1
|
Seenak P, Kumphune S, Prasitsak T, Nernpermpisooth N, Malakul W. Atorvastatin and ezetimibe protect against hypercholesterolemia-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1039707. [PMID: 37082028 PMCID: PMC10111198 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1039707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for interstitial lung disease (ILD). Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are antilipemic drugs that have pleiotropic effects. However, their effects on pulmonary fibrosis prevention and the mechanisms underlying hypercholesterolemia have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the individual effects of atorvastatin and ezetimibe on lung inflammation and fibrosis in high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rats.Materials and methodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups — standard diet (S), standard diet + 1% cholesterol (SC), standard diet + 1% cholesterol with 30 mg/kg/day atorvastatin (SCA), and standard diet + 1% cholesterol with 10 mg/kg/day ezetimibe (SCE). At the end of an 8-week dietary schedule, serum lipid parameters and the levels of lung oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and fibrotic mediators were determined.ResultsAtorvastatin and ezetimibe treatment remarkably reduced serum lipid profiles with reversed pulmonary histological alterations, in addition to reducing the levels of lung oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in hypercholesterolemic rats.ConclusionAtorvastatin and ezetimibe treatment showed a protective effect against hypercholesterolemia-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. This information appears potentially useful in the prevention of PF in a hypercholesterolemia model; however, further rigorous investigations are needed to prove their clinical utility on antifibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Porrnthanate Seenak
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanit Prasitsak
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitirut Nernpermpisooth
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wachirawadee Malakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Wachirawadee Malakul, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-1677-2086
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arellano-Orden E, Calero Acuña C, Sánchez-López V, López Ramírez C, Otero-Candelera R, Marín-Hinojosa C, López Campos J. Cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in chronic lung disease. Eur Clin Respir J 2022; 9:2097377. [PMID: 35832729 PMCID: PMC9272929 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2022.2097377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Arellano-Orden
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Calero Acuña
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Sánchez-López
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. López Ramírez
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Otero-Candelera
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Marín-Hinojosa
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jl López Campos
- Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de SevillaUnidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias,Quirúrgica, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Segal L, Lewis EC. The Lipid Ties of α1-antitrypsin: Structural and Functional Aspects. Cell Immunol 2022; 375:104528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
4
|
Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase 1 Deficiency Promotes Pulmonary Emphysema via Apoptosis of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2022; 45:1765-1779. [PMID: 35338433 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily caused by inhalation of cigarette smoke and is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of phospholipids and proteins, plays an essential role in respiration by reducing the surface tension in the alveoli. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of surfactant lipids and is expressed in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. Its dysfunction is suggested to be involved in various lung diseases; however, the relationship between LPCAT1 and COPD remains unclear. To investigate the role of LPCAT1 in the pathology of COPD, we analyzed an elastase-induced emphysema model using Lpcat1 knockout (KO) mice. In Lpcat1 KO mice, elastase-induced emphysema was significantly exacerbated with increased apoptotic cells, which was not ameliorated by supplementation with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, which is a major component of the surfactant synthesized by LPCAT1. We subsequently evaluated the effects of cigarette smoking on primary human type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC2s) and found that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) downregulated the expression of Lpcat1. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched in CSE-treated primary hAEC2s. Finally, we downregulated the expression of Lpcat1 using small interfering RNA, which resulted in enhanced CSE-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Taken together, cigarette smoke-induced downregulation of LPCAT1 can promote the exacerbation of pulmonary emphysema by increasing the susceptibility of alveolar epithelial cells to apoptosis, thereby suggesting that Lpcat1 is a novel therapeutic target for irreversible emphysema.
Collapse
|
5
|
Suzuki R, Kamio N, Kaneko T, Yonehara Y, Imai K. Fusobacterium nucleatum exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elastase-induced emphysematous mice. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:638-648. [PMID: 35034433 PMCID: PMC8886332 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with disease progression and increased mortality. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for exacerbation of COPD, but little is known about the role of periodontopathic bacteria in this process. Here, we investigated the effects of intratracheal administration of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a periodontopathic bacteria species, on COPD exacerbation in elastase‐induced emphysematous mice. The administration of F. nucleatum to elastase‐treated mice enhanced inflammatory responses, production of alveolar wall destruction factors, progression of emphysema, and recruitment of mucin, all of which are symptoms observed in patients with COPD exacerbation. Hence, we propose that F. nucleatum may play a role in exacerbation of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Suzuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kamio
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Kaneko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yonehara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fysikopoulos A, Seimetz M, Hadzic S, Knoepp F, Wu CY, Malkmus K, Wilhelm J, Pichl A, Bednorz M, Tadele Roxlau E, Ghofrani HA, Sommer N, Gierhardt M, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Weissmann N, Kraut S. Amelioration of elastase-induced lung emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension by pharmacological iNOS inhibition in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:152-171. [PMID: 32201936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, encompassing chronic airway obstruction and lung emphysema, is a major worldwide health problem and a severe socio-economic burden. Evidence previously provided by our group has shown that inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS) prevents development of mild emphysema in a mouse model of chronic tobacco smoke exposure and can even trigger lung regeneration. Moreover, we could demonstrate that pulmonary hypertension is not only abolished in cigarette smoke-exposed iNOS-/- mice but also precedes emphysema development. Possible regenerative effects of pharmacological iNOS inhibition in more severe models of emphysema not dependent on tobacco smoke, however, are hitherto unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have established a mouse model using a single dose of porcine pancreatic elastase or saline, intratracheally instilled in C57BL/6J mice. Emphysema, as well as pulmonary hypertension development was determined by both structural and functional measurements. KEY RESULTS Our data revealed that (i) emphysema is fully established after 21 days, with the same degree of emphysema after 21 and 28 days post instillation, (ii) emphysema is stable for at least 12 weeks and (iii) pulmonary hypertension is evident, in contrast to smoke models, only after emphysema development. Oral treatment with the iNOS inhibitor N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine (L-NIL) was started after emphysema establishment and continued for 12 weeks. This resulted in significant lung regeneration, evident in the improvement of emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that iNOS is a potential new therapeutic target to treat severe emphysema and associated pulmonary hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Fysikopoulos
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hadzic
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Fenja Knoepp
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Malkmus
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Pichl
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Elsa Tadele Roxlau
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mareike Gierhardt
- Max-Planck Heart and Lung Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gredic M, Blanco I, Kovacs G, Helyes Z, Ferdinandy P, Olschewski H, Barberà JA, Weissmann N. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:132-151. [PMID: 31976545 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even mild pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive; therefore, specific and efficient treatment options are not available. Therapeutic approaches tested in the clinical setting, including long-term oxygen administration and systemic vasodilators, gave disappointing results and might be only beneficial for specific subgroups of patients. Preclinical studies identified several therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PH in COPD. Further research should provide deeper insight into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms driving vascular alterations in COPD, especially as such vascular (molecular) alterations have been previously suggested to affect COPD development. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of PH in COPD and gives an overview of the available treatment options and recent advances in preclinical studies. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gredic
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salvianolic acid B as an anti-emphysema agent I: In vitro stimulation of lung cell proliferation and migration, and protection against lung cell death, and in vivo lung STAT3 activation and VEGF elevation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 53:107-115. [PMID: 30291890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emphysema causes progressive and life-threatening alveolar structural destruction/loss, yet remains irreversible and incurable to date. Impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling has been proposed as a new pathogenic mechanism, and if so, VEGF recovery may enable reversal of emphysema. Thus, we hypothesized that salvianolic acid B (Sal-B), a polyphenol in traditional Chinese herbal danshen, is an alveolar structural recovery agent for emphysema by virtue of VEGF stimulation/elevation via activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), as stimulating lung cell proliferation and migration, and protecting against lung cell death. Using in vitro human lung microvascular endothelial (HMVEC-L) and alveolar epithelial (A549) cell systems, Sal-B was examined for 1) stimulation of cell proliferation by the MTT and BrdU assays; 2) promotion of cell migration by the scratch wound closure assay; 3) protection against emphysema-like induced cell death by the trypan blue exclusion and flow cytometry assays; and 4) mechanistic involvement of JAK2/STAT3/VEGF in these activities. Sal-B was also spray-dosed to the lungs of healthy rats for two weeks to verify the lung's STAT3 activation and VEGF elevation by western blot, as well as the absence of functional and morphological abnormalities. All the in vitro cell-based activities were concentration-dependent. At 25 μM, Sal-B 1) stimulated cell proliferation by 1.4-2.6-fold; 2) promoted migratory cell wound closure by 1.5-1.7-fold; and 3) protected against cell death induced with H2O2 (oxidative stress) and SU5416 (VEGF receptor blockade) by 49-86%. JAK2 and STAT3 inhibitors and VEGF receptor antagonist each opposed these Sal-B's activities by over 65%, suggesting the mechanistic involvement of JAK2/STAT3 activation and VEGF stimulation/elevation. In rats, Sal-B at 0.2 mg/kg enabled 1.9 and 1.5-fold increased STAT3 phosphorylation and VEGF elevation in the lungs, respectively, while causing no functional and morphological abnormalities. Hence, Sal-B was projected to be a new class of anti-emphysema agent capable of reversing alveolar structural destruction/loss via JAK2/STAT3/VEGF-dependent stimulation of lung cell proliferation and migration, and inhibition of induced lung cell death.
