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Almeida-Neto PFD, de Oliveira FCS, de Oliveira-Júnior JM, Alves JCM, Rocha MDL, da Silva IM, Rocha RFC, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Influence of biological maturation on cardiac autonomic recovery in female volleyball players during & after repeated sprints training: An experimental trial. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:279-286. [PMID: 39234484 PMCID: PMC11369838 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, it was suggested that biological maturation (BM) could be linked to cardiac autonomic recovery (CAR) in the pediatric population. However, this influence hasn't been confirmed yet. Our aim was to investigate the impact of BM on CAR in female volleyball players. Experimental study with a sample of 38 volleyball players, comprising 20 girls (age: [11.6 ± 2.1] years) and 18 women (age: [24.5 ± 5.5] years), we analyzed BM, comparing maturing subjects (girls) with mature subjects (women). Additionally, we assessed peak height velocity (PHV) in girls. We conducted a training session involving repeated sprints (3 rounds of 6 sprints interspersed by 5 min [min] of passive rest). Using short-range radio telemetry, we analyzed CAR during (at the end of the 1st and 2nd rounds) and after (following the 3rd round) the training session of repeated sprints by applying the 60-s to 300-s heart rate recovery index (HRR-Index). Girls exhibited superior CAR compared to women (round 2: 60-s, 120-s, 240-s, and 300-s, p < 0.005). Subgroup analyses of BM indicated that individuals in the Late-PHV stage demonstrated superior CAR compared to those in the Early-PHV and During-PHV groups. (60-s to 300-s, η 2 p > 0.4, p < 0.05). Subjects in the During-PHV stage were superior to those in the Early-PHV stage (240-s á 300-s, η 2 p > 0.4, p < 0.05). We have concluded that biological maturation has a significant impact on cardiac autonomic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, CCS-UFRN, Natal, 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio César Medeiros Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Lima Rocha
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Iago Medeiros da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Roberto Felipe Câmara Rocha
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, CCS-UFRN, Natal, 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, CCS-UFRN, Natal, 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil
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Garcia GL, Porto LGG, da Cruz CJG, Molina GE. Can resting heart rate explain the heart rate and parasympathetic responses during rest, exercise, and recovery? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277848. [PMID: 36477005 PMCID: PMC9728889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of resting heart rate (RHR) on the heart rate (HR) dynamics and parasympathetic modulation at rest, exercise, and recovery remain to be clarified. This study compares HR and parasympathetic responses at rest, during submaximal exercise testing and recovery in young, physically active men with different RHR average values. HR and parasympathetic responses were compared between two groups: bradycardia group-RHR < 60 bpm (BG, n = 20) and normocardia group-RHR ≥ 60 ≤ 100 bpm (NG, n = 20). A Polar RS800® was used to record the RR-interval series and HR at rest in the supine position, following the postural change (from supine to orthostatic position) and in the orthostatic position for 5 minutes, as well as during and after a submaximal exercise testing. Statistical analysis employed the MANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Simple Linear regression test with a two-tailed p-value set at ≤ 0.05. BG at rest showed lower HR in the orthostatic position, higher parasympathetic activity in the supine and orthostatic positions, and higher parasympathetic reactivity than NG (p ≤ 0.01) after the postural change. BG before exercise showed lower HR and higher values of the chronotropic reserve and parasympathetic withdrawal than NG (p ≤ 0.01) throughout the exercise. Following the exercise, BG showed higher values of HR recovery (HRR) and parasympathetic reactivation in the 3rd and 5th minutes of recovery than NG (p ≤ 0.01). Lastly, the RHR can explain the variance of the HR at rest, during exercise testing, and recovery from 11 to 48%. We concluded that BG (RHR < 60 bpm) showed higher chronotropic and parasympathetic modulation at rest, higher chronotropic reserve, parasympathetic withdrawal during the submaximal exercise test, and faster HRR and parasympathetic reactivation after effort in young physically active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giliard Lago Garcia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Research Group in Physiology and Epidemiology of Exercise and Physical Activity (GEAFS)—University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Luiz Guilherme Grossi Porto
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Research Group in Physiology and Epidemiology of Exercise and Physical Activity (GEAFS)—University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Janssen Gomes da Cruz
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Research Group in Physiology and Epidemiology of Exercise and Physical Activity (GEAFS)—University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eckhardt Molina
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Research Group in Physiology and Epidemiology of Exercise and Physical Activity (GEAFS)—University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Casanova-Lizón A, Manresa-Rocamora A, Flatt AA, Sarabia JM, Moya-Ramón M. Does Exercise Training Improve Cardiac-Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Sedentary People? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13899. [PMID: 36360777 PMCID: PMC9656115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the training-induced effect on cardiac parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, assessed by resting heart rate variability (HRV) and post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR), in sedentary healthy people. Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Random-effects models of between-group standardised mean difference (SMD) were estimated. Heterogeneity analyses were performed by means of the chi-square test and I2 index. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate the influence of potential moderator variables on the training-induced effect. The results showed a small increase in RMSSD (SMD+ = 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23, 0.91]) and high frequency (HF) (SMD+ = 0.21 [95% CI = 0.01, 0.42]) in favour of the intervention group. Heterogeneity tests reached statistical significance for RMSSD and HF (p ≤ 0.001), and the inconsistency was moderate (I2 = 68% and 60%, respectively). We found higher training-induced effects on HF in studies that performed a shorter intervention or lower number of exercise sessions (p ≤ 0.001). Data were insufficient to investigate the effect of exercise training on HRR. Exercise training increases cardiac PNS modulation in sedentary people, while its effect on PNS tone requires future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casanova-Lizón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University—Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Barbosa E, Pereira RMDS, Guaraná WL, Rocha CGDJ, Fernandes PH, de Oliveira PHL, Molina GE, da Cruz CJG. Effects of Breakfast Omission on Resting, Exercise, and Postexercise Autonomic and Hemodynamic Profile in Men. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:282-290. [PMID: 33054695 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1825603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The acute effects of fasting interventions on metabolic dynamics have been widely investigated. However, knowledge about the acute effect of overnight fasting on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation is limited, especially during and after exercise. Our objective was to investigate the effects of breakfast omission on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation during different stress conditions. Method: Twenty-one young men [age: 20.3 (20.1, 26.5 years); body mass index: 22.7 (21.4, 24.4 kg/m2)] underwent resting and postexercise blood pressure assessments and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, using the SD1 and SD2 indices of Poincaré plots, at rest in supine and standing positions, every 10 minutes during moderate cardiorespiratory training and every 10 minutes throughout the postexercise recovery phase, for a total of 30 minutes for each phase (exercise and recovery). All measurements were performed in a randomized order after overnight fasting or 60 minutes after a breakfast containing ~20% of the total recommended daily calories. The normality hypothesis was rejected, and the Wilcoxon test was conducted to compare the interventions (p < .05). Results: No differences between interventions were observed for resting and postexercise blood pressures (p = .21 to 0.87) or for resting, exercise, and postexercise SD1 (p = .10 to 0.82) and SD2 indices (p = .14 to 0.71). Conclusions: We concluded that overnight fasting does not promote significant changes in resting and postexercise blood pressures or cardiac autonomic modulation in young men at rest (in supine and standing positions), during 30 minutes of moderate cardiorespiratory training and throughout a 30-minute postexercise recovery phase.
