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Kim JH, Yoo RE, Choi SH, Park SH. Non-invasive flow mapping of parasagittal meningeal lymphatics using 2D interslice flow saturation MRI. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:37. [PMID: 37237402 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance pathways of brain waste products in humans are still under debate in part due to the lack of noninvasive imaging techniques for meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs). In this study, we propose a new noninvasive mLVs imaging technique based on an inter-slice blood perfusion MRI called alternate ascending/descending directional navigation (ALADDIN). ALADDIN with inversion recovery (IR) at single inversion time of 2300 ms (single-TI IR-ALADDIN) clearly demonstrated parasagittal mLVs around the human superior sagittal sinus (SSS) with better detectability and specificity than the previously suggested noninvasive imaging techniques. While in many studies it has been difficult to detect mLVs and confirm their signal source noninvasively, the detection of mLVs in this study was confirmed by their posterior to anterior flow direction and their velocities and morphological features, which were consistent with those from the literature. In addition, IR-ALADDIN was compared with contrast-enhanced black blood imaging to confirm the detection of mLVs and its similarity. For the quantification of flow velocity of mLVs, IR-ALADDIN was performed at three inversion times of 2000, 2300, and 2600 ms (three-TI IR-ALADDIN) for both a flow phantom and humans. For this preliminary result, the flow velocity of the dorsal mLVs in humans ranged between 2.2 and 2.7 mm/s. Overall, (i) the single-TI IR-ALADDIN can be used as a novel non-invasive method to visualize mLVs in the whole brain with scan time of ~ 17 min and (ii) the multi-TI IR-ALADDIN can be used as a way to quantify the flow velocity of mLVs with a scan time of ~ 10 min (or shorter) in a limited coverage. Accordingly, the suggested approach can be applied to noninvasively studying meningeal lymphatic flows in general and also understanding the clearance pathways of waste production through mLVs in humans, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Roh-Eul Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hong Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.
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2
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Hammel JH, Zatorski JM, Cook SR, Pompano RR, Munson JM. Engineering in vitro immune-competent tissue models for testing and evaluation of therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114111. [PMID: 35031388 PMCID: PMC8908413 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in 3D cell culture, microscale fluidic control, and cellular analysis have enabled the development of more physiologically-relevant engineered models of human organs with precise control of the cellular microenvironment. Engineered models have been used successfully to answer fundamental biological questions and to screen therapeutics, but these often neglect key elements of the immune system. There are immune elements in every tissue that contribute to healthy and diseased states. Including immune function will be essential for effective preclinical testing of therapeutics for inflammatory and immune-modulated diseases. In this review, we first discuss the key components to consider in designing engineered immune-competent models in terms of physical, chemical, and biological cues. Next, we review recent applications of models of immunity for screening therapeutics for cancer, preclinical evaluation of engineered T cells, modeling autoimmunity, and screening vaccine efficacy. Future work is needed to further recapitulate immune responses in engineered models for the most informative therapeutic screening and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Hammel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Zatorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Sophie R. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA,Carter Immunology Center and UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
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3
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Yoshida T, Kojima H, Sako K, Kondo H. Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:175-189. [PMID: 35037843 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting lymphocytes in intestinal lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes are useful for treating diverse diseases. The intestinal lymph harbors numerous lymphocyte subsets, and DDS containing lipids such as triglycerides and fatty acids can deliver drugs to the lymph through the chylomicron pathway. DDS are efficient, thus allowing the administration of reduced drug doses, which mitigate systemic adverse effects. Here we review orally administered lipid formulations comprising oil solutions, suspensions, micro/nanoemulsions, self-micro/nano emulsifying DDS, liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting drugs to the lymph. We first describe the structures of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and the oral absorption of lipids and drugs into the intestinal lymph. We next summarize the effects of the properties and amounts of lipids and drugs delivered into the lymph and lymphocytes, as well as their effects on drug delivery ratios of lymph to blood. Finally, we describe lymphatic DDS containing saquinavir, tacrolimus, and methotrexate, and their potency that reduce drug concentrations in blood, which are associated with systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sako
- Corporate Advocacy, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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4
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Goldson TM, Turner KL, Huang Y, Carlson GE, Caggiano EG, Oberhauser AF, Fennewald SM, Burdick MM, Resto VA. Nucleolin mediates the binding of cancer cells to L-selectin under conditions of lymphodynamic shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C83-C93. [PMID: 31644306 PMCID: PMC6985834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells bind to lymphocytes via L-selectin in a shear-dependent manner. This interaction takes place exclusively under low-shear stress conditions, such as those found within the lymph node parenchyma. This represents a novel functional role for L-selectin-selectin ligand interactions. Our previous work has characterized as-of-yet unidentified L-selectin ligands expressed by HNSCC cells that are specifically active under conditions of low shear stress consistent with lymph flow. Using an affinity purification approach, we now show that nucleolin expressed on the surface of HNSCC cells is an active ligand for L-selectin. Parallel plate chamber flow-based experiments and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments show that nucleolin is the main functional ligand under these low-force conditions. Furthermore, AFM shows a clear relationship between work of deadhesion and physiological loading rates. Our results reveal nucleolin as the first major ligand reported for L-selectin that operates under low-shear stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovë M Goldson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Yinan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Grady E Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Emily G Caggiano
