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Pellegrino D, Casas-Recasens S, Faner R, Palange P, Agusti A. When GETomics meets aging and exercise in COPD. Respir Med 2023:107294. [PMID: 37295536 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The term GETomics has been recently proposed to illustrate that human health and disease are actually the final outcome of many dynamic, interacting and cumulative gene (G) - environment (E) interactions that occur through the lifetime (T) of the individual. According to this new paradigm, the final outcome of any GxE interactions depends on both the age of the individual at which such GxE interaction occurs as well as on the previous, cumulative history of previous GxE interactions through the induction of epigenetic changes and immune memory (both lasting overtime). Following this conceptual approach, our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has changed dramatically. Traditionally believed to be a self-inflicted disease induced by tobacco smoking occurring in older men and characterized by an accelerated decline of lung function with age, now we understand that there are many other risk factors associated with COPD, that it occurs also in females and young individuals, that there are different lung function trajectories through life, and that COPD is not always characterized by accelerated lung function decline. In this paper we discuss how a GETomics approach to COPD may open new perspectives to better understand its relationship with exercise limitation and the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pellegrino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - S Casas-Recasens
- Institut d'investigacions biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - R Faner
- Institut d'investigacions biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain; Cathedra Salut Respiratoria, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - A Agusti
- Institut d'investigacions biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain; Cathedra Salut Respiratoria, University of Barcelona, Spain; Respiratory Institute, Clinic Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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YİĞENOĞLU TN, BAŞCI S, ŞAHİN D, BAKIRTAŞ M, KILINC A, UNCU ULU B, BATGİ H, İSKENDER D, OZCAN N, KIZIL ÇAKIR M, DAL S, HACIBEKİROĞLU T, ALTUNTAŞ F. The effect of smoking on stem cell mobilization in allogeneic donors. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.729505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Manevski M, Muthumalage T, Devadoss D, Sundar IK, Wang Q, Singh KP, Unwalla HJ, Chand HS, Rahman I. Cellular stress responses and dysfunctional Mitochondrial-cellular senescence, and therapeutics in chronic respiratory diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101443. [PMID: 32037306 PMCID: PMC7251248 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal inflammatory responses due to the lung tissue damage and ineffective repair/resolution in response to the inhaled toxicants result in the pathological changes associated with chronic respiratory diseases. Investigation of such pathophysiological mechanisms provides the opportunity to develop the molecular phenotype-specific diagnostic assays and could help in designing the personalized medicine-based therapeutic approaches against these prevalent diseases. As the central hubs of cell metabolism and energetics, mitochondria integrate cellular responses and interorganellar signaling pathways to maintain cellular and extracellular redox status and the cellular senescence that dictate the lung tissue responses. Specifically, as observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis, the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) crosstalk is disrupted by the inhaled toxicants such as the combustible and emerging electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS) tobacco products. Thus, the recent research efforts have focused on understanding how the mitochondria-ER dysfunctions and oxidative stress responses can be targeted to improve inflammatory and cellular dysfunctions associated with these pathologic illnesses that are exacerbated by viral infections. The present review assesses the importance of these redox signaling and cellular senescence pathways that describe the role of mitochondria and ER on the development and function of lung epithelial responses, highlighting the cause and effect associations that reflect the disease pathogenesis and possible intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Manevski
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kameshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hoshang J Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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4
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Tura-Ceide O, Pizarro S, García-Lucio J, Ramírez J, Molins L, Blanco I, Torralba Y, Sitges M, Bonjoch C, Peinado VI, Barberà JA. Progenitor cell mobilisation and recruitment in pulmonary arteries in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2019; 20:74. [PMID: 30992021 PMCID: PMC6469212 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary vascular abnormalities are a characteristic feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD. It is believed that its constant exposure triggers endothelial cell damage and vascular remodelling. Under pathological conditions, progenitor cells (PCs) are mobilized from the bone marrow and recruited to sites of vascular injury. The aim of the study was to investigate whether in COPD the number of circulating PCs is related to the presence of bone marrow-derived cells in pulmonary arteries and the association of these phenomena to both systemic and pulmonary endothelial dysfunction. Methods Thirty-nine subjects, 25 with COPD, undergoing pulmonary resection because of a localized carcinoma, were included. The number of circulating PCs was assessed by flow cytometry using a triple combination of antibodies against CD45, CD133 and CD34. Infiltrating CD45+ cells were identified by immunohistochemistry in pulmonary arteries. Endothelial function in systemic and pulmonary arteries