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Marciniak RA, Wahl CA, Ebersole KT. Autonomic Nervous System Response to Far-Infrared Sauna Exposure in Firefighters. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:356-367. [PMID: 34632485 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fire departments have employed far-infrared sauna (FIRS) use as part of post-fire call protocols to address concerns related to carcinogens. The inability of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to fully recover following an emergency call, as demonstrated by heightened sympathetic nervous system activity and delayed parasympathetic nervous system reactivation, has been implicated as a potential factor related to sudden cardiac death. The use of a sauna post-fire call, which has been demonstrated to elevate body temperature, may interfere with the ability of the ANS to fully recover. The purpose of this study was to examine ANS responses to FIRS exposure in firefighters (FFs) with (EX) and without (NONEX) prior maximal exercise. METHODS Sixteen career FFs participated in this study. Body temperature (TEMP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), and blood lactate (La─) were measured at the start of each testing session, following a maximal exercise test (EX only), and immediately after a 15-min FIRS exposure for NONEX and EX. RESULTS In NONEX, TEMP increased (P < 0.001); however, there was no change in HR, HRV, BP, or La─. In EX, BP remained unchanged while TEMP, HR, and La─ were significantly (P < 0.001) greater than baseline following FIRS exposure and HRV was significantly (P = 0.018) lower than baseline. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that FIRS following maximal exercise did support some ANS recovery, but may interfere with restoration of body temperature and parasympathetic nervous system reactivation, potentially influencing post-call cardiovascular risk in FFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi A Marciniak
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Suite 350, 3409 N. Downer Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Carly A Wahl
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Suite 350, 3409 N. Downer Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kyle T Ebersole
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Suite 350, 3409 N. Downer Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Ebersole KT, Cornell DJ, Flees RJ, Shemelya CM, Noel SE. Contribution of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recovery in Firefighters. J Athl Train 2021; 55:1001-1008. [PMID: 32841323 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0426.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) have accounted for nearly half of the line-of-duty deaths among US firefighters over the past 10 years. In 2018, 33% of all SCDs occurred after the end of a fire service call. Researchers have suggested that an imbalance in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of heart rate postcall may interfere with recovery in firefighters. OBJECTIVE To use heart-rate recovery (HRR) and heart-rate variability (HRV), 2 noninvasive markers of ANS function, to examine the ANS recovery profiles of firefighters. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Firehouse and research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven male career active-duty firefighters (age = 39 ± 9 years, height = 178.8 ± 5.4 cm, mass = 87.9 ± 11.2 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Percentage of maximal HR (%MHR) and HRV (natural log of the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences [lnRMSSD]) were collected after both submaximal and maximal exercise protocols during a 10-minute seated recovery. The HRR profiles were examined by calculating the asymptote, amplitude, and decay parameters of the monoexponential HRR curve for each participant. RESULTS Differences in HRR parameters after 10 minutes of seated recovery were identified after submaximal versus maximal exercise (P < .001). In addition, although ANS was more suppressed after maximal exercise, HRV indicated incomplete recovery, and regardless of the test, recovery %MHR and lnRMSSD values did not return to pretest %MHR and lnRMSSD values. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ANS contributions to recovery in active-duty firefighters are exercise-intensity specific, and this is likely an important factor when establishing best-practice recovery guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ebersole
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
| | - David J Cornell
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
| | - Robert J Flees
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
| | - Corey M Shemelya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
| | - Sabrina E Noel
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
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Study of heart rate recovery and cardiovascular autonomic modulation in healthy participants after submaximal exercise. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3620. [PMID: 33574441 PMCID: PMC7878503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) provide important information on cardiovascular autonomic control. However, little is known about the reorganization of HRV, BPV, and BRS after aerobic exercise. While there is a positive relationship between heart rate (HR) recovery rate and cardiorespiratory fitness, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and reorganization of cardiovascular autonomic modulation during recovery. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether cardiorespiratory fitness influences the cardiovascular autonomic modulation recovery, after a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Sixty men were assigned into groups according to their cardiorespiratory fitness: low cardiorespiratory fitness (LCF = VO2: 22–38 mL kg−1 min−1), moderate (MCF = VO2: 38–48 mL kg−1 min−1), and high (HCF = VO2 > 48 mL kg−1 min−1). HRV (linear and non-linear analysis) and BPV (spectral analysis), and BRS (sequence method) were performed before and after a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The groups with higher cardiorespiratory fitness had lower baseline HR values and HR recovery time after the cardiopulmonary exercise test. On comparing rest and recovery periods, the spectral analysis of HRV showed a decrease in low-frequency (LF) oscillations in absolute units and high frequency (HF) in absolute and normalized units. It also showed increases in LF oscillations of blood pressure. Nonlinear analysis showed a reduction in approximate entropy (ApEn) and in Poincare Plot parameters (SD1 and SD2), accompanied by increases in detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) parameters α1 and α2. However, we did not find differences in cardiovascular autonomic modulation parameters and BRS in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness neither before nor after the cardiopulmonary test. We concluded that cardiorespiratory fitness does not affect cardiovascular autonomic modulations after cardiopulmonary exercise test, unlike HR recovery.
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Sacubitril/Valsartan Improves Autonomic Function and Cardiopulmonary Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061897. [PMID: 32560431 PMCID: PMC7356720 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a marker of vagal tone, which is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) is a treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which impressively impacts cardiovascular outcome. This study aims at evaluating the effects of S/V on HRR and its correlation with cardiopulmonary indexes in HFrEF patients. METHODS Patients with HFrEF admitted to outpatients' services were screened out for study inclusion. S/V was administered according to guidelines. Up-titration was performed every 4 weeks when tolerated. All patients underwent laboratory measurements, Doppler-echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPET) at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. RESULTS Study population consisted of 134 HFrEF patients (87% male, mean age 57.9 ± 9.6 years). At 12-month follow-up, significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (from 28% ± 5.8% to 31.8% ± 7.3%, p < 0.0001), peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (from 15.3 ± 3.7 to 17.8 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min, p < 0.0001), the slope of increase in ventilation over carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2 slope )(from 33.4 ± 6.2 to 30.3 ± 6.5, p < 0.0001), and HRR (from 11.4 ± 9.5 to 17.4 ± 15.1 bpm, p = 0.004) was observed. Changes in HRR were significantly correlated to changes in VE/VCO2slope (r = -0.330; p = 0.003). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, multivariate analysis showed that changes in HRR were significantly associated to changes in VE/VCO2slope (Beta (B) = -0.975, standard error (SE) = 0.364, standardized Beta coefficient (Bstd) = -0.304, p = 0.009). S/V showed significant reduction in exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV) detection at CPET (28 EOV detected at baseline CPET vs. 9 EOV detected at 12-month follow-up, p < 0.001). HRR at baseline CPET was a significant predictor of EOV at 12-month follow-up (B = -2.065, SE = 0.354, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In HFrEF patients, S/V therapy improves autonomic function, functional capacity, and ventilation. Whether these findings might translate into beneficial effects on prognosis and outcome remains to be elucidated.