- Biological Sciences Program, Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Susan M Fennewald
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Vicente A Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
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5
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Varkhede N, Forrest L. Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Disposition after Subcutaneous Administration using a Minimal Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic Model. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019; 21:130s-148s. [PMID: 30011390 DOI: 10.18433/jpps30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly administered by subcutaneous (SC) route. However, bioavailability is often reduced after SC administration. In addition, the sequential transfer of mAbs through the SC tissue and lymphatic system is not completely understood. Therefore, major objectives of this study were a) To understand absorption of mAbs via the lymphatic system after SC administration using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and b) to demonstrate application of the model for prediction of SC pharmacokinetics (PK) of mAbs. METHODS A minimal PBPK model was constructed using various physiological parameters related to the SC injection site and lymphatic system. The remainder of the body organs were represented using a 2-compartment model (central and peripheral compartments), with parameters derived from available intravenous (IV) PK data. The IV and SC clinical PK data of a total of 10 mAbs were obtained from literature. The SC PK data were used to estimate the lymphatic trunk-lymph node (LN) clearance. RESULTS The mean estimated lymphatic trunk-LN clearance obtained from 37 SC PK profiles of mAbs was 0.00213 L/h (0.001332 to 0.002928, 95% confidence intervals). The estimated lymphatic trunk-LN clearance was greater for the mAbs with higher isoelectric point (pI). In addition, the estimated clearance increased with decrease in the bioavailability. CONCLUSION The minimal PBPK model identified SC injection site lymph flow, afferent and efferent lymph flows, and volumes associated with the SC injection site, lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic trunk-LN as important physiological parameters governing the absorption of mAbs after SC administration. The model may be used to predict PK of mAbs using the relationship of lymphatic trunk-LN clearance and the pI. In addition, the model can be used as a bottom platform to incorporate SC and lymphatic in vitro clearance data for mAb PK prediction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Varkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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6
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Yoshida K, Saito K, Omura M, Tamura K, Yamaguchi T. Ultrasound assessment of translation of microbubbles driven by acoustic radiation force in a channel filled with stationary fluid. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:2335. [PMID: 31672000 DOI: 10.1121/1.5128309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a method is proposed to quantify the translation of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) microbubbles driven by acoustic radiation for the detection of channels filled with stationary fluid. The authors subjected UCA microbubbles in a channel with diameters of 0.1 and 0.5 mm to ultrasound pulses with a center frequency of 14.4 MHz. The translational velocity of the UCA microbubbles increased with the sound pressure and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of the transmitted ultrasound. The mean translational velocity reached 0.75 mm/s at a negative peak sound pressure of 2.76 MPa and a PRF of 2 kHz. This trend agreed with the theoretical prediction, which indicated that the translational velocity was proportional to the square of the sound pressure and the PRF. Furthermore, an experiment was carried out with a phantom that mimics tissue and found that the proposed method aided in detection of the channel, even in the case of a low contrast-echo to tissue-echo ratio. The authors expect to develop the proposed method into a technique for detecting lymph vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-3 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Katsuya Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-3 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masaaki Omura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-3 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tamura
- Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Hamamatsu University of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 461-3125, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamaguchi
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-3 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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7
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Sarimollaoglu M, Stolarz AJ, Nedosekin DA, Garner BR, Fletcher TW, Galanzha EI, Rusch NJ, Zharov VP. High-speed microscopy for in vivo monitoring of lymph dynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700126. [PMID: 29232054 PMCID: PMC6314807 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system contributes to body homeostasis by clearing fluid, lipids, plasma proteins and immune cells from the interstitial space. Many studies have been performed to understand lymphatic function under normal conditions and during disease. Nevertheless, a further improvement in quantification of lymphatic behavior is needed. Here, we present advanced bright-field microscopy for in vivo imaging of lymph vessels (LVs) and automated quantification of lymphatic function at a temporal resolution of 2 milliseconds. Full frame videos were compressed and recorded continuously at up to 540 frames per second. A new edge detection algorithm was used to monitor vessel diameter changes across multiple cross sections, while individual cells in the LVs were tracked to estimate flow velocity. The system performance initially was verified in vitro using 6- and 10-μm microspheres as cell phantoms on slides and in 90-μm diameter tubes at flow velocities up to 4 cm/second. Using an in vivo rat model, we explored the mechanisms of lymphedema after surgical lymphadenectomy of the mesentery. The system revealed reductions of mesenteric LV contraction and flow rate. Thus, the described imaging system may be applicable to the study of lymphatic behavior during therapeutic and surgical interventions, and potentially during lymphatic system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amanda J. Stolarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Brittney R. Garner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Terry W. Fletcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nancy J. Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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8
