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Watson A, Madsen J, Clark HW. SP-A and SP-D: Dual Functioning Immune Molecules With Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622598. [PMID: 33542724 PMCID: PMC7851053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are soluble innate immune molecules which maintain lung homeostasis through their dual roles as anti-infectious and immunomodulatory agents. SP-A and SP-D bind numerous viruses including influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enhancing their clearance from mucosal points of entry and modulating the inflammatory response. They also have diverse roles in mediating innate and adaptive cell functions and in clearing apoptotic cells, allergens and other noxious particles. Here, we review how the properties of these first line defense molecules modulate inflammatory responses, as well as host-mediated immunopathology in response to viral infections. Since SP-A and SP-D are known to offer protection from viral and other infections, if their levels are decreased in some disease states as they are in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this may confer an increased risk of viral infection and exacerbations of disease. Recombinant molecules of SP-A and SP-D could be useful in both blocking respiratory viral infection while also modulating the immune system to prevent excessive inflammatory responses seen in, for example, RSV or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recombinant SP-A and SP-D could have therapeutic potential in neutralizing both current and future strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus as well as modulating the inflammation-mediated pathology associated with COVID-19. A recombinant fragment of human (rfh)SP-D has recently been shown to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Further work investigating the potential therapeutic role of SP-A and SP-D in COVID-19 and other infectious and inflammatory diseases is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Madsen
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Howard William Clark
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital (UCLH), University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Gajek G, Świerzko AS, Cedzyński M. Association of Polymorphisms of MASP1/3, COLEC10, and COLEC11 Genes with 3MC Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155483. [PMID: 32751929 PMCID: PMC7432537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malpuech, Michels, Mingarelli, Carnevale (3MC) syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic- disorder associated with mutations in the MASP1/3, COLEC1,1 or COLEC10 genes. The number of 3MC patients with known mutations in these three genes reported so far remains very small. To date, 16 mutations in MASP-1/3, 12 mutations in COLEC11 and three in COLEC10 associated with 3MC syndrome have been identified. Their products play an essential role as factors involved in the activation of complement via the lectin or alternative (MASP-3) pathways. Recent data indicate that mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), MASP-3, collectin kidney-1 (collectin-11) (CL-K1), and collectin liver-1 (collectin-10) (CL-L1) also participate in the correct migration of neural crest cells (NCC) during embryogenesis. This is supported by relationships between MASP1/3, COLEC10, and COLEC11 gene mutations and the incidence of 3MC syndrome, associated with craniofacial abnormalities such as radioulnar synostosis high-arched eyebrows, cleft lip/palate, hearing loss, and ptosis.
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Lam DCL, Chan SCH, Mak JCW, Freeman C, Ip MSM, Shum DKY. S-maltoheptaose targets syndecan-bound effectors to reduce smoking-related neutrophilic inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12945. [PMID: 26256047 PMCID: PMC4530444 DOI: 10.1038/srep12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke induces injury and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways of smokers. The stability and activity of inflammatory effectors, IL8 and neutrophil elastase (NE), can be prolonged by binding to airway heparan sulfate (HS)/syndecan-1, posing risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). We hypothesize that antagonizing HS/syndecan-1 binding of the inflammatory effectors could reduce smoking-related neutrophil-mediated airway inflammation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of COPD patients found both total and unopposed NE levels to be significantly higher among smokers with COPD than non-COPD subjects. Similar NE burden was observed in smoke-exposed rats compared to sham air controls. We chose sulfated-maltoheptaose(SM), a heparin-mimetic, to antagonize HS/sydecan-1 binding of the inflammatory mediators in airway fluids and lung tissues of the smoke-exposed rat model. Airway treatment with SM resulted in displacement of CINC-1 and NE from complexation with bronchio-epithelial HS/syndecan-1, dissipating the chemokine gradient for neutrophil flux across to the bronchial lumen. Following SM displacement of NE from shed HS/syndecan-1 in bronchial fluids, NE became accessible to inhibition by α1-antitrypsin endogenous in test samples. The antagonistic actions of SM against syndecan-1 binding of NE and CINC-1 in smoke-exposed airways suggest new therapeutic opportunities for modulating airway inflammation in smokers with SM delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C L Lam