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Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Auton Res 2020; 31:187-203. [PMID: 32270406 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on parasympathetic modulation are controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to (a) determine the effect of exercise-based CR on heart-rate-derived indices associated with cardiac parasympathetic modulation in resting and post-exercise conditions in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and (b) identify the possible moderator variables of the effect of exercise-based CR on parasympathetic modulation. METHODS We searched CENTRAL and Web of Science up to November 2018 for the following terms: adult CAD patients, controlled exercise-based CR interventions and parasympathetic modulation measured in resting (vagal-related heart rate variability [HRV] indices of the root mean square of the differences in successive in RR interval [RMSSD] and high frequency [HF]) and post-exercise (heart rate recovery [HRR]) pre- and post-intervention. We estimated a random-effects model of standardised mean difference (SMD) and mean difference (MD) for vagal-related HRV indices and HRR, respectively. We assessed the influence of categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS The overall effect size showed significant differences in RMSSD (SMD+ = 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12-0.49) and HRR (MD+ = 5.35; 95% CI = 4.08-6.61 bpm) in favour of the exercise-based CR group. The overall effect size showed no differences in HF between groups (SMD+ = 0.14; 95% CI, -0.12-0.40). Heterogeneity analyses reached statistical significance, with high heterogeneity for HF (p < 0.001; I2 = 70%) and HRR (p < 0.001; I2 = 85%). Analysis of the moderator variables showed that the effect on HRR is greater in young patients (p = 0.008) and patients treated with percutaneous intervention (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-based CR improves the post-exercise parasympathetic function, with greater effects in younger CAD patients and in those who were revascularised with percutaneous intervention. The effects on resting parasympathetic function are more controversial due to methodological inconsistencies in measuring HRV, with the use of RMSSD recommended instead of HF because its results show higher consistency. Future studies involving women, focusing on methodological issues, and performing other training methods are needed to increase our knowledge about this topic.
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Porras-Alvarez J, Bernal-Calderón MO. Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca: evaluación del entrenamiento deportivo. Revisión de tema. DUAZARY 2019. [DOI: 10.21676/2389783x.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca es un método no invasivo para evaluar la respuesta del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre el sistema cardiovascular, evalúa la capacidad de recuperación del sistema cardiovascular como respuesta al ejercicio físico. El análisis de los índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca refleja la respuesta autonómica cardiovascular a las diferentes cargas de entrenamiento. Esta revisión temática muestra las conclusiones y los protocolos de evaluación utilizados para controlar y evaluar el entrenamiento en atletas. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca fue analizada por los métodos de dominio tiempo y frecuencia. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de SCOPUS, PubMed y el motor de búsqueda google académico, utilizando las palabras clave “heart rate variability” “athletes”, “cardiac autonomic modulations”. Los artículos seleccionados tuvieron como población objeto de estudio atletas de nivel competitivo de diferentes deportes. En conclusión, La evaluación de la Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca permite determinar la adaptación o inadaptación a las cargas de entrenamiento, programar el volumen y la intensidad adecuada de la carga de entrenamiento, supervisar el rendimiento a lo largo de los periodos de entrenamiento y monitorear el estado de forma deportiva durante los campeonatos en todos los deportes.
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van Biljon A, McKune AJ, DuBose KD, Kolanisi U, Semple SJ. Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training Is Superior to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Improving Cardiac Autonomic Function in Children. Cardiology 2018; 141:1-8. [PMID: 30227396 DOI: 10.1159/000492457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the impact of 3 isocaloric exercise programs on cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning in children. METHODS One hundred nine children (39% boys and 61% girls) aged 10-13 years (mean 11.07 ± 0.81) were conveniently assigned to 1 of 4 groups as follows: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 29) at 65-70% of the predicted maximum heart rate (MHR), High-intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 29) at > 80% of the predicted MHR, HIIT and MICT combined on alternate weeks (ALT; n = 27), and a control group (n = 24). Morning ANS activity was assessed via analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), with the patient in supine position for 10 min, before and after the exercise intervention. DATA ANALYSIS A 2-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of training on all HRV parameters (p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125). RESULTS After 5 weeks of training, significant improvements were observed for ln of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (p < 0.0001), ln of the root mean square of successive difference (p < 0.0001), and ln of standard deviation 1 (p < 0.0001), with superior results reported in the HIIT group (effect size [ES] = 2.22, 2.69, and 2.69) compared with the MICT (ES = 1.67, 1.75, and 1.75) and ALT (ES = 0.87, 1.06, and 1.06) groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Short-term HIIT seems to induce superior alterations in cardiac ANS activity compared to MICT and ALT in children through enhanced vagal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke van Biljon
- Department of Biokinetics and Sports Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina D DuBose
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Unathi Kolanisi
- Department of Consumer Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Stuart J Semple
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
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Pan A. Penumbral role of beta blockade on heart rate recovery in heart failure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1328-1329. [PMID: 29675897 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We would agree that Heart Rate Variability (HRR) is a measure of parasympathetic activity, which may need to be augmented in chronic management of Heart Failure (HF). A viable next step would be the determination of the relative strength of the sympathetic response versus the decrease of parasympathetic tone in HF, while taking into consideration the suppression of the sympathetic nervous system by virtue of Beta Blockade, which constitutes standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pan
- Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital (PIH) Health, Whittier, CA, USA
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13
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Storniolo JL, Pavei G, Minetti AE. A "Wearable" Test for Maximum Aerobic Power: Real-Time Analysis of a 60-m Sprint Performance and Heart Rate Off-Kinetics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 29163210 PMCID: PMC5672015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum aerobic power (V˙O2peak) as an indicator of body fitness is today a very well-known concept not just for athletes but also for the layman. Unfortunately, the accurate measurement of that variable has remained a complex and exhaustive laboratory procedure, which makes it inaccessible to many active people. In this paper we propose a quick estimate of it, mainly based on the heart rate off-kinetics immediately after an all-out 60-m sprint run. The design of this test took into account the recent availability of wrist wearable, heart band free, multi-sensor smart devices, which could also inertially detect the different phases of the sprint and check the distance run. 25 subjects undertook the 60-m test outdoor and a V˙O2peak test on the laboratory treadmill. Running average speed, HR excursion during the sprint and the time constant (τ) of HR exponential decay in the off-kinetics were fed into a multiple regression, with measured V˙O2peak as the dependent variable. Statistics revealed that within the investigated range (25–55 ml O2/(kg min)), despite a tendency to overestimate low values and underestimate high values, the three predictors confidently estimate individual V˙O2peak (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001). The same analysis has been performed on a 5-s averaged time course of the same measured HR off-kinetics, as these are the most time resolved data for HR provided by many modern smart watches. Results indicate that despite of the substantial reduction in sample size, predicted V˙O2peak still explain 59% of the variability of the measured V˙O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Storniolo
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaspare Pavei
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto E Minetti
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Zhong Q, Chen X, Zhao Y, Liu R, Yao S. Association of Polymorphisms in Pharmacogenetic Candidate Genes with Propofol Susceptibility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3343. [PMID: 28611364 PMCID: PMC5469860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant individual susceptibility to intravenous anesthetic propofol exists. The etiology of individual variability in the response to propofol may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms in metabolic and functional pathways. With current pharmacogenetics and modern molecular biology technologies, it is possible to study the influence of genetic polymorphisms on susceptibility to propofol. When inducing general anesthesia with intravenous propofol, high individual susceptibility to propofol was found. Using Sequenom MassARRAY single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, we identified a mutation (rs6313) in the 5HT2A gene that was correlated to individual susceptibility to propofol effect-site concentration (Cep) and onset time of propofol induction. Carriers of the minor allele (G) of 5HT2A rs6313 required less propofol (20% decrease in Cep) and less time (40% decrease in onset time) to induce anesthesia. Moreover, associations were found between the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor SNP rs2279020 and the SCN9A SNP rs6746030 and the susceptibility of bispectral index (BIS) after propofol-induced anesthesia. In addition, dominant mutations in GABAA1 rs2279020, GABAA2 rs11503014, and CHRM2 rs1824024 were putatively associated with cardiovascular susceptibility to propofol anesthesia. No gene-gene interactions were found through a standardized measure of linkage disequilibrium and a multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms related to mechanisms of propofol anesthesia are involved in propofol susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421000, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
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15