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Thompson RL, Margolis EA, Ryan TJ, Coisman BJ, Price GM, Wong KHK, Tien J. Design principles for lymphatic drainage of fluid and solutes from collagen scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:106-114. [PMID: 28879690 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, tissues are drained of excess fluid and macromolecules by the lymphatic vascular system. How to engineer artificial lymphatics that can provide equivalent drainage in biomaterials remains an open question. This study elucidates design principles for engineered lymphatics, by comparing the rates of removal of fluid and solute through type I collagen gels that contain lymphatic vessels or unseeded channels, or through gels without channels. Surprisingly, no difference was found between the fluid drainage rates for gels that contained vessels or bare channels. Moreover, solute drainage rates were greater in collagen gels that contained lymphatic vessels than in those that had bare channels. The enhancement of solute drainage by lymphatic endothelium was more pronounced in longer scaffolds and with smaller solutes. Whole-scaffold imaging revealed that endothelialization aided in solute drainage by impeding solute reflux into the gel without hindering solute entry into the vessel lumen. These results were reproduced by computational models of drainage with a flow-dependent endothelial hydraulic conductivity. This study shows that endothelialization of bare channels does not impede the drainage of fluid from collagen gels and can increase the drainage of macromolecules by preventing solute transport back into the scaffold. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 106-114, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Emily A Margolis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Tyler J Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Brent J Coisman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Gavrielle M Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Keith H K Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215.,Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 St. Mary's Street, Brookline, Massachusetts, 02446
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9
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Choi D, Park E, Jung E, Seong YJ, Hong M, Lee S, Burford J, Gyarmati G, Peti-Peterdi J, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Koh CJ, Boriushkin E, Hamik A, Wong AK, Hong YK. ORAI1 Activates Proliferation of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Response to Laminar Flow Through Krüppel-Like Factors 2 and 4. Circ Res 2017; 120:1426-1439. [PMID: 28167653 PMCID: PMC6300148 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphatic vessels function to drain interstitial fluid from a variety of tissues. Although shear stress generated by fluid flow is known to trigger lymphatic expansion and remodeling, the molecular basis underlying flow-induced lymphatic growth is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which laminar shear stress activates lymphatic proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary endothelial cells from dermal blood and lymphatic vessels (blood vascular endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells [LECs]) were exposed to low-rate steady laminar flow. Shear stress-induced molecular and cellular responses were defined and verified using various mutant mouse models. Steady laminar flow induced the classic shear stress responses commonly in blood vascular endothelial cells and LECs. Surprisingly, however, only LECs showed enhanced cell proliferation by regulating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, FGFR3, and p57/CDKN1C genes. As an early signal mediator, ORAI1, a pore subunit of the calcium release-activated calcium channel, was identified to induce the shear stress phenotypes and cell proliferation in LECs responding to the fluid flow. Mechanistically, ORAI1 induced upregulation of Krüppel-like factor (KLF)-2 and KLF4 in the flow-activated LECs, and the 2 KLF proteins cooperate to regulate VEGF-A, VEGF-C, FGFR3, and p57 by binding to the regulatory regions of the genes. Consistently, freshly isolated LECs from Orai1 knockout embryos displayed reduced expression of KLF2, KLF4, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and FGFR3 and elevated expression of p57. Accordingly, mouse embryos deficient in Orai1, Klf2, or Klf4 showed a significantly reduced lymphatic density and impaired lymphatic development. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a molecular mechanism for laminar flow-activated LEC proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/pathology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Knockout
- ORAI1 Protein/deficiency
- ORAI1 Protein/genetics
- ORAI1 Protein/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunson Jung
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Young Jin Seong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mingu Hong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sunju Lee
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Burford
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Pediatric Urology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Evgenii Boriushkin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Anne Hamik
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
| | - Alex K. Wong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Choi D, Park E, Jung E, Seong YJ, Yoo J, Lee E, Hong M, Lee S, Ishida H, Burford J, Peti-Peterdi J, Adams RH, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Chen CS, Vogel HJ, Koh CJ, Wong AK, Hong YK. Laminar flow downregulates Notch activity to promote lymphatic sprouting. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1225-1240. [PMID: 28263185 DOI: 10.1172/jci87442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major function of the lymphatic system is to drain interstitial fluid from tissue. Functional drainage causes increased fluid flow that triggers lymphatic expansion, which is conceptually similar to hypoxia-triggered angiogenesis. Here, we have identified a mechanotransduction pathway that translates laminar flow-induced shear stress to activation of lymphatic sprouting. While low-rate laminar flow commonly induces the classic shear stress responses in blood endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), only LECs display reduced Notch activity and increased sprouting capacity. In response to flow, the plasma membrane calcium channel ORAI1 mediates calcium influx in LECs and activates calmodulin to facilitate a physical interaction between Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), the major regulator of shear responses, and PROX1, the master regulator of lymphatic development. The PROX1/KLF2 complex upregulates the expression of DTX1 and DTX3L. DTX1 and DTX3L, functioning as a heterodimeric Notch E3 ligase, concertedly downregulate NOTCH1 activity and enhance lymphatic sprouting. Notably, overexpression of the calcium reporter GCaMP3 unexpectedly inhibited lymphatic sprouting, presumably by disturbing calcium signaling. Endothelial-specific knockouts of Orai1 and Klf2 also markedly impaired lymphatic sprouting. Moreover, Dtx3l loss of function led to defective lymphatic sprouting, while Dtx3l gain of function rescued impaired sprouting in Orai1 KO embryos. Together, the data reveal a molecular mechanism underlying laminar flow-induced lymphatic sprouting.
