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Batiha GES, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Welson NN. Pathophysiology of Post-COVID syndromes: a new perspective. Virol J 2022; 19:158. [PMID: 36210445 PMCID: PMC9548310 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 patients recovered with low mortality; however, some patients experienced long-term symptoms described as "long-COVID" or "Post-COVID syndrome" (PCS). Patients may have persisting symptoms for weeks after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, including dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, insomnia, cognitive and olfactory disorders. These symptoms may last for months in some patients. PCS may progress in association with the development of mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), which is a distinct kind of mast cell activation disorder, characterized by hyper-activation of mast cells with inappropriate and excessive release of chemical mediators. COVID-19 survivors, mainly women, and patients with persistent severe fatigue for 10 weeks after recovery with a history of neuropsychiatric disorders are more prone to develop PCS. High D-dimer levels and blood urea nitrogen were observed to be risk factors associated with pulmonary dysfunction in COVID-19 survivors 3 months post-hospital discharge with the development of PCS. PCS has systemic manifestations that resolve with time with no further complications. However, the final outcomes of PCS are chiefly unknown. Persistence of inflammatory reactions, autoimmune mimicry, and reactivation of pathogens together with host microbiome alterations may contribute to the development of PCS. The deregulated release of inflammatory mediators in MCAS produces extraordinary symptoms in patients with PCS. The development of MCAS during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is correlated to COVID-19 severity and the development of PCS. Therefore, MCAS is treated by antihistamines, inhibition of synthesis of mediators, inhibition of mediator release, and inhibition of degranulation of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al Beheira, 22511 Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nermeen N. Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511 Egypt
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2
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Burchett JR, Dailey JM, Kee SA, Pryor DT, Kotha A, Kankaria RA, Straus DB, Ryan JJ. Targeting Mast Cells in Allergic Disease: Current Therapies and Drug Repurposing. Cells 2022; 11:3031. [PMID: 36230993 PMCID: PMC9564111 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of allergic disease has grown tremendously in the past three generations. While current treatments are effective for some, there is considerable unmet need. Mast cells are critical effectors of allergic inflammation. Their secreted mediators and the receptors for these mediators have long been the target of allergy therapy. Recent drugs have moved a step earlier in mast cell activation, blocking IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 interactions with their receptors. In this review, we summarize the latest therapies targeting mast cells as well as new drugs in clinical trials. In addition, we offer support for repurposing FDA-approved drugs to target mast cells in new ways. With a multitude of highly selective drugs available for cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic disorders, drug repurposing offers optimism for the future of allergy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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3
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Ma J, Liu MX, Chen LC, Shen JJ, Kuo ML. Ding Chuan Tang Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Eosinophil Infiltration in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Asthmatic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6692772. [PMID: 34595240 PMCID: PMC8478538 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6692772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a T helper 2 (Th2) cell-associated chronic inflammatory diseases characterized with airway obstruction, increased mucus production, and eosinophil infiltration. Conventional medications for asthma treatment cannot fully control the symptoms, and potential side effects are also the concerns. Thus, complement or alternative medicine (CAM) became a new option for asthma management. Ding Chuan Tang (DCT) is a traditional Chinese herbal decoction applied mainly for patients with coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and asthma. Previously, DCT has been proved to improve children airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a randomized and double-blind clinical trial. However, the mechanisms of how DCT alleviates AHR remain unclear. Since asthmatic features such as eosinophil infiltration, IgE production, and mucus accumulation are relative with Th2 responses, we hypothesized that DCT may attenuate asthma symptoms through regulating Th2 cells. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as a stimulant to sensitize BALB/c mice to establish an asthmatic model. AHR was detected one day before sacrifice. BALF and serum were collected for immune cell counting and antibody analysis. Splenocytes were cultured with OVA in order to determine Th2 cytokine production. Lung tissues were collected for histological and gene expression analyses. Our data reveal that DCT can attenuate AHR and eosinophil accumulation in the 30-day sensitization asthmatic model. Histological results demonstrated that DCT can reduce cell infiltration and mucus production in peribronchial and perivascular site. In OVA-stimulated splenocyte cultures, a significant reduction of IL-5 and IL-13 in DCT-treated mice suggests that DCT may alleviate Th2 responses. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that DCT has the potential to suppress allergic responses through the reduction of mucus production, eosinophil infiltration, and Th2 activity in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Xun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Jong Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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4