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Stanley C H Chan
- 1] Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China. [2] Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Judith C W Mak
- 1] Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China. [2] Department of Pharmacology &Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Craig Freeman
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mary S M Ip
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Daisy K Y Shum
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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Gammon ST, Foje N, Brewer EM, Owers E, Downs CA, Budde MD, Leevy WM, Helms MN. Preclinical anatomical, molecular, and functional imaging of the lung with multiple modalities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L897-914. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is an important tool for preclinical studies of lung function and disease. The widespread availability of multimodal animal imaging systems and the rapid rate of diagnostic contrast agent development have empowered researchers to noninvasively study lung function and pulmonary disorders. Investigators can identify, track, and quantify biological processes over time. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of bioluminescence, fluorescence, planar X-ray, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging modalities (such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography) that have been successfully employed for the study of lung function and pulmonary disorders in a preclinical setting. The major principles, benefits, and applications of each imaging modality and technology are reviewed. Limitations and the future prospective of multimodal imaging in pulmonary physiology are also discussed. In vivo imaging bridges molecular biological studies, drug design and discovery, and the imaging field with modern medical practice, and, as such, will continue to be a mainstay in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T. Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nathan Foje
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth M. Brewer
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Owers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Charles A. Downs
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Matthew D. Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - W. Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - My N. Helms
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Human surfactant protein D alters oxidative stress and HMGA1 expression to induce p53 apoptotic pathway in eosinophil leukemic cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85046. [PMID: 24391984 PMCID: PMC3877357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), an innate immune molecule, has an indispensable role in host defense and regulation of inflammation. Immune related functions regulated by SP-D include agglutination of pathogens, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, antigen presentation, T lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine secretion, induction of apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells. The present study unravels a novel ability of SP-D to reduce the viability of leukemic cells (eosinophilic leukemic cell line, AML14.3D10; acute myeloid leukemia cell line, THP-1; acute lymphoid leukemia cell lines, Jurkat, Raji; and human breast epithelial cell line, MCF-7), and explains the underlying mechanisms. SP-D and a recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rhSP-D) induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and dose and time-dependent apoptosis in the AML14.3D10 eosinophilic leukemia cell line. Levels of various apoptotic markers viz. activated p53, cleaved caspase-9 and PARP, along with G2/M checkpoints (p21 and Tyr15 phosphorylation of cdc2) showed significant increase in these cells. We further attempted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of rhSP-D induced apoptosis using proteomic analysis. This approach identified large scale molecular changes initiated by SP-D in a human cell for the first time. Among others, the proteomics analysis highlighted a decreased expression of survival related proteins such as HMGA1, overexpression of proteins to protect the cells from oxidative burst, while a drastic decrease in mitochondrial antioxidant defense system. rhSP-D mediated enhanced oxidative burst in AML14.3D10 cells was confirmed, while antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, abrogated the rhSP-D induced apoptosis. The rhSP-D mediated reduced viability was specific to the cancer cell lines and viability of human PBMCs from healthy controls was not affected. The study suggests involvement of SP-D in host’s immunosurveillance and therapeutic potential of rhSP-D in the eosinophilic leukemia and cancers of other origins.