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11
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Wiedemair W, Tukovic Z, Jasak H, Poulikakos D, Kurtcuoglu V. The breakup of intravascular microbubbles and its impact on the endothelium. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:611-624. [PMID: 27734169 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated microbubbles (MBs) serve as endovascular agents in a wide range of medical ultrasound applications. The oscillatory response of these agents to ultrasonic excitation is determined by MB size, gas content, viscoelastic shell properties and geometrical constraints. The viscoelastic parameters of the MB capsule vary during an oscillation cycle and change irreversibly upon shell rupture. The latter results in marked stress changes on the endothelium of capillary blood vessels due to altered MB dynamics. Mechanical effects on microvessels are crucial for safety and efficacy in applications such as focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. Since direct in vivo quantification of vascular stresses is currently not achievable, computational modelling has established itself as an alternative. We have developed a novel computational framework combining fluid-structure coupling and interface tracking to model the nonlinear dynamics of an encapsulated MB in constrained environments. This framework is used to investigate the mechanical stresses at the endothelium resulting from MB shell rupture in three microvessel setups of increasing levels of geometric detail. All configurations predict substantial elevation of up to 150 % for peak wall shear stress upon MB breakup, whereas global peak transmural pressure levels remain unaltered. The presence of red blood cells causes confinement of pressure and shear gradients to the proximity of the MB, and the introduction of endothelial texture creates local modulations of shear stress levels. With regard to safety assessments, the mechanical impact of MB breakup is shown to be more important than taking into account individual red blood cells and endothelial texture. The latter two may prove to be relevant to the actual, complex process of BBB opening induced by MB oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wiedemair
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zeljko Tukovic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Jasak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Bianchi A, Painter KJ, Sherratt JA. Spatio-temporal Models of Lymphangiogenesis in Wound Healing. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:1904-1941. [PMID: 27670430 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that one possible cause of impaired wound healing is failed or insufficient lymphangiogenesis, that is the formation of new lymphatic capillaries. Although many mathematical models have been developed to describe the formation of blood capillaries (angiogenesis), very few have been proposed for the regeneration of the lymphatic network. Lymphangiogenesis is a markedly different process from angiogenesis, occurring at different times and in response to different chemical stimuli. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: (1) lymphatic capillaries sprout from existing interrupted ones at the edge of the wound in analogy to the blood angiogenesis case and (2) lymphatic endothelial cells first pool in the wound region following the lymph flow and then, once sufficiently populated, start to form a network. Here, we present two PDE models describing lymphangiogenesis according to these two different hypotheses. Further, we include the effect of advection due to interstitial flow and lymph flow coming from open capillaries. The variables represent different cell densities and growth factor concentrations, and where possible the parameters are estimated from biological data. The models are then solved numerically and the results are compared with the available biological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bianchi
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK. .,University of Alberta, 632 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada.
| | - Kevin J Painter
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan A Sherratt
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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13
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Rahman M, Mohammed S. Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1233-1239. [PMID: 26622656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, despite a significant decline in death rates due to early detection. The majority of cancer mortalities are due to the metastasis of tumor cells to other organs. Metastasis or tumor cell dissemination occurs via the hematogenous and lymphatic systems. For many carcinomas, the dissemination of tumor cells via lymphatic drainage of the tumor is the most common metastatic route. Such lymphatic drainage collects at the regional lymph nodes and the dissection and pathological examination of these nodes for lodged cancer cells is the gold standard procedure to detect metastasis. The present report provides an overview of the lymphatic system and its clinical significance as a prognostic factor, in addition to the interactions between the primary tumor and its microenvironment, and the influence of genomic subtypes on the resulting organ-specific pattern of tumor cell dissemination. It also examines the seemingly protracted asymptomatic period, during which the disseminated cells remain dormant, leading to the manifestation of metastasis decades after the successful treatment of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazzah Rahman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sulma Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA ; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA ; Bindley Bioscience, Purdue Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Jain RK, Martin JD, Stylianopoulos T. The role of mechanical forces in tumor growth and therapy. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 16:321-46. [PMID: 25014786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors generate physical forces during growth and progression. These physical forces are able to compress blood and lymphatic vessels, reducing perfusion rates and creating hypoxia. When exerted directly on cancer cells, they can increase cells' invasive and metastatic potential. Tumor vessels-while nourishing the tumor-are usually leaky and tortuous, which further decreases perfusion. Hypoperfusion and hypoxia contribute to immune evasion, promote malignant progression and metastasis, and reduce the efficacy of a number of therapies, including radiation. In parallel, vessel leakiness together with vessel compression causes a uniformly elevated interstitial fluid pressure that hinders delivery of blood-borne therapeutic agents, lowering the efficacy of chemo- and nanotherapies. In addition, shear stresses exerted by flowing blood and interstitial fluid modulate the behavior of cancer and a variety of host cells. Taming these physical forces can improve therapeutic outcomes in many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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15