was measured by flow-mediated dilation and adenosine diphosphate-induced vasodilation, respectively. Results COPD patients had reduced numbers of circulating PCs (p < 0.05) and increased numbers of CD45+ cells (< 0.05) in the pulmonary arterial wall than non-COPD subjects, being both findings inversely correlated (r = − 0.35, p < 0.05). In pulmonary arteries, the number of CD45+ cells correlated with the severity of vascular remodelling (r = 0.4, p = 0.01) and the endothelium-dependent vasodilation (r = − 0.3, p = 0.05). Systemic endothelial function was unrelated to the number of circulating PCs and changes in pulmonary vessels. Conclusion In COPD, the decrease of circulating PCs is associated with their recruitment in pulmonary arteries, which in turn is associated with endothelial dysfunction and vessel remodelling, suggesting a mechanistic link between these phenomena. Our findings are consistent with the notion of an imbalance between endothelial damage and repair capacity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular abnormalities in COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1024-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. .,Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sandra Pizarro
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jéssica García-Lucio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laureano Molins
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Torralba
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bonjoch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor I Peinado
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. .,Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Huuskes BM, DeBuque RJ, Kerr PG, Samuel CS, Ricardo SD. The Use of Live Cell Imaging and Automated Image Analysis to Assist With Determining Optimal Parameters for Angiogenic Assay in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 31024908 PMCID: PMC6468051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing angiogenic potential and function of cells in culture is important for the understanding of the mechanisms that can modulate angiogenesis, especially when discovering novel anti- or pro-angiogenic therapeutics. Commonly used angiogenic assays include tube formation, proliferation, migration, and wound healing, and although well-characterized, it is important that methodology is standardized and reproducible. Human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are critical for post-natal vascular homeostasis and can be isolated from human peripheral blood. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are a subset of EPCs and are of interest as a possible therapeutic target for hypoxic diseases such as kidney disease, as they have a high angiogenic potential. However, once ECFCs are identified in culture, the exact timing of passaging has not been well-described and the optimal conditions to perform angiogenic assays such as seeding density, growth media (GM) concentrations and end-points of these assays is widely varied in the literature. Here, we describe the process of isolating, culturing and passaging ECFCs from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), aided by image analysis. We further describe optimal conditions, for human bladder endothelial cells (hBECs), challenged in angiogenic assays and confirm that cell density is a limiting factor in accurately detecting angiogenic parameters. Furthermore, we show that GM along is enough to alter the angiogenic potential of cells, seeded at the same density. Lastly, we report on the success of human ECFCs in angiogenic assays and describe the benefits of live-cell imaging combined with time-lapse microscopy for this type of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Huuskes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan J DeBuque
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Coppolino I, Ruggeri P, Nucera F, Cannavò MF, Adcock I, Girbino G, Caramori G. Role of Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Emphysema. COPD 2018; 15:536-556. [DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2018.1536116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Coppolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Francesco Cannavò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ian Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital Biomedical Research Unit, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Girbino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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7
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Avezov K, Aizenbud D, Lavie L. Intermittent Hypoxia Induced Formation of "Endothelial Cell-Colony Forming Units (EC-CFUs)" Is Affected by ROS and Oxidative Stress. Front Neurol 2018; 9:447. [PMID: 29963003 PMCID: PMC6010519 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH)—the hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—increases leukocyte activation, production of NADPH-oxidase dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, affecting endothelial function. However, IH and oxidative stress can also stimulate adaptive-protective mechanisms by inducing the development of Endothelial Cell-Colony Forming Units (EC-CFUs), which are considered as a good surrogate marker for endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and likely reflect a reparatory response to vascular damage or tissue ischemia by leukocytes. Blood samples were obtained from 15 healthy consenting volunteers to evaluate the effects of IH and sustained hypoxia (SH) in vitro on EC-CFUs development and functions. The variables measured included: their numbers, the area, the proliferative capacity and ROS production. Additionally, NADPH-oxidase, VEGF and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, as well as their paracrine effects on endothelial tube formation were determined. The involvement of ROS was probed using the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and NADPH-oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyl-iodide. Compared to normoxia, IH-dependent increases in EC-CFUs numbers were observed, showing an individual donor-dependent trait. Also, the expression of VEGF and gp91phox, a subunit of NADPH-oxidase, were significantly increased. ROS production and oxidative stress markers were also significantly increased, but Nrf2 expression and colony size were unaffected by IH. Additionally, conditioned media harvested from IH- and SH-treated mature EC-CFUs, significantly increased endothelial tube formation. These effects were markedly attenuated or diminished by the ROS and NADPH-oxidase inhibitors employed. In conclusion, we show here for the first time that IH-associated oxidative stress promotes EC-CFUs' vascular and paracrine capacities through ROS. However, the large inter-individual variability expressed in EC-CFUs numbers and functions to a given IH stimulus, may represent an individual trait with a potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Avezov