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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McKnight CG, Jude JA, Zhu Z, Panettieri RA, Finkelman FD. House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airway Disease Is Independent of IgE and FcεRIα. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:674-682. [PMID: 28700253 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0356oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE contributes to disease exacerbations but not to baseline airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in human asthma. In rodent allergic airway disease (AAD), mast cell and IgE dependence for the induction of AHR has only been observed when mice are immunized with a relatively weak allergen without adjuvant. To evaluate the role of IgE in murine AAD that is induced by a potent allergen, we inoculated BALB/c and FVB/N background wild-type and IgE- or FcεRIα-deficient mice intratracheally with large or limiting doses of house dust mite extract (HDM) and evaluated AHR, pulmonary eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, serum IgE, and lung mastocytosis. We found that neither IgE nor FcεRIα contributed to AAD, even in mice inoculated with the lowest dose of HDM, which readily induced detectable disease, but did not increase serum IgE or pulmonary mast cell levels. In contrast, high doses of HDM strikingly increased serum IgE and pulmonary mast cells, although both AHR and airway mast cell degranulation were equally elevated in wild-type and IgE-deficient mice. Surprisingly, allergen challenge of mice with severe AAD and pulmonary mastocytosis failed to acutely increase airway resistance, lung Newtonian resistance, or hysteresis. Overall, this study shows that, although mice may not reliably model acute asthma exacerbations, mechanisms that are IgE and FcεRIα independent are responsible for AHR and airway inflammation when low doses of a potent allergen are inhaled repetitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G McKnight
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Medical Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph A Jude
- 3 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,4 Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zhenqi Zhu
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- 4 Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,5 Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey; and
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- 1 Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Medical Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,6 Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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6
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Zoltowska Nilsson AM, Lei Y, Adner M, Nilsson GP. Mast cell-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling is protective against the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a house dust mite mouse model of asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L484-L492. [PMID: 29146574 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00270.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor ST2 have been influentially associated with the pathophysiology of asthma. Due to the divergent roles of IL-33 in regulating mast cell functions, there is a need to further characterize IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses and their significance in the context of asthma. This study aimed to investigate how IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses contribute to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. Mast cell-deficient C57BL/6-KitW-sh (Wsh) mice engrafted with either wild-type (Wsh + MC-WT) or ST2-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells (Wsh + MC-ST2KO) were exposed to HDM delivered intranasally. An exacerbated development of AHR in response to HDM was seen in Wsh + MC-ST2KO compared with Wsh + MC-WT mice. The contribution of this IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell response to AHR seems to reside within the smaller airways in the peripheral parts of the lung, as suggested by the isolated yet marked effect on tissue resistance. Considering the absence of a parallel increase in cellular inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung, the aggravated AHR in Wsh + MC-ST2KO mice seems to be independent of cellular inflammation. We observed an association between the elevated AHR and reduced PGE2 levels in BALF. Due to the protective properties of PGE2 in airway responses, it is conceivable that IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell induction of PGE2 could be responsible for the dampening effect on AHR. In conclusion, we reveal that IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses can have a protective, rather than causative role, in the development of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zoltowska Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Y Lei
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - M Adner
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm . Sweden
| | - G P Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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7
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The role of iNKT cells on the phenotypes of allergic airways in a mouse model. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:80-89. [PMID: 28483562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells and mast cells have both been implicated in the syndrome of allergic asthma through their activation-induced release of Th2 type cytokines and secretion of histamine and other mediators, respectively, which can promote airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to agents such as methacholine. However, a mechanistic link between iNKT cells and mast cell recruitment or activation has never been explored. Our objective was to determine whether iNKT cells are necessary for the recruitment of mast cells and if iNKT cells can influence the acute allergen induced bronchoconstriction (AIB) caused by mast cell mediator release. To do so, we pharmacologically eliminated iNKT cells using a specific antibody (NKT-14) and examined its impact on airway inflammation and physiological phenotype. In mice treated with NKT-14, the elimination of iNKT cells was sufficient to prevent AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation elicited by administration of the iNKT cell agonist αGalCer. In mice treated with NKT-14 and then sensitized and challenged with house dust mite extract (HDM), eliminating the iNKT cells significantly reduced both AHR and AIB but did not affect pulmonary inflammation, the mast cell population, nor the release of the mast cell mediators mast cell protease-1 and prostaglandin D2. We conclude that while iNKT cells contribute to the phenotype of allergic airways disease through the manifestation of AIB and AHR, their presence is not required for mast cell recruitment and activation, or to generate the characteristic inflammatory response subsequent to allergen challenge.
