang J, Fan C, Zhao Q, Deng Y, Xu A, Lukong KE, Genth H, Xiang J. Simulated Microgravity Reduces Focal Adhesions and Alters Cytoskeleton and Nuclear Positioning Leading to Enhanced Apoptosis via Suppressing FAK/RhoA-Mediated mTORC1/NF-κB and ERK1/2 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071994. [PMID: 29986550 PMCID: PMC6073227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated-microgravity (SMG) promotes cell-apoptosis. We demonstrated that SMG inhibited cell proliferation/metastasis via FAK/RhoA-regulated mTORC1 pathway. Since mTORC1, NF-κB, and ERK1/2 signaling are important in cell apoptosis, we examined whether SMG-enhanced apoptosis is regulated via these signals controlled by FAK/RhoA in BL6-10 melanoma cells under clinostat-modelled SMG-condition. We show that SMG promotes cell-apoptosis, alters cytoskeleton, reduces focal adhesions (FAs), and suppresses FAK/RhoA signaling. SMG down-regulates expression of mTORC1-related Raptor, pS6K, pEIF4E, pNF-κB, and pNF-κB-regulated Bcl2, and induces relocalization of pNF-κB from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In addition, SMG also inhibits expression of nuclear envelope proteins (NEPs) lamin-A, emerin, sun1, and nesprin-3, which control nuclear positioning, and suppresses nuclear positioning-regulated pERK1/2 signaling. Moreover, rapamycin, the mTORC1 inhibitor, also enhances apoptosis in cells under 1 g condition via suppressing the mTORC1/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the FAK/RhoA activator, toxin cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (CNF1), reduces cell apoptosis, restores the cytoskeleton, FAs, NEPs, and nuclear positioning, and converts all of the above SMG-induced changes in molecular signaling in cells under SMG. Therefore, our data demonstrate that SMG reduces FAs and alters the cytoskeleton and nuclear positioning, leading to enhanced cell apoptosis via suppressing the FAK/RhoA-regulated mTORC1/NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. The FAK/RhoA regulatory network may, thus, become a new target for the development of novel therapeutics for humans under spaceflight conditions with stressed physiological challenges, and for other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Rong Li
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Xin Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Cuihong Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Aizhang Xu
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Harald Genth
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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12
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Testa L, Dani S, Desai D, Pandya R, Parekh P, Bhalani N, Sharma A, Seth C, Doshi M, Sojitra P, Chodvadiya P, Dutta G, Bedogni F. Merging the properties of a sirolimus coated balloon with those of a bioresorbable polymer sirolimus eluting stent to address the "diabetes issue". Results from the En-Abl multicenter registry. Minerva Cardioangiol 2018; 66:536-542. [PMID: 29687699 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4725.18.04702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have poorer outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention than patients without diabetes. The Abluminus DES+™ drug-eluting stent (DES) features a novel technology of fusion coating of PLLA bioresorbable polymer on both the abluminal surface of the stent and exposed parts of the balloon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy/safety profile of the Abluminus DES+ in an all-comers population with minimal exclusion criteria and with a specific focus on diabetic patients. METHODS Multicenter, prospective, all-comers registry performed in 31 centers in India. Patients were analyzed according to the diagnosis of DM and insulin dependency (ID or Non ID): non-DM (1256 patients), NIDDM (498 patients), IDDM (99 patients). The primary endpoint was a composite of device-oriented major adverse cardiac events (MACE): cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (MI), and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (TLR)/ target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 1 year. Stent thrombosis (ST) at any time point was also recorded. RESULTS The MACE rate at 1 year in the overall population was 2.3% and it was mainly driven by a 1.57% rate of TLR/TVR. Although patients with IDDM showed slightly higher figures for MACE (non-DM 2.3%, NIDDM 2.8%, IDDM 4%, P=0.09), as well as for single end-points, none of them reached statistical significance. The rate of ST was 0.56%, 0.4%, 1% for non-DM, NIDDM and IDDM group, respectively (P=0.6). CONCLUSIONS The performance of the Abluminus DES+ is consistent among patients with or without diabetes, regardless the insulin dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Testa
- Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Pol. S. Donato, Milan, Italy -
| | - Sameer Dani
- Life Care Institute of Medical Sciences & Research & Apollo Hospitals, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Rashmit Pandya
- Life Care Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | - Chirag Seth
- Rhythm Heart Institute, Baroda, Gujarat, India
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13
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Abstract
Impaired Paneth cell expression of antimicrobial protein (AMP) lysozyme is found in patients with Crohn's disease with the autophagy gene ATG16L1 risk allele, in mice with mutations in autophagy genes Atg16L1, Atg5 and Atg7, and in Irgm1 knockout mice. Defective autophagy is also associated with expansion of resident Gram-negative bacteria in the intestinal lumen. These findings suggest that autophagy may control extracellular resident microbes by governing expression of lysozyme. To test the hypothesis that autophagy may have a defensive role in host response to resident extracellular microbes, we investigated the relationship between gut microbes, autophagy, and lysozyme. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with fecal slurry (FS), representing the resident microbial community; lipopolysaccharide (LPS); or butyrate, representing microbial products; or a representative resident Gram-negative bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (DSV). FS, LPS, and DSV inhibited lysozyme expression, whereas butyrate had no effect. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin countered this inhibition, whereas silencing of the autophagy gene Irgm1 exacerbated the inhibitory effects of LPS on lysozyme expression. LPS also inhibited lysozyme activity against DSV and autophagy reversed this effect. Our results provide a novel insight into an interaction between gut bacteria, autophagy and AMP whereby autophagy may defend the host by countering the suppression of antimicrobial protein by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha B Singh