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Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM. Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review. Front Physiol 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 28611675 PMCID: PMC5447093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac parasympathetic activity may be non-invasively investigated using heart rate variability (HRV), although HRV is not widely accepted to reflect sympathetic activity. Instead, cardiac sympathetic activity may be investigated using systolic time intervals (STI), such as the pre-ejection period. Although these autonomic indices are typically measured during rest, the “reactivity hypothesis” suggests that investigating responses to a stressor (e.g., exercise) may be a valuable monitoring approach in clinical and high-performance settings. However, when interpreting these indices it is important to consider how the exercise dose itself (i.e., intensity, duration, and modality) may influence the response. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to review the literature regarding how the exercise dosage influences these autonomic indices during exercise and acute post-exercise recovery. There are substantial methodological variations throughout the literature regarding HRV responses to exercise, in terms of exercise protocols and HRV analysis techniques. Exercise intensity is the primary factor influencing HRV, with a greater intensity eliciting a lower HRV during exercise up to moderate-high intensity, with minimal change observed as intensity is increased further. Post-exercise, a greater preceding intensity is associated with a slower HRV recovery, although the dose-response remains unclear. A longer exercise duration has been reported to elicit a lower HRV only during low-moderate intensity and when accompanied by cardiovascular drift, while a small number of studies have reported conflicting results regarding whether a longer duration delays HRV recovery. “Modality” has been defined multiple ways, with limited evidence suggesting exercise of a greater muscle mass and/or energy expenditure may delay HRV recovery. STI responses during exercise and recovery have seldom been reported, although limited data suggests that intensity is a key determining factor. Concurrent monitoring of HRV and STI may be a valuable non-invasive approach to investigate autonomic stress reactivity; however, this integrative approach has not yet been applied with regards to exercise stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Michael
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Institute of SportSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Sexual dimorphism in heart rate recovery from peak exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1373-1381. [PMID: 28470411 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is lack of consensus on whether sex, per se, affects heart rate recovery (HRR). To discriminate between the role of sex and that of cardiovascular fitness on HRR, we compared two groups of male and female participants matched for age and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) percentile. METHODS Forty healthy individuals with above-average cardiovascular fitness (VO2peak >50th percentile), aged 18-27 years (23 men; 17 women), performed maximal cycle-ergometer tests with cardiorespiratory measurements. HRR was obtained at 1 and 2 min of passive recovery. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether the relationship between VO2peak and HRR differed between sexes. RESULTS Men attained greater peak values for VO2 and work rate (p < 0.05). Both groups of participants exhibited similar heart rate response to peak exercise and no sex differences were observed in VO2peak percentile or ventilatory threshold. HRR at 1 and 2 min of passive recovery was similar between sexes. In multiple linear models, VO2peak explained 11.2% of the variance in HRR1min both in men and women (p < 0.05). Most importantly, sex, VO2peak, and their interaction were all significant predictors of HRR2min (explained variance 29.2%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, for a given VO2peak percentile (>50th percentile), there is no sexual dimorphism in HRR obtained at 1 or 2 min of recovery. It also demonstrates that, in persons with similar VO2peak values, HRR obtained at 2 min of peak exercise cessation is affected by sex.
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17
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Bharadwaj M, Pope C, Davis M, Katz S, Cook C, Maxwell L. Subacute pyridostigmine exposure increases heart rate recovery and cardiac parasympathetic tone in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:872-879. [PMID: 28440910 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate recovery (HRR) describes the rapid deceleration of heart rate after strenuous exercise and is an indicator of parasympathetic tone. A reduction in parasympathetic tone occurs in patients with congestive heart failure, resulting in prolonged HRR. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as pyridostigmine, can enhance parasympathetic tone by increasing cholinergic input to the heart. The objective of this study was to develop a rodent model of HRR to test the hypothesis that subacute pyridostigmine administration decreases cholinesterase activity and accelerates HRR in rats. Ten days after implantation of radiotelemetry transmitters, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to control (CTL) or treated (PYR; 0.14 mg/mL pyridostigmine in the drinking water, 29 days) groups. Rats were exercised on a treadmill to record HRR, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 of pyridostigmine administration. Total cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in plasma was decreased by 32%-43% and 57%-80%, respectively, in PYR rats on days 7-28, while plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity did not significantly change. AChE activity in red blood cells was markedly reduced by 64%-66%. HRR recorded 1 minute after exercise was higher in the PYR group on days 7, 14 and 28, and on day 7 when HRR was estimated at 3 and 5 minutes. Autonomic tone was evaluated pharmacologically using sequential administration of muscarinic (atropine) and adrenergic (propranolol) blockers. Parasympathetic tone was increased in PYR rats as compared with the CTL group. These data support the study hypothesis that subacute pyridostigmine administration enhances HRR by increasing cardiac parasympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manushree Bharadwaj
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Carey Pope
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stuart Katz
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Cook
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Lara Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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18
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Schreglmann SR, Büchele F, Sommerauer M, Epprecht L, Kägi G, Hägele-Link S, Götze O, Zimmerli L, Waldvogel D, Baumann CR. Pyridostigmine bromide versus fludrocortisone in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease - a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:545-551. [PMID: 28224720 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Evidence for effective treatment options for orthostatic hypotension (OH) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is scarce. Elevation of cholinergic tone with pyridostigmine bromide has been reported as a way to improve blood pressure (bp) regulation in neurogenic hypotension without causing supine hypertension. METHODS This was a double-centre, double-blind, randomized, active-control, crossover, phase II non-inferiority trial of pyridostigmine bromide for OH in PD (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01993680). Patients with confirmed OH were randomized to 14 days 3 × 60 mg/day pyridostigmine bromide or 1 × 0.2 mg/day fludrocortisone before crossover. Outcome was measured by peripheral and central bp monitoring during the Schellong manoeuvre and questionnaires. RESULTS Thirteen participants were enrolled between April 2013 and April 2015 with nine participants completing each trial arm. Repeated measures comparison showed a significant 37% improvement with fludrocortisone for the primary outcome diastolic bp drop on orthostatic challenge (baseline 22.9 ± 13.6 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 22.1 ± 17.0 vs. fludrocortisone 14.0 ± 12.6 mmHg; P = 0.04), whilst pyridostigmine bromide had no effect. Fludrocortisone caused an 11% peripheral systolic supine bp rise (baseline 128.4 ± 12.8 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 130.4 ± 18.3 vs. fludrocortisone 143.2 ± 10.1 mmHg; P = 0.01) but no central mean arterial supine bp rise (baseline 107.2 ± 7.8 vs. pyridostigmine bromide 97.0 ± 12.0 vs. fludrocortisone 107.3 ± 6.3 mmHg; P = 0.047). Subjective OH severity, motor score and quality of life remained unchanged by both study interventions. CONCLUSIONS Pyridostigmine bromide is inferior to fludrocortisone in the treatment of OH in PD. This trial provides first objective evidence of the efficacy of 0.2 mg/day fludrocortisone for OH in PD, causing minor peripheral but no central supine hypertension. In addition to peripheral bp, future trials should include central bp measurements, known to correlate more closely with cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Schreglmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - F Büchele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Sommerauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Epprecht
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Kägi
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - S Hägele-Link
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - O Götze
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Zimmerli
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Waldvogel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C R Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Nederend I, Schutte NM, Bartels M, Ten Harkel ADJ, de Geus EJC. Heritability of heart rate recovery and vagal rebound after exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2167-2176. [PMID: 27614881 PMCID: PMC5118411 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The prognostic power of heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise has been well established but the exact origin of individual differences in HRR remains unclear. This study aims to estimate the heritability of HRR and vagal rebound after maximal exercise in adolescents. Furthermore, the role of voluntary regular exercise behavior (EB) in HRR and vagal rebound is tested. Methods 491 healthy adolescent twins and their siblings were recruited for maximal exercise testing, followed by a standardized cooldown with measurement of the electrocardiogram and respiratory frequency. Immediate and long-term HRR (HRR60 and HRR180) and vagal rebound (heart rate variability in the respiratory frequency range) were assessed 1 and 3 min after exercise. Multivariate twin modeling was used to estimate heritability of all measured variables and to compute the genetic contribution to their covariance. Results Heritability of HRR60, HRR180 and immediate and long-term vagal rebound is 60 % (95 % CI: 48–67), 65 % (95 % CI: 54–73), 23 % (95 % CI: 11–35) and 3 % (95 % CI: 0–11), respectively. We find evidence for two separate genetic factors with one factor influencing overall cardiac vagal control, including resting heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and a specific factor for cardiac vagal exercise recovery. EB was only modestly associated with resting heart rate (r = −0.27) and HRR (rHRR60 = 0.10; rHRR180 = 0.19) with very high genetic contribution to these associations (88–91 %). Conclusions Individual differences in HRR and immediate vagal rebound can to a large extent be explained by genetic factors. These innate cardiac vagal exercise recovery factors partly reflect the effects of heritable differences in EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Nederend