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Aizenbud
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lena Lavie
- The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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8
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García-Lucio J, Peinado VI, de Jover L, del Pozo R, Blanco I, Bonjoch C, Coll-Bonfill N, Paul T, Tura-Ceide O, Barberà JA. Imbalance between endothelial damage and repair capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195724. [PMID: 29672621 PMCID: PMC5908268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and progenitor cells (PCs) are biological markers of endothelial function and endogenous repair capacity. The study was aimed to investigate whether COPD patients have an imbalance between EMPs to PCs compared to controls and to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on these circulating markers. Methods Circulating EMPs and PCs were determined by flow cytometry in 27 nonsmokers, 20 smokers and 61 COPD patients with moderate to severe airflow obstruction. We compared total EMPs (CD31+CD42b-), apoptotic if they co-expressed Annexin-V+ or activated if they co-expressed CD62E+, circulating PCs (CD34+CD133+CD45+) and the EMPs/PCs ratio between groups. Results COPD patients presented increased levels of total and apoptotic circulating EMPs, and an increased EMPs/PCs ratio, compared with nonsmokers. Women had less circulating PCs than men through all groups and those with COPD showed lower levels of PCs than both control groups. In smokers, circulating EMPs and PCs did not differ from nonsmokers, being the EMPs/PCs ratio in an intermediate position between COPD and nonsmokers. Conclusions We conclude that COPD patients present an imbalance between endothelial damage and repair capacity that might explain the frequent concurrence of cardiovascular disorders. Factors related to the disease itself and gender, rather than cigarette smoking, may account for this imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica García-Lucio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor I. Peinado
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís de Jover
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto del Pozo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bonjoch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Coll-Bonfill
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Paul
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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9
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Salter B, Sehmi R. The role of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:2168-2177. [PMID: 28840018 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.07.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased vascularity of the bronchial sub-mucosa is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with disease severity. Capillary engorgement, leakage, and vasodilatation can directly increase airway wall thickness resulting in airway luminal narrowing and facilitate inflammatory cell trafficking, thereby contributing to irreversible airflow obstruction, a characteristic of COPD. Airway wall neovascularisation, seen as increases in both the size and number of bronchial blood vessels is a prominent feature of COPD that correlates with reticular basement membrane thickening and airway obstruction. Sub-epithelial vascularization may be an important remodelling event for airway narrowing and airflow obstruction in COPD. Post-natal angiogenesis is a complex process, whereby new blood vessels sprouting from extant microvasculature, can arise from the proliferation of resident mature vascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, this may arise from increased turnover and lung-homing of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Following lung-homing, EPCs can differentiate locally within the tissue into ECs, further contributing to vascular repair, maintenance, and expansion under pathological conditions, governed by a locally elaborated milieu of growth factors (GFs). In this article, we will review evidence for the role of BM-derived EPCs in the development of angiogenesis in the lug and discuss how this may relate to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Salter
- CardioRespiratory Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- CardioRespiratory Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Tura-Ceide O, Lobo B, Paul T, Puig-Pey R, Coll-Bonfill N, García-Lucio J, Smolders V, Blanco I, Barberà JA, Peinado VI. Cigarette smoke challenges bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell capacities in guinea pig. Respir Res 2017; 18:50. [PMID: 28330488 PMCID: PMC5363047 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with lower numbers of circulating stem cells and might severely affect their mobilization, trafficking and homing. Our study was designed to demonstrate in an animal model of CS exposure whether CS affects the homing and functional capabilities of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Methods Guinea pigs (GP), exposed or sham-exposed to CS, were administered via tracheal instillation or by vascular administration with 2.5 × 106 BM-MSCs obtained from CS-exposed or sham-exposed animal donors. Twenty-four hours after cell administration, animals were sacrificed