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Athaide CE, Spronck B, Au JS. Physiological basis for longitudinal motion of the arterial wall. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H689-H701. [PMID: 35213244 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00567.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As opposed to arterial distension in the radial plane, longitudinal wall motion (LWM) is a multiphasic and bidirectional displacement of the arterial wall in the anterograde (i.e., in the direction of blood flow) and retrograde (i.e., opposing direction of blood flow) directions. While initially disregarded as imaging artifact, LWM has been consistently reported in ultrasound investigations in the last decade and is reproducible beat-to-beat, albeit with large inter-individual variability across healthy and diseased populations. Emerging literature has sought to examine the mechanistic control of LWM to explain the shape and variability of the motion pattern but lacks considerations for key foundational vascular principles at the level of the arterial wall ultrastructure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential factors that underpin the causes and control of arterial LWM, spanning considerations from the arterial extracellular matrix to systems-level integrative theories. First, an overview of LWM and relevant aspects wall composition will be discussed, including major features of the multiphasic pattern, arterial wall extracellular components, tunica fiber orientations, and arterial longitudinal pre-stretch. Second, current theories on the systems-level physiological mechanisms driving LWM will be discussed in the context of available evidence including experimental human research, porcine studies, and mathematical models. Throughout, we discuss implications of these observations with suggestions for future priority research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Athaide
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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2
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Rizi FY, Au J, Yli-Ollila H, Golemati S, Makūnaitė M, Orkisz M, Navab N, MacDonald M, Laitinen TM, Behnam H, Gao Z, Gastounioti A, Jurkonis R, Vray D, Laitinen T, Sérusclat A, Nikita KS, Zahnd G. Carotid Wall Longitudinal Motion in Ultrasound Imaging: An Expert Consensus Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2605-2624. [PMID: 32709520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motion extracted from the carotid artery wall provides unique information for vascular health evaluation. Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion corresponds to the multiphasic arterial wall excursion in the direction parallel to blood flow during the cardiac cycle. While this motion phenomenon has been well characterized, there is a general lack of awareness regarding its implications for vascular health assessment or even basic vascular physiology. In the last decade, novel estimation strategies and clinical investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of the bi-axial behavior of the carotid artery, necessitating an up-to-date review to summarize and classify the published literature in collaboration with technical and clinical experts in the field. Within this review, the state-of-the-art methodologies for carotid wall motion estimation are described, and the observed relationships between longitudinal motion-derived indices and vascular health are reported. The vast number of studies describing the longitudinal motion pattern in plaque-free arteries, with its putative application to cardiovascular disease prediction, point to the need for characterizing the added value and applicability of longitudinal motion beyond established biomarkers. To this aim, the main purpose of this review was to provide a strong base of theoretical knowledge, together with a curated set of practical guidelines and recommendations for longitudinal motion estimation in patients, to foster future discoveries in the field, toward the integration of longitudinal motion in basic science as well as clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Yousefi Rizi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jason Au
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heikki Yli-Ollila
- Department of Radiology, Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Spyretta Golemati
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Monika Makūnaitė
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Maciej Orkisz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Nassir Navab
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany; Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiina Marja Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hamid Behnam
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhifan Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimilia Gastounioti
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rytis Jurkonis
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Didier Vray
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - André Sérusclat
- Department of Radiology, Louis Pradel Hospital; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Konstantina S Nikita
- Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Guillaume Zahnd
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
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3