Collapse
|
9
|
Atorvastatin dose-dependently promotes mouse lung repair after emphysema induced by elastase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:160-168. [PMID: 29554594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emphysema results in a proteinase - antiproteinase imbalance, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our objective was to investigate whether atorvastatin could repair mouse lungs after elastase-induced emphysema. Vehicle (50 μL) or porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) was administered on day 1, 3, 5 and 7 at 0.6 U intranasally. Male mice were divided into a control group (sham), PPE 32d (sacrificed 24 h after 32 days), PPE 64d (sacrificed 24 h after 64 days), and atorvastatin 1, 5 and 20 mg treated from day 33 until day 64 and sacrificed 24 h later (A1 mg, A5 mg and A20 mg, respectively). Treatment with atorvastatin was performed via inhalation for 10 min once a day. We observed that emphysema at day 32 was similar to emphysema at day 64. The mean airspace chord length (Lm) indicated a recovery of pulmonary morphology in groups A5 mg and A20 mg, as well as recovery of collagen and elastic fibers in comparison to the PPE group. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) leukocytes were reduced in all atorvastatin-treated groups. However, tissue macrophages were reduced only in the A20 mg group compared with the PPE group, while tissue neutrophils were reduced in the A5 mg and A20 mg groups. The redox balance was restored mainly in the A20 mg group compared with the PPE group. Finally, atorvastatin at doses of 5 and 20 mg reduced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) compared with the PPE group. In conclusion, atorvastatin was able to induce lung tissue repair in emphysematous mice.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun J, Bao J, Shi Y, Zhang B, Yuan L, Li J, Zhang L, Sun M, Zhang L, Sun W. Effect of simvastatin on MMPs and TIMPs in cigarette smoke-induced rat COPD model. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:717-724. [PMID: 28260878 PMCID: PMC5327908 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases may play an important role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema in response to cigarette smoke exposure (CSE). The current study was designed to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-4 in rat lung tissues in response to CSE, and assessed the effect of simvastatin in regulating expression of MMPs and TIMPs. METHODS Thirty normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control (n=10), CSE (n=10), and CSE plus simvastatin (n=10) groups. Animals were whole-body exposed to the cigarette smoke in the box for 1 hour each time, twice a day, 5 days a week for 16 weeks. Animals of CSE + simvastatin group were intra-gastrically administered simvastatin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day followed by CSE. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was harvested for inflammatory cell count and lung tissues were stained for morphologic examination. Expression of mRNA and protein level of MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 was assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS CSE resulted in a significant increase of mean linear intercept (MLI: 34.6±2.0 μm) and bronchial wall thickness and diameter (BWT/D, 0.250±0.062) compared to control (MLI: 24.0±1.7 μm, BWT/D: 0.160±0.034, P<0.01). In contrast, mean alveolar number was significantly decreased in the CSE group than that in the control group (13.5±2.0 of CSE vs 21.5±2.0 N/μm2 of control, P>0.01). Simvastatin slightly but not significantly prevented alteration of MLI, BWT/D, and mean alveolar number (MLI: 33.4±1.4 μm; BWT/D: 0.220±0.052; mean alveolar number: 15.5±2.5 N/μm2, P>0.05). Total white blood cell was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of smoking group (3.3±2.5×109 cells/L vs 1.1±1.3×109 cells/L of control, P<0.01), and it was significantly reduced by simvastatin (2.3±2.1×109 cells/L, P<0.01). CSE resulted in significantly increased accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages (neutrophils: 14.5%±1.3% of CSE group vs 9.1%±1.5% of control; macrophage: 91%±3% of CSE group vs 87%±2% of control, P<0.05), and simvastatin significantly reduced neutrophils (12.9%±2.0%, P<0.05) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but had no effect on macrophage (89%±1.6%, P>0.05). In response to CSE, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12 mRNA were upregulated more than sevenfold, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 increased two- to fivefold. Simvastatin significantly blocked upregulation of MMP-8 and -9 (P<0.01), but had no effect on MMP-12, TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 mRNA (P>0.05). In addition, simvastatin significantly blocked cigarette smoke-induced MMP-8 and -9 protein synthesis, while it had no significant effect on TIMP-1 and -4 protein synthesis even in the presence of cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION CSE resulted in imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs, and by which mechanism, cigarette smoke may lead to insufficient lung tissue repair. Simvastatin partially blocked airway inflammation and MMP production and, thus, statins may modulate composition of the lung extracellular matrix.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 8/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 8/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/enzymology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Simvastatin/pharmacology
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Jie Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province
| | - Yanan Shi
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Hebei Province
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang
| | - Lindong Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng
| | - Junhong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Mo Sun
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province
| | - Wuzhuang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirooka S, Ueno M, Fukuda S, Miyajima A, Hirota T. Effects of Simvastatin on Alveolar Regeneration and Its Relationship to Exposure in Mice with Dexamethasone-Induced Emphysema. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:155-160. [PMID: 28154254 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the relationship between systemic exposure of simvastatin (SV) hydroxy acid (SV-acid), an active form of SV, and its alveolar regeneration rates was investigated using emphysema model mice created by postnatal treatment of dexamethasone. In a model with young animals, the mice were treated with SV for 10 d from postnatal day 42. Similar alveolar regeneration with a % mean linear intercept (Lm) recovery of 60 to 70% by histochemical observation was observed in mice after intraperitoneal administration at dose in the range of 4-100 µg/mouse. The % Lm recovery after oral administration of 20 µg/mouse was comparable with that after intraperitoneal administration at a dose of 4 µg/mouse, when their exposure of SV-acid was almost similar in both treated groups. Regardless of the route of administration, the recovery can depend on the exposure level of SV-acid, and to the maximum was about 60-70%. On the other hand, in a model with adult animals, the mice were intraperitoneally administrated SV at a dose of 4 µg/mouse for 10 d from postnatal day 152. Compared to young animals, less % Lm recovery was observed in adult mice even their systemic exposures of SV-acid were similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihomi Hirooka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ajmera M, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Association Between Statin Medications and COPD-Specific Outcomes: A Real-World Observational Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2016; 4:9-19. [PMID: 27943058 PMCID: PMC5332305 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-016-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease-modifying drugs are not yet available for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have anti-inflammatory properties and are therefore being considered for use in the management of COPD. Objective Our objective was to examine the association between statin use and COPD-specific outcomes in a real-world setting. Methods This was a retrospective longitudinal dynamic cohort study that used Medicaid claims data from multiple years (2005–2008) to identify patients with newly diagnosed COPD. Statin therapy was determined from the prescription drug file using National Drug Codes (NDCs). COPD-specific outcomes such as hospitalizations and emergency room and outpatient visits were identified based on a primary diagnosis of COPD. Multivariable logistic regressions with inverse probability treatment weights (IPTWs) were used to examine the relationship between statin therapy and COPD-specific outcomes. Results The study included 19,060 Medicaid beneficiaries with newly diagnosed COPD, 30.3% of whom received statins during the baseline period. Adults who received statins had significantly lower rates of COPD-specific hospitalizations (4.7 vs. 5.2%; p < 0.05), emergency room visits (13.4 vs. 15.4%; p < 0.001), and outpatient visits (41.4 vs. 44.7%; p < 0.001) than those who did not receive statin therapy. Even after adjusting for observed selection bias with IPTWs, adults receiving statins were less likely to have COPD-specific hospitalizations [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.87], emergency room visits (AOR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75–0.89), and outpatient visits (AOR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80–0.91) than those not receiving statins. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest statins have beneficial effects in patients with newly diagnosed COPD and warrant further clinical trial investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Ajmera
- RTI Health Solutions, 300 Park Offices Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Chan Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Services Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Usha Sambamoorthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tulbah AS, Ong HX, Colombo P, Young PM, Traini D. Could simvastatin be considered as a potential therapy for chronic lung diseases? A debate on the pros and cons. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1407-20. [PMID: 27212150 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simvastatin (SV) is a drug from the statin class, currently used orally as an anti-cholesterolemic drug. It inhibits the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase to reduce cholesterol synthesis. Recently, it has been found that SV also has several other protective pharmacological actions unrelated to its anti-cholesterol effects that might be beneficial in the treatment of chronic airway diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the evidence relating to SV as a potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and muco-inhibitory agent, administered both orally and via pulmonary inhalation, and discusses its pro and cons. Evidence could potentially be used to support the delivery of SV as inhaled formulation for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. EXPERT OPINION The use of SV as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and muco-inhibitory agent for drug delivery to the lung is promising. Inhaled SV formulations could allow the delivery profile to be customized and optimized to take advantage of the rapid onset of action, low systemic side effect and improved physico-chemical stability. This treatment could potentially to be used clinically for the localized treatment of lung diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress production is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Tulbah