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8
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Zoltowska AM, Lei Y, Fuchs B, Rask C, Adner M, Nilsson GP. The interleukin-33 receptor ST2 is important for the development of peripheral airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a house dust mite mouse model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:479-90. [PMID: 26609909 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical and experimental studies have implicated IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in the development of asthma. However, the effect of IL-33/ST2 signalling on airway responses and inflammation in allergic asthma is not well established. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of IL-33/ST2 signalling in promoting allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, antigen-specific IgE production and mast cell activity in a mouse model of asthma. METHODS ST2-deficient (ST2(-/-)) mice and control BALB/c mice were given house dust mite (HDM) extract over a 6-week period. Forty-eight hours after the final HDM administration, lung function and airway inflammation were evaluated. Airway responsiveness was determined in the central airways and peripheral lung. Cellular infiltration and mast cell protease mMCP-1 levels were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Recruitment of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokine profiles were assessed in pulmonary tissue, and HDM-specific IgE was measured in serum. RESULTS ST2 deficiency diminished HDM-induced AHR in the peripheral lung, while AHR in the central airways was unaffected. Inflammatory responses to HDM were also reduced in ST2(-/-) mice as reflected by the lower induction of HDM-specific serum IgE, inhibition of HDM-induced eosinophilia and reduced macrophage count in BALF, and a diminished influx of inflammatory cells and reduced goblet cell hyperplasia around the peripheral airways. Furthermore, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, GM-CSF, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and mast cell protease mMCP-1 were reduced in HDM-treated ST2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS In addition to promoting Th2 inflammation, we now suggest a role for the IL-33/ST2 pathway for the induction of peripheral inflammation and mucus production that causes AHR in the peripheral lung. This mechanism for inducing AHR at distal parts of the lung may be of specific importance as asthma is considered as a small airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zoltowska
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Lei
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - B Fuchs
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Rask
- ALK-Abelló, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - M Adner
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G P Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Guest I, Sell S. Bronchial lesions of mouse model of asthma are preceded by immune complex vasculitis and induced bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). J Transl Med 2015; 95:886-902. [PMID: 26006019 PMCID: PMC4520747 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically examined by immune histology the lungs of some widely used mouse models of asthma. These models include sensitization by multiple intraperitoneal injections of soluble ovalbumin (OVA) or of OVA with alum, followed by three intranasal or aerosol challenges 3 days apart. Within 24 h after a single challenge there is fibrinoid necrosis of arterial walls with deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) and OVA and infiltration of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells that lasts for about 3 days followed by peribronchial B-cell infiltration and slight reversible goblet cell hypertrophy (GCHT). After two challenges, severe eosinophilic vasculitis is present at 6 h, increases by 72 h, and then declines; B-cell proliferation and significant GCHT and hyperplasia (GCHTH) and bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy recur more prominently. After three challenges, there is significantly increased induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, GCHTH, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Elevated levels of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are present in bronchial lavage fluids. Sensitized mice have precipitating antibody and positive Arthus skin reactions but also develop significant levels of IgE antibody to OVA but only 1 week after challenge. We conclude that the asthma like lung lesions induced in these models is preceded by immune complex-mediated eosinophilic vasculitis and iBALT formation. There are elevations of Th2 cytokines that most likely produce bronchial lesions that resemble human asthma. However, it is unlikely that mast cell-activated atopic mechanisms are responsible as we found only a few presumed mast cells by toluidine blue and metachromatic staining limited to the most proximal part of the main stem bronchus, and none in the remaining main stem bronchus or in the lung periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Guest
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY
| | - Stewart Sell
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY
- School of Public Health, University at Albany
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10
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Lei Y, Boinapally V, Zoltowska A, Adner M, Hellman L, Nilsson G. Vaccination against IL-33 Inhibits Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in a House Dust Mite Model of Asthma. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214807 PMCID: PMC4516261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In several clinical and experimental studies IL-33 and its receptor have been found to play important roles in the development of asthma and allergic airway inflammation. We evaluated the effects of vaccination against IL-33 in a mouse model of airway inflammation induced by house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Balb/c mice received the IL-33 vaccine subcutaneously, followed by intranasal administration of HDM for up to six weeks. Vaccination against IL-33 induced high titers of specific anti-IL-33 IgG antibodies that inhibited HDM-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the conducting airways and tissue damping. The vaccination also attenuated the HDM-induced elevation in the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and suppressed the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways. Furthermore, the levels of IL-17A, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in lung tissue homogenates were reduced by vaccination against IL-33. These observations demonstrate that vaccination against IL-33 inhibits HDM-induced development of AHR, airway inflammation and production of inflammatory cytokines. The results also indicate an important role of IL-33 in the regulation of AHR of the distal lung compartments. Thus, administration of such a vaccine is potentially an effective therapeutic tool for treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Vamsi Boinapally
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Zoltowska
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (GN); (LH)
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (GN); (LH)
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11
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Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Bates JHT. A computational model of unresolved allergic inflammation in chronic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L384-90. [PMID: 25526738 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed an agent-based computational model to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel hypothesis we term the inflammatory twitch. This hypothesis potentially explains the dynamics of the normal response to allergic inflammation in the lung (Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Bates JH. J Immunol 190: 3510-3516, 2013) on the basis that antigenic stimulation sets in motion both the onset of inflammation and its subsequent resolution. The result is a self-limited inflammatory event that is similar in a formal sense to a skeletal muscle twitch. We hypothesize here that the chronic airway inflammation characteristic of asthma may represent the failure of the inflammatory twitch to resolve back to baseline. Our model provides a platform with which to perform virtual experiments aimed at investigating possible mechanisms leading to accentuation and/or prolongation of the inflammatory twitch. We used our model to determine how the inflammatory twitch is modified by knocking out certain cell types, interfering with cell activity, and altering cell lifetimes. Increasing the duration of activation of proinflammatory cells (considered to be chiefly neutrophils and eosinophils) markedly accentuated and prolonged the inflammatory twitch. This aberrant twitch behavior was largely abrogated by knocking out T-helper cells (simulating the effect of corticosteroids). The aberrant inflammatory twitch was also normalized by reducing the lifetime of the proinflammatory cells, suggesting that increasing apoptosis of these cells may be a therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Pothen
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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12
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Lowe APP, Broadley KJ, Nials AT, Ford WR, Kidd EJ. Adjustment of sensitisation and challenge protocols restores functional and inflammatory responses to ovalbumin in guinea-pigs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 72:85-93. [PMID: 25450500 PMCID: PMC4370377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Inhalation of antigen in atopic asthma induces early (EAR) and late asthmatic responses (LARs), inflammatory cell infiltration and airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Previously, we have established a protocol of sensitisation and subsequent ovalbumin (Ova) inhalation challenge in guinea-pigs which induced these 4 features (Smith & Broadley, 2007). However, the responses of guinea-pigs to Ova challenge have recently declined, producing no LAR or AHR and diminished EAR and cells. By making cumulative modifications to the protocol, we sought to restore these features. Methods Guinea-pigs were sensitised with Ova (i.p. 100 or 150 μg) on days 1 and 5 or days 1, 4 and 7 and challenged with nebulised Ova (100 or 300 μg/ml, 1 h) on day 15. Airway function