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Pasquesi SA, Liu Y, Margulies SS. Repeated Loading Behavior of Pediatric Porcine Common Carotid Arteries. J Biomech Eng 2017; 138:2529648. [PMID: 27306415 DOI: 10.1115/1.4033883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid flexion and extension of the neck may occur during scenarios associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and understanding the mechanical response of the common carotid artery (CCA) to longitudinal stretch may enhance understanding of contributing factors that may influence CCA vasospasm and exacerbate ischemic injury associated with TBI. Immature (4-week-old) porcine CCAs were tested under subcatastrophic (1.5 peak stretch ratio) cyclic loading at 3 Hz for 30 s. Under subcatastrophic cyclic longitudinal extension, the immature porcine CCA displays softening behavior. This softening can be represented by decreasing peak stress and increasing corner stretch values with an increasing number of loading cycles. This investigation is an important first step in the exploration of fatiguelike behavior in arterial tissue that may be subjected to repeated longitudinal loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Pasquesi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321
| | - Yishan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321
| | - Susan S Margulies
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 e-mail:
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4
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Au JS, Ditor DS, MacDonald MJ, Stöhr EJ. Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion is associated with local blood velocity and left ventricular rotational, but not longitudinal, mechanics. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/14/e12872. [PMID: 27440745 PMCID: PMC4962076 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a predictable movement pattern of the common carotid artery wall in the longitudinal direction. While there is evidence that the magnitude of this carotid artery longitudinal wall motion (CALM) is sensitive to cardiovascular health status, little is known about the determinants of CALM. The purpose of this integrative study was to evaluate the contribution of left ventricular (LV) cardiac motion and local blood velocity to CALM. Simultaneous ultrasound measurements of CALM, common carotid artery mean blood velocity (MBV), and left ventricular motion were performed in ten young, healthy individuals (6 males; 22 ± 1 years). Peak anterograde CALM occurred at a similar time as peak MBV (18.57 ± 3.98% vs. 18.53 ± 2.81% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P = 0.94; ICC: 0.79, P < 0.01). The timing of maximum retrograde CALM displacement was different, but related, to both peak apical (41.00 ± 7.81% vs. 35.33 ± 5.79% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P < 0.01; ICC: 0.79, P < 0.01) and basal rotation (41.80 ± 6.12% vs. 37.30 ± 5.66% cardiac cycle; t‐test: P < 0.01; ICC: 0.74, P < 0.01) with peak cardiac displacements preceding peak CALM displacements in both cases. The association between basal rotation and retrograde CALM was further supported by strong correlations between their peak magnitudes (r = −0.70, P = 0.02), whereas the magnitude of septal longitudinal displacement was not associated with peak CALM (r = 0.11, P = 0.77). These results suggest that the rotational mechanical movement of the LV base may be closely associated with longitudinal mechanics in the carotid artery. This finding may have important implications for interpreting the complex relationship between ventricular and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Ditor
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eric J Stöhr
- Discipline of Physiology & Health, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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5
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A mathematical model for estimating the axial stress of the common carotid artery wall from ultrasound images. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:1205-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Soleimani E, Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Saberi H. A novel non-invasive ultrasonic method to assess total axial stress of the common carotid artery wall in healthy and atherosclerotic men. J Biomech 2015; 48:1860-7. [PMID: 25981101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, developing a new non-invasive method independent from blood flow, we estimated and compared the total axial stress of the common carotid artery wall in healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. Consecutive ultrasonic images of the common carotid artery of 48 male subjects including healthy, with less and more than 50% stenosis in carotid artery were recorded. Longitudinal displacement and acceleration was extracted from ultrasonic image processing using a block matching algorithm. Furthermore, images were examined using a maximum gradient algorithm and time rate changes of the internal diameter and intima-media thickness were extracted. Finally, axial stress was estimated using an appropriate constitutive equation. Statistical analysis results showed that with stenosis initiation and its progression, axial acceleration and stress increase significantly. According to the results of the present study, maximum axial stress of the arterial wall is 1.713±0.546, 1.993±0.731 and 2.610±0.603 (kPa) in normal, with less and more than 50% stenosis in carotid artery respectively. Whereas minimum axial stress is -1.714±0.676, -1.982±0.663 and -2.593±0.661 (kPa) in normal, with less and more than 50% stenosis in carotid artery respectively. Moreover, internal diameter and intima-media thickness of the artery also increase significantly with stenosis initiation and its progression. In this study, the feasibility of axial wall stress computation for human common carotid arteries based on non-invasive in vivo clinical data is concluded. We found a strong and graded association between axial stress and severity of carotid stenosis, which might be used to discriminate healthy from atherosclerotic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Soleimani