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Jafarnejad M, Cromer WE, Kaunas RR, Zhang SL, Zawieja DC, Moore JE. Measurement of shear stress-mediated intracellular calcium dynamics in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H697-706. [PMID: 25617358 PMCID: PMC4385995 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00744.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shear stress applied to lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) by lymph flow changes dramatically under normal conditions as well as in response to disease conditions and immune reactions. In general, LEC are known to regulate the contraction frequency and strength of lymphatic pumping in response to shear stress. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) is an important factor that regulates lymphatic contraction characteristics. In this study, we measured changes in the [Ca(2+)]i under different shear stress levels and determined the source of this calcium signal. Briefly, human dermal LEC were cultured in custom-made microchannels for 3 days before loading with 2 µM fura-2 AM, a ratiometric calcium dye to measure [Ca(2+)]i. Step changes in shear stress resulted in a rapid increase in [Ca(2+)]i followed by a gradual return to the basal level and sometimes below the initial baseline (45.2 ± 2.2 nM). The [Ca(2+)]i reached a peak at 126.2 ± 5.6 nM for 10 dyn/cm(2) stimulus, whereas the peak was only 71.8 ± 5.4 nM for 1 dyn/cm(2) stimulus, indicating that the calcium signal depends on the magnitude of shear stress. Removal of the extracellular calcium from the buffer or pharmocological blockade of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels significantly reduced the peak [Ca(2+)]i, demonstrating a role of extracellular calcium entry. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium pumps showed the importance of intracellular calcium stores in the initiation of this signal. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the shear-mediated calcium signal is dependent on the magnitude of the shear and involves ER store calcium release and extracellular calcium entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafarnejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, England
| | - W E Cromer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; and
| | - R R Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - S L Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; and
| | - D C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; and
| | - J E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, England;
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16
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Breslin JW. Mechanical forces and lymphatic transport. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:46-54. [PMID: 25107458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the current understanding of how the lymphatic vessel network can optimize lymph flow in response to various mechanical forces. Lymphatics are organized as a vascular tree, with blind-ended initial lymphatics, precollectors, prenodal collecting lymphatics, lymph nodes, postnodal collecting lymphatics and the larger trunks (thoracic duct and right lymph duct) that connect to the subclavian veins. The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid depends heavily on oscillating pressure gradients to drive fluid into initial lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics are segmented vessels with unidirectional valves, with each segment, called a lymphangion, possessing an intrinsic pumping mechanism. The lymphangions propel lymph forward against a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Fluid is returned to the central circulation both at lymph nodes and via the larger lymphatic trunks. Several recent developments are discussed, including evidence for the active role of endothelial cells in lymph formation; recent developments on how inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and shear stress affect the pump function of the lymphangion; lymphatic valve gating mechanisms; collecting lymphatic permeability; and current interpretations of the molecular mechanisms within lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle. An improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which lymphatic vessels sense mechanical stimuli, integrate the information, and generate the appropriate response is key for determining the pathogenesis of lymphatic insufficiency and developing treatments for lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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17
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Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic dysfunction. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:325-34. [PMID: 24449090 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is intimately linked to tissue fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. These functions are paramount in the establishment and development of an inflammatory response. In the past decade, an increasing number of reports has revealed that marked changes, such as lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic contractile dysfunction occur in both vascular and nodal parts of the lymphatic system during inflammation, as well as other disease processes. This review provides a critical update on the role of the lymphatic system in disease process such as chronic inflammation and cancer and examines the changes in lymphatic functions the diseases cause and the influence these changes have on the progression of the diseases.
