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Costales MG, Alam MS, Cavanaugh C, Williams KM. Extracellular adenosine produced by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, nitric oxide production, and favors Salmonella persistence. Nitric Oxide 2017; 72:7-15. [PMID: 29108754 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface enzymes CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase) and CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) mediate the synthesis of extracellular adenosine that can regulate immune responses. Adenosine produced by CD39/CD73 acts via adenosine receptors (ARs). CD73 is expressed by a variety of cell types and mediates anti-inflammatory responses. Because efficient innate immune responses are required for clearance of Salmonella infection, we investigated the role of CD73 in macrophage function, including phagocytosis, intracellular killing of Salmonella, and anti-bacterial pro-inflammatory responses to Salmonella-whole cell lysate (ST-WCL) or Salmonella infection. Additionally, RAW 264.7 macrophage mRNA expression of CD39, CD73, and all ARs were measured by qPCR after ST-WCL treatment. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and nitric oxide (NO) production were quantitated in the ST-WCL treated macrophage with and without CD73-inhibitor (APCP) treatment. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing by peritoneal macrophages from CD73-deficent mice were also evaluated using E. coli BioParticles® and GFP-Salmonella infection, respectively. CD73, CD39, and A2BAR mRNA were predominantly expressed in RAW cells. ST-WCL treatment significantly reduced CD73 expression, suggesting endogenous down-regulation of CD73, and an enhanced pro-inflammatory response. ST-WCL treated and CD73-inhibited macrophages produced more NO and a higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines than CD73-competent macrophages (e.g. IL-1β, TNF-α). Phagocytosis of E. coli BioParticles® was significantly higher in the macrophages treated with APCP and in the peritoneal macrophages from CD73-deficent mice as compared to APCP-untreated, and CD73-competent macrophages. Internalized bacteria were more efficiently cleared from macrophages in the absence of CD73, as observed by fluorescence-microscopy and Salmonella-DNA measurement by qPCR from the infected cells. CD73 down-regulation or CD73-inhibition of macrophages during Salmonella infection can enhance the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO production, improving intracellular killing and host survivability. Extracellular adenosine synthesized by CD73 suppresses antibacterial responses of macrophages, which may weaken macrophage function and impair innate immune responses to Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Costales
- Immunobiology Branch, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Mohammad Samiul Alam
- Immunobiology Branch, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Christopher Cavanaugh
- Immunobiology Branch, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Immunobiology Branch, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Salsoso R, Farías M, Gutiérrez J, Pardo F, Chiarello DI, Toledo F, Leiva A, Mate A, Vázquez CM, Sobrevia L. Adenosine and preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:126-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tang PCT, Yang C, Li RWS, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Chan SW, Kwan YW, Tse CM, Leung GPH. Inhibition of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters by 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:544-551. [PMID: 27388143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) play a crucial role in the transport of nucleoside and nucleoside analogues, which are important for nucleotide synthesis and chemotherapy. In addition, ENTs regulate extracellular adenosine levels in the vicinity of its receptors and hence influence adenosine-related functions. The clinical applications of ENT inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and cancer therapy have been explored in numerous studies. However, all ENT inhibitors to date are selective for ENT1 but not ENT2. In the present study, we investigated the novel compound 4-((4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-imino-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (FPMINT) as an inhibitor of ENT1 and ENT2. Nucleoside transporter-deficient PK15NTD cells stably expressing ENT1 and ENT2 showed that FPMINT inhibited [3H]uridine and [3H]adenosine transport through both ENT1 and ENT2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value of FPMINT for ENT2 was 5-10-fold less than for ENT1, and FPMINT could not be displaced with excess washing. Kinetic studies revealed that FPMINT reduced Vmax of [3H]uridine transport in ENT1 and ENT2 without affecting KM. Therefore, we conclude that FPMINT inhibits ENTs in an irreversible and non-competitive manner. Although already selective for ENT2 over ENT1, further modification of the chemical structure of FPMINT may lead to even better ENT2-selective inhibitors of potential clinical, physiological and pharmacological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C T Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rachel Wai-Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Maggie Pui-Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Li RWS, Yang C, Chan SW, Hoi MPM, Lee SMY, Kwan YW, Leung GPH. Relaxation effect of abacavir on rat basilar arteries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123043. [PMID: 25853881 PMCID: PMC4390379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of abacavir has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection; however, the mechanism involved remains unclear. We hypothesize that abacavir may impair endothelial function. In addition, based on the structural similarity between abacavir and adenosine, we propose that abacavir may affect vascular contractility through endogenous adenosine release or adenosine receptors in blood vessels. METHODS The relaxation effect of abacavir on rat basilar arteries was studied using the myograph technique. Cyclic GMP and AMP levels were measured by immunoassay. The effects of abacavir on nucleoside transporters were studied using radiolabeled nucleoside uptake experiments. Ecto-5' nucleotidase activity was determined by measuring the generation of inorganic phosphate using adenosine monophosphate as the substrate. RESULTS Abacavir induced the relaxation of rat basilar arteries in a concentration-dependent manner. This relaxation was abolished when endothelium was removed. In addition, the relaxation was diminished by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, and the protein kinase G inhibitor, KT5820. Abacavir also increased the cGMP level in rat basilar arteries. Abacavir-induced relaxation was also abolished by adenosine A2 receptor blockers. However, abacavir had no effect on ecto-5' nucleotidase and nucleoside transporters. Short-term and long-term treatment of abacavir did not affect acetylcholine-induced relaxation in rat basilar arteries. CONCLUSION Abacavir induces acute endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat basilar arteries, probably through the activation of adenosine A2 receptors in endothelial cells, which subsequently leads to the release of nitric oxide, resulting in activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G-dependent pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is speculated that abacavir-induced cardiovascular risk may not be related to