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Willems CHMP, Zimmermann LJI, Langen RMR, van den Bosch MJA, Kloosterboer N, Kramer BW, van Iwaarden JF. Surfactant Protein A Influences Reepithelialization in an Alveolocapillary Model System. Lung 2012; 190:661-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Surfactant protein-A suppresses eosinophil-mediated killing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in allergic lungs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32436. [PMID: 22384248 PMCID: PMC3285686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) has well-established functions in reducing bacterial and viral infections but its role in chronic lung diseases such as asthma is unclear. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) frequently colonizes the airways of chronic asthmatics and is thought to contribute to exacerbations of asthma. Our lab has previously reported that during Mp infection of non-allergic airways, SP-A aides in maintaining airway homeostasis by inhibiting an overzealous TNF-alpha mediated response and, in allergic mice, SP-A regulates eosinophilic infiltration and inflammation of the airway. In the current study, we used an in vivo model with wild type (WT) and SP-A−/− allergic mice challenged with the model antigen ovalbumin (Ova) that were concurrently infected with Mp (Ova+Mp) to test the hypothesis that SP-A ameliorates Mp-induced stimulation of eosinophils. Thus, SP-A could protect allergic airways from injury due to release of eosinophil inflammatory products. SP-A deficient mice exhibit significant increases in inflammatory cells, mucus production and lung damage during concurrent allergic airway disease and infection (Ova+Mp) as compared to the WT mice of the same treatment group. In contrast, SP-A deficient mice have significantly decreased Mp burden compared to WT mice. The eosinophil specific factor, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), which has been implicated in pathogen killing and also in epithelial dysfunction due to oxidative damage of resident lung proteins, is enhanced in samples from allergic/infected SP-A−/− mice as compared to WT mice. In vitro experiments using purified eosinophils and human SP-A suggest that SP-A limits the release of EPO from Mp-stimulated eosinophils thereby reducing their killing capacity. These findings are the first to demonstrate that although SP-A interferes with eosinophil-mediated biologic clearance of Mp by mediating the interaction of Mp with eosinophils, SP-A simultaneously benefits the airway by limiting inflammation and damage.
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8
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Degn S, Jensenius J, Thiel S. Disease-causing mutations in genes of the complement system. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:689-705. [PMID: 21664996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed profound developmental consequences of mutations in genes encoding proteins of the lectin pathway of complement activation, a central component of the innate immune system. Apart from impairment of immunity against microorganisms, it is known that hereditary deficiencies of this system predispose one to autoimmune conditions. Polymorphisms in complement genes are linked to, for example, atypical hemolytic uremia and age-dependent macular degeneration. The complement system comprises three convergent pathways of activation: the classical, the alternative, and the lectin pathway. The recently discovered lectin pathway is less studied, but polymorphisms in the plasma pattern-recognition molecule mannan-binding lectin (MBL) are known to impact its level, and polymorphisms in the MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) result in defects of complement activation. Recent studies have described roles outside complement and immunity of another MBL-associated serine protease, MASP-3, in the etiology of 3MC syndrome, an autosomal-recessive disorder involving a spectrum of developmental features, including characteristic facial dysmorphism. Syndrome-causing mutations were identified in MASP1, encoding MASP-3 and two additional proteins, MASP-1 and MAp44. Furthermore, an association was discovered between 3MC syndrome and mutations in COLEC11, encoding CL-K1, another molecule of the lectin pathway. The findings were confirmed in zebrafish, indicating that MASP-3 and CL-K1 underlie an evolutionarily conserved pathway of embryonic development. Along with the discovery of a role of C1q in pruning synapses in mice, these recent advances point toward a broader role of complement in development. Here, we compare the functional immunologic consequences of "conventional" complement deficiencies with these newly described developmental roles.
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Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses the Infiltration of Neutrophils in Rat Liver During Sepsis Through Inactivation of p38 MAPK. Shock 2010; 34:615-21. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181e46ee0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Lung protease/anti-protease network and modulation of mucus production and surfactant activity. Biochimie 2010; 92:1608-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Lee DC, Romero R, Kim CJ, Chaiworapongsa T, Tarca AL, Lee J, Suh YL, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Mittal P, Draghici S, Erez O, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS, Kim JS. Surfactant protein-A as an anti-inflammatory component in the amnion: implications for human pregnancy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:6479-91. [PMID: 20439915 PMCID: PMC3103775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of mouse parturition is thought to involve myometrial infiltration by amniotic fluid (AF) macrophages, activated by surfactant protein-A (SP-A). In humans, the concentration of AF SP-A decreases during labor, and no fetal macrophages are found in the myometrium after