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18
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Rane S, Donahue PMC, Towse T, Ridner S, Chappell M, Jordi J, Gore J, Donahue MJ. Clinical feasibility of noninvasive visualization of lymphatic flow with principles of spin labeling MR imaging: implications for lymphedema assessment. Radiology 2013; 269:893-902. [PMID: 23864103 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To extend a commonly used noninvasive arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method for measuring blood flow to evaluate lymphatic flow. MATERIALS AND METHODS All volunteers (n = 12) provided informed consent in accordance with institutional review board and HIPAA regulations. Quantitative relaxation time (T1 and T2) measurements were made in extracted human lymphatic fluid at 3.0 T. Guided by these parameters, an arterial spin labeling MR imaging approach was adapted to measure lymphatic flow (flow-alternating inversion-recovery lymphatic water labeling, 3 × 3 × 5 mm) in healthy subjects (n = 6; mean age, 30 years ± 1 [standard deviation]; recruitment duration, 2 months). Lymphatic flow velocity was quantified by performing spin labeling measurements as a function of postlabeling delay time and by measuring time to peak signal intensity in axillary lymph nodes. Clinical feasibility was evaluated in patients with stage II lymphedema (three women; age range, 43-64 years) and in control subjects with unilateral cuff-induced lymphatic stenosis (one woman, two men; age range, 31-35 years). RESULTS Mean T1 and T2 relaxation times of lymphatic fluid at 3.0 T were 3100 msec ± 160 (range, 2930-3210 msec; median, 3200 msec) and 610 msec ± 12 (range, 598-618 msec; median, 610 msec), respectively. Healthy lymphatic flow (afferent vessel to axillary node) velocity was 0.61 cm/min ± 0.13 (n = 6). A reduction (P < .005) in lymphatic flow velocity in the affected arms of patients and the affected arms of healthy subjects with manipulated cuff-induced flow reduction was observed. The ratio of unaffected to affected axilla lymphatic velocity (1.24 ± 0.18) was significantly (P < .005) higher than the left-to-right ratio in healthy subjects (0.91 ± 0.18). CONCLUSION This work provides a foundation for clinical investigations whereby lymphedema etiogenesis and therapies may be interrogated without exogenous agents and with clinically available imaging equipment. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Rane
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S. Rane, T.T., J.G., M.J.D.), Vanderbilt Dayani Center for Health and Wellness (P.M.C.D.), Vanderbilt Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (P.M.C.D.), School of Nursing (S. Ridner), and Department of Psychiatry (M.J.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (S. Rane, T.T., J.G., M.J.D.) and Department of Physics and Astronomy (M.J.D.), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South, Medical Center North, AA-3107, Nashville, TN 37232-2310; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, England (M.C.); John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Center for Functional MRI of the Brain, Oxford, England (M.C.); and Siskin Hospital Lymphedema Clinic, Chattanooga, Tenn (J.J.)
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19
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Mitchell MJ, King MR. Computational and experimental models of cancer cell response to fluid shear stress. Front Oncol 2013; 3:44. [PMID: 23467856 PMCID: PMC3587800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that mechanical forces play a key role in cancer metastasis, a complex series of steps that is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. One such force is fluid shear stress, exerted on circulating tumor cells by blood flow in the vascular microenvironment, and also on tumor cells exposed to slow interstitial flows in the tumor microenvironment. Computational and experimental models have the potential to elucidate metastatic behavior of cells exposed to such forces. Here, we review the fluid-generated forces that tumor cells are exposed to in the vascular and tumor microenvironments, and discuss recent computational and experimental models that have revealed mechanotransduction phenomena that may play a role in the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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20
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Abstract
Prion infection and pathogenesis are dependent on the agent crossing an epithelial barrier to gain access to the recipient nervous system. Several routes of infection have been identified, but the mechanism(s) and timing of in vivo prion transport across an epithelium have not been determined. The hamster model of nasal cavity infection was used to determine the temporal and spatial parameters of prion-infected brain homogenate uptake following inhalation and to test the hypothesis that prions cross the nasal mucosa via M cells. A small drop of infected or uninfected brain homogenate was placed below each nostril, where it was immediately inhaled into the nasal cavity. Regularly spaced tissue sections through the entire extent of the nasal cavity were processed immunohistochemically to identify brain homogenate and the disease-associated isoform of the prion protein (PrP(d)). Infected or uninfected brain homogenate was identified adhering to M cells, passing between cells of the nasal mucosa, and within lymphatic vessels of the nasal cavity at all time points examined. PrP(d) was identified within a limited number of M cells 15 to 180 min following inoculation, but not in the adjacent nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). While these results support M cell transport of prions, larger amounts of infected brain homogenate were transported paracellularly across the respiratory, olfactory, and follicle-associated epithelia of the nasal cavity. These results indicate that prions can immediately cross the nasal mucosa via multiple routes and quickly enter lymphatics, where they can spread systemically via lymph draining the nasal cavity.