endothelial dysfunction as abacavir does not impair relaxation of blood vessels. The most likely explanation of increased cardiovascular risk may be increased platelet aggregation as suggested by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wai Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine Resource Chemistry (Yunnan University of Nationalities), State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Kunming, China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | | | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Pak Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Shen Z, Fahey JV, Bodwell JE, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Rossoll RM, Crist SG, Patel MV, Wira CR. Estradiol regulation of nucleotidases in female reproductive tract epithelial cells and fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69854. [PMID: 23936114 PMCID: PMC3723851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of topical and oral adenosine derivatives in HIV prevention that need to be maintained in tissues and cells at effective levels to prevent transmission prompted us to ask whether estradiol could influence the regulation of catabolic nucleotidase enzymes in epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the upper and lower female reproductive tract (FRT) as these might affect cellular TFV-DP levels. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts were isolated from endometrium (EM), endocervix (CX) and ectocervix (ECX) tissues from hysterectomy patients, grown to confluence and treated with or without estradiol prior to RNA isolation. The expression of nucleotidase (NT) genes was measurable by RT-PCR in epithelial cells and fibroblasts from all FRT tissues. To determine if sex hormones have the potential to regulate NT, we evaluated NT gene expression and NT biological activity in FRT cells following hormone treatment. Estradiol increased expression of Cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase after 2 or 4 h in endometrial epithelial cells but not epithelial cells or fibroblasts from other sites. In studies using a modified 5′-Nucleotidase biological assay for nucleotidases, estradiol increased NT activity in epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the EM, CX and ECX at 24 and 48 h. In related studies, HUVEC primary cells and a HUVEC cell line were unresponsive to estradiol in terms of nucleotidase expression or biological activity. Our findings of an increase in nucleotidase expression and biological activity induced by estradiol do not directly assess changes in microbicide metabolism. However, they do suggest that when estradiol levels are elevated during the menstrual cycle, FRT epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the EM, CX and ECX have the potential to influence microbicide levels that could enhance protection of HIV-target cells (CD4+T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) throughout the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - John V. Fahey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jack E. Bodwell
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Rossoll
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Sarah G. Crist
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mickey V. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Differential macrophage activation alters the expression profile of NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31205. [PMID: 22348056 PMCID: PMC3278434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key elements in the inflammatory process, whereas depending on the micro-environmental stimulation they exhibit a pro-inflammatory (classical/M1) or an anti-inflammatory/reparatory (alternative/M2) phenotype. Extracellular ATP can act as a danger signal whereas adenosine generally serves as a negative feedback mechanism to limit inflammation. The local increase in nucleotides communication is controlled by ectonucleotidases, such as members of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family and ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 (ecto-5′-NT). In the present work we evaluated the presence of these enzymes in resident mice M1 (macrophages stimulated with LPS), and M2 (macrophages stimulated with IL-4) macrophages. Macrophages were collected by a lavage of the mice (6–8 weeks) peritoneal cavity and treated for 24 h with IL-4 (10 ng/mL) or LPS (10 ng/mL). Nitrite concentrations were measured using the Greiss reaction. Supernatants were harvested to determine cytokines and the ATPase, ADPase and AMPase activities were determined by the malachite green method and HPLC analysis. The expression of selected surface proteins was evaluated by flow cytometry. The results reveal that M1 macrophages presented a decreased ATP and AMP hydrolysis in agreement with a decrease in NTPDase1, -3 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase expression compared to M2. In contrast, M2 macrophages showed a higher ATP and AMP hydrolysis and increased NTPDase1, -3 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase expression compared to M1 macrophages. Therefore, macrophages of the M1 phenotype lead to an accumulation of ATP while macrophages of the M2 phenotype may rapidly convert ATP to adenosine. The results also showed that P1 and P2 purinoreceptors present the same mRNA profile in both phenotypes. In addition, M2 macrophages, which have a higher ATPase activity, were less sensitive to cell death. In conclusion, these changes in ectoenzyme activities might allow macrophages to adjust the outcome of the extracellular purinergic cascade in order to fine-tune their functions during the inflammatory set.
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Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the channel activity of the P2X7 receptor. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:152625. [PMID: 21941410 PMCID: PMC3173735 DOI: 10.1155/2011/152625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role during the immune response, participating in several events such as cytokine release, apoptosis, and necrosis. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the strongest stimuli of the immune response, and it has been shown that P2X7R activation can modulate LPS-induced responses. Moreover, a C-terminal binding site for LPS has been proposed. In order to evaluate if LPS can directly modulate the activity of the P2X7R, we tested several signaling pathways associated with P2X7R activation in HEK293 cells that do not express the TLR-4 receptor. We found that LPS alone was unable to induce any P2X7R-related activity, suggesting that the P2X7R is not directly activated by the endotoxin. On the other hand, preapplication of LPS inhibited ATP-induced currents, intracellular calcium increase, and ethidium bromide uptake and had no effect on ERK activation in HEK293 cells. In splenocytes-derived T-regulatory cells, in which ATP-induced apoptosis is driven by the P2X7R, LPS inhibited ATP-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that LPS modulates the activity of the P2X7R and suggest that this effect could be of physiological relevance.
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Yang C, Kwan YW, Au ALS, Poon CCW, Zhang Q, Chan SW, Lee SMY, Leung GPH. 14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid induces vasorelaxation through the prostaglandin EP2 receptors in rat mesenteric artery. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 93:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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