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Umm Al Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
| | - Paolo Colombo
- c Department of Pharmacy , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Paul M Young
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- a Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School , Sydney University , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miyajima A, Ohashi H, Fujishiro A, Matsuoka Y, Hiramatsu A, Hirota T. Effects of All trans-Retinoic Acid on Alveolar Regeneration in Dexamethasone-Induced Emphysema Models and Its Relationship to Exposure in ICR and FVB Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:927-34. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hideaki Ohashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Anri Fujishiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuka Matsuoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ayumi Hiramatsu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takashi Hirota
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gordon SM, McKenzie B, Kemeh G, Sampson M, Perl S, Young NS, Fessler MB, Remaley AT. Rosuvastatin Alters the Proteome of High Density Lipoproteins: Generation of alpha-1-antitrypsin Enriched Particles with Anti-inflammatory Properties. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3247-57. [PMID: 26483418 PMCID: PMC4762624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.054031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower plasma cholesterol by as much as 50%, thus reducing future cardiovascular events. However, the physiological effects of statins are diverse and not all are related to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. We performed a small clinical pilot study to assess the impact of statins on lipoprotein-associated proteins in healthy individuals (n = 10) with normal LDL-C (<130 mg/dL), who were treated with rosuvastatin (20 mg/day) for 28 days. Proteomic analysis of size-exclusion chromatography isolated LDL, large high density lipoprotein (HDL-L), and small HDL (HDL-S) fractions and spectral counting was used to compare relative protein detection before and after statin therapy. Significant protein changes were found in each lipoprotein pool and included both increases and decreases in several proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism, complement regulation and acute phase response. The most dramatic effect of the rosuvastatin treatment was an increase in α-1-antirypsin (A1AT) spectral counts associated with HDL-L particles. Quantitative measurement by ELISA confirmed an average 5.7-fold increase in HDL-L associated A1AT. Molecular modeling predictions indicated that the hydrophobic reactive center loop of A1AT, the functional domain responsible for its protease inhibitor activity, is likely involved in lipid binding and association with HDL was found to protect A1AT against oxidative inactivation. Cell culture experiments, using J774 macrophages, demonstrated that the association of A1AT with HDL enhances its antiprotease activity, preventing elastase induced production of tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, we show that statins can significantly alter the protein composition of both LDL and HDL and our studies reveal a novel functional relationship between A1AT and HDL. The up-regulation of A1AT on HDL enhances its anti-inflammatory functionality, which may contribute to the non-lipid lowering beneficial effects of statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- From the ‡Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
| | - Benjamin McKenzie
- From the ‡Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Georgina Kemeh
- From the ‡Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maureen Sampson
- From the ‡Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shira Perl
- §Cell Biology Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neal S Young
- §Cell Biology Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael B Fessler
- ¶Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alan T Remaley
- From the ‡Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takahashi S, Ishii M, Namkoong H, Hegab AE, Asami T, Yagi K, Sasaki M, Haraguchi M, Sato M, Kameyama N, Asakura T, Suzuki S, Tasaka S, Iwata S, Hasegawa N, Betsuyaku T. Pneumococcal Infection Aggravates Elastase-Induced Emphysema via Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 Overexpression. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1018-30. [PMID: 26563237 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)--typically caused by bacterial or viral infection--is associated with poor prognosis and emphysema progression through unknown mechanisms. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the poor prognosis and emphysema progression associated with COPD exacerbation. METHODS We established a mouse model mimicking acute human COPD exacerbation, wherein mice with elastase-induced emphysema were intranasally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. RESULTS In mice with elastase-induced emphysema, infection with S. pneumoniae resulted in increased mortality, an increased number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and increased matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) production in the lungs, as well as enhanced emphysema progression. The increased MMP-12 production was mostly due to alveolar type II cells, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes that aggregated around vessels and bronchioles. Dexamethasone treatment suppressed the mortality rate and number of inflammatory cells in BALF but not emphysema progression, possibly owing to the failure of MMP-12 suppression in the lungs, whereas treatment with the MMP inhibitor ONO-4817 dramatically suppressed both mortality rate and emphysema progression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MMP-12 production during COPD exacerbation results in increased mortality and emphysema progression. Our study identifies MMP-12 as a target to prevent further aggravation of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Mamoru Sasaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Minako Sato
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Shoji Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Infectious Diseases Center for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Center for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang C, Yang X, Du J, Wang H, Li H, Zeng L, Gu W, Jiang J. Retinoic acid promotes the endogenous repair of lung stem/progenitor cells in combined with simvastatin after acute lung injury: a stereological analysis. Respir Res 2015; 16:140. [PMID: 26561298 PMCID: PMC4642746 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), most commonly seen during the organ dysfunction remains unsatisfied. Presently, the stem/progenitor cell-based endogenous repair has been aroused attention enormously. This report investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) plus simvastatin (SS) with respect to dynamics of lung repair cells as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods The experimental Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into normal control (control), sham operated (sham), ARDS, ARDS + vehicle and ARDS + RA + SS groups. ARDS was reproduced through hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation (shock) and subsequent intratracheal LPS (4.5 mg/kg, Escherichia coli serotype O55: B5) injection. The rats were treated by intragastric administration of RA (2 mg/kg/day) and SS (2 mg/kg/day) for 5 days in the ARDS + RA + SS group. Seven days after the first RA-SS injection, a right lower lobe of lung was sampled for histological analysis concerning systemic uniform random sampling method. Immunohistochemistry of inflation-fixed lungs for alveolar type 1 (AT1), alveolar type 2 (AT2) and Clara cells was measured by AQP5, Pro-SPC and CCSP staining respectively. The alveolar cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed with Ki67 staining and terminal deoxylnucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Meanwhile, the alveolar cell numerical and surface density (alveolar cells, AT1, AT2, Clara, proliferating and apoptotic cells) were evaluated by stereology. Results RA-SS compound exerted anti-inflammatory and pro-repairing effects on respiratory tracts in ARDS induced by hemorrhagic-endotoxin shock. The numerical density and surface density of alveolar cells, AT1 cell fraction, and numerical density of AT2 and Clara cells were significantly increased after treatment with RA-SS compound in ARDS. Concurrently, the Ki67+ alveolar cells were obviously increased while the TUNEL+ alveolar cells were reduced, which was correlated with the attenuation of inflammatory injury and functional repair in injured lung tissues. Conclusions Our data convincingly indicated that the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of RA plus SS had obvious beneficial effect on the remodeling/regeneration of injured pulmonary tissues, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms are related to the re-balance between regeneration and apoptosis in lung stem/progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Xuetao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Haisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
XIA SHUYUE, KANG JIAN, JIANG YANDUO, HUANG DESHENG, WANG SHI, PANG BAOSEN. Simvastatin promotes alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and attenuates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5903-10. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
20
|