- 1 Section of Gastroenterology, Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- 1 Section of Gastroenterology, Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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14
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Identification of Palmitoleic Acid Controlled by mTOR Signaling as a Biomarker of Polymyositis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3262384. [PMID: 28194428 PMCID: PMC5282408 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3262384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is a chronic disease characterized by muscle pain, weakness, and increase in muscle-related enzymes, accompanied with inflammations in lymphocytes. However, it is not well understood how the molecular alternations in lymphocytes contribute to the development of polymyositis. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is the central regulator of metabolism and inflammation in mammalian cells. Based on previous studies, we proposed that mTOR signaling may control inflammatory reactions via lipid metabolism. In this study, we aim to figure out the role of mTOR signaling in the development of polymyositis and identify novel biomarkers for the detection and therapy of polymyositis. After screening and validation, we found that palmitoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, is highly regulated by mTOR signaling. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity decreases palmitoleic acid level. Moreover, mTORC1 regulates the level of palmitoleic acid by controlling its de novo synthesis. Importantly, increased palmitoleic acid has been proven to be a marker of polymyositis. Our work identifies palmitoleic acid in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a biomarker of polymyositis and offers new targets to the clinical therapy.
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15
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Lim EJ, Chin R, Nachbur U, Silke J, Jia Z, Angus PW, Torresi J. Hepatitis C-induced hepatocyte apoptosis following liver transplantation is enhanced by immunosuppressive agents. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:730-43. [PMID: 27167351 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) post-liver transplantation (OLT), the combination of immunosuppressants and HCV is postulated to increase hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis. We evaluated hepatocyte apoptosis within the liver tissue of patients with postOLT HCV recurrence compared to HCV-negative individuals and correlated these findings with the effects of immunosuppressants on HCV-induced cell death and its inhibition in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMoH). Liver biopsies from patients with and without HCV were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for markers of apoptosis M30 CytoDEATH (M30) and cleaved PARP (clPARP). PMoH from C57BL/6 mice were infected with recombinant adenoviruses (rAdHCV) that expressed HCV proteins in hepatocytes. Infected cells were treated with cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus and/or MMF with or without pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-Oph. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using crystal violet assays and Western immunoblots probed for cleaved caspase-3 (clCas3) and clPARP. Both M30 and clPARP were increased in the liver biopsies of patients with postOLT HCV recurrence compared to HCV-negative individuals. Treatment of rAdHCV-infected PMoH with cyclosporine, tacrolimus or sirolimus reduced cell viability and increased clCas3 and clPARP compared to rAdHCV infection alone. Addition of MMF to cyclosporine, tacrolimus or sirolimus further reduced cell viability and increased clCas3 and clPARP. Q-VD-Oph improved cell viability in HCV-infected PMoH treated with immunosuppressants alone and in combination and reduced clCas3 and clPARP by approximately 90%. Immunosuppressive agents, especially in combination, enhanced apoptosis in HCV-infected hepatocytes. The finding that Q-VD-Oph reversed hepatocyte death suggests that treatments utilizing apoptosis inhibition might reduce liver injury in postOLT HCV recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lim
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - R Chin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - U Nachbur
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - J Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Z Jia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - P W Angus
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - J Torresi
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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16
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Ghazi-Khansari M, Ejtemaei Mehr S, Nobakht M, Mousavi SE, Dehpour AR. Contribution of mammalian target of rapamycin in the pathophysiology of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4685-94. [PMID: 27217700 PMCID: PMC4870075 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i19.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and the potential of rapamycin to improve this pathologic condition.
METHODS: Male albino Wistar rats weighing 100-120 g were treated with tetrachloride carbon (CCl4) for 8 wk to induce cirrhosis. Subsequently, animals were administered rapamycin (2 mg/kg per day). The QTc intervals were calculated in a 5-min electrocardiogram. Then, the left ventricular papillary muscles were isolated to examine inotropic responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation using a standard organ bath equipped by Powerlab system. Phosphorylated-mTOR localization in left ventricles was immunohistochemically assessed, and ventricular tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was measured. Western blot was used to measure levels of ventricular phosphorylated-mTOR protein.
