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Barguilla I, Candela-Noguera V, Oliver P, Annangi B, Díez P, Aznar E, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos R, Hernández A, Marcos MD. Toxicological Profiling and Long-Term Effects of Bare, PEGylated- and Galacto-Oligosaccharide-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16158. [PMID: 38003350 PMCID: PMC10671840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are amongst the most used nanoparticles in biomedicine. However, the potentially toxic effects of MSNs have not yet been fully evaluated, being a controversial matter in research. In this study, bare MSNs, PEGylated MSNs (MSNs-PEG), and galacto-oligosaccharide-functionalized MSNs (MSNs-GAL) are synthesized and characterized to assess their genotoxicity and transforming ability on human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells in short- (48 h) and long-term (8 weeks) exposure scenarios. Initial short-term treatments show a dose-dependent increase in genotoxicity for MSNs-PEG-treated cells but not oxidative DNA damage for MSNs, MSNs-PEG, or for MSNs-GAL. In addition, after 8 weeks of continuous exposure, neither induced genotoxic nor oxidative DNA is observed. Nevertheless, long-term treatment with MSNs-PEG and MSNs-GAL, but not bare MSNs, induces cell transformation features, as evidenced by the cell's enhanced ability to grow independently of anchorage, to migrate, and to invade. Further, the secretome from cells treated with MSNs and MSNs-GAL, but not MSNs-PEG, shows certain tumor-promoting abilities, increasing the number and size of HeLa cell colonies formed in the indirect soft-agar assay. These results show that MSNs, specifically the functionalized ones, provoke some measurable adverse effects linked to tumorigenesis. These effects are in the order of other nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes or cerium dioxide nanoparticles, but they are lower than those provoked by some approved drugs, such as doxorubicin or dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barguilla
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Vicente Candela-Noguera
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrick Oliver
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Balasubramanyam Annangi
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Paula Díez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Aznar
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Alba Hernández
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - María Dolores Marcos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chatterjee N, Alfaro-Moreno E. In Vitro Cell Transformation Assays: A Valuable Approach for Carcinogenic Potentiality Assessment of Nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098219. [PMID: 37175926 PMCID: PMC10178964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the application of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) as a screening platform to assess the carcinogenic potential of nanomaterials (NMs) resulting from continuously growing industrial production and use. The widespread application of NMs in various fields has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects, necessitating safety evaluations, particularly in long-term continuous exposure scenarios. CTAs present a realistic screening platform for known and emerging NMs by examining their resemblance to the hallmark of malignancy, including high proliferation rates, loss of contact inhibition, the gain of anchorage-independent growth, cellular invasion, dysregulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis resistance, and ability to form tumors in experimental animals. Through the deliberate transformation of cells via chronic NM exposure, researchers can investigate the tumorigenic properties of NMs and the underlying mechanisms of cancer development. This article examines NM-induced cell transformation studies, focusing on identifying existing knowledge gaps. Specifically, it explores the physicochemical properties of NMs, experimental models, assays, dose and time requirements for cell transformation, and the underlying mechanisms of malignancy. Our review aims to advance understanding in this field and identify areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- NanoSafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- NanoSafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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3
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Yang X, Xu G, Liu X, Zhou G, Zhang B, Wang F, Wang L, Li B, Li L. Carbon nanomaterial-involved EMT and CSC in cancer. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:1-13. [PMID: 34619029 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are ubiquitous in our daily lives because of the outstanding physicochemical properties. CNMs play curial parts in industrial and medical fields, however, the risks of CNMs exposure to human health are still not fully understood. In view of, it is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the existence of the toxicity of CNMs. With the increasing exploitation of CNMs, it's necessary to evaluate the potential impact of these materials on human health. In recent years, more and more researches have shown that CNMs are contributed to the cancer formation and metastasis after long-term exposure through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) which is associated with cancer progression and invasion. This review discusses CNMs properties and applications in industrial and medical fields, adverse effects on human health, especially the induction of tumor initiation and metastasis through EMT and CSCs procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gongquan Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiming Zhou