and cells were visualised into lung structures by optical microscopy. BM-MSCs from 8 healthy GP and from 8 GP exposed to CS for 1 month were isolated from the femur, cultured in vitro and assessed for their proliferation, migration, senescence, differentiation potential and chemokine gene expression profile. Results CS-exposed animals showed greater BM-MSCs lung infiltration than sham-exposed animals regardless of route of administration. The majority of BM-MSCs localized in the alveolar septa. BM-MSCs obtained from CS-exposed animals showed lower ability to engraft and lower proliferation and migration. In vitro, BM-MSCs exposed to CS extract showed a significant reduction of proliferative, cellular differentiation and migratory potential and an increase in cellular senescence in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion Short-term CS exposure induces BM-MSCs dysfunction. Such dysfunction was observed in vivo, affecting the cell homing and proliferation capabilities of BM-MSCs in lungs exposed to CS and in vitro altering the rate of proliferation, senescence, differentiation and migration capacity. Additionally, CS induced a reduction in CXCL9 gene expression in the BM from CS-exposed animals underpinning a potential mechanistic action of bone marrow dysfunction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0530-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Lobo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Tanja Paul
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Raquel Puig-Pey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Núria Coll-Bonfill
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Jéssica García-Lucio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Valérie Smolders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan A Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor I Peinado
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Endothelial progenitor cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173446. [PMID: 28291826 PMCID: PMC5349667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial injury is implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD and emphysema; however the role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a marker of endothelial cell repair, and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), a marker of endothelial cell injury, in COPD and its subphenotypes is unresolved. We hypothesized that endothelial progenitor cell populations would be decreased in COPD and emphysema and that circulating endothelial cells would be increased. Associations with other subphenotypes were examined. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis COPD Study recruited smokers with COPD and controls age 50–79 years without clinical cardiovascular disease. Endothelial progenitor cell populations (CD34+KDR+ and CD34+KDR+CD133+ cells) and circulating endothelial cells (CD45dimCD31+CD146+CD133-) were measured by flow cytometry. COPD was defined by standard spirometric criteria. Emphysema was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively on CT. Full pulmonary function testing and expiratory CTs were measured in a subset. Among 257 participants, both endothelial progenitor cell populations, and particularly CD34+KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells, were reduced in COPD. The CD34+KDR+CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells were associated inversely with emphysema extent. Both endothelial progenitor cell populations were associated inversely with extent of panlobular emphysema and positively with diffusing capacity. Circulating endothelial cells were not significantly altered in COPD but were inversely associated with pulmonary microvascular blood flow on MRI. There was no consistent association of endothelial progenitor cells or circulating endothelial cells with measures of gas trapping. These data provide evidence that endothelial repair is impaired in COPD and suggest that this pathological process is specific to emphysema.
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12
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Is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease an Accelerated Aging Disease? Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13 Suppl 5:S429-S437. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201602-124aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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13
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Dysregulation of Vascular Endothelial Progenitor Cells Lung-Homing in Subjects with COPD. Can Respir J 2016; 2016:1472823. [PMID: 27445517 PMCID: PMC4904543 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1472823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by fixed airflow limitation and progressive decline of lung function and punctuated by occasional exacerbations. The disease pathogenesis may involve activation of the bone marrow stimulating mobilization and lung-homing of progenitor cells. We investigated the hypothesis that lower circulating numbers of vascular endothelial progenitor cells (VEPCs) are a consequence of increased lung-sequestration in COPD. Nonatopic, current or ex-smokers with diagnosed COPD and nonatopic, nonsmoking normal controls were enrolled. Blood and induced sputum extracted primitive hemopoietic progenitors (HPCs) and VEPC were enumerated by flow cytometry. Migration and adhesive responses to fibronectin were assessed. In sputum, VEPC numbers were significantly greater in COPD compared to normal controls. In blood, VEPCs were significantly lower in COPD versus normal controls. There were no differences in HPC levels between the two groups in either compartment. Functionally, there was a greater migrational responsiveness of progenitors from COPD subjects to stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1α) compared to normal controls. This was associated with greater numbers of CXCR4+ progenitors in sputum from COPD. Increased migrational responsiveness of progenitor cells may promote lung-homing of VEPC in COPD which may disrupt maintenance and repair of the airways and contribute to COPD disease pathogenesis.