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-133, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijhe Mokhtari-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-133, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hajir Saberi
- Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Ahlgren ÅR, Steen S, Segstedt S, Erlöv T, Lindström K, Sjöberg T, Persson HW, Ricci S, Tortoli P, Cinthio M. Profound increase in longitudinal displacements of the porcine carotid artery wall can take place independently of wall shear stress: a continuation report. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:1342-1353. [PMID: 25726134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying longitudinal displacements of the arterial wall, that is, displacements of the wall layers along the artery, and the resulting intramural shear strain remain largely unknown. We have already found that these displacements undergo profound changes in response to catecholamines. Wall shear stress, closely related to wall shear rate, represents the viscous drag exerted on the vessel wall by flowing blood. The aim of the work described here was to study possible relations between the wall shear rate and the longitudinal displacements. We investigated the carotid arteries of five anesthetized pigs in different hemodynamic situations using in-house developed non-invasive ultrasound techniques. The study protocol included administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and β-blockade (metoprolol). No significant correlation between longitudinal displacement of the intima-media complex and wall shear rate was found. This result suggests that one or multiple pulsatile forces other than wall shear stress are also working along arteries, strongly influencing arterial wall behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Rydén Ahlgren
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Stig Steen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simon Segstedt
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Erlöv
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjell Lindström
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Trygve Sjöberg
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans W Persson
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Ricci
- Information Engineering Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Piero Tortoli
- Information Engineering Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Magnus Cinthio
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Pascaner AF, Craiem D, Casciaro ME, Danielo R, Graf S, Guevara E. Continuous assessment of carotid intima-media thickness applied to estimate a volumetric compliance using B-mode ultrasound sequences. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:397-407. [PMID: 25651999 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/3/397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that the carotid artery wall had significant movements not only in the radial but also in the longitudinal direction during the cardiac cycle. Accordingly, the idea that longitudinal elongations could be systematically neglected for compliance estimations became controversial. Assuming a dynamic change in vessel length, the standard measurement of cross-sectional compliance can be revised. In this work, we propose to estimate a volumetric compliance based on continuous measurements of carotid diameter and intima-media thickness (IMT) from B-mode ultrasound sequences. Assuming the principle of conservation of the mass of wall volume (compressibility equals zero), a temporal longitudinal elongation can be calculated to estimate a volumetric compliance. Moreover, elongations can also be estimated allowing small compressibility factors to model some wall leakage. The cross-sectional and the volumetric compliance were estimated in 45 healthy volunteers and 19 asymptomatic patients. The standard measurement underestimated the volumetric compliance by 25% for young volunteers (p < 0.01) and 17% for patients (p < 0.05). When compressibility factors different from zero were allowed, volunteers and patients reached values of 9% and 4%, respectively. We conclude that a simultaneous assessment of carotid diameter and IMT can be employed to estimate a volumetric compliance incorporating a longitudinal elongation. The cross-sectional compliance, that neglects the change in vessel length, underestimates the volumetric compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Pascaner
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro Buenos Aires, Argentina. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Larsson M, Verbrugghe P, Smoljkić M, Verhoeven J, Heyde B, Famaey N, Herijgers P, D’hooge J. Strain assessment in the carotid artery wall using ultrasound speckle tracking: validation in a sheep model. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:1107-23. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/3/1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Ahlgren AR, Cinthio M, Persson HW, Lindström K. Different patterns of longitudinal displacement of the common carotid artery wall in healthy humans are stable over a four-month period. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:916-925. [PMID: 22502886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using an in-house developed ultrasonic method, we have shown that there is distinct longitudinal multiphasic displacement of the human common carotid artery (CCA) wall during the cardiac cycle. Different subjects showed markedly different patterns of displacement. At present, it is not known if the pattern of displacement in an individual is stable over time. Therefore, in this study, we measured the longitudinal displacement of the right CCA in 10 healthy humans at two different occasions 4 months apart. The basic pattern of longitudinal displacement for an individual was highly stable, including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.88 for the ratio between the first antegrade and the retrograde displacement, and ICC of 0.76 for the magnitude of the first antegrade displacement. The stable basic pattern of displacement showed marked differences among subjects, also of the same age and gender. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the physiologic, pathophysiologic and clinical implications of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Rydén Ahlgren