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, LUMC University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Nienke M Schutte
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arend D J Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, LUMC University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Abad C, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Gil S, Pereira L, Loturco I, Nakamura F. Heart rate variability in elite sprinters: effects of gender and body position. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:442-447. [PMID: 26667997 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To describe the heart rate variability (HRV) of high-level sprinters in both the supine and standing positions, the HRV of 7 male (24 ± 6 years; 80 ± 8 kg and 182 ± 7 cm) and 11 female (27 ± 5 years; 61 ± 4 kg; 167 ± 5 cm) high-level Brazilian sprinters was measured in the standing and supine body positions in both the time and frequency domains. The heart rate (HR) and the time (SDNN, RMSSD) and frequency (LF; HF and LF:HF) domains of the HRV were assessed. Natural log-transformations (ln) of all HRV indices were log-transformed prior to analysis to reduce bias arising from non-uniformity of error. The Cohen's effect size and magnitude-based inference (MBI) were obtained for comparisons. The results suggest higher cardiac autonomic stress in the standing position than in the supine for both genders. With the exception of the lnSDNN that showed possibly MBI in female athletes, all other HRV indices presented a likely or almost certainly MBI. Male athletes demonstrated a higher lnSDNN in the supine body position (very likely MBI) and a higher HR in the standing position (very likely MBI) than females. In conclusion, elite sprinters (independent of the gender) present lower HRV in the standing position than in the supine position, but males present a more notable change in cardiac autonomic stress than female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Abad
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Sports Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Nakamura
- Physical Education, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Kappus RM, Ranadive SM, Yan H, Lane-Cordova AD, Cook MD, Sun P, Harvey IS, Wilund KR, Woods JA, Fernhall B. Sex differences in autonomic function following maximal exercise. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:28. [PMID: 26629325 PMCID: PMC4666049 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability, (BPV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) are measures that provide insight regarding autonomic function. Maximal exercise can affect autonomic function, and it is unknown if there are sex differences in autonomic recovery following exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine sex differences in several measures of autonomic function and the response following maximal exercise. Methods Seventy-one (31 males and 40 females) healthy, nonsmoking, sedentary normotensive subjects between the ages of 18 and 35 underwent measurements of HRV and BPV at rest and following a maximal exercise bout. HRR was measured at minute one and two following maximal exercise. Results Males have significantly greater HRR following maximal exercise at both minute one and two; however, the significance between sexes was eliminated when controlling for VO2 peak. Males had significantly higher resting BPV-low-frequency (LF) values compared to females and did not significantly change following exercise, whereas females had significantly increased BPV-LF values following acute maximal exercise. Although males and females exhibited a significant decrease in both HRV-LF and HRV-high frequency (HF) with exercise, females had significantly higher HRV-HF values following exercise. Males had a significantly higher HRV-LF/HF ratio at rest; however, both males and females significantly increased their HRV-LF/HF ratio following exercise. Conclusions Pre-menopausal females exhibit a cardioprotective autonomic profile compared to age-matched males due to lower resting sympathetic activity and faster vagal reactivation following maximal exercise. Acute maximal exercise is a sufficient autonomic stressor to demonstrate sex differences in the critical post-exercise recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Kappus
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, 111 Rivers Street, 038 HCC, Boone, NC 28608-2071 USA ; Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Abbi D Lane-Cordova
- Department Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Marc D Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - I Shevon Harvey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Kenneth R Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Bo Fernhall
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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22
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Ahmadian M, Roshan VD. Time-span of heart rate recovery and its relationship to body composition in various ages: upper body versus lower body exercise. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Blanco JH, Gastaldi AC, Gardim CB, Araujo JE, Simões MV, Oliveira LF, Carvalho EE, Souza HC. Chronic cholinergic stimulation promotes changes in cardiovascular autonomic control in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Auton Neurosci 2015; 193:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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DUARTE ANTONIO, SOARES PEDROPAULO, PESCATELLO LINDA, FARINATTI PAULO. Aerobic Training Improves Vagal Reactivation Regardless of Resting Vagal Control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1159-67. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Cunha FA, Midgley AW, Gonçalves T, Soares PP, Farinatti P. Parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET depends on exercise modality and resting vagal activity in healthy men. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:100. [PMID: 25793148 PMCID: PMC4359698 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The main purpose of this study was to investigate parasympathetic reactivation of the heart [evaluated through heart rate recovery (HRR) and HR variability (HRV)] after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using three different exercise modalities. Methods Twenty healthy men, aged 17 to 28 yr, performed three maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running) separated by 72 h and in a randomized, counter-balanced order. HRR was determined from the absolute differences between HRpeak and HR at 1–3 min after exercise. The root mean square of successive R-R differences calculated for consecutive 30-s windows (rMSSD30s) was calculated to assess the parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET. Results Lower HRpeak, VO2peak and energy expenditure were observed after the cycling CPET than the walking and running CPETs (P < 0.001). Both HRR and rMSSD30s were significantly greater during recovery from the cycling CPET compared to the walking and running CPETs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, Δ rMSSD (i.e. resting minus postexercise rMSSD every 30 s into the recovery period) was positively related to the resting high-frequency component (HF), rMSSD, and standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN) (rs = 0.89 to 0.98; P < 0.001), and negatively related to the resting low-frequency component (LF) and sympathovagal balance (LF:HF ratio) after all exercise conditions (rs = −0.73 to −0.79 and −0.86 to −0.90, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions These findings support that parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET (as assessed by HRR and rMSSD30s) depends on exercise modality and cardiac autonomic control at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Cunha
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Thiago Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
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Santos-Almeida FM, Girão H, da Silva CAA, Salgado HC, Fazan R. Cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine protects myocardial infarcted rats against ischemic-induced arrhythmias and preserves connexin43 protein. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H101-7. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of acute pyridostigmine (PYR) treatment, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), cardiac sympathovagal balance, and the incidence of arrhythmias during the first 4 h after myocardial infarction (MI) in anesthetized rats. Male Wistar rats were implanted with catheters into the femoral artery and vein for AP recordings and drug administration. Rats received the autonomic receptor blockers methyl-atropine (1 mg/kg iv) and propranolol (2 mg/kg iv) at intervals of 15 min, 1 h after saline ( n = 16) or PYR (0.25 mg/kg iv, n = 18), to indirectly assess sympathovagal balance. Acute treatment with PYR increased cardiac vagal (86 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 5 beats/min) and decreased sympathetic tone (−31 ± 8 vs. −69 ± 7 beats/min). Different animals were implanted with ECG electrodes and catheters. A large MI was induced via left coronary artery ligation after basal recordings. Rats received PYR ( n = 14) or saline ( n = 14) 10–15 min after MI, and the recordings lasted up to 4 h. In part of the animals, hearts were removed for connexin43 quantification after all procedures. MI elicited a fall in AP (−45 ± 5 mmHg), a progressive rise in HR (26 ± 14 beats/min), and an increase in corrected QT interval (33 ± 13 ms). PYR elicited a prompt bradycardia (−50 ± 14 beats/min) that returned to basal levels over time, and it prevented the lengthening of the corrected QT interval. Treatment with PYR increased by ∼20% the occurrence of rats free of arrhythmias after MI. MI markedly decreased connexin43 in left ventricles, and PYR treatment partially prevented this decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Machado Santos-Almeida
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Henrique Girão
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguiar da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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Fear and C-reactive protein cosynergize annual pulse increases in healthy adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E467-71. [PMID: 25535364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418264112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent international terror outbreaks notably involve long-term mental health risks to the exposed population, but whether physical health risks are also anticipated has remained unknown. Here, we report fear of terror-induced annual increases in resting heart rate (pulse), a notable risk factor of all-cause mortality. Partial least squares analysis based on 325 measured parameters successfully predicted annual pulse increases, inverse to the expected age-related pulse decline, in approximately 4.1% of a cohort of 17,380 apparently healthy active Israeli adults. Nonbiased hierarchical regression analysis among 27 of those parameters identified pertinent fear of terror combined with the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein as prominent coregulators of the observed annual pulse increases. In comparison, basal pulse primarily depended on general physiological parameters and reduced cholinergic control over anxiety and inflammation, together indicating that consistent exposure to terror threats ignites fear-induced exacerbation of preexisting neuro-immune risks of all-cause mortality.