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14
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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15
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Prakash YS, Tschumperlin DJ, Stenmark KR. Coming to terms with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L625-38. [PMID: 26254424 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00204.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases such as emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary vascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality, but despite substantial mechanistic understanding, clinical management options for them are limited, with lung transplantation being implemented at end stages. However, limited donor lung availability, graft rejection, and long-term problems after transplantation are major hurdles to lung transplantation being a panacea. Bioengineering the lung is an exciting and emerging solution that has the ultimate aim of generating lung tissues and organs for transplantation. In this article we capture and review the current state of the art in lung bioengineering, from the multimodal approaches, to creating anatomically appropriate lung scaffolds that can be recellularized to eventually yield functioning, transplant-ready lungs. Strategies for decellularizing mammalian lungs to create scaffolds with native extracellular matrix components vs. de novo generation of scaffolds using biocompatible materials are discussed. Strengths vs. limitations of recellularization using different cell types of various pluripotency such as embryonic, mesenchymal, and induced pluripotent stem cells are highlighted. Current hurdles to guide future research toward achieving the clinical goal of transplantation of a bioengineered lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for major non-communicable chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, most forms of lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the prevalence of these diseases continually increases with age, their respective incidence peaks at different times during the lifespan, suggesting specific effects of ageing on the onset and/or pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the nine hallmarks of ageing have been defined as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous pathways involved in ageing. Here, we review the available evidence for the involvement of each of these hallmarks in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, we propose an additional hallmark, “dysregulation of the extracellular matrix”, which we argue acts as a crucial modifier of cell-autonomous changes and functions, and as a key feature of the above-mentioned lung diseases.
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17
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Pizarro S, García-Lucio J, Peinado VI, Tura-Ceide O, Díez M, Blanco I, Sitges M, Petriz J, Torralba Y, Marín P, Roca J, Barberà JA. Circulating progenitor cells and vascular dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106163. [PMID: 25171153 PMCID: PMC4149524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), decreased progenitor cells and impairment of systemic vascular function have been suggested to confer higher cardiovascular risk. The origin of these changes and their relationship with alterations in the pulmonary circulation are unknown. Objectives To investigate whether changes in the number of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells are associated with pulmonary hypertension or changes in endothelial function. Methods 62 COPD patients and 35 controls (18 non-smokers and 17 smokers) without cardiovascular risk factors other than cigarette smoking were studied. The number of circulating progenitors was measured as CD45+CD34+CD133+ labeled cells by flow cytometry. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation. Markers of inflammation and angiogenesis were also measured in all subjects. Results Compared with controls, the number of circulating progenitor cells was reduced in COPD patients. Progenitor cells did not differ between control smokers and non-smokers. COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension showed greater number of progenitor cells than those without pulmonary hypertension. Systemic endothelial function was worse in both control smokers and COPD patients. Interleukin-6, fibrinogen, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were increased in COPD. In COPD patients, the number of circulating progenitor cells was inversely related to the flow-mediated dilation of systemic arteries. Conclusions Pulmonary and systemic vascular impairment in COPD is associated with cigarette smoking but not with the reduced number of circulating hematopoietic progenitors. The latter appears to be a consequence of the disease itself not related to smoking habit.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology
- Smoking
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pizarro
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jéssica García-Lucio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor I. Peinado
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Department of Cytometry, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Torralba
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Marín
- Department of Cryopreservervation, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Roca
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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