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21
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Zheng Y, Tesar DB, Benincosa L, Birnböck H, Boswell CA, Bumbaca D, Cowan KJ, Danilenko DM, Daugherty AL, Fielder PJ, Grimm HP, Joshi A, Justies N, Kolaitis G, Lewin-Koh N, Li J, McVay S, O'Mahony J, Otteneder M, Pantze M, Putnam WS, Qiu ZJ, Ruppel J, Singer T, Stauch O, Theil FP, Visich J, Yang J, Ying Y, Khawli LA, Richter WF. Minipig as a potential translatable model for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. MAbs 2012; 4:243-55. [PMID: 22453096 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (SC) delivery is a common route of administration for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) properties requiring long-term or frequent drug administration. An ideal in vivo preclinical model for predicting human PK following SC administration may be one in which the skin and overall physiological characteristics are similar to that of humans. In this study, the PK properties of a series of therapeutic mAbs following intravenous (IV) and SC administration in Göttingen minipigs were compared with data obtained previously from humans. The present studies demonstrated: (1) minipig is predictive of human linear clearance; (2) the SC bioavailabilities in minipigs are weakly correlated with those in human; (3) minipig mAb SC absorption rates are generally higher than those in human and (4) the SC bioavailability appears to correlate with systemic clearance in minipigs. Given the important role of the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) in the PK of mAbs, the in vitro binding affinities of these IgGs against porcine, human and cynomolgus monkey FcRn were tested. The result showed comparable FcRn binding affinities across species. Further, mAbs with higher isoelectric point tended to have faster systemic clearance and lower SC bioavailability in both minipig and human. Taken together, these data lend increased support for the use of the minipig as an alternative predictive model for human IV and SC PK of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zheng
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Devin B Tesar
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lisa Benincosa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | - Herbert Birnböck
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kyra J Cowan
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Ann L Daugherty
- Drug Delivery, Pharma Technical Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Paul J Fielder
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Hans Peter Grimm
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amita Joshi
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nicole Justies
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Kolaitis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | | | - Jing Li
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sami McVay
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer O'Mahony
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael Otteneder
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pantze
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wendy S Putnam
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Zhihua J Qiu
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jane Ruppel
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas Singer
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Stauch
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank-Peter Theil
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Visich
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jihong Yang
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yong Ying
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Kwon S, Sevick-Muraca EM. Noninvasive quantitative imaging of lymph function in mice. Lymphat Res Biol 2008; 5:219-31. [PMID: 18370912 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas functional lymph imaging in rodents is imperative for drug discovery of lymph therapeutics, noninvasive imaging of propulsive lymph function in rodents has not been reported previously. Herein, we present a noninvasive and rapid approach to measure lymphatic function in a rodent model using a near-infrared (NIR) dye to minimize background autofluorescence and maximize tissue penetration. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were dynamically imaged following intradermal (i.d.) injection of 2 to 10 microL of 1.3 mM of indocyanine green (IC-Green) into the tail and the limb. Our results demonstrate the ability to image the IC-Green trafficking from the lymph plexus, through lymph vessels and lymphangions, to the ischial nodes in the tail, and to the axillary nodes in the limb. Our results show that lymph flow velocity from the propelled IC-Green "packet" in the lymph vessels in the tail ranged from 1.3 to 3.9 mm/s and the fluorescence intensity peaks repeated on an average of every 51.3 +/- 17.4 seconds in five animals. While pulsatile lymph flow was detected in the deep lymph vessels, lymph propulsion was not visualized in the superficial lymphatic network in the tail. In axillary lymphatic imaging, propulsive lymph flow was also detected. The intensity profile shows that the lymph flow velocity ranged from 0.28 to 1.35 mm/s at a frequency ranging from 0.72 to 11.1 pulses per minute in five animals. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the ability to noninvasively and quantitatively image propulsive lymph flow, which could provide a new method to investigate lymph function and its change in response to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkuk Kwon
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA.
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23
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Resto VA, Burdick MM, Dagia NM, McCammon SD, Fennewald SM, Sackstein R. L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte-cancer cell interactions under low fluid shear conditions. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15816-24. [PMID: 18385135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in blood flow is mediated by engagement of specialized adhesion molecules that function under hemodynamic shear conditions, and many of the effectors of these adhesive interactions, such as the selectins and their ligands, are well defined. However, in contrast, our knowledge of the adhesion molecules operant under lymphatic flow conditions is incomplete. Among human malignancies, head and neck squamous cell cancer displays a marked predilection for locoregional lymph node metastasis. Based on this distinct tropism, we hypothesized that these cells express adhesion molecules that promote their binding to lymphoid tissue under lymphatic fluid shear stress. Accordingly, we investigated adhesive interactions between these and other cancer cells and the principal resident cells of lymphoid organs, lymphocytes. Parallel plate flow chamber studies under defined shear conditions, together with biochemical analyses, showed that human head and neck squamous cell cancer cells express heretofore unrecognized L-selectin ligand(s) that mediate binding to lymphocyte L-selectin at conspicuously low shear stress levels of 0.07-0.08 dynes/cm(2), consistent with lymphatic flow. The binding of head and neck squamous cancer cells to L-selectin displays canonical biochemical features, such as requirements for sialylation, sulfation, and N-glycosylation, but displays a novel operational shear threshold differing from all other L-selectin ligands, including those expressed on colon cancer and leukemic cells (e.g. HCELL). These data define a novel class of L-selectin ligands and expand the scope of function for L-selectin within circulatory systems to now include a novel activity within shear stresses characteristic of lymphatic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente A Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology and the Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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24