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Rushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weihai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingjuan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Identification of Candidate lncRNA and Pseudogene Biomarkers Associated with Carbon-Nanotube-Induced Malignant Transformation of Lung Cells and Prediction of Potential Preventive Drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052936. [PMID: 35270630 PMCID: PMC8910615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has linked carbon nanotube (CNT) exposure with malignant transformation of lungs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and pseudogenes are important regulators to mediate the pathogenesis of diseases, representing potential biomarkers for surveillance of lung carcinogenesis in workers exposed to CNTs and possible targets to develop preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to screen crucial lncRNAs and pseudogenes and predict preventive drugs. GSE41178 (small airway epithelial cells exposed to single- or multi-walled CNTs or dispersant control) and GSE56104 (lung epithelial cells exposed to single-walled CNTs or dispersant control) datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Weighted correlation network analysis was performed for these two datasets, and the turquoise module was preserved and associated with CNT-induced malignant phenotypes. In total, 24 lncRNAs and 112 pseudogenes in this module were identified as differentially expressed in CNT-exposed cells compared with controls. Four lncRNAs (MEG3, ARHGAP5-AS1, LINC00174 and PVT1) and five pseudogenes (MT1JP, MT1L, RPL23AP64, ZNF826P and TMEM198B) were predicted to function by competing endogenous RNA (MEG3/RPL23AP64-hsa-miR-942-5p-CPEB2/PHF21A/BAMBI; ZNF826P-hsa-miR-23a-3p-SYNGAP1, TMEM198B-hsa-miR-15b-5p-SYNGAP1/CLU; PVT1-hsa-miR-423-5p-PSME3) or co-expression (MEG3/MT1L/ZNF826P/MT1JP-ATM; ARHGAP5-AS1-TMED10, LINC00174-NEDD4L, ARHGAP5-AS1/PVT1-NIP7; MT1L/MT1JP-SYNGAP1; MT1L/MT1JP-CLU) mechanisms. The expression levels and prognosis of all genes in the above interaction pairs were validated using lung cancer patient samples. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the combination of four lncRNAs, five pseudogenes or lncRNAs + pseudogenes were all effective for predicting lung cancer (accuracy >0.8). The comparative toxicogenomics database suggested schizandrin A, folic acid, zinc or gamma-linolenic acid may be preventive drugs by reversing the expression levels of lncRNAs or pseudogenes. In conclusion, this study highlights lncRNAs and pseudogenes as candidate diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets for CNT-induced lung cancer.
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Ballesteros S, Domenech J, Velázquez A, Marcos R, Hernández A. Ex vivo exposure to different types of graphene-based nanomaterials consistently alters human blood secretome. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125471. [PMID: 33647622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBN) have significantly grown in the last years. Many of these applications suppose their intravenous exposure and, in this way, GBN could encounter blood cells triggering an immunological response of unknown effects. Consequently, understanding the relationships between GBN and the immune system response should be a prerequisite for its adequate use in biomedicine. In the present study, we have conducted a little explored ex vivo exposure method in order to study the complexity of the secretome given by the interactions between GBN and blood cells. Blood samples from different healthy donors were exposed to three different types of GBN widely used in the biomedical field. In this sense, graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and a panel of 105 proteins representatives of the blood secretome were evaluated. The results show broad changes in both the cytokines number and the expression levels, with important changes in inflammatory response markers. Furthermore, the indirect soft-agar assay was used as a tool to unravel the global functional impact of the found secretome changes. Our results indicate that the GBN-induced altered secretome can modify the natural anchorage-independent growth capacity of HeLa cells, used as a model. As a conclusion, this study describes an innovative approach to study the potential harmful effects of GBN, providing relevant data to be considered in the biomedical context when GBN are planned to be used in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ballesteros
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Domenech
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Velázquez