RESULTS: Cirrhosis was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining of liver tissues, visual observation of lethargy, weight loss, jaundice, brown urine, ascites, liver stiffness, and a significant increase of spleen weight (P < 0.001). A significant prolongation in QTc intervals occurred in cirrhotic rats exposed to CCl4 (P < 0.001), while this prolongation was decreased with rapamycin treatment (P < 0.01). CCl4-induced cirrhosis caused a significant decrease of contractile responsiveness to isoproterenol stimulation and a significant increase in cardiac TNF-α. These findings were correlated with data from western blot and immunohistochemical studies on phosphorylated-mTOR expression in left ventricles. Phosphorylated-mTOR was significantly enhanced in cirrhotic rats, especially in the endothelium, compared to controls. Rapamycin treatment significantly increased contractile force and myocardial localization of phosphorylated-mTOR and decreased cardiac TNF-α concentration compared to cirrhotic rats with no treatment.
CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated a potential role for cardiac mTOR in the pathophysiology of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Rapamycin normalized the inotropic effect and altered phosphorylated-mTOR expression and myocardial localization in cirrhotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
| | - Maliheh Nobakht
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145, Iran
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17
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Ackermann MA. Links between mTOR and the immunoproteasome: Therapeutic targets for cardiac hypertrophy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:113-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Effect of Immunosuppressive Agents on Hepatocyte Apoptosis Post-Liver Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138522. [PMID: 26390404 PMCID: PMC4577231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunosuppressants are used ubiquitously post-liver transplantation to prevent allograft rejection. However their effects on hepatocytes are unknown. Experimental data from non-liver cells indicate that immunosuppressants may promote cell death thereby driving an inflammatory response that promotes fibrosis and raises concerns that a similar effect may occur within the liver. We evaluated apoptosis within the liver tissue of post-liver transplant patients and correlated these findings with in vitro experiments investigating the effects of immunosuppressants on apoptosis in primary hepatocytes. METHODS Hepatocyte apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemistry for M30 CytoDEATH and cleaved PARP in human liver tissue. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with various combinations of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, or MMF. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using crystal violet assays and Western immunoblots probed for cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3. RESULTS Post-liver transplant patients had a 4.9-fold and 1.7-fold increase in M30 CytoDEATH and cleaved PARP compared to normal subjects. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus at therapeutic concentrations did not affect hepatocyte apoptosis, however when they were combined with MMF, cell death was significantly enhanced. Cell viability was reduced by 46% and 41%, cleaved PARP was increased 2.6-fold and 2.2-fold, and cleaved caspase 3 increased 2.2-fold and 1.8-fold following treatment with Cyclosporine/MMF and Tacrolimus/MMF respectively. By contrast, the sirolimus/MMF combination did not significantly reduce hepatocyte viability or promote apoptosis. CONCLUSION Commonly used immunosuppressive drug regimens employed after liver transplantation enhance hepatocyte cell death and may thus contribute to the increased liver fibrosis that occurs in a proportion of liver transplant recipients.
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19
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Zhang HM, Fu J, Hamilton R, Diaz V, Zhang Y. The mammalian target of rapamycin modulates the immunoproteasome system in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:158-67. [PMID: 26239133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in cardiac development and function. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin has been shown to attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophy and improve the function of aging heart, accompanied by an inhibition of the cardiac proteasome activity. The current study aimed to determine the potential mechanism(s) by which mTOR inhibition modulates cardiac proteasome. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin was found to reduce primarily the immunoproteasome in both H9c2 cells in vitro and mouse heart in vivo, without significant effect on the constitutive proteasome and protein ubiquitination. Concurrent with the reduction of the immunoproteasome, rapamycin reduced two important inflammatory response pathways, the NF-κB and Stat3 signaling. In addition, rapamycin attenuated the induction of the immunoproteasome in H9c2 cells by inflammatory cytokines, including INFγ and TNFα, by suppressing NF-κB signaling. These data indicate that rapamycin indirectly modulated immunoproteasome through the suppression of inflammatory response pathways. Lastly, the role of the immunoproteasome during the development of cardiac hypertrophy was investigated. Administration of a specific inhibitor of the immunoproteasome ONX 0914 attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that the immunoproteasome may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and therefore could be a therapeutic target. In conclusion, rapamycin inhibits the immunoproteasome through its effect on the inflammatory signaling pathways and the immunoproteasome could be a potential therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Vivian Diaz
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
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20
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Pim-2/mTORC1 Pathway Shapes Inflammatory Capacity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Cells Exposed to Lipid Peroxidations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:240210. [PMID: 26064888 PMCID: PMC4434176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/240210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of multiple joints, with disruption of joint cartilage. The proliferation of synovial fibroblasts in response to multiple inflammation factors is central to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Our previous studies showed that 4-HNE may induce synovial intrinsic inflammations by activating NF-κB pathways and lead to cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of how synovial NF-κB activation is modulated are not fully understood. Here, the present findings demonstrated that 4-HNE may induce synovial intrinsic inflammations by mTORC1 inactivation. While ectopic activation of mTORC1 pathway by the overexpression of Pim-2 may disrupt the initiation of inflammatory reactions and maintain synovial homeostasis, our findings will help to uncover novel signaling pathways between inflammations and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis development and imply that Pim-2/mTORC1 pathway may be critical for the initiation of inflammatory reactions in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells.