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Pyridostigmine restores cardiac autonomic balance after small myocardial infarction in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104476. [PMID: 25133392 PMCID: PMC4136726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of pyridostigmine (PYR) - an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - on hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic control, was never studied in conscious myocardial infarcted mice. Telemetry transmitters were implanted into the carotid artery under isoflurane anesthesia. Seven to ten days after recovery from the surgery, basal arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded, while parasympathetic and sympathetic tone (ΔHR) was evaluated by means of methyl atropine and propranolol. After the basal hemodynamic recording the mice were subjected to left coronary artery ligation for producing myocardial infarction (MI), or sham operation, and implantation of minipumps filled with PYR or saline. Separate groups of anesthetized (isoflurane) mice previously (4 weeks) subjected to MI, or sham coronary artery ligation, were submitted to cardiac function examination. The mice exhibited an infarct length of approximately 12%, no change in arterial pressure and increased heart rate only in the 1st week after MI. Vagal tone decreased in the 1st week, while the sympathetic tone was increased in the 1st and 4th week after MI. PYR prevented the increase in heart rate but did not affect the arterial pressure. Moreover, PYR prevented the increase in sympathetic tone throughout the 4 weeks. Concerning the parasympathetic tone, PYR not only impaired its attenuation in the 1st week, but enhanced it in the 4th week. MI decreased ejection fraction and increased diastolic and systolic volume. Therefore, the pharmacological increase of peripheral acetylcholine availability by means of PYR prevented tachycardia, increased parasympathetic and decreased sympathetic tone after MI in mice.
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Danieli A, Lusa L, Potočnik N, Meglič B, Grad A, Bajrović FF. Resting heart rate variability and heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise. Clin Auton Res 2014; 24:53-61. [PMID: 24509912 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-014-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aerobic training accelerates Heart Rate Recovery after exercise in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary disease. As shown by pharmacological autonomic blockade, HRR early after exercise is dependent primarily on parasympathetic reactivation. Thus, accelerated HRR early after exercise in endurance-trained athletes may be attributed to augmented parasympathetic reactivation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the HRR early after submaximal exercise is related to the pre-exercise parasympathetic modulation. METHODS Thirty endurance-trained athletes (20 males, 50 ± 7 years) and thirty control subjects (20 males, 52 ± 6 years) performed a submaximal exercise on a cyclo-ergometer. Pre-exercise resting short-term heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in time and frequency-domains were correlated with HRR during the first 30 s, 1 and 2 min after cessation of exercise. RESULTS We found that HRR was statistically significantly faster in athletes than in controls at all examination time points (p < 0.05). HF, SDNN and RMSSD were statistically significantly higher in athletes than in controls (p < 0.05), but other resting HRV parameters were not statistically different between groups. After 30 s, 1 and 2 min of recovery, HRR correlation with total power, HF, HFnu and RMSSD was positive, while the correlation with LF/HF was negative for small and positive for larger values. The opposite was true for SDNN. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that HRR early after submaximal exercise is related to resting parasympathetic modulation in the middle-aged subjects. In addition, they suggested an optimal range of HRV for maximal HRR after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Danieli
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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30
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Lataro RM, Silva CAA, Fazan R, Rossi MA, Prado CM, Godinho RO, Salgado HC. Increase in parasympathetic tone by pyridostigmine prevents ventricular dysfunction during the onset of heart failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R908-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00102.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by elevated sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic control of the heart. Experimental evidence suggests that the increase in parasympathetic function can be a therapeutic alternative to slow HF evolution. The parasympathetic neurotransmission can be improved by acetylcholinesterase inhibition. We investigated the long-term (4 wk) effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine on sympathovagal balance, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac function in the onset of HF following myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was elicited in adult male Wistar rats. After 4 wk of pyridostigmine administration, per os, methylatropine and propranolol were used to evaluate the cardiac sympathovagal balance. The tachycardic response caused by methylatropine was considered to be the vagal tone, whereas the bradycardic response caused by propranolol was considered to be the sympathetic tone. In conscious HF rats, pyridostigmine reduced the basal heart rate, increased vagal, and reduced sympathetic control of heart rate. Pyridostigmine reduced the myocyte diameter and collagen density of the surviving left ventricle. Pyridostigmine also increased vascular endothelial growth factor protein in the left ventricle, suggesting myocardial angiogenesis. Cardiac function was assessed by means of the pressure-volume conductance catheter system. HF rats treated with pyridostigmine exhibited a higher stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and contractility of the left ventricle. It was demonstrated that the long-term administration of pyridostigmine started right after coronary artery ligation augmented cardiac vagal and reduced sympathetic tone, attenuating cardiac remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction during the progression of HF in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcos A. Rossi
- Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and
| | - Cibele M. Prado
- Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and
| | - Rosely O. Godinho
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guerra ZF, Peçanha T, Moreira DN, Silva LP, Laterza MC, Nakamura FY, Lima JRP. Effects of load and type of physical training on resting and postexercise cardiac autonomic control. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaqueline F. Guerra
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Débora N. Moreira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Lilian P. Silva
- Faculty of Physiotherapy; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Mateus C. Laterza
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Department of Physical Education; State University of Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Jorge R. P. Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
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Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:353-361. [PMID: 23006505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Persons with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and there is compelling evidence of autonomic dysfunction in these individuals. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether a combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention produces similar results in cardiac autonomic function between adults with and without DS. Twenty-five participants (13 DS; 12 non-DS), aged 27-50 years, were included. Aerobic training was performed 3 days/week for 30 min at 65-85% of peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)). Resistance training was prescribed for 2 days/week and consisted of two rotations in a circuit of 9 exercises at 12-repetition-maximum. There was a significant improvement in the VO(2peak) and muscle strength of participants with and without DS after training. Heart rate recovery improved at 1 min post-exercise, but only in participants with DS. Both groups of participants exhibited a similar increase in normalized high frequency power and of decrease in normalized low frequency power after training. Therefore, 12 weeks of exercise training enhanced the heart rate recovery in adults with DS, but not in those without DS. Contrasting, the intervention elicited similar gains between groups for cardiovagal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V Mendonca
- Center of Human Performance, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.