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Sheikhpour M, Naghinejad M, Kasaeian A, Lohrasbi A, Shahraeini SS, Zomorodbakhsh S. The Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer: A Critical Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7063-7078. [PMID: 33061368 PMCID: PMC7522408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s263238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of timely diagnosis and the complete treatment of lung cancer for many people with this deadly disease daily increases due to its high mortality. Diagnosis and treatment with helping the nanoparticles are useful, although they have reasonable harms. This article points out that the side effects of using carbon nanotube (CNT) in this disease treatment process such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis are very problematic. Toxicity can reduce to some extent using the techniques such as functionalizing to proper dimensions as a longer length, more width, and greater curvature. The targeted CNT sensors can be connected to various modified vapors. In this regard, with helping this method, screening makes non-invasive diagnosis possible. Researchers have also found that nanoparticles such as CNTs could be used as carriers to direct drug delivery, especially with chemotherapy drugs. Most of these carriers were multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) used for cancerous cell targeting. The results of laboratory and animal researches in the field of diagnosis and treatment became very desirable and hopeful. The collection of researches summarized has highlighted the requirement for a detailed assessment which includes CNT dose, duration, method of induction, etc., to achieve the most controlled conditions for animal and human studies. In the discussion section, 4 contradictory issues are discussed which are invited researchers to do more research to get clearer results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naghinejad
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alibakhsh Kasaeian
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armaghan Lohrasbi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sadegh Shahraeini
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Zomorodbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA. Challenges facing nanotoxicology and nanomedicine due to cellular diversity. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:186-196. [PMID: 30291894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the interaction of nanomaterials (NMs) with cells from the perspective of major cellular differentiations. The structure and composition of cells reflect their role and function in a particular organ or environment. The normal differentiated-state and diseased cells may respond to NMs very differently. This review progresses with due care on nanotoxicology while emphasizing the potential of NMs in treating stress-associated disorders, including cancer and degeneration. The striking potential of NMs in inducing ROS, scavenging ROS, depleting cellular antioxidants, replenishing antioxidants, mimicking antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulating the immune system all show their considerable potential in treating cancer and other aging-associated disorders. It is now clear that NMs become more active and versatile when they come into contact with biological machinery, surprisingly in some cases, in a manner dependent on cell type. The mechanisms leading to the contrasting bioresponse of NMs ranging from toxicity to anticancer and from cell survival to carcinogenicity followed by their immuno-modulating potential show NMs to be a highly promising agent in biomedical therapy. This first-of-its-kind article seeks the challenges to be addressed that could provide a solid rationale in translating the promises of nanomedicine. A thorough understanding of normal and cancer biology could help to minimize the gap between basic and translational research in nanotechnology-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lv T, Song K, Zhang L, Li W, Chen Y, Diao Y, Yao Q, Liu P. miRNA-34a decreases ovarian cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance by targeting HDAC1. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:663-671. [PMID: 29561664 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the roles of miRNA-34a (miR-34a) in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and uncover possible mechanisms. The proliferation of OC cells was measured with an MTT assay and soft agar colony formation assay. TargetScan analysis, real-time PCR, and a luciferase reporter assay were used to demonstrate the downstream target of miR-34a in OC cells. HDAC1 expression levels were detected by immunoblot analysis. miR-34a inhibited the proliferation of SKOV3 and OVCA433 cells and enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in cisplatin-resistant SKOV3cp cells. The results of TargetScan analysis, real-time PCR, and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-34a downregulated HDAC1 expression by directly targeting the 3'-UTR of HDAC1 mRNA. The overexpression of HDAC1 decreased cisplatin sensitivity and promoted proliferation in OC cells. MTT assay and soft agar colony formation assay showed that HDAC1 overexpression blocked the suppressive effects of miR-34a on SKOV3 cell proliferation. In addition, treatment with the miR-34a mimic partially recovered the cisplatin sensitivity of SKOV3cp cells, whereas HDAC1 overexpression blocked the above phenomena caused by treatment with the miR-34a mimic. miR-34a exhibited suppressive effects on OC cells via directly binding and downregulating HDAC1 expression, which subsequently decreased the resistance to cisplatin and suppressed proliferation in OC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lv
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kejuan Song
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- c Department of Nutrition, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weihua Li
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuchao Diao
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Yao
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peishu Liu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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