labor. Therefore, it appears that the mechanisms of labor in mice and humans are different. We investigated a potential role for SP-A in human pregnancy and parturition by examining SP-A expression patterns in AF and amnion. High molecular mass (>250 kDa) oligomeric SP-A was increased in AF with advancing gestation. Interestingly, these oligomers were more abundant in placental amnion before labor at term, while they increased primarily in reflected amnion during labor (p < 0.05). Immunoblotting showed a binding of high molecular mass SP-A in AF to amnion. In C57BL/6 mice, oligomeric SP-A was also readily detected in AF from E15 onwards, but not in amnion. Macrophage density in mice myometrium did not change with advancing gestational age. Microarray analysis of human amnion explants incubated with SP-A revealed a molecular signature of inhibited cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction with downregulation of IL-1beta, CXCL2, and CXCL5 mRNA expression. The findings in this study strongly suggest that SP-A signals amniotic anti-inflammatory response via AF during pregnancy. We propose that an SP-A interaction among AF, placental amnion, and reflected amnion is a unique mechanism for immunoregulation in human pregnancy akin to that established in lung biology. However, AF SP-A and fetal macrophages by themselves do not seem to be exclusive effectors of parturition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deug-Chan Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - JoonHo Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yeon-Lim Suh
- Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Surfactant Protein A Stimulates Release of Neutrophil Chemotactic Factors by Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes. Lung 2010; 188:491-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-010-9243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mahajan L, Madan T, Kamal N, Singh VK, Sim RB, Telang SD, Ramchand CN, Waters P, Kishore U, Sarma PU. Recombinant surfactant protein-D selectively increases apoptosis in eosinophils of allergic asthmatics and enhances uptake of apoptotic eosinophils by macrophages. Int Immunol 2008; 20:993-1007. [PMID: 18628238 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is a multifunctional, pattern recognition molecule involved in resistance to allergen challenge and pulmonary inflammation. In view of therapeutic effects of exogenous SP-D or recombinant fragment of human surfactant protein-D (rhSP-D) (composed of eight Gly-X-Y collagen repeat sequences, homotrimeric neck and lectin domains) in murine models of lung allergy and hypereosinophilic SP-D gene-deficient mice, we investigated the possibility of a direct interaction of purified rhSP-D with human eosinophils derived from allergic patients and healthy donors. rhSP-D showed a sugar- and calcium-dependent binding to human eosinophils, suggesting involvement of its carbohydrate recognition domain. While eosinophils from allergic patients showed a significant increase in apoptosis, oxidative burst and CD69 expression in presence of rhSP-D, eosinophils from healthy donors showed no significant change. However, these eosinophils from healthy donors when primed with IL-5 exhibited increase in apoptosis on incubation with rhSP-D. Apoptosis mediated by rhSP-D in primed eosinophils was not affected by the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine. There was a manifold increase in binding of rhSP-D to apoptotic eosinophils than the normal eosinophils and rhSP-D induced a significant increase in uptake of apoptotic eosinophils by J774A.1 macrophage cells. The study suggests that rhSP-D mediated preferential increase of apoptosis of primed eosinophils while not affecting the normal eosinophils and increased phagocytosis of apoptotic eosinophils may be important mechanisms of rhSP-D and plausibly SP-D-mediated resolution of allergic eosinophilic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshna Mahajan
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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Surfactant-associated protein A provides critical immunoprotection in neonatal mice. Infect Immun 2007; 76:380-90. [PMID: 17967856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01043-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The collectins surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) and SP-D are components of innate immunity that are present before birth. Both proteins bind pathogens and assist in clearing infection. The significance of SP-A and SP-D as components of the neonatal immune system has not been investigated. To determine the role of SP-A and SP-D in neonatal immunity, wild-type, SP-A null, and SP-D null mice were bred in a bacterium-laden environment (corn dust bedding) or in a semisterile environment (cellulose fiber bedding). When reared in the corn dust bedding, SP-A null pups had significant mortality (P < 0.001) compared to both wild-type and SP-D null pups exposed to the same environment. The mortality of the SP-A null pups was associated with significant gastrointestinal tract pathology but little lung pathology. Moribund SP-A null newborn mice exhibited Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus sp. peritonitis. When the mother or newborn produced SP-A, newborn survival was significantly improved (P < 0.05) compared to the results when there was a complete absence of SP-A in both the mother and the pup. Significant sources of SP-A likely to protect a newborn include the neonatal lung and gastrointestinal tract but not the lactating mammary tissue of the mother. Furthermore, exogenous SP-A delivered by mouth to newborn SP-A null pups with SP-A null mothers improved newborn survival in the corn dust environment. Therefore, a lack of SP-D did not affect newborn survival, while SP-A produced by either the mother or the pup or oral exogenous SP-A significantly reduced newborn mortality associated with environmentally induced infection in SP-A null newborns.