Tobinaga S, Matsumoto K, Nagayasu T, Furukawa K, Abo T, Yamasaki N, Tsuchiya T, Miyazaki T, Koji T. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Gene Electroporation into Skeletal Muscle as a Novel Gene Therapeutic Approach for Elastase-Induced Pulmonary Emphysema in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:83-94. [PMID: 26160987 PMCID: PMC4491498 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a progressive disease with airspace destruction and an effective therapy is needed. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) promotes pulmonary epithelial proliferation and has the potential to induce lung regeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using KGF gene therapy for treatment of a mouse emphysema model induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Eight-week-old BALB/c male mice treated with intra-tracheal PPE administration were transfected with 80 μg of a recombinant human KGF (rhKGF)-expressing FLAG-CMV14 plasmid (pKGF-FLAG gene), or with the pFLAG gene expressing plasmid as a control, into the quadriceps muscle by electroporation. In the lung, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was augmented, and surfactant protein A (SP-A) and KGF receptor (KGFR) were co-expressed in PCNA-positive cells. Moreover, endogenous KGF and KGFR gene expression increased significantly by pKGF-FLAG gene transfection. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed that the PaO2 level was not significantly reduced on day 14 after PPE instillation with pKGF-FLAG gene transfection compared to that of normal mice. These results indicated that KGF gene therapy with electroporation stimulated lung epithelial proliferation and protected depression of pulmonary function in a mouse emphysema model, suggesting a possible method of treating pulmonary emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tobinaga
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Katsuro Furukawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takafumi Abo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Naoya Yamasaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferreira TS, Lanzetti M, Barroso MV, Rueff-Barroso CR, Benjamim CF, de Brito-Gitirana L, Porto LC, Valença SS. Oxidative stress and inflammation are differentially affected by atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin on lungs from mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Inflammation 2015; 37:1355-65. [PMID: 24609836 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the effects of four different statins on acute lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS). C57BL/6 male mice were divided into a control group (sham-smoked) and mice exposed to CS from 12 cigarettes/day for 5 days. Mice exposed to CS were grouped and treated with vehicle (i.p.), atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), pravastatin (10 mg/kg), rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg), or simvastatin (20 mg/kg). Treatment with statins differentially improved the pulmonary response when compared to the CS group. Atorvastatin and pravastatin demonstrated slightly effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. Rosuvastatin demonstrated the best anti-inflammatory effect, whereas simvastatin demonstrated the best antioxidant response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Santos Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeki AA, Bratt JM, Chang KY, Franzi LM, Ott S, Silveria M, Fiehn O, Last JA, Kenyon NJ. Intratracheal instillation of pravastatin for the treatment of murine allergic asthma: a lung-targeted approach to deliver statins. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/5/e12352. [PMID: 25969462 PMCID: PMC4463814 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatment with statins mitigates allergic airway inflammation, TH2 cytokine production, epithelial mucus production, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in murine models of asthma. We hypothesized that pravastatin delivered intratracheally would be quantifiable in lung tissues using mass spectrometry, achieve high drug concentrations in the lung with minimal systemic absorption, and mitigate airway inflammation and structural changes induced by ovalbumin. Male BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) over 4 weeks, then exposed to 1% OVA aerosol or filtered air (FA) over 2 weeks. Mice received intratracheal instillations of pravastatin before and after each OVA exposure (30 mg/kg). Ultra performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) pravastatin concentration. Pravastatin was quantifiable in mouse plasma, lung tissue, and BALF (BALF > lung > plasma for OVA and FA groups). At these concentrations pravastatin inhibited airway goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, and reduced BALF levels of cytokines TNFα and KC, but did not reduce BALF total leukocyte or eosinophil cell counts. While pravastatin did not mitigate AHR, it did inhibit airway hypersensitivity (AHS). In this proof-of-principle study, using novel mass spectrometry methods we show that pravastatin is quantifiable in tissues, achieves high levels in mouse lungs with minimal systemic absorption, and mitigates some pathological features of allergic asthma. Inhaled pravastatin may be beneficial for the treatment of asthma by having direct airway effects independent of a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Statins with greater lipophilicity may achieve better anti-inflammatory effects warranting further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer M Bratt
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Lisa M Franzi
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sean Ott
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mark Silveria
- U.C. Davis, West Coast Metabolomics Center (WCMC) University of California, Davis, California
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- U.C. Davis, West Coast Metabolomics Center (WCMC) University of California, Davis, California King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jerold A Last
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- University of California, Davis, California Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine (CCRBM) University of California, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zanette DL, Lorenzi JCC, Panepucci RA, Palma PVB, dos Santos DF, Prata KL, Silva WA. Simvastatin modulates mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation and gene expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120137. [PMID: 25874574 PMCID: PMC4395223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway, responsible for the biosysnthesis of cholesterol. However, statins also have pleiotropic effects that interfere with several signaling pathways. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a heterogeneous mixture of cells that can be isolated from a variety of tissues and are identified by the expression of a panel of surface markers and by their ability to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. MSC were isolated from amniotic membranes and bone marrows and characterized based on ISCT (International Society for Cell Therapy) minimal criteria. Simvastatin-treated cells and controls were directly assayed by CFSE (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) staining to assess their cell proliferation and their RNA was used for microarray analyses and quantitative PCR (qPCR). These MSC were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) proliferation. We show here that simvastatin negatively modulates MSC proliferation in a dose-dependent way and regulates the expression of proliferation-related genes. Importantly, we observed that simvastatin increased the percentage of a subset of smaller MSC, which also were actively proliferating. The association of MSC decreased size with increased pluripotency and the accumulating evidence that statins may prevent cellular senescence led us to hypothesize that simvastatin induces a smaller subpopulation that may have increased ability to maintain the entire pool of MSC and also to protect them from cellular senescence induced by long-term cultures/passages in vitro. These results may be important to better understand the pleiotropic effects of statins and its effects on the biology of cells with regenerative potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Lucíola Zanette
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail: (DLZ)
| | - Julio Cesar Cetrulo Lorenzi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Vianna Bonini Palma
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daiane Fernanda dos Santos
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Karen Lima Prata
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem cell and Cell Therapy, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fujita M. New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung regeneration. World J Respirol 2015; 5:34-39. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v5.i1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of airflow limitations that are not fully reversible and is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there has been extensive research examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of COPD, there is no proven clinically effective treatment for promoting recovery from established COPD. At present, regeneration is the only hope for a cure in patients with COPD. In this article, we review current treatments for COPD, focusing particularly on recent advances in lung regeneration based on two major approaches: regeneration-promoting agents and cell therapy. Retinoic acids are the major focus among regeneration-promoting agents, while mesenchymal stem cells are the main topic in the field of cell-based therapy. This article aims to provide valuable information for developing new therapies for COPD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Polverino F, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald J, Wilder JA, Royer C, Laucho-Contreras M, Kelly EM, Divo M, Pinto-Plata V, Mauderly J, Celli BR, Tesfaigzi Y, Owen CA. A novel nonhuman primate model of cigarette smoke-induced airway disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:741-55. [PMID: 25542772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have several limitations for identifying new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for human COPD. These include a pulmonary anatomy that differs from humans, the limited airway pathologies and lymphoid aggregates that develop in smoke-exposed mice, and the challenges associated with serial biological sampling. Thus, we assessed the utility of cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed cynomolgus macaque as a nonhuman primate (NHP) large animal model of COPD. Twenty-eight NHPs were exposed to air or CS 5 days per week for up to 12 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage and pulmonary function tests were performed at intervals. After 12 weeks, we measured airway pathologies, pulmonary inflammation, and airspace enlargement. CS-exposed NHPs developed robust mucus metaplasia, submucosal gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia, airway inflammation, peribronchial fibrosis, and increases in bronchial lymphoid aggregates. Although CS-exposed NHPs did not develop emphysema over the study time, they exhibited pathologies that precede emphysema development, including increases in the following: i) matrix metalloproteinase-9 and proinflammatory mediator levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, ii) lung parenchymal leukocyte counts and lymphoid aggregates, iii) lung oxidative stress levels, and iv) alveolar septal cell apoptosis. CS-exposed NHPs can be used as a model of airway disease occurring in COPD patients. Unlike rodents, NHPs can safely undergo longitudinal sampling, which could be useful for assessing novel biomarkers or therapeutics for COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Polverino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Pulmonary Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jacob McDonald