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21
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Choi B, Choi M, Park C, Lee EK, Kang DH, Lee DJ, Yeom JY, Jung Y, Kim J, Lee S, Kang SW. Cytosolic Hsp60 orchestrates the survival and inflammatory responses of vascular smooth muscle cells in injured aortic vessels. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:498-508. [PMID: 25870185 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pro-inflammatory response of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is triggered by endothelial damage and a causative step for thrombosis and neointimal thickening in the injured arterial vessels. Therefore, we investigate a role of cytosolic Hsp60 as a novel pro-inflammatory mediator in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Hsp60 was detected in the cytosol of VSMCs. The selective depletion of cytosolic Hsp60 in VSMCs reduced the IκB kinase activation, repressed the induction of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent survival genes (MnSOD and Bfl-1/A1), and enhanced apoptotic death in response to TNF-α. Moreover, a quantitative RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of 75 genes among the 774 TNF-α-inducible genes was significantly reduced by the depletion of cytosolic Hsp60. In particular, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL20, and IL-6, was regulated by the cytosolic Hsp60 in VSMCs. Finally, the depletion of cytosolic Hsp60 markedly inhibited the neointimal thickening in the balloon-injured arterial vessels by inducing apoptotic cell death and inhibiting chemokine production. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that cytosolic Hsp60 could be a therapeutic target for preventing VSMC hyperplasia and inflammatory response in the injured vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boae Choi
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Mina Choi
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Charny Park
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kang
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Doo Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Yeom
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Jung
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea The Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 127-750, Korea
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Mazaira GI, Camisay MF, De Leo S, Erlejman AG, Galigniana MD. Biological relevance of Hsp90-binding immunophilins in cancer development and treatment. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:797-808. [PMID: 25754838 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunophilins are a family of intracellular receptors for immunosuppressive drugs. Those immunophilins that are related to immunosuppression are the smallest proteins of the family, i.e., FKBP12 and CyPA, whereas the other members of the family have higher molecular weight because the show additional domains to the drug-binding site. Among these extra domains, the TPR-domain is perhaps the most relevant because it permits the interaction of high molecular weight immunophilins with the 90-kDa heat-shock protein, Hsp90. This essential molecular chaperone regulates the biological function of several protein-kinases, oncogenes, protein phosphatases, transcription factors and cofactors . Hsp90-binding immunophilins where first characterized due to their association with steroid receptors. They regulate the cytoplasmic transport and the subcellular localization of these and other Hsp90 client proteins, as well as transcriptional activity, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Hsp90-binding immunophilins are frequently overexpressed in several types of cancers and play a key role in cell survival. In this article we analyze the most important biological actions of the best characterized Hsp90-binding immunophilins in both steroid receptor function and cancer development and discuss the potential use of these immunophilins for therapeutic purposes as potential targets of specific small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela I Mazaira
- Departamento De Química Biológica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Camisay
- Departamento De Química Biológica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia De Leo
- Departamento De Química Biológica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G Erlejman
- Departamento De Química Biológica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario D Galigniana
- Departamento De Química Biológica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Biología Y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang K, Wen L, Peng W, Li H, Zhuang J, Lu Y, Liu B, Li X, Li W, Xu Y. Vinpocetine attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in diabetic rat carotid arteries after balloon injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96894. [PMID: 24819198 PMCID: PMC4018422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes exacerbates abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation in response to arterial wall injury. Vinpocetine has been shown to improve vascular remolding; however, little is known about the direct effects of vinpocetine on vascular complications mediated by diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vinpocetine on hyperglycemia-facilitated neointimal hyperplasia and explore its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nondiabetic and diabetic rats were subjected to balloon injury of the carotid artery followed by 3-week treatment with either vinpocetine (10 mg/kg/day) or saline. Morphological analysis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining were performed on day 21. Rat VSMCs proliferation was determined with 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine cell proliferation assays. Chemokinesis was monitored with scratch assays, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed using a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) flow cytometric assay. Apoptosis was detected by annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric assay. Cell signaling was assessed by immunblotting. RESULTS Vinpocetine prevented intimal hyperplasia in carotid arteries in both normal (I/M ratio: 93.83 ± 26.45% versus 143.2 ± 38.18%, P<0.05) and diabetic animals (I/M ratio: 120.5 ± 42.55% versus 233.46 ± 33.98%, P<0.05) when compared to saline. The in vitro study demonstrated that vinpocetine significantly inhibited VSMCs proliferation and chemokinesis as well as ROS generation and apoptotic resistance, which was induced by high glucose (HG) treatment. Vinpocetine significantly abolished HG-induced phosphorylation of Akt and JNK1/2 without affecting their total levels. For downstream targets, HG-induced phosphorylation of IκBα was significantly inhibited by vinpocetine. Vinpocetine also attenuated HG-enhanced expression of PCNA, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Vinpocetine attenuated neointimal formation in diabetic rats and inhibited HG-induced VSMCs proliferation, chemokinesis and apoptotic resistance by preventing ROS activation and affecting MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiankai Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Development of a combination drug-eluting bead: towards enhanced efficacy for locoregional tumour therapies. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:355-69. [PMID: 22241169 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32835006d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting beads (DEBs) are becoming a mainstay locoregional therapy for hepatic malignancies but are currently loaded with single drugs alone. Here, we wished to prepare DEB containing different drug combinations, to screen their efficacy using an in-vitro cell culture assay and to include any promising combinations that demonstrate additive efficacy in an in-vivo model of locoregional tumour treatment. A modified in-vitro assay was used based upon the use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) with either HepG2 liver cancer or PSN1 pancreatic cancer cell lines. The comparative cytotoxicity of DEB combinations prepared containing doxorubicin, irinotecan, topotecan and rapamycin was evaluated. Those combinations that demonstrated an additive cytotoxicity effect were investigated in vivo using a nude mouse xenograft model of pancreatic cancer. Although many of the DEB combinations showed either no effect or a slight antagonistic effect, the combination of doxorubicin and rapamycin DEBs demonstrated synergistic activity. On the basis of these findings, a method was developed to prepare a doxorubicin/rapamycin dual-loaded DEB, which was shown to possess the same drug-loading capacities, drug elution properties and HepG2 cell cytotoxicity synergy as the single drug-loaded DEB combination. Evaluation of this dual-loaded combination DEB versus the respective single drug-loaded DEBs in a mouse xenograft model of pancreatic cancer showed an equivalent tumour volume reduction as the doxorubicin DEB, but with less toxicity than the rapamycin DEB. The doxorubicin/rapamycin combination DEB offers great potential for enhanced efficacy in the locoregional treatment of malignant tumours.