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Wofford JA, Wright JR. Surfactant protein A regulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis in inflammatory neutrophils. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1437-43. [PMID: 17905854 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00239.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D have been shown to affect the functions of a variety of innate immune cells and to interact with various immune proteins such as complement and immunoglobulins. The goal of the current study is to test the hypothesis that SP-A regulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis by neutrophils, which are major effector cells of the innate immune response that remove invading pathogens by phagocytosis and by extracellular killing mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen. We have previously shown that SP-A stimulates chemotaxis by inflammatory, but not peripheral, neutrophils. To evaluate the ability of SP-A to modulate IgG-mediated phagocytosis, polystyrene beads were coated with BSA and treated with anti-BSA IgG. SP-A significantly and specifically enhanced IgG-mediated phagocytosis by inflammatory neutrophils, but it had no effect on beads not treated with IgG. SP-A bound to IgG-coated beads and enhanced their uptake via direct interactions with the beads as well as direct interactions with the neutrophils. SP-A did not affect reactive oxygen production or binding of IgG to neutrophils and had modest effects on polymerization of actin. These data suggest that SP-A plays an important role in mediating the phagocytic response of neutrophils to IgG-opsonized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Wofford
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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16
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White MR, Tecle T, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL. Impact of neutrophils on antiviral activity of human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1293-9. [PMID: 17720872 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00266.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) and neutrophils participate in the early innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. SP-D increases neutrophil uptake of IAV and modulates neutrophil respiratory burst responses to IAV; however, neutrophil proteases have been shown to degrade SP-D, and human neutrophil peptide defensins bind to SP-D and can cause precipitation of SP-D from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). BALF has significant antiviral activity against IAV. We first added neutrophils to BALF during incubation with IAV. Addition of neutrophils to BALF caused significantly greater clearance of IAV from culture supernatants than from BALF alone, and this effect was significantly more pronounced when neutrophils were activated during incubation with the virus. In contrast, if activated neutrophils were incubated with BALF before addition of virus, they reduced antiviral activity of BALF. This effect correlated with depletion of SP-D from BALF. Activation of neutrophils with agonists that induce primary granule release (including release of human neutrophil peptide defensins) caused SP-D depletion, but activation with PMA, which causes only secondary granule release, did not. The ability of activated neutrophils to deplete SP-D from BALF was partially, but not fully, corrected with protease inhibitors but was unaffected by inhibition of neutrophil respiratory burst responses. These results suggest that chronic neutrophilic inflammation (e.g., as in chronic smoking or cystic fibrosis) may reduce SP-D levels and predispose to IAV infection. In contrast, acute inflammation, as occurs in the early phase of IAV infection, may promote neutrophil-mediated viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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17
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Han YM, Romero R, Kim YM, Kim JS, Richani K, Friel LA, Kusanovic JP, Jeanty C, Vitale S, Nien JK, Espinoza J, Kim CJ. Surfactant protein-A mRNA expression by human fetal membranes is increased in histological chorioamnionitis but not in spontaneous labour at term. J Pathol 2007; 211:489-96. [PMID: 17273989 DOI: 10.1002/path.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is produced by the fetal lung, participates in innate immunity, and has been proposed to play a role in the initiation of parturition in mice. Amniotic fluid SP-A concentration increases as a function of gestational age, and SP-A protein has been demonstrated in human chorioamniotic membranes. This study was conducted to determine whether parturition at term, gestational age and chorioamnionitis in preterm delivery (PTD) are associated with changes in the expression of SP-A in the chorioamniotic membranes. Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from women at term and women with PTD (n=58). SP-A mRNA and protein expression was detected in amniotic epithelial cells, chorionic trophoblasts and macrophages by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated predominant expression of SP-A1 mRNA, whose expression was 17.4-fold higher in patients with PTD with chorioamnionitis (n=15) than in those without (n=13) (p=0.018). While no difference was observed in SP-A1 mRNA expression in the chorioamniotic membranes of women at term not in labour (n=16) and those in labour (n=14) (p=0.87), the expression in term membranes was higher than that of membranes from women with PTD without chorioamnionitis (p=0.003). Analysis of JAR choriocarcinoma cells demonstrated SP-A1 mRNA expression that was up-regulated following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Furthermore, monocytic cell lines (THP-1 and U937) and peripheral blood monocytes (CD14+/CD115+) obtained from pregnant women also expressed SP-A1 mRNA and protein, suggesting the presence of autocrine/paracrine activation in vivo. Interestingly, a mid-trimester amniotic fluid sample obtained from a case of tracheal atresia contained SP-A (3.13 microg/ml), indicating the presence of SP-A of extrapulmonary origin. These findings suggest not only that SP-A expression is a part of the innate immune response deployed during chorioamniotic inflammation, but also that chorioamniotic membranes are a source of SP-A in the amniotic fluid with advancing gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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18
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Schlosser A, Thomsen T, Shipley JM, Hein PW, Brasch F, Tornøe I, Nielsen O, Skjødt K, Palaniyar N, Steinhilber W, McCormack FX, Holmskov U. Microfibril-associated protein 4 binds to surfactant protein A (SP-A) and colocalizes with SP-A in the extracellular matrix of the lung. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:104-16. [PMID: 16867155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an oligomeric collectin that recognizes lipid and carbohydrate moieties present on broad range of micro-organisms, and mediates microbial lysis and clearance. SP-A also modulates multiple immune-related functions including cytokine production and chemotaxis for phagocytes. Here we describe the molecular interaction between the extracellular matrix protein microfibril-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) and SP-A. MFAP4 is a collagen-binding molecule containing a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain and a N-terminal located integrin-binding motif. We produced recombinant MFAP4 with a molecular mass of 36 and 66 kDa in the reduced and unreduced states respectively. Gel filtration chromatography and chemical crosslinking showed that MFAP4 forms oligomers of four dimers. We demonstrated calcium-dependent binding between MFAP4 and human SP-A1 and SP-A2. No binding was seen to recombinant SP-A composed of the neck region and carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-A indicating that the interaction between MFAP4 and SP-A is mediated via the collagen domain of SP-A. Monoclonal antibodies directed against MFAP4 and SP-A were used for immunohistochemical analysis, which demonstrates that the two molecules colocalize both on the elastic fibres in the interalveolar septum and in elastic lamina of pulmonary arteries of chronically inflamed lung tissue. We conclude, that MFAP4 interacts with SP-A via the collagen region in vitro, and that MFAP4 and SP-A colocates in different lung compartments indicating that the interaction may be operative in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schlosser
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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19
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Kanj RS, Kang JL, Castranova V. Interaction between primary alveolar macrophages and primary alveolar type II cells under basal conditions and after lipopolysaccharide or quartz exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:1097-116. [PMID: 16840256 DOI: 10.1080/14736480500360504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communications between alveolar macrophages (AM) and alveolar epithelial type II (TII) cells have been suggested to be important in cellular responses. The main objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the interactions between AM and TII cells that might occur in the lung. In the present investigation, this interaction was studied under different interaction conditions (transwell or mixed coculture) and different exposure conditions (basal, lipopolysaccharide [LPS] exposure, or silica exposure). Studies also attempted different approaches to identify specific mediator(s) involved in this interaction. The following findings were made: (1) Surfactant released from TII cells appears to exert an inhibitory effect on AM activity. (2) Basal transwell coculture conditions are better than mixed coculture conditions to study AM/TII cell interactions, since the inhibitory effect of the surfactant in the transwell coculture is minimized. (3) AM/TII cell interaction is dependent on cell culture (transwell vs mixed) and exposure conditions. (4) Oxidants, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes probably do not independently affect the AM/TII intercellular interaction; instead, they appear to indirectly modulate the complex pathways of AM/TII communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kanj
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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20