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Modi S, Stanton AWB, Svensson WE, Peters AM, Mortimer PS, Levick JR. Human lymphatic pumping measured in healthy and lymphoedematous arms by lymphatic congestion lymphoscintigraphy. J Physiol 2007; 583:271-85. [PMID: 17569739 PMCID: PMC2277237 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Axillary surgery for breast cancer partially obstructs lymph outflow from the arm, chronically raising the lymphatic smooth muscle afterload. This may lead to pump failure, as in hypertensive cardiac failure, and could explain features of breast cancer treatment-related lymphoedema (BCRL) such as its delayed onset. A new method was developed to measure human lymphatic contractility non-invasively and test the hypothesis of contractile impairment. 99mTc-human IgG (Tc-HIG), injected into the hand dermis, drained into the arm lymphatic system which was imaged using a gamma-camera. Lymph transit time from hand to axilla, ttransit, was 9.6+/-7.2 min (mean+/-s.d.) (velocity 8.9 cm min(-1)) in seven normal subjects. To assess lymphatic contractility, a sphygmomanometer cuff around the upper arm was inflated to 60 mmHg (Pcuff) before 99mTc-HIG injection and maintained for>>ttransit. When Pcuff exceeded the maximum pressure generated by the lymphatic pump (Ppump), radiolabelled lymph was held up at the distal cuff border. Pcuff was then lowered in 10 mmHg steps until 99mTc-HIG began to flow under the cuff to the axilla, indicating Ppump>or=Pcuff. In 16 normal subjects Ppump was 39+/-14 mmHg. Ppump was 38% lower in 16 women with BCRL, namely 24+/-19 mmHg (P=0.014, Student's unpaired t test), and correlated negatively with the degree of swelling (12-56%). Blood radiolabel accumulation proved an unreliable measure of lymphatic pump function. Lymphatic congestion lymphoscintigraphy thus provided a quantitative measure of human lymphatic contractility without surgical cut-down, and the results supported the hypothesis of lymphatic pump failure in BCRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Modi
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Dixon JB, Greiner ST, Gashev AA, Cote GL, Moore JE, Zawieja DC. Lymph flow, shear stress, and lymphocyte velocity in rat mesenteric prenodal lymphatics. Microcirculation 2006; 13:597-610. [PMID: 16990218 DOI: 10.1080/10739680600893909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure lymphocyte velocity, lymphatic contraction, and shear stress in phasically contracting lymphatics in situ. METHODS A high-speed video system was used to capture multiple contraction cycles in rat mesenteric lymphatic preparations. The images were analyzed to determine fluid velocity, volume flow rate, wall shear stress, and retrograde flow. RESULTS Lymphocyte density and flux varied from 326 to 35,500 cells/microL and 206 to 2,030 cells/min, respectively. Lymphatics contracted phasically, with a mean diameter 91 +/- 9.0 microm and amplitudes of 39%. Lymph velocity varied with the phasic contractions in both direction and magnitude with an average of 0.87 +/- 0.18 and peaks of 2.2-9.0 mm/s. The velocity was approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the contraction cycle. The average lymph flow was 13.95 +/- 5.27 microL/h with transient periods of flow reversal. This resulted in an average shear of 0.64 +/- 0.14 with peaks of 4-12 dynes/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS High-speed lymphocyte tracking provided the spatial and temporal resolution to measure lymphocyte flux throughout the phasic contraction. Poiseuille flow was a reasonable model for estimating wall shear stress through most of the phasic contraction cycle of the intervalvular lymphatic segments. Shear rate was low but had large variations in magnitude compared to that seen in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandon Dixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-1114, USA
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Franzeck UK, Fischer M, Costanzo U, Herrig I, Bollinger A. Effect of postural changes on human lymphatic capillary pressure of the skin. J Physiol 1996; 494 ( Pt 2):595-600. [PMID: 8842016 PMCID: PMC1160659 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The influence of postural changes on cutaneous lymphatic capillary pressure and venous pressure was measured at the dorsum of the foot in twelve healthy volunteers. Measurements were performed in the supine and sitting positions. 2. Lymphatic skin capillaries were visualized by fluorescence microlymphography with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran 150000. Subsequently a lymphatic capillary was punctured with a glass micropipette and pressure was measured using the servo-nulling technique. Lymphatic capillary pressure, venous pressure, heart and respiration rates were recorded simultaneously. 3. Mean lymphatic capillary pressure was significantly higher (P = 0.0096) in the sitting (9.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg) than in the supine (3.9 +/- 4.2 mmHg) position. There was no significant difference (P = 0.09) between lymphatic capillary pressure and venous pressure (6.8 +/- 3.4 mmHg) in the supine position. During sitting mean lymphatic capillary pressure was significantly lower (P = 0.0022) than mean venous pressure (53.3 +/- 4.1 mmHg). The smaller increase in lymphatic capillary pressure may be caused by the discontinuous fluid column in the lymphatic system and enhanced orthostatic contractile activity of lymphatic collectors and precollectors. Spontaneous low frequency pressure fluctuations occurred in 89% of recordings during sitting, which was significantly (P = 0.02) higher than in the supine position (54%). 4. The present results support the suggestion of enhanced intrinsic contractile activity of lymph precollectors and collectors in the dependent position. This mechanism is primarily responsible for the propulsion of lymph from the periphery to the thoracic duct during quiet sitting, when extrinsic pumping by the calf muscles is not active.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Franzeck
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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