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Julie A Wilder
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Christopher Royer
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Maria Laucho-Contreras
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Emer M Kelly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Divo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Victor Pinto-Plata
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Joe Mauderly
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yeganeh B, Wiechec E, Ande SR, Sharma P, Moghadam AR, Post M, Freed DH, Hashemi M, Shojaei S, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Targeting the mevalonate cascade as a new therapeutic approach in heart disease, cancer and pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:87-110. [PMID: 24582968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, also known as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, is an essential cellular pathway that is involved in diverse cell functions. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR) is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to MVA. Given its role in cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, the regulation of HMGCR has been intensely investigated. Because all cells require a steady supply of MVA, both the sterol (i.e. cholesterol) and non-sterol (i.e. isoprenoid) products of MVA metabolism exert coordinated feedback regulation on HMGCR through different mechanisms. The proper functioning of HMGCR as the proximal enzyme in the MVA pathway is essential under both normal physiologic conditions and in many diseases given its role in cell cycle pathways and cell proliferation, cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cell cytoskeletal dynamics and stability, cell membrane structure and fluidity, mitochondrial function, proliferation, and cell fate. The blockbuster statin drugs ('statins') directly bind to and inhibit HMGCR, and their use for the past thirty years has revolutionized the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases, in particular coronary heart disease. Initially thought to exert their effects through cholesterol reduction, recent evidence indicates that statins also have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties independent of cholesterol lowering. In this review we will focus on the therapeutic applications and mechanisms involved in the MVA cascade including Rho GTPase and Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling, statin inhibition of HMGCR, geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) inhibition, and farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibition in cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology & Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 4C46 HRIC, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Rezaei Moghadam
- Scientific Association of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- U.C. Davis, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology & Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, St. Boniface Research Centre, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Biology of Breathing Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Koike K, Ishigami A, Sato Y, Hirai T, Yuan Y, Kobayashi E, Tobino K, Sato T, Sekiya M, Takahashi K, Fukuchi Y, Maruyama N, Seyama K. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice and provides pulmonary restoration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:347-57. [PMID: 24032444 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) is a potent antioxidant and is essential for collagen synthesis. We investigated whether VC treatment prevents and cures smoke-induced emphysema in senescence marker protein-30 knockout (SMP30-KO) mice, which cannot synthesize VC. Two smoke-exposure experiments using SMP30-KO mice were conducted. In the first one (a preventive study), 4-month-old mice received minimal VC (0.0375 g/l) [VC(L)] or physiologically sufficient VC (1.5 g/l) [VC(S)] and exposed to cigarette smoke or smoke-free air for 2 months. Pulmonary evaluations followed when the mice were 6 months of age. The second study began after the establishment of smoke-induced emphysema (a treatment study). These mice no longer underwent smoke exposure but received VC(S) or VC(L) treatment for 2 months. Morphometric analysis was performed, and measurements of oxidative stress, collagen synthesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the lungs were evaluated. Chronic smoke exposure caused emphysema (29.6% increases of mean linear intercepts [MLI] and 106.5% increases of destructive index compared with the air-only group) in 6-month-old SMP30-KO mice, and this emphysema closely resembled human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoke-induced emphysema persisted in the VC(L) group after smoking cessation, whereas VC treatment provided pulmonary restoration (18.5% decrease of MLI and 41.3% decrease of destructive index compared with VC(L) group). VC treatment diminished oxidative stress, increased collagen synthesis, and improved vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the lungs. Our results suggest that VC not only prevents smoke-induced emphysema in SMP30-KO mice but also restores emphysematous lungs. Therefore, VC may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Koike
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li H, Qiang Y, Wang L, Wang G, Yi J, Jing H, Wu H. Repair of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by endothelial progenitor cells, alone and in combination with simvastatin. Chest 2014; 144:876-886. [PMID: 23539119 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in endothelium repair of acute lung injury (ALI). Numerous studies have demonstrated that statins can promote EPC function in vitro and in vivo; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether simvastatin enhances the function of EPCs participating in the repair of ALI. METHODS BALB/C mice were initially pretreated with simvastatin by intraperitoneal administration 24 h before, and again at the time of, intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently treated with EPCs by i.v. transplantation 2 h later. The effects of capillary permeability, endothelium repair, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS This study revealed that both simvastatin administration and EPC transplantation can reduce the severity of LPS-induced ALI in mice, and the effect can be further improved by combining the two therapies. CONCLUSIONS The administration of simvastatin and EPC transplantation can reduce the severity of LPS-induced ALI in mice, and improvement is moderately enhanced in some respects when EPC transplantation is combined with simvastatin administration. The beneficial role of simvastatin on EPCs may be a component of its pleiotropic effects. Although the exact mechanism remains unknown, the combined administration of simvastatin and EPC transplantation may be a potentially important, cell-based, inflammation-mediated therapy for patients with ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Yong Qiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Gaoming Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Hua Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang PC, Chong LY, Dovban ASM, Lim LP, Lim JC, Kuo MYP, Wang CH. Sequential platelet-derived growth factor-simvastatin release promotes dentoalveolar regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:356-64. [PMID: 23980713 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Timely augmentation of the physiological events of dentoalveolar repair is a prerequisite for the optimization of the outcome of regeneration. This study aimed to develop a treatment strategy to promote dentoalveolar regeneration by the combined delivery of the early mitogenic factor platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the late osteogenic differentiation factor simvastatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using the coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization technique, PDGF and simvastatin were encapsulated in a double-walled poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLLA-PLGA) microspheres in five different modes: microspheres encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BB), PDGF alone (XP), simvastatin alone (SB), PDGF-in-core and simvastatin-in-shell (PS), and simvastatin-in-core and PDGF-in-shell (SP). The microspheres were characterized using scanning electronic microscopy, and the in vitro release profile was evaluated. Microspheres were delivered to fill large osteotomy sites on rat maxillae for 14 and 28 days, and the outcome of regeneration was evaluated by microcomputed tomography and histological assessments. RESULTS Uniform 20-μm controlled release microspheres were successfully fabricated. Parallel PDGF-simvastatin release was noted in the PS group, and the fast release of PDGF followed by the slow release of simvastatin was noted in the SP group. The promotion of osteogenesis was observed in XP, PS, and SP groups at day 14, whereas the SP group demonstrated the greatest bone fill, trabecular numbers, and thickest trabeculae. Bone bridging was evident in the PS and SP group, with significantly increased osteoblasts in the SP group, and osteoclastic cell recruitment was promoted in all bioactive molecule-treated groups. At day 28, osteogenesis was promoted in all bioactive molecule-treated groups. Initial corticalization was noted in the XP, PS, and SP groups. Osteoblasts appeared to be decreased in all groups, and significantly, a greater osteoclastic cell recruitment was noted in the SB and SP groups. CONCLUSIONS Both PDGF and simvastatin facilitate dentoalveolar regeneration, and sequential PDGF-simvastatin release (SP group) further accelerated the regeneration process through the enhancement of osteoblastogenesis and the promotion of bone maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang MT, Lo YW, Tsai CL, Chang LC, Malone DC, Chu CL, Liou JT. Statin use and risk of COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization. Am J Med 2013; 126:598-606.e2. [PMID: 23684060 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent studies that suggested statins' beneficial effects on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outcomes, the impact, if any, of statins on COPD exacerbations remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between statin use and risk of hospitalized COPD exacerbation, and to assess whether the association varied by statin initiation, dose, or duration of use. METHODS A retrospective nested case-control study among patients with COPD was conducted analyzing a nationwide health insurance claims database in Taiwan. Cases were subjects hospitalized for COPD exacerbations; each case was matched to 4 randomly selected controls on age, sex, cohort entry, and number of COPD-related outpatient visits by an incident-density sampling approach. Conditional logistic regressions were employed to quantify the COPD exacerbation risk associated with statin use. RESULTS The study cohort comprised 14,316 COPD patients, from which 1584 cases with COPD exacerbations and 5950 matched controls were identified. Any use of statins was associated with a 30% decreased risk of COPD exacerbation (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.88), and current use of statins was related to a greater reduced risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44-0.81). A dose-dependent reduced risk of COPD exacerbation by statins was observed (medium average daily dose: adjusted OR 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.89; high daily dose: adjusted OR 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14-0.73). The reduced risk remained significant for either short or long duration of statin use. CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with a reduced risk of COPD exacerbation, with a further risk reduction for statins prescribed more recently or at high doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ito H, Matsushita S, Hyodo K, Sato Y, Sakakibara Y. Using synchrotron radiation angiography with a highly sensitive detector to identify impaired peripheral perfusion in rat pulmonary emphysema. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:376-82. [PMID: 23412496 PMCID: PMC3943542 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951300040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to limitations in spatial resolution and sensitivity, it is difficult for conventional angiography to detect minute changes of perfusion in diffuse lung diseases, including pulmonary emphysema (PE). However, a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) detector can give high sensitivity to synchrotron radiation (SR) angiography. SR angiography with a HARP detector provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity in addition to time resolution owing to its angiographic nature. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this SR angiography with a HARP detector could evaluate altered microcirculation in PE. Two groups of rats were used: group PE and group C (control). Transvenous SR angiography with a HARP detector was performed and histopathological findings were compared. Peak density of contrast material in peripheral lung was lower in group PE than group C (p < 0.01). The slope of the linear regression line in scattering diagrams was also lower in group PE than C (p < 0.05). The correlation between the slope and extent of PE in histopathology showed significant negative correlation (p < 0.05, r = 0.61). SR angiography with a HARP detector made it possible to identify impaired microcirculation in PE by means of its high spatial resolution and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Ito
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shonosuke Matsushita
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hyodo
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yukio Sato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Si XB, Zhang S, Huo LY, Dai WL, Wang HL. Statin therapy does not improve lung function in asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:276-83. [PMID: 23569033 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513477005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of statins in the treatment of asthma. METHODS Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that measured the efficacy of statins in the treatment of asthma, and a meta-analysis of the pooled data was performed. RESULTS Five trials were identified; four met the inclusion criteria (total number of patients 200). Compared with controls, patients in the statin groups had higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) values before inhaled corticosteroids (0.09 l, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.06, 0.23), higher FEV1 values after inhaled corticosteroids (0.06 l, 95% CI -0.09, 0.22), and higher morning peak expiratory flow rates (9.87 l, 95% CI -15.66, 35.40). These results were not statistically significant and, furthermore, publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is currently insufficient evidence to show that statins improve lung function in patients with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bei Si
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goncharova EA, Goncharov DA, Fehrenbach M, Khavin I, Ducka B, Hino O, Colby TV, Merrilees MJ, Haczku A, Albelda SM, Krymskaya VP. Prevention of alveolar destruction and airspace enlargement in a mouse model of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:154ra134. [PMID: 23035046 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare genetic disease characterized by neoplastic growth of atypical smooth muscle-like LAM cells, destruction of lung parenchyma, obstruction of lymphatics, and formation of lung cysts, leading to spontaneous pneumothoraces (lung rupture and collapse) and progressive loss of pulmonary function. The disease is caused by mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) or TSC2. By injecting TSC2-null cells into nude mice, we have developed a mouse model of LAM that is characterized by multiple random TSC2-null lung lesions, vascular endothelial growth factor-D expression, lymphangiogenesis, destruction of lung parenchyma, and decreased survival, similar to human LAM. The mice show enlargement of alveolar airspaces that is associated with progressive growth of TSC2-null lesions in the lung, up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade extracellular matrix, and destruction of elastic fibers. TSC2-null lesions and alveolar destruction were differentially inhibited by the macrolide antibiotic rapamycin (which inhibits TSC2-null lesion growth by a cytostatic mechanism) and a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, simvastatin (which inhibits growth of TSC2-null lesions by a predominantly proapoptotic mechanism). Treatment with simvastatin markedly inhibited MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 levels in lung and prevented alveolar destruction. The combination of rapamycin and simvastatin prevented both growth of TSC2-null lesions and lung destruction by inhibiting MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9. Our findings demonstrate a mechanistic link between loss of TSC2 and alveolar destruction and suggest that treatment with rapamycin and simvastatin together could benefit patients with LAM by targeting cells with TSC2 dysfunction and preventing airspace enlargement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Goncharova
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Muyal JP, Muyal V, Kotnala S, Kumar D, Bhardwaj H. Therapeutic potential of growth factors in pulmonary emphysematous condition. Lung 2012; 191:147-63. [PMID: 23161370 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a major manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by progressive destruction of alveolar parenchyma with persistent inflammation of the small airways. Such destruction in the distal respiratory tract is irreversible and irreparable. All-trans-retinoic acid was suggested as a novel therapy for regeneration of lost alveoli in emphysema. However, profound discrepancies were evident between studies. At present, no effective therapeutic options are available that allow for the regeneration of lost alveoli in emphysematous human lungs. Recently, some reports on rodent's models have suggested the beneficial effects of various growth factors toward alveolar maintenance and repair processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash Muyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201308, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu Y, Lv J, Feng D, Jiang F, Fan X, Zhang Z, Yin R, Xu L. Restoration of alveolar type II cell function contributes to simvastatin-induced attenuation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1294-306. [PMID: 23076613 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type (AT) II cells transdifferentiate into ATI cells and as such represent a promising source for regenerating lung epithelium following lung injury. ATII cells are characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies (LBs), which store and secrete the surfactant protein-C (SP-C). Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) causes a distinct impairment of the ATII cell function, subsequently hindering lung repair by loss of ATI transdifferentiation. In this study, we provide new evidence that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor simvastatin may restore the function of impaired ATII cells in vitro and in vivo. ATII cell lines, A549 (human) and MLE-12 (mouse), were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Simvastatin pretreatment at low (5-20 µM), but not high (50-100 µM) doses markedly reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation and SP-C expression. In a rat lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model, simvastatin treatment also increased ATII cell proliferation in vivo, as demonstrated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen/SP-C double staining. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the number and volume density of LBs were significantly increased in the simvastatin-treated rat lungs. The protective effects of simvastatin were reversed in vitro by PI3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and L-mevalonate, indicating that the PI3K/Akt and mevalonate pathways may be involved in simvastatin-induced ATII cell function restoration. These data demonstrate that an appropriate dose of simvastatin has a protective effect on LIRI in vitro and in vivo, due at least partially to restored ATII cell function via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in a mevalonate pathway-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yoshida S, Minematsu N, Chubachi S, Nakamura H, Miyazaki M, Tsuduki K, Takahashi S, Miyasho T, Iwabuchi T, Takamiya R, Tateno H, Mouded M, Shapiro SD, Asano K, Betsuyaku T. Annexin V decreases PS-mediated macrophage efferocytosis and deteriorates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L852-60. [PMID: 22962014 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00066.