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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11
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Ahlgren ÅR, Cinthio M, Steen S, Nilsson T, Sjöberg T, Persson HW, Lindström K. Longitudinal displacement and intramural shear strain of the porcine carotid artery undergo profound changes in response to catecholamines. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1102-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00470.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of catecholamines on longitudinal displacements and intramural shear strain of the arterial wall are unexplored. Therefore, the common carotid artery of five anaesthetized pigs was investigated using an in-house developed noninvasive ultrasonic technique. The study protocol included intravenous infusion of low-dose epinephrine (β-adrenoceptor activation), as well as intravenous boluses of norepinephrine (α-adrenoceptor activation). Further, the effects of β-blockade (metoprolol) were studied. There were significant positive correlations between pulse pressure and longitudinal displacement of the intima-media complex ( r = 0.72; P < 0.001), as well as between pulse pressure and intramural shear strain ( r = 0.48; P < 0.001). Following administration of norepinephrine, the longitudinal displacement of the intima-media complex and intramural shear strain profoundly increased (median 190%, range 102–296%, and median 141%, range 101–182%, respectively, compared with baseline), also when given during β-blockade (median 228%, range 133–266%, and median 158%, range 152–235%, respectively). During infusion of low-dose epinephrine, the longitudinal displacement of the intima-media complex and intramural shear strain decreased (median 88%, range 69–122%, and median 69%, range 47–117%, respectively, compared with baseline). In conclusion, the present study shows, for the first time, that the longitudinal displacement and intramural shear strain of the porcine carotid artery undergo profound changes in response to catecholamines. Increase in longitudinal displacements seems to be strongly related to α-adrenoceptor activation. Thus metoprolol is insufficient to counteract a profound increase in longitudinal displacement and intramural shear strain following a surge of norepinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Rydén Ahlgren
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University
| | - Magnus Cinthio
- Electrical Measurements, Faculty of Engineering, Lunds Tekniska Högskola, Lund University; and
| | - Stig Steen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nilsson
- Electrical Measurements, Faculty of Engineering, Lunds Tekniska Högskola, Lund University; and
| | - Trygve Sjöberg
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans W. Persson
- Electrical Measurements, Faculty of Engineering, Lunds Tekniska Högskola, Lund University; and
| | - Kjell Lindström
- Electrical Measurements, Faculty of Engineering, Lunds Tekniska Högskola, Lund University; and
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12
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Larsson M, Kremer F, Claus P, Kuznetsova T, Brodin LA, D'hooge J. Ultrasound-based radial and longitudinal strain estimation of the carotid artery: a feasibility study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2011; 58:2244-2251. [PMID: 21989888 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2011.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-based estimation of arterial wall elasticity is commonly used to assess arterial stiffness. However, previous elastography studies have mostly addressed radial strain measurements, and the longitudinal strain has been more or less ignored. This study shows the feasibility of a speckle-tracking-based algorithm for simultaneous estimation of radial and longitudinal strain in the carotid artery in silico. Additionally, these results were preliminarily confirmed in vivo.
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13
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Liang Y, Zhu H, Friedman MH. Measurement of the 3D arterial wall strain tensor using intravascular B-mode ultrasound images: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:6377-94. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/21/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Chen K, Fata B, Einstein DR. Characterization of the highly nonlinear and anisotropic vascular tissues from experimental inflation data: a validation study toward the use of clinical data for in-vivo modeling and analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:1668-80. [PMID: 18663577 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We study whether an inverse modeling approach is applicable for characterizing vascular tissue subjected to various levels of internal pressure and axial stretch that approximate in-vivo conditions. To compensate for the limitation of axial-displacement/pressure/diameter data typical of clinical data, which does not provide information about axial force, we propose to constrain the ratio of axial to circumferential elastic moduli to a typical range. Vessel wall constitutive behavior is modeled with a transversely isotropic hyperelastic equation that accounts for dispersed collagen fibers. A single-layer and a bi-layer approximation to