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Yang CH, Szeliga J, Jordan J, Faske S, Sever-Chroneos Z, Dorsett B, Christian RE, Settlage RE, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Whitsett JA, Chroneos ZC. Identification of the surfactant protein A receptor 210 as the unconventional myosin 18A. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34447-57. [PMID: 16087679 PMCID: PMC1762002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505229200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometric characterization of the surfactant protein A (SP-A) receptor 210 (SP-R210) led to the identification of myosin (Myo) XVIIIA and nonmuscle myosin IIA. Antibodies generated against the unique C-terminal tail of MyoXVIIIA revealed that MyoXVIIIA, MyoIIA, and SP-R210 have overlapping tissue distribution, all being highly expressed in myeloid cells, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and lung. Western blot analysis of COS-1 cells stably transfected with either MyoXVIIIA or MyoIIA indicated that SP-R210 antibodies recognize MyoXVIIIA. Furthermore, MyoXVIIIA but not MyoIIA localized to the surface of COS-1 cells, and most importantly, expression of MyoXVIIIA in COS-1 cells conferred SP-A binding. Western analysis of recombinant MyoXVIIIA domains expressed in bacteria mapped the epitopes of previously derived SP-R210 antibodies to the neck region of MyoXVIIIA. Antibodies raised against the neck domain of MyoXVIIIA blocked the binding of SP-A to macrophages. Together, these findings indicate that MyoXVIIIA constitutes a novel receptor for SP-A.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Bacteria/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myosins/chemistry
- Myosins/physiology
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA/chemistry
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A/chemistry
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Yang
- Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154, USA
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21
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Haczku A. Role and regulation of lung collectins in allergic airway sensitization. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 110:14-34. [PMID: 16226313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of allergens in atopic patients results in a characteristic inflammatory response while in normal, healthy individuals it elicits no symptoms. The mechanisms by which the pulmonary immune system accomplishes elimination of inhaled particles and suppression of the ensuing inflammatory response are poorly understood. Based on their structural uniqueness, specific localization and functional versatility the hydrophilic surfactant proteins [surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D] are important candidate regulators of these processes. Recent studies in our laboratory and others indicated significant changes in levels of these molecules during the asthmatic response in animal models as well as in asthmatic patients. Because of their capability to directly inhibit T-cell activation and T-cell-dependent allergic inflammatory events, SP-A and SP-D may be significant contributors to the local control of T-helper (Th)2-type inflammation in the airways. This review will discuss their relevant structural-functional features and recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that SP-A and SP-D have a role in regulation of allergic airway sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRB II/III #840, Philadelphia, 19104-6061, USA.
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22
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Bohn AA, Harrod KS, Teske S, Lawrence BP. Increased mortality associated with TCDD exposure in mice infected with influenza A virus is not due to severity of lung injury or alterations in Clara cell protein content. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 155:181-90. [PMID: 16040023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most studies examining the cause of increased mortality in mice infected with a normally non-lethal dose of influenza A virus after exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have focused on defects in the immune system. This study examined other possible consequences of TCDD exposure, which could alter pulmonary inflammation during infection. We measured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein concentrations and lung wet to dry weight ratios to assess lung damage and edema formation. Immunohistochemistry for Cyp1A1 was used to evaluate the responsiveness of the lung to TCDD. Additionally, we characterized the effects of TCDD on Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), which plays a regulatory role in pulmonary inflammation. There were no differences in BAL fluid LDH and protein levels, lung wet to dry weight ratios, or the amount of CCSP in the lungs from mice treated with TCDD or vehicle control. The amount of Cyp1A1 in endothelial cells, Clara cells, and Type II pneumocytes was greatly induced after TCDD exposure. Although lung tissue was clearly responsive to TCDD as shown by Cyp1A1 induction, the increased mortality in infected mice exposed to TCDD did not correlate with increased damage to the lung or decreased CCSP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Bohn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA.