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Sama DM, Mohmmad Abdul H, Furman JL, Artiushin IA, Szymkowski DE, Scheff SW, Norris CM. Inhibition of soluble tumor necrosis factor ameliorates synaptic alterations and Ca2+ dysregulation in aged rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38170. [PMID: 22666474 PMCID: PMC3362564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) in neural function has been investigated extensively in several neurodegenerative conditions, but rarely in brain aging, where cognitive and physiologic changes are milder and more variable. Here, we show that protein levels for TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) are significantly elevated in the hippocampus relative to TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) in aged (22 months) but not young adult (6 months) Fischer 344 rats. To determine if altered TNF/TNFR1 interactions contribute to key brain aging biomarkers, aged rats received chronic (4–6 week) intracranial infusions of XPro1595: a soluble dominant negative TNF that preferentially inhibits TNFR1 signaling. Aged rats treated with XPro1595 showed improved Morris Water Maze performance, reduced microglial activation, reduced susceptibility to hippocampal long-term depression, increased protein levels for the GluR1 type glutamate receptor, and lower L-type voltage sensitive Ca2+ channel (VSCC) activity in hippocampal CA1 neurons. The results suggest that diverse functional changes associated with brain aging may arise, in part, from selective alterations in TNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Sama
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Furman
- Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Irina A. Artiushin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen W. Scheff
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lim EJ, Chin R, Angus PW, Torresi J. Enhanced apoptosis in post-liver transplant hepatitis C: Effects of virus and immunosuppressants. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2172-9. [PMID: 22611309 PMCID: PMC3351766 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C (HCV)-infected patients have a poorer survival post-liver transplantation compared to patients transplanted for other indications, since HCV recurrence post-transplant is universal and commonly follows an aggressive course. There is increasing evidence that in the non-transplant setting, induction of hepatocyte apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms by which HCV drives liver inflammation and fibrosis, and that HCV proteins directly promote apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that post-liver transplant, there is a link between high levels of HCV replication, enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis and the subsequent development of rapidly progressive liver fibrosis. Although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear, it is likely that immunosuppressive drugs play an important role. It is well known that immunosuppressants impair immune control of HCV, thereby allowing increased viral replication. However there is also evidence that immunosuppressants may directly induce apoptosis and this may be facilitated by the presence of high levels of HCV replication. Thus HCV and immunosuppressants may synergistically interact to further enhance apoptosis and drive more rapid fibrosis. These findings suggest that modulation of apoptosis within the liver either by changing immunosuppressive therapy or the use of apoptosis inhibitors may help prevent fibrosis progression in patients with post-transplant HCV disease.