was measured in conscious guinea-pigs by whole-body plethysmography to record specific airway conductance (sGaw). Airway responsiveness to aerosolized histamine (0.3 mM) was determined before and 24 h after Ova challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed for total and differential inflammatory cell counts. Lung sections were stained for counting of eosinophils. Results Lack of AHR and LAR with the original protocol was confirmed. Increasing the Ova challenge concentration from 100 to 300 μg/ml restored AHR and eosinophils and increased the peak of the EAR. Increasing the number of sensitisation injections from 2 to 3 did not alter the responses. Increasing the Ova sensitisation concentration from 100 to 150 μg significantly increased total cells, particularly eosinophils. A LAR was revealed and lymphocytes and eosinophils increased when either the Al(OH)3 concentration was increased or the duration between the final sensitisation injection and Ova challenge was extended from 15 to 21 days. Discussion This study has shown that declining allergic responses to Ova in guinea-pigs could be restored by increasing the sensitisation and challenge conditions. It has also demonstrated an important dissociation between EAR, LAR, AHR and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P P Lowe
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J Broadley
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony T Nials
- Discovery Biology, Respiratory Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, SG1 2NY Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - William R Ford
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Kidd
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
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Mast cell mediators cause early allergic bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs in vivo: a model of relevance to asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:533-42. [PMID: 23799245 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One feature of allergic asthma, the EAR (early allergic reaction), is not present in the commonly used mouse models. We therefore investigated the mediators involved in EAR in a guinea-pig in vivo model of allergic airway inflammation. Animals were sensitized using a single OVA (ovalbumin)/alum injection and challenged with aerosolized OVA on day 14. On day 15, airway resistance was assessed after challenge with OVA or MCh (methacholine) using the forced oscillation technique, and lung tissue was prepared for histology. The contribution of mast cell mediators was investigated using inhibitors of the main mast cell mediators [histamine (pyrilamine) and CysLTs (cysteinyl-leukotrienes) (montelukast) and prostanoids (indomethacin)]. OVA-sensitized and challenged animals demonstrated AHR (airway hyper-responsiveness) to MCh, and lung tissue eosinophilic inflammation. Antigen challenge induced a strong EAR in the sensitized animals. Treatment with a single compound, or indomethacin together with pyrilamine or montelukast, did not reduce the antigen-induced airway resistance. In contrast, dual treatment with pyrilamine together with montelukast, or triple inhibitor treatment, attenuated approximately 70% of the EAR. We conclude that, as in humans, the guinea-pig allergic inflammation model exhibits both EAR and AHR, supporting its suitability for in vivo identification of mast cell mediators that contribute to the development of asthma. Moreover, the known mast cell mediators histamine and leukotrienes were major contributors of the EAR. The data also lend further support to the concept that combination therapy with selective inhibitors of key mediators could improve asthma management.
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Lei Y, Gregory JA, Nilsson GP, Adner M. Insights into mast cell functions in asthma using mouse models. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:532-9. [PMID: 23583635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics targeting specific mechanisms of asthma have shown promising results in mouse models of asthma. However, these successes have not transferred well to the clinic or to the treatment of asthma sufferers. We suggest a reason for this incongruity is that mast cell-dependent responses, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of both atopic and non-atopic asthma, are not a key component in most of the current asthma mouse models. Two reasons for this are that wild type mice have, in contrast to humans, a negligible number of mast cells localized in the smaller airways and in the parenchyma, and that only specific protocols show mast cell-dependent reactions. The development of mast cell-deficient mice and the reconstitution of mast cells within these mice have opened up the possibility to generate mouse models of asthma with a marked role of mast cells. In addition, mast cell-deficient mice engrafted with mast cells have a distribution of mast cells more similar to humans. In this article we review and highlight the mast cell-dependent and -independent responses with respect to airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthma models using mast cell-deficient and mast cell-engrafted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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