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23
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Casals C, García-Verdugo I. Molecular and Functional Properties of Surfactant Protein A. LUNG BIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/b14169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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24
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Teske S, Bohn AA, Regal JF, Neumiller JJ, Lawrence BP. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor increases pulmonary neutrophilia and diminishes host resistance to influenza A virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L111-24. [PMID: 15792965 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike their role in bacterial infection, less is known about the role of neutrophils during pulmonary viral infection. Exposure to pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) results in excess neutrophils in the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus. TCDD is the most potent agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and exposure to AhR ligands has been correlated with exacerbated inflammatory lung diseases. However, knowledge of the effects of AhR agonists on neutrophils is limited. Likewise, the factors regulating neutrophil responses during respiratory viral infections are not well characterized. To address these knowledge gaps, we determined the in vivo levels of KC, MIP-1alpha, MIP-2, LIX, IL-6, and C5a in infected mouse lungs. Our data show that these neutrophil chemoattractants are generally produced transiently in the lung within 12-24 h of infection. We also report that expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD49d, CD31, and CD38 is increased on pulmonary neutrophils in response to influenza virus. Using AhR-deficient mice, we demonstrate that excess neutrophilia in the lung is mediated by activation of the AhR and that this enhanced neutrophilia correlates directly with decreased survival in TCDD-exposed mice. Although AhR activation results in more neutrophils in the lungs, we show that this is not mediated by deregulation in levels of common neutrophil chemoattractants, expression of adhesion molecules on pulmonary neutrophils, or delayed death of neutrophils. Likewise, exposure to TCDD did not enhance pulmonary neutrophil function. This study provides an important first step in elucidating the mechanisms by which AhR agonists exacerbate pulmonary inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Teske
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology/Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6534, USA
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25
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Brennan MT, Bahrani-Mougeot F, Fox PC, Kennedy TP, Hopkins S, Boucher RC, Lockhart PB. The role of oral microbial colonization in ventilator-associated pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:665-72. [PMID: 15583538 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the association between microbial colonization of the oral cavity and the lungs in critically ill patients that develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The risk factors and microorganisms associated with VAP are presented. The role of oral colonization of VAP-associated pathogens (VAP-AP) in the development of VAP is examined. We explore the potential factors involved in oral colonization of VAP-AP, which are atypical bacteria for the oral cavity. Strategies for the prevention or moderation of oral colonization of VAP-AP have had limited success. We need a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of VAP in order to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and cost from this common complication in ICU medicine and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Brennan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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26
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Janic B, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Floros J. Modulatory effects of ozone on THP-1 cells in response to SP-A stimulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L317-25. [PMID: 15466251 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00125.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)), a major component of air pollution and a strong oxidizing agent, can lead to lung injury associated with edema, inflammation, and epithelial cell damage. The effects of O(3) on pulmonary immune cells have been studied in various in vivo and in vitro systems. We have shown previously that O(3) exposure of surfactant protein (SP)-A decreases its ability to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage (THP-1 cells). In this report, we exposed THP-1 cells and/or native SP-A obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis to O(3) and studied cytokine production and NF-kappaB signaling. The results showed 1) exposure of THP-1 cells to O(3) significantly decreased their ability to express TNF-alpha in response to SP-A; TNF-alpha production, under these conditions, was still significantly higher than basal (unstimulated) levels in filtered air-exposed THP-1 cells; 2) exposure of both THP-1 cells and SP-A to O(3) did not result in any significant differences in TNF-alpha expression compared with basal levels; 3) O(3) exposure of SP-A resulted in a decreased ability of SP-A to activate the NF-kappaB pathway, as assessed by the lack of significant increase and decrease of the nuclear p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha, respectively; and 4) O(3) exposure of THP-1 cells resulted in a decrease in SP-A-mediated THP-1 cell responsiveness, which did not seem to be mediated via the classic NF-kappaB pathway. These findings indicate that O(3) exposure may mediate its effect on macrophage function both directly and indirectly (via SP-A oxidation) and by involving different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Janic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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27
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Grutkoski PS, Graeber CT, Lim YP, Ayala A, Simms HH. Alpha-defensin 1 (human neutrophil protein 1) as an antichemotactic agent for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2666-8. [PMID: 12878538 PMCID: PMC166108 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.8.2666-2668.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium conditioned by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (CM-TNF) suppresses PMN migration. Therefore, we wished to identify the agent(s) in CM-TNF that mediated antichemotactic activity. CM-TNF was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and one fraction with antichemotactic activity contained the bactericidal protein human neutrophil protein 1 (HNP-1). We showed that HNP-1 suppresses PMN migration to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine but not to interleukin 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Grutkoski
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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