vessel ultrastructure are examined, as is the possibility of obtaining the fiber orientation as part of the optimization. Characterization is validated against independent pipette-aspiration biaxial data on the same samples. It was found that the single-layer model based on homogeneous wall assumption could not reproduce the validation data. In contrast, the constrained bi-layer model was in excellent agreement with both types of experimental data. Due to covariance, estimations of fiber angle were slightly outside of the normal range, which can be resolved by predefining the angles to normal values. Our approach is relatively invariant to a constant or a variable axial response. We believe that it is suitable for in-vivo characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinon Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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A New Non-Invasive Ultrasonic Method for Measurements of Longitudinal Length Alteration of the Arterial Wall–First in vivo trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8823-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Cinthio M, Ahlgren AR, Bergkvist J, Jansson T, Persson HW, Lindström K. Longitudinal movements and resulting shear strain of the arterial wall. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H394-402. [PMID: 16473960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00988.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been little interest in the longitudinal movement of the arterial wall. It has been assumed that this movement is negligible compared with the diameter change. Using a new high-resolution noninvasive ultrasonic method, we measured longitudinal movements and diameter change of the common carotid artery of 10 healthy humans. During the cardiac cycle, a distinct bidirectional longitudinal movement of the intima-media complex could be observed in all the subjects. An antegrade longitudinal movement, i.e., in the direction of blood flow, in early systole [0.39 mm (SD 0.26)] was followed by a retrograde longitudinal movement, i.e., in the direction opposite blood flow [−0.52 mm (SD 0.27)], later in systole and a second antegrade longitudinal movement [0.41 mm (SD 0.33)] in diastole. The corresponding diameter change was 0.65 mm (SD 0.19). The adventitial region showed the same basic pattern of longitudinal movement; however, the magnitude of the movements was smaller than that of the intima-media complex, thereby introducing shear strain and, thus, shear stress within the wall [maximum shear strain between the intima-media complex and the adventitial region was 0.36 rad (SD 0.26). These phenomena have not previously been described. Measurements were also performed on the abdominal aorta ( n = 3) and brachial ( n = 3) and popliteal ( n = 3) arteries. Our new information seems to be of fundamental importance for further study and evaluation of vascular biology and hemodynamics and, thus, for study of atherosclerosis and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Cinthio
- Department of Electrical Measurements, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Cinthio M, Ahlgren AR, Jansson T, Eriksson A, Persson HW, Lindström K. Evaluation of an ultrasonic echo-tracking method for measurements of arterial wall movements in two dimensions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2005; 52:1300-11. [PMID: 16245599 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2005.1509788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal movement of blood vessel walls has so far gained little or no attention, as it has been presumed that these movements are of a negligible magnitude. However, modern high-resolution ultrasound scanners can demonstrate that the inner layers of the arterial wall exhibit considerable movements in the longitudinal direction. This paper evaluates a new, noninvasive, echo-tracking technique, which simultaneously can track both the radial and the longitudinal movements of the arterial wall with high resolution in vivo. Initially, the method is evaluated in vitro using a specially designed ultrasound phantom, which is attached to and moved by an X-Y system, the movement of which was compared with two high-resolution triangulation lasers. The results show an inaccuracy of 2.5% full scale deflection (fsd), reproducibility of 12 microm and a resolution of 5 microm, which should be more than sufficient for in vivo studies. The ability of the method is also demonstrated in a limited in vivo study in which a preselected part of the inner vessel wall of the right common carotid artery of a healthy volunteer is tracked in two dimensions over many cardiac cycles. The results show well reproducible x-y movement loops in which the recorded radial and longitudinal movements both are of the magnitude millimetre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Cinthio
- Department of Electrical Measurements, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Giannattasio C, Failla M, Lucchina S, Zazzeron C, Scotti V, Capra A, Viscardi L, Bianchi F, Vitale G, Lanzetta M, Mancia G. Arterial Stiffening Influence of Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Hypertension 2005; 45:608-11. [PMID: 15699439 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000157368.09939.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies in animals and humans suggest that sympathetic activity exerts a stiffening influence on large and middle-sized artery walls. We sought to obtain further evidence on this issue by measuring radial artery distensibility in an allotransplanted and thus denervated hand using the contralateral artery as control. In 2 men, blood pressure was measured by a semiautomatic device (Dinamap). Diastolic diameter, systo-diastolic diameter excursion (ultrasound Wall Track system), and distensibility (Reneman formula) of both radial arteries were measured at a level corresponding to 4 cm below the suture of the transplanted hand 40 days after surgery and every 4 weeks for the next 6 months. After surgery, systo-diastolic diameter excursion and distensibility were much greater in the transplanted radial artery than in the contralateral vessel, reaching values similar to the contralateral ones after 4 months, when signs of reinnervation of the transplanted hands had appeared. Radial deinnervation was accompanied by an increased arterial distensibility, which provides further evidence of the sympathetic stiffening effect on arterial wall in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giannattasio
- Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Clinica Prevenzione e Biotecnologie Sanitarie, Milano-Bicocca University, San Gerardo Hospital-Monza, Italy
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Doriot PA, Dorsaz PA. Estimation of the axial wall strains induced by an arterial stenosis at peak flow. Med Phys 2005; 32:360-8. [PMID: 15789580 DOI: 10.1118/1.1844432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 30 years, thousands of basic or clinical studies have been devoted to atherosclerosis or to the problem of restenosis after angioplasty. In these studies, axial stresses in the vessel wall have received practically no attention, contrary to circumferential stress and purely biological aspects. Based on a recent article describing how arterial stenoses can induce a considerable increase in axial wall stress during flow systole in the region immediately proximal to the stenosis entrance, we have used a simple (theoretical) spring model and data available in the literature on the mechanical properties of arteries to investigate the relative wall elongations (axial strains) resulting from the systolic increases in axial stress generated by the stenosis. The model shows that high axial wall strains are tightly limited to the stenosis entrance if the axial wall forces generating the supplementary stress are strongly absorbed by the tissues surrounding the vessel. Inversely, if this absorption is weak, the zone of high strains extends over a longer vessel segment upstream of the stenosis entrance. The maximum strain value, which is always situated at the stenosis entrance, appears to be relatively independent of the presence or absence of surrounding tissues. The simulation also shows that in a 3 mm coronary artery presenting a 75% diameter stenosis, the axial strain at the stenosis entrance can exceed 10% at peak flow, depending on the respective axial elasticities of vessel wall and surrounding tissues. In a more severe stenosis, or in case of a pathologically high systolic pressure, the maximum strain value might even exceed 20%. Since abnormal axial strains have been shown to induce abnormal biological processes in smooth muscle cells cultures, it is quite conceivable that such axial strains are deleterious, at least in arterial segments whose length normally does not vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Doriot
- University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Knowledge of blood vessel mechanical properties is fundamental to the understanding of vascular function in health and disease. Analytic results can help physicians in the clinic, both in designing and in choosing appropriate therapies. Understanding the mechanical response of blood vessels to physiologic loads is necessary before ideal therapeutic solutions can be realized. For this reason, blood vessel constitutive models are needed. This article provides a critical review of recent blood vessel constitutive models, starting with a brief overview of the structure and function of arteries and veins, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques used in the characterization of material properties. Current models are classified by type, including pseudoelastic, randomly elastic, poroelastic, and viscoelastic. Comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data. Applications of blood vessel constitutive models are also briefly presented, followed by the identification of future directions in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Vito
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA.
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Dixon SA, Heikes RG, Vito RP. Constitutive modeling of porcine coronary arteries using designed experiments. J Biomech Eng 2003; 125:274-9. [PMID: 12751290 DOI: 10.1115/1.1560138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of new coronary artery constitutive models is of critical importance in the design and analysis of coronary replacement grafts. In this study, a two-parameter logarithmic complementary energy function, with normalized measured force and internal pressure as the independent variables and strains as the dependent variables, was developed for healthy porcine coronary arteries. Data was collected according to an experimental design with measured force ranging from 9.8 to 201 mN and internal pressure ranging from 0.1 to 16.1 kPa (1 to 121 mmHg). Comparisons of the estimated constitutive parameters showed statistically significant differences between the left anterior descending [LAD] and right coronary artery [RCA], but no differences between the LAD and left circumflex [LCX] or between the LCX and RCA. Point-by-point strain comparisons confirm the findings of the model parameter study and isolate the difference to the axial strain response. Average axial strains for the LAD, LCX, and RCA are 0.026 +/- 0.009, 0.015 +/- 0.005, and 0.011 +/- 0.009, respectively, at all physiologic loads, suggesting that the axial strains in the LAD are significantly higher than in the other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Dixon
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA.
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