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Schmidt MV, Paez-Pereda M, Holsboer F, Hausch F. The prospect of FKBP51 as a drug target. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1351-9. [PMID: 22581765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is best known as an Hsp90-associated co-chaperone that regulates the responsiveness of steroid hormone receptors. In human genetic association studies, FKBP51 has repeatedly been associated with emotion processing and numerous stress-related affective disorders. It has also been implicated in contributing to the glucocorticoid hyposensitivity observed in New World primates. More recently, several research groups have consistently shown a protective effect of FKBP51 knockout or knockdown on stress endocrinology and stress-coping behavior in animal models of depression and anxiety. The principal druggability of FKBP51 is exemplified by the prototypic FKBP ligands FK506 and rapamycin. Moreover, FKBP51 is highly suited for X-ray co-crystallography, which should facilitate the rational drug design of improved FKBP51 ligands. In summary, FKBP51 has emerged as a promising new drug target for stress-related disorders that should be amenable to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias V Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich (Germany)
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Romano S, Sorrentino A, Di Pace AL, Nappo G, Mercogliano C, Romano MF. The emerging role of large immunophilin FK506 binding protein 51 in cancer. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:5424-9. [PMID: 22087835 PMCID: PMC3613799 DOI: 10.2174/092986711798194333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is an immunophilin physiologically expressed in lymphocytes. Very recently, aberrant expression of this protein was found in melanoma; FKBP51 expression correlates with melanoma aggressiveness and is maximal in metastatic lesions. FKBP51 promotes NF-κB activation and is involved in the resistance to genotoxic agents, including anthracyclines and ionizing radiation. FKBP51 is a cochaperone with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity that regulates several biological processes through protein-protein interaction. There is increasing evidence that FKBP51 hyperexpression is associated with cancer and this protein has a relevant role in sustaining cell growth, malignancy, and resistance to therapy. There is also evidence that FKBP ligands are potent anticancer agents, in addition to their immunosuppressant activity. In particular, rapamycin and its analogs have shown antitumor activity across a variety of human cancers in clinical trials. Although, classically, rapamycin actions are ascribed to inhibition of mTOR, recent studies indicate FKBP51 is also an important molecular determinant of the drug's anticancer activity. The aim of this article is to review the functions of FKBP51, especially in view of the recent findings that this protein is a potential oncogene when deregulated and a candidate target for signaling therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romano
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II". Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Inhibition of human in-stent restenosis: a molecular view. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:372-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gallo LI, Lagadari M, Piwien-Pilipuk G, Galigniana MD. The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90)-binding immunophilin FKBP51 is a mitochondrial protein that translocates to the nucleus to protect cells against oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30152-60. [PMID: 21730050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.256610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal microscopy images revealed that the tetratricopeptide repeat motif (TPR) domain immunophilin FKBP51 shows colocalization with the specific mitochondrial marker MitoTracker. Signal specificity was tested with different antibodies and by FKBP51 knockdown. This unexpected subcellular localization of FKBP51 was confirmed by colocalization studies with other mitochondrial proteins, biochemical fractionation, and electron microscopy imaging. Interestingly, FKBP51 forms complexes in mitochondria with the glucocorticoid receptor and the Hsp90/Hsp70-based chaperone heterocomplex. Although Hsp90 inhibitors favor FKBP51 translocation from mitochondria to the nucleus in a reversible manner, TPR domain-deficient mutants of FKBP51 are constitutively nuclear and fully excluded from mitochondria, suggesting that a functional TPR domain is required for its mitochondrial localization. FKBP51 overexpression protects cells against oxidative stress, whereas FKBP51 knockdown makes them more sensitive to injury. In summary, this is the first demonstration that FKBP51 is a major mitochondrial factor that undergoes nuclear-mitochondrial shuttling, an observation that may be related to antiapoptotic mechanisms triggered during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana I Gallo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Allan RK, Ratajczak T. Versatile TPR domains accommodate different modes of target protein recognition and function. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:353-67. [PMID: 21153002 PMCID: PMC3118826 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif is one of many repeat motifs that form structural domains in proteins that can act as interaction scaffolds in the formation of multi-protein complexes involved in numerous cellular processes such as transcription, the cell cycle, protein translocation, protein degradation and host defence against invading pathogens. The crystal structures of many TPR domain-containing proteins have been determined, showing TPR motifs as two anti-parallel α-helices packed in tandem arrays to form a structure with an amphipathic groove which can bind a target peptide. This is however not the only mode of target recognition by TPR domains, with short amino acid insertions and alternative TPR motif conformations also shown to contribute to protein interactions, highlighting diversity in TPR domains and the versatility of this structure in mediating biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Kenneth Allan
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
- The Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Thomas Ratajczak
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
- The Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
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Bergheanu SC, Pons D, van der Hoeven BL, Liem SS, Siegerink B, Schalij MJ, van der Bom JG, Jukema JW. The 5352 A allele of the pro-inflammatory caspase-1 gene predicts late-acquired stent malapposition in STEMI patients treated with sirolimus stents. Heart Vessels 2010; 26:235-41. [PMID: 21052690 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-010-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Late-acquired stent malapposition (LASM) is a common finding after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation and may be the cause for late stent thrombosis. Inflammation may play a pivotal role in LASM just as it plays in stent restenosis. We have therefore investigated seven polymorphisms involved in inflammatory processes, related in previous reports to restenosis, on the risk of LASM in SES patients. Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent SES implantation and had intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) data available for both immediate post-intervention and 9-month follow-up were included in the present study. In total, 104 patients from the MISSION! Intervention Study were genotyped for the caspase-1 5352 G/A, eotaxin 1382 A/G, CD14 260 A/G, colony stimulating factor 2 1943 C/T, IL10 -1117 C/T, IL10 4251 C/T, and the tumor necrosis factor alpha 1211 C/T polymorphisms. LASM occurred in 26/104 (25%) of patients. We found a significantly higher risk for LASM in patients carrying the caspase-1 (CASP1) 5352 A allele (RR = 2.32; 95% CI 1.22-4.42). In addition, mean neointimal growth was significantly lower in patients carrying this LASM risk allele (1.6 vs. 4.1%, p = 0.014). The other six polymorphisms related to inflammation were not significantly related to the risk of LASM. In conclusion, carriers of the 5352 A allele in the caspase-1 gene are at increased risk of developing LASM after SES implantation. If this is confirmed in larger studies, then screening for this polymorphism in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions could eventually help cardiologists to better select between commercially available stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrin C Bergheanu
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Beneficial effects of Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 54:2435-46. [PMID: 20082935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The extent of adverse myocardial remodeling contributes essentially to the prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI). In this study we investigated whether inhibition of "mammalian target of rapamycin" (mTOR) attenuates left ventricular (LV) remodeling after MI. BACKGROUND Therapeutic strategies to inhibit remodeling are currently limited to inhibition of neurohumoral activation. The mTOR-dependent signaling mechanisms are centrally involved in remodeling processes and provide new therapeutic opportunities. METHODS Everolimus (RAD) treatment was initiated on the day after or 3 days after induction of myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. RESULTS After 28 days, RAD-treated animals had reduced post-MI remodeling, with improved LV function and smaller LV end-diastolic diameters (8.9 + or - 0.3 mm vs. 11.4 + or - 0.2 mm, p < 0.05), end-diastolic volumes (304 + or - 30 microl vs. 414 + or - 16 microl, p < 0.05), and cardiac myocyte size (-40% vs. vehicle, p < 0.05). Infarct size was significantly reduced compared with vehicle-treated animals. The mTOR inhibition increased autophagy and concomitantly decreased proteasome activity in the border zone of the infarcted myocardium. Measurement of autophagic flux demonstrated that RAD did not decrease autophagosome clearance. When RAD treatment was initiated 3 days after MI, adverse remodeling was still attenuated and increased autophagy was still present. Sustained improvement of LV function was observed 3 months after MI, even when RAD treatment was discontinued after 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of mTOR is a potential therapeutic strategy to limit infarct size and to attenuate adverse LV remodeling after MI.
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Nicoletti F, Lapenta C, Lamenta C, Donati S, Spada M, Ranazzi A, Cacopardo B, Mangano K, Belardelli F, Perno C, Aquaro S. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in human peripheral blood leucocytes-SCID reconstituted mice by rapamycin. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:28-34. [PMID: 19076826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the immunomodulatory drug rapamycin (RAPA) to inhibit replication of the CCR5 strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro prompted us to test its effects in a murine preclinical model of HIV infection. RAPA (0.6 or 6 mg/kg body weight) or its vehicle were administered daily, per os, to SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood leucocytes (hu-PBL) starting 2 days before the intraperitoneal challenge with the R5 tropic SF162 strain of HIV-1 (1000 50% tissue culture infective dose/ml). Relative to hu-PBL-SCID mice that received no treatment, HIV-infected hu-PBL-SCID mice treated with the vehicle control for 3 weeks exhibited a severe depletion of CD4(+) cells (90%), an increase in CD8(+) cells and an inversion of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio. In contrast, treatment of HIV-infected mice with RAPA prevented a decrease in CD4(+) cells and the increase of CD8(+) cells, thereby preserving the original CD4(+):CD8(+) cell ratio. Viral infection also resulted in the detection of HIV-DNA within peritoneal cells and spleen, and lymph node tissues of the vehicle-treated mice within 3 weeks of the viral challenge. In contrast, treatment with RAPA decreased cellular provirus integration and reduced HIV-RNA levels in the blood. Furthermore, in co-cultivation assays, spleens from RAPA-treated mice exhibited a reduced capacity for infecting allogeneic T cells which was dose-dependent. These data show that RAPA possesses powerful anti-viral activity against R5 strains of HIV in vivo and support the use of additional studies to evaluate the potential application of this drug in the management of HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology and Molecular Oncology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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TLR4 is essential in acute lung injury induced by unresuscitated hemorrhagic shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:124-31. [PMID: 19131815 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318181e555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with hemorrhagic shock (HS) or resuscitation is associated with the expression of TLR4. However, the role of TLR4 in ALI induced by unresuscitated HS remains obscure. METHODS The lung pathologic change was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte sequestration and lung leak were analyzed by pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity and Evans blue dye. The expressions of TLR4 mRNA and protein were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. TLR4 distribution was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Lung neutrophil accumulation and microvascular permeability were significantly increased after unresuscitated HS, meanwhile, lung interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were gradually augmented. TLR4 mRNA, TLR4 distribution and TLR4 protein were also significantly increased in TLR4 wt mice, however, no above-mentioned changes appeared in TLR4 mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of ALI induced by unresuscitated HS, which may serve as a useful therapeutic target.
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Tang YD, Pandey A, Kolmakova A, Wang XT, Venkatraman SS, Chatterjee S, Boey FYC. Use of a novel anti-proliferative compound coated on a biopolymer to mitigate platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation in human aortic smooth muscle cells: comparison with sirolimus. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:721-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pinkaew D, Cho SG, Hui DY, Wiktorowicz JE, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Mahabusarakam W, Tonganunt M, Stafford LJ, Phongdara A, Liu M, Fujise K. Morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:31-9. [PMID: 18930785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-stent restenosis, or renarrowing within a coronary stent, is the most ominous complication of percutaneous coronary intervention, caused by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration into and proliferation in the intima. Although drug-eluting stents reduce restenosis, they delay the tissue healing of the injured arteries. No promising alternative anti-restenosis treatments are currently on the horizon. METHODS In endothelium-denudated mouse carotid arteries, oral morelloflavone-an active ingredient of the Thai medicinal plant Garcinia dulcis-significantly decreased the degree of neointimal hyperplasia, without affecting neointimal cell cycle progression or apoptosis as evaluated by Ki-67 and TUNEL staining, respectively. At the cellular level, morelloflavone robustly inhibited VSMC migration as shown by both scratch wound and invasion assays. In addition, morelloflavone prevented VSMCs from forming lamellipodia, a VSMC migration apparatus. Mechanistically, the inhibition by morelloflavone of VSMC migration was through its negative regulatory effects on several migration-related kinases, including FAK, Src, ERK, and RhoA. Consistently with the animal data, morelloflavone did not affect VSMC cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis. RESULTS These data suggest that morelloflavone blocks injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia via the inhibition of VSMC migration, without inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We propose morelloflavone to be a viable oral agent for the prevention of restenosis, without compromising effects on the integrity and healing of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decha Pinkaew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Cryoplasty for the Prevention of Arterial Restenosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31:1050-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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FK506 binding protein mediates glioma cell growth and sensitivity to rapamycin treatment by regulating NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Neoplasia 2008; 10:235-43. [PMID: 18320068 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) belongs to a family of immunophilins named for their ability to bind immunosuppressive drugs, also known as peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases, and also with chaperones to help protein folding. Using glioma cDNA microarray analysis, we found that FKBP5 was overexpressed in glioma tumors. This finding was further validated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The roles of FKBP5 in glioma cells were then examined. We found that cell growth was suppressed after FKBP5 expression was inhibited by short interfering RNA transfection and enhanced by FKBP5 overexpression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and DNA binding was enhanced by FKBP5 overexpression. The expression level of I-kappa B alpha and phosphorylated NF-kappaB was regulated by the expression of FKBP5. These data suggest that FKBP5 is involved in NF-kappaB pathway activation in glioma cells. In addition, FKBP5 overexpression in rapamycin-sensitive U87 cells blocked the cells' response to rapamycin treatment, whereas rapamycin-resistant glioma cells, both PTEN-positive and -negative, were synergistically sensitive to rapamycin after FKBP5 was knocked down, suggesting that the FKBP5 regulates glioma cell response to rapamycin treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that FKBP5 plays an important role in glioma growth and chemoresistance through regulating signal transduction of the NF-kappaB pathway.
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van der Hoeven BL, Liem SS, Dijkstra J, Bergheanu SC, Putter H, Antoni ML, Atsma DE, Bootsma M, Zeppenfeld K, Jukema JW, Schalij MJ. Stent Malapposition After Sirolimus-Eluting and Bare-Metal Stent Implantation in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1:192-201. [PMID: 19463300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bas L van der Hoeven
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Gouëffic Y, Potter-Perigo S, Chan CK, Johnson PY, Braun K, Evanko SP, Wight TN. Sirolimus blocks the accumulation of hyaluronan (HA) by arterial smooth muscle cells and reduces monocyte adhesion to the ECM. Atherosclerosis 2006; 195:23-30. [PMID: 17174314 PMCID: PMC2504412 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sirolimus (SRL), an inhibitor of human arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation and migration, prevents in-stent restenosis (ISR). Little is known about the effect of SRL on the extracellular matrix (ECM) component, hyaluronan, a key macromolecule in neointimal hyperplasia and inflammation. In this study, we investigated SRL regulation of the synthesis of hyaluronan by cultured human ASMC and the effect of SRL on hyaluronan mediated monocyte adhesion to the ECM. Hyaluronan production on a per cell basis was significantly inhibited by SRL at 4 days and remained so through 10 days. This reduction was correlated with reduced levels of hyaluronan synthase mRNAs while hyaluronan degradation rates were unchanged. Poly I:C, a viral mimetic, caused increased hyaluronan accumulation by ASMC cell layers and this increase was inhibited by SRL. The inhibition was paralleled by a reduction in hyaluronan-dependent monocyte adhesion to the ECM. This study demonstrates that SRL not only regulates the proliferation of ASMC but reduces the production of hyaluronan by these cells. This alteration in ECM composition results in reduced monocyte adhesion to the ECM in cultures of ASMC. Alterations in hyaluronan accumulation may contribute to the inhibition of ISR that is achieved by SRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gouëffic
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Susan Potter-Perigo
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Christina K. Chan
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Pamela Y. Johnson
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Kathleen Braun
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Steven P. Evanko
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Corresponding author: Thomas N. Wight, Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. Fax: (206) 341-1370; Phone: (206) 341-1377;
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