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33
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Fu Q, Levine BD. Exercise and the autonomic nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 117:147-60. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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The treatment with pyridostigmine improves the cardiocirculatory function in rats with chronic heart failure. Auton Neurosci 2013; 173:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Oliveira TP, de Alvarenga Mattos R, da Silva RBF, Rezende RA, de Lima JRP. Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:143-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Peçanha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Raphael de Alvarenga Mattos
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rhenan Bartels Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Rezende
- Exercise and Hemodynamic Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport; University of São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Jorge Roberto Perrout de Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
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Dissociation of heart rate variability and heart rate recovery in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2757-66. [PMID: 22124525 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between aerobic fitness, volume of physical activity (PA), heart rate variability (HRV), and heart rate recovery (HRR) in a group of well-trained endurance athletes. Nineteen endurance athletes participated in this study and had aerobic capacities that placed them above the 99th percentile based on normative values (VO(2max): 67.1 ± 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)). HRV was obtained via an EKG collected during supine rest and reported as high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), and total power (TP). Natural log (ln) transformation was applied when variables violated assumptions of normality. HRR recovery was reported as the reduction in heart rate from peak exercise to the heart rate 1 min after cessation of exercise and PA was estimated from a questionnaire. HRR was significantly correlated with PA and VO(2max) (r = 0.67, P = 0.003 and 0.51, P = 0.039, respectively), but not with any index of HRV. Age was significantly correlated with lnHF (r = -0.49, P = 0.033), lnLF/lnHF (r = 0.48, P = 0.037), and normalized units (NU) of LF (r = 0.47, P = 0.042) and HF (r = -0.47, P = 0.042). Stepwise regression revealed that the strongest predictor of HRR was PA (R (2) = 0.45) and that VO(2max) did not add significant predictive value to the model. The relationship between HRV and age is evident in well-trained endurance athletes, whereas the relationship between HRV and PA/aerobic fitness is not. The maintained relationship between HRR and PA/aerobic fitness suggests that HRR may be a better marker of fitness-related differences in autonomic control in this population.
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Katz SD. In search of the optimal measure for assessment of parasympathetic control of heart rate. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20:1-2. [PMID: 20127384 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-010-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Relation of heart rate recovery to psychological distress and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:645-50. [PMID: 19801939 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283299542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress, poor disease-specific quality of life (QoL), and reduction in vagally mediated early heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise, all previously predicted morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We hypothesized lower HRR with greater psychological distress and poorer QoL in CHF. DESIGN All assessments were made at the beginning of a comprehensive cardiac outpatient rehabilitation intervention program. METHODS Fifty-six CHF patients (mean 58+/-12 years, 84% men) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire. HRR was determined as the difference between HR at the end of exercise and 1 min after exercise termination (HRR-1). RESULTS Elevated levels of anxiety symptoms (P=0.005) as well as decreased levels of the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire total (P = 0.025), physical (P=0.026), and emotional (P=0.017) QoL were independently associated with blunted HRR-1. Anxiety, total, physical, and emotional QoL explained 11.4, 8, 7.8, and 9.0%, respectively, of the variance after controlling for covariates. Depressed mood was not associated with HRR-1 (P=0.20). CONCLUSION Increased psychological distress with regard to elevated anxiety symptoms and impaired QoL were independent correlates of reduced HRR-1 in patients with CHF. Reduced vagal tone might explain part of the adverse clinical outcome previously observed in CHF patients in relation to psychological distress and poor disease-specific QoL.
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Jonathan C, Shani ST, Nir W, Reut Y, Einor BA, Shlomo B, Hermona S. Serum AChE Activities Predict Exercise Heart Rate Parameters of Asymptomatic Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2010.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Influence of cold water face immersion on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:599-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tang YD, Dewland TA, Wencker D, Katz SD. Post-exercise heart rate recovery independently predicts mortality risk in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2009; 15:850-5. [PMID: 19944361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.06.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is an index of parasympathetic function associated with clinical outcomes in populations with and without documented coronary heart disease. Decreased parasympathetic activity is thought to be associated with disease progression in chronic heart failure (HF), but an independent association between post-exercise HRR and clinical outcomes among such patients has not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured HRR (calculated as the difference between heart rate at peak exercise and after 1 minute of recovery) in 202 HF subjects and recorded 17 mortality and 15 urgent transplantation outcome events over 624 days of follow-up. Reduced post-exercise HRR was independently associated with increased event risk after adjusting for other exercise-derived variables (peak oxygen uptake and change in minute ventilation per change in carbon dioxide production slope), for the Heart Failure Survival Score (adjusted HR 1.09 for 1 beat/min reduction, 95% CI 1.05-1.13, P < .0001), and the Seattle Heart Failure Model score (adjusted HR 1.08 for one beat/min reduction, 95% CI 1.05-1.12, P < .0001). Subjects in the lowest risk tertile based on post-exercise HRR (>or=30 beats/min) had low risk of events irrespective of the risk predicted by the survival scores. In a subgroup of 15 subjects, reduced post-exercise HRR was associated with increased serum markers of inflammation (interleukin-6, r = 0.58, P = .024; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, r = 0.66, P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Post-exercise HRR predicts mortality risk in patients with HF and provides prognostic information independent of previously described survival models. Pathophysiologic links between autonomic function and inflammation may be mediators of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Vieira VJ, Iwamoto GA, Wilund KR, Woods JA, Fernhall B. C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1098-105. [PMID: 19193941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90936.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
African Americans have a greater prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared with white Americans, and both autonomic dysregulation and inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of these disease states. The purpose of this study was to examine the cardiac autonomic and systemic inflammatory response to resistance training in young African-American and white men. Linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear (sample entropy) heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and postexercise heart rate recovery were used to assess cardiac vagal modulation. C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count were used as inflammatory markers. Twenty two white and 19 African-American men completed 6 wk of resistance training followed by 4 wk of exercise detraining (Post 2). Sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery were increased in white and African-American men following resistance training (P < 0.05). Following detraining (Post 2), sample entropy, tonic and reflex vagal activity, and heart rate recovery returned to baseline values in white men but remained above baseline in African-American men. While there were no changes in white blood cell count or CRP in white men, these inflammatory markers decreased in African-American men following resistance training, with reductions being maintained following detraining (P < 0.05). In conclusion, resistance training improves cardiac autonomic function and reduces inflammation in African-American men, and these adaptations remained after the cessation of training. Resistance training may be an important lifestyle modification for improving cardiac autonomic health and reducing inflammation in young African-American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Heffernan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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von Känel R, Barth J, Kohls S, Saner H, Znoj H, Saner G, Schmid JP. Heart rate recovery after exercise in chronic heart failure: role of vital exhaustion and type D personality. J Cardiol 2009; 53:248-56. [PMID: 19304130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vital exhaustion and type D personality previously predicted mortality and cardiac events in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Reduced heart rate recovery (HRR) also predicts morbidity and mortality in CHF. We hypothesized that