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is believed to be a key regulator for lung inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study we pharmacologically inhibited efferocytosis with annexin V and attempted to determine its impact on the progression of pulmonary emphysema in mouse. We first demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efferocytosis experiments using annexin V, an inhibitor for phosphatidylserine-mediated efferocytosis. We then inhibited efferocytosis in porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-treated mice. PPE-treated mice were instilled annexin V intranasally starting from day 8 until day 20. Mean linear intercept (Lm) was measured, and cell apoptosis was assessed in lung specimen obtained on day 21. Cell profile, apoptosis, and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells on day 15. Annexin V attenuated macrophage efferocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. PPE-treated mice had a significant higher Lm, and annexin V further increased that by 32%. More number of macrophages was found in BAL fluid in this group. Interestingly, cell apoptosis was not increased by annexin V treatment both in lung specimens and BAL fluid, but macrophages from mice treated with both PPE and annexin V expressed higher MMP-2 mRNA levels and had a trend for higher MMP-12 mRNA expression. mRNA expression of keratinocyte growth factor tended to be downregulated. We showed that inhibited efferocytosis with annexin V worsened elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice, which was, at least partly, attributed to a lack of phenotypic change in macrophages toward anti-inflammatory one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio Univ. School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ito H, Matsushita S, Ishikawa S, Goto Y, Sakai M, Onizuka M, Sato Y, Sakakibara Y. Significant correlation between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and alveolar repair in elastase-induced rat pulmonary emphysema. Surg Today 2012; 43:293-9. [PMID: 22911252 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiogenic factors, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), are thought to play an important role in the repair of pulmonary emphysema (PE); yet, the correlation of the factors involved has not been investigated. We conducted this study to clarify the positive correlation between eNOS expression and alveolar repair in PE recovery. METHODS We used elastase to induce PE in rats, which were divided into Groups A (Control), B (G-CSF), C (PE) and D (PE + G-CSF). G-CSF was injected for 12 days, 4 weeks after which the alveolar walls, arterioles, and angiogenic factors including eNOS were examined histopathologically and by western blotting. RESULTS In comparing Groups A, B, C, and D, the alveolar density was 2.4 ± 0.2, 2.4 ± 0.1, 1.8 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.1 per 100 μm(2), respectively (C vs. others; p < 0.00001) and the number of arterioles was 4.5 ± 1.0, 5.6 ± 0.6, 3.2 ± 0.5, 5.5 ± 0.7/mm(2), respectively (C vs. others; p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) revealed different eNOS expression in Group D versus Group C (p < 0.0001) and western blotting revealed different eNOS, VEGF, and FLT-1 expression in Group D versus Group C (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001), reflecting the contribution of angiogenesis to PE repair. eNOS showed a significantly positive correlation to alveolar density and arteriole repair. CONCLUSION Alveolar repair was correlated positively with eNOS expression by vascular regeneration in elastase-induced rat PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Ito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kubo H. Concise review: clinical prospects for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regenerative approaches. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197868 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming a major cause of death worldwide. COPD is characterized by a progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation caused by chronic small airway disease and lung parenchymal destruction. Clinically available drugs improve airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms but cannot cure the disease. Slowing the progressive lung destruction or rebuilding the destroyed lung structure is a promising strategy to cure COPD. In contrast to small animal models, pharmacological lung regeneration is difficult in human COPD. Maturation, aging, and senescence in COPD lung cells, including endogenous stem cells, may affect the regenerative capacity following pharmacological therapy. The lung is a complex organ composed of more than 40 different cell types; therefore, detailed analyses, such as epigenetic modification analysis, in each specific cell type have not been performed in lungs with COPD. Recently, a method for the direct isolation of individual cell types from human lung has been developed, and fingerprints of each cell type in COPD lungs can be analyzed. Research using this technique combined with the recently discovered lung endogenous stem-progenitor populations will give a better understanding about the fate of COPD lung cells and provide a future for cell-based therapy to treat this intractable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gowdy KM, Fessler MB. Emerging roles for cholesterol and lipoproteins in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:430-7. [PMID: 22706330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, the condition of elevated serum triglycerides, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and/or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a public health problem of growing concern. Dyslipidemia clusters with other disorders of the metabolic syndrome that together influence, and may derive from, chronic inflammation. While best recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, lipid dysregulation has recently been shown to influence a variety of disease processes in several organ systems. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of cholesterol and its homeostatic trafficking in pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology. Gene-targeted mice deficient in regulatory proteins that govern reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., ATP Binding Cassette transporter G1, apolipoprotein E) have recently been shown to have abnormal lung physiology, including dysregulated pulmonary innate and adaptive immune responses to the environment. It has also recently been shown that diet-induced dyslipidemia alters trafficking of immune cells to the lung in a manner that may have important implications for the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, asthma, pneumonia, and other lung disorders. Conversely, cholesterol-targeting pharmacologic agents, such as statins, apolipoprotein mimetic peptides, and Liver X Receptor agonists, have shown early promise in the treatment of several lung disorders. An improved understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol and its trafficking modify pulmonary immunity will be required before the full implications of dyslipidemia as a lung disease modifier, and the full potential of lipid-targeting agents as pulmonary therapeutics, can be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly M Gowdy
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
BPCO : une maladie associée à une inflammation systémique. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:537-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
41
|
Antunes MA, Rocco PRM. Elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema: insights from experimental models. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2011; 83:1385-96. [PMID: 22159348 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652011005000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several distinct stimuli can be used to reproduce histological and functional features of human emphysema, a leading cause of disability and death. Since cigarette smoke is the main cause of emphysema in humans, experimental researches have attempted to reproduce this situation. However, this is an expensive and cumbersome method of emphysema induction, and simpler, more efficacious alternatives have been sought. Among these approaches, elastolytic enzymes have been widely used to reproduce some characteristics of human cigarette smoke-induced disease, such as: augmentation of airspaces, inflammatory cell influx into the lungs, and systemic inflammation. Nevertheless, the use of elastase-induced emphysema models is still controversial, since the disease pathways involved in elastase induction may differ from those occurring in smoke-induced emphysema. This indicates that the choice of an emphysema model may impact the results of new therapies or drugs being tested. The aim of this review is to compare the mechanisms of disease induction in smoke and elastase emphysema models, to describe the differences among various elastase models, and to establish the advantages and disadvantages of elastase-induced emphysema models. More studies are required to shed light on the mechanisms of elastase-induced emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Suda K, Eom J, Jaw JE, Mui T, Bai N, Or C, Ngan D, Li Y, Wang X, Tsuruta M, Tam S, Man SP, Van Eeden S, Sin DD. Endotoxin-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in mice: effect of simvastatin. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1118-24. [PMID: 21778416 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00158.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung infections are associated with acute lung injury (ALI), systemic inflammation, and vascular events. Clinical studies suggest that statins improve health outcomes of patients with pneumonia and ALI. The mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether statins attenuate systemic inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction related to ALI in mice. Simvastatin (SS; 20 mg/kg) or vehicle solution was instilled intraperitoneally into mice 24 h before and again just prior to intratracheal LPS instillation (1 μg/g). These mice were then anesthetized with 2.0% isoflurane and underwent a short surgical procedure to instill LPS. Four hours later, IL-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in arterial and venous serum were measured. Cardiac function was evaluated using 2-D echocardiography, and endothelial function was determined using wire myography on aortic sections. LPS induced a significant increase in serum IL-6 levels. SS reduced venous (P = 0.040) but not arterial concentrations of IL-6 (P = 0.112). SS improved the maximal vasodilatory response of the aorta to ACh (P = 0.004) but not to sodium nitroprusside (P = 1.000). SS also improved cardiac output (P = 0.023). Vasodilatory response to ACh was impaired when aorta from untreated mice was incubated with ex vivo IL-6 (P = 0.004), whereas in the aorta from mice pretreated with SS, the vasodilatory response did not change with IL-6 incubation (P = 0.387). SS significantly improved LPS-induced cardiovascular dysfunction possibly by reducing systemic expression of IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways. These findings may explain how statins improve health outcomes in patients with ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Suda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, the Providence Heart and Lung Institute and The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research (St. Paul's Hospital), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hind M, Maden M. Is a regenerative approach viable for the treatment of COPD? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:106-15. [PMID: 21265829 PMCID: PMC3085872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common with huge worldwide morbidity. Anti-inflammatory drug development strategies have proved disappointing and current treatment is aimed at symptomatic relief. Only lung transplantation with all its attendant difficulties offers hope of cure and the outlook for affected patients is bleak. Lung regeneration therapies aim to reverse the structural and functional deficits in COPD either by delivery of exogenous lung cells to replace lost tissue, delivery of exogenous stem cells to induce a local paracrine effect probably through an anti-inflammatory action or by the administration of small molecules to stimulate the endogenous regenerative ability of lung cells. In animal models of emphysema and disrupted alveolar development each of these strategies has shown some success but there are potential tumour-inducing dangers with a cellular approach. Small molecules such as all-trans retinoic acid have been successful in animal models although the mechanism is not completely understood. There are currently two Pharma-sponsored trials in progress concerning patients with COPD, one of a specific retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist and another using mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hind
- Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Molecular basis of lung tissue regeneration. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59:231-44. [PMID: 21484549 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-010-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have expanded our understanding of lung endogenous stem cells, and this knowledge provides us with new ideas for future regenerative therapy for lung diseases. In studies using animal models for lung regeneration, compensatory lung growth, and lung repair, promising reagents for lung regeneration have been discovered. Stem or progenitor cells are needed for alveolar regeneration, lung growth, and lung repair after injury. Endogenous progenitor cells mainly participate in alveologenesis. However, human lung endogenous progenitor cells have not yet been clearly defined. Recently discovered human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells may give us a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of lung diseases. In parallel with such basic research, projects geared toward clinical application are proceeding. Cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells to treat acute lung injury is one of the promising areas for this research. The creation of bioartificial lungs, which are based on decellularized lungs, is another interesting approach for future clinical applications. Although lungs are the most challenging organ for regenerative medicine, our cumulative knowledge of lung regeneration and of endogenous progenitor cells makes clear the possibilities and limitations of regenerative medicine for lung diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Braganza G, Chaudhuri R, McSharry C, Weir CJ, Donnelly I, Jolly L, Lafferty J, Lloyd SM, Spears M, Mair F, Thomson NC. Effects of short-term treatment with atorvastatin in smokers with asthma--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:16. [PMID: 21473764 PMCID: PMC3087704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune modulating properties of statins may benefit smokers with asthma. We tested the hypothesis that short-term treatment with atorvastatin improves lung function or indices of asthma control in smokers with asthma. Methods Seventy one smokers with mild to moderate asthma were recruited to a randomized double-blind parallel group trial comparing treatment with atorvastatin (40 mg per day) versus placebo for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks treatment inhaled beclometasone (400 μg per day) was added to both treatment arms for a further 4 weeks. The primary outcome was morning peak expiratory flow after 4 weeks treatment. Secondary outcome measures included indices of asthma control and airway inflammation. Results At 4 weeks, there was no improvement in the atorvastatin group compared to the placebo group in morning peak expiratory flow [-10.67 L/min, 95% CI -38.70 to 17.37, p = 0.449], but there was an improvement with atorvastatin in asthma quality of life score [0.52, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.87 p = 0.005]. There was no significant improvement with atorvastatin and inhaled beclometasone compared to inhaled beclometasone alone in outcome measures at 8 weeks. Conclusions Short-term treatment with atorvastatin does not alter lung function but may improve asthma quality of life in smokers with mild to moderate asthma. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00463827
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Braganza
- Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abraham T, Hirota JA, Wadsworth S, Knight DA. Minimally invasive multiphoton and harmonic generation imaging of extracellular matrix structures in lung airway and related diseases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:487-96. [PMID: 21497667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has become a powerful imaging method for minimally invasive evaluation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular structures deep within tissues in their native environments. This technology, which uses ultra-short femto-second laser pulses as the excitation source, is efficient in multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPEF) of endogenously fluorescent macromolecular systems and induction of highly specific second harmonic generation (SHG) signals from non-centrosymmetric macromolecules such as fibrillar collagens. Both these signals can be captured simultaneously to provide spatially resolved 3D structural organization of ECM as well as cellular morphologies in lung or airway tissue with spectral specificity and sensitivity. These imaging modalities are minimally invasive since structures deep within tissues can be visualized without the need for tissue fixation and/or sectioning. Much of the traditional histological and chemical procedures associated with conventional microscopy methods, which may alter native structure of lung tissue samples, can be circumvented to generate more accurate 3D morphological and fine structural information. In addition to outlining basic principles associated with MPEF and SHG microscopy methods, this review reports potential uses of these high resolution imaging modalities in lung structural imaging. We place special emphasis on imaging 3D structural features of airways, visualizing and quantifying ECM remodeling associated with mouse asthma model as well as the potential uses for multiphoton microscopy in in vitro airway applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Abraham
- The James Hogg Research Centre, Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stevenson CS, Birrell MA. Moving towards a new generation of animal models for asthma and COPD with improved clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 130:93-105. [PMID: 21074553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are complex inflammatory airway diseases characterised by airflow obstruction that remain leading causes of hospitalization and death worldwide. Animal modelling systems that accurately reflect disease pathophysiology continue to be essential to the development of new therapies for both conditions. In this review, we describe preclinical in vivo models that recapitulate many of the features of asthma and COPD. Specifically, we discuss the pro's and con's of the standard models and highlight recently developed systems designed to more accurately reflect the complexity of both diseases. For instance, clinically relevant allergens (i.e. house dust mite) are now being used to mimic the inflammatory changes and airway remodelling that result after chronic allergen exposures. Additionally, systems are being developed to mimic steroid-resistant and viral exacerbations of allergic inflammation - aspects of asthma where there is an acute need for new therapies. Similarly, COPD models have evolved to align with the improved clinical understanding of the factors contributing to disease progression. This includes using cigarette smoke to model not only airway inflammation and remodelling, but some systemic changes (e.g. hypertension and skeletal muscle alterations) that are thought to influence disease. Further, mouse genetics are being exploited to gain insights into the genetics of COPD susceptibility. The new models of asthma and COPD described herein demonstrate that improved clinical understanding of the diseases and better preclinical models is an iterative process that will hopefully lead to therapies that can effectively manage severe asthma and COPD.
Collapse
|
48
|
Tasaka S, Inoue KI, Miyamoto K, Nakano Y, Kamata H, Shinoda H, Hasegawa N, Miyasho T, Satoh M, Takano H, Ishizaka A. Role of interleukin-6 in elastase-induced lung inflammatory changes in mice. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:362-72. [PMID: 20653471 DOI: 10.3109/01902141003678590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, but its role in the development of pulmonary emphysema remains unclear. Wild-type (WT) and IL-6-deficient mice received either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) intratracheally. The development of emphysema was determined by measuring the mean linear intercept (Lm). The lung specimens were also subjected to immunohistochemistry for single-stranded DNA to detect apoptotic cells. Lung mechanics and airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine were analyzed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was subjected to evaluation of inflammatory cell accumulation and cytokine measurement. PPE treatment caused significant increases in Lm and lung compliance, which was attenuated by IL-6 deficiency. The increases in apoptotic cells in the lung were attenuated in IL-6 null mice. Airway responsiveness was not affected by PPE challenge or IL-6 deficiency. Intratracheal PPE increased the cell counts in BAL fluid throughout the observation, which was suppressed in IL-6 null mice. In BAL fluid, PPE-induced increases in the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and eotaxin were mitigated by IL-6 deficiency. PPE-induced up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 in the lung was attenuated by IL-6 deficiency. These results indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the development of elastase-induced lung inflammatory changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadatomo Tasaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ruiz-Bailén M, Pérez-Valenzuela J, Ferrezuelo-Mata A, Obra-Cuadra RJ. [Effect of the administration of statins in non-cardiac critical disease]. Med Intensiva 2010; 35:107-16. [PMID: 20630621 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Administration of statins has been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality. Their benefit could expand towards other areas of intensive medicine, it being possible to decrease mortality of the critically ill patient. There are several studies, although without a high level of evidence, that have detected a possible benefit when they are administered as well as clinical deterioration when they are discontinued, compared to those patients who had previously taken them. Even though most of the patients who had previously taken statins did so as primary or