elevated levels of vital exhaustion and type D personality are both associated with decreased HRR. METHODS Fifty-one patients with CHF (mean age 58+/-12 years, 82% men) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 40% underwent standard exercise testing before receiving outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. They completed the 9-item short form of the Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire and the 14-item type D questionnaire asking about negative affectivity and social inhibition. HRR was calculated as the difference between heart rate at the end of exercise and 1 min after abrupt cessation of exercise (HRR-1). Regression analyses were adjusted for gender, age, LVEF, and maximum exercise capacity. RESULTS Vital exhaustion explained 8.4% of the variance in continuous HRR-1 (p=0.045). For each point increase on the vital exhaustion score (range 0-18) there was a mean+/-SEM decrease of 0.54+/-0.26 bpm in HRR-1. Type D personality showed a trend toward statistical significance for being associated with lower levels of HRR-1 explaining 6.5% of the variance (p<0.08). The likelihood of having HRR-1 < or = 18 bpm was significantly higher in patients with type D personality than in those without (odds ratio=7.62, 95% CI 1.50-38.80). CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of vital exhaustion and type D personality were both independently associated with reduced HRR-1. The findings provide a hitherto not explored psychobiological explanation for poor cardiac outcome in patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland von Känel
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, and University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Buchheit M, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Laursen PB. Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H421-7. [PMID: 19074671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01017.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. Ten male cyclists (age, 29 +/- 6 yr) performed two repeated supramaximal cycling exercises (SE(1) and SE(2)) interspersed with a 20-min passive recovery period, during which they were randomly assigned to either 5 min of CWI in 14 degrees C or a control (N) condition where they sat in an environmental chamber (35.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 40.0 +/- 3.0% relative humidity). Rectal temperature (T(re)) and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. The time constant of HR recovery (HRRtau) and a time (30-s) varying vagal-related HR variability (HRV) index (rMSSD(30s)) were assessed during the 6-min period immediately following exercise. Resting vagal-related HRV indexes were calculated during 3-min periods 2 min before and 3 min after SE(1) and SE(2). Results showed no effect of CWI on T(re) (P = 0.29), SE performance (P = 0.76), and HRRtau (P = 0.61). In contrast, all vagal-related HRV indexes were decreased after SE(1) (P < 0.001) and tended to decrease even further after SE(2) under N condition but not with CWI. When compared with the N condition, CWI increased HRV indexes before (P < 0.05) and rMSSD(30s) after (P < 0.05) SE(2). Our study shows that CWI can significantly restore the impaired vagal-related HRV indexes observed after supramaximal exercise. CWI may serve as a simple and effective means to accelerate parasympathetic reactivation during the immediate period following supramaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buchheit
- Research Laboratory, EA 3300 Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Picardie, Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
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Exercise-induced plasma volume expansion and post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:471-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Accarino A, Perez F, Azpiroz F, Quiroga S, Malagelada JR. Intestinal gas and bloating: effect of prokinetic stimulation. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:2036-42. [PMID: 18802999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown if abdominal bloating is attributable to excess abdominal gas or improved by a prokinetic agent. AIMS To assess abdominal gas content in functional abdominal bloating and to ascertain the effect of a prokinetic agent on intestinal gas symptoms in these patients. METHODS In 20 patients, intra-abdominal gas content and symptoms were quantified before and during treatment with pyridostigmine (30 mg/8 hp. o) in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Daily symptoms were quantified for 5 days before and 10 days during treatment, and abdominal gas volume was quantified by CT imaging before and at the fourth day of treatment. A CT scan was also obtained in 10 healthy subjects. RESULTS Before treatment, the total volume of intestinal gas was similar in patients (112 +/- 18 mL) and in healthy controls (116 +/- 20 mL). The treatment-induced change in total and regional intestinal gas volume was not significantly different between pyridostigmine (-4 +/- 18 mL; mean +/- SEM) and placebo (0 +/- 15 mL). However, pyridostigmine reduced the severity of bloating from 3.3 +/- 0.3 to 2.6 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.05), whereas placebo did not (3.2 +/- 0.3 vs 3.0 +/- 0.4), although the change did not reach statistical difference across groups. CONCLUSION In patients complaining of functional bloating, the volume and distribution of intestinal gas, measured on nonselected days, is comparable to asymptomatic subjects. Prokinetic stimulation improves bloating sensation without detectable changes in gas content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Accarino
- Digestive System Research Unit , University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Jones KD, Burckhardt CS, Deodhar AA, Perrin NA, Hanson GC, Bennett RM. A six-month randomized controlled trial of exercise and pyridostigmine in the treatment of fibromyalgia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:612-22. [PMID: 18240245 DOI: 10.1002/art.23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of fibromyalgia (FM) patients have a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, as evidenced by low serum levels of IGF-1 and a reduced growth hormone (GH) response to physiologic stimuli. There is evidence that pyridostigmine (PYD) improves the acute response of GH to exercise in FM patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of 6 months of PYD and group exercise on FM symptoms. METHODS FM patients were randomized to 1 of the following 4 groups: PYD plus exercise, PYD plus diet recall but no exercise, placebo plus exercise, and placebo plus diet recall but no exercise. The primary outcome measures were the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, tender point count, and total myalgic score. Secondary outcome measures were the total score on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and FIQ VAS scores for individual symptoms (fatigue, poor sleep, stiffness, and anxiety), as well as quality of life (QOL) and physical fitness (lower body strength/endurance, upper and lower body flexibility, balance, and time on the treadmill). RESULTS A total of 165 FM patients completed baseline measurements; 154 (93.3%) completed the study. The combination of PYD and exercise did not improve pain scores. PYD groups showed a significant improvement in sleep and anxiety in those who completed the study and in QOL in those who complied with the therapeutic regimen as compared with the placebo groups. Compared with the nonexercise groups, the 2 exercise groups demonstrated improvement in fatigue and fitness. PYD was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION Neither the combination of PYD plus supervised exercise nor either treatment alone yielded improvement in most FM symptoms. However, PYD did improve anxiety and sleep, and exercise improved fatigue and fitness. We speculate that PYD may have improved vagal tone, thus benefiting sleep and anxiety; this notion warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Jones
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Nursing, Portland 97239, USA.
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Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with resting QTc interval in young men. Clin Auton Res 2007; 17:356-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10286-007-0450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heffernan KS, Fahs CA, Shinsako KK, Jae SY, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery and heart rate complexity following resistance exercise training and detraining in young men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3180-6. [PMID: 17890428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00648.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine heart rate recovery (HRR) and linear/nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) before and after resistance training. Fourteen young men (25.0 ± 1.1 yr of age) completed a crossover design consisting of a 4-wk time-control period, 6 wk of resistance training (3 days/wk), and 4 wk of detraining. Linear HRV was spectrally decomposed using an autoregressive approach. Nonlinear dynamics of heart rate complexity included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel-Ziv entropy (LZEn). HRR was calculated from a graded maximal exercise test as maximal heart rate attained during the test minus heart rate at 1 min after exercise (HRR). There was no change in SampEn, LZEn, or HRR after the time-control portion of the study ( P > 0.05). SampEn ( P < 0.05), LZEn ( P < 0.05), and HRR ( P < 0.05) increased after resistance training and returned to pretraining values after detraining. There was no change in spectral measures of HRV at any time point ( P > 0.05). These findings suggest that resistance exercise training increases heart rate complexity and HRR after exercise but has no effect on spectral measures of HRV in young healthy men. These autonomic changes regress shortly after cessation of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Heffernan
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H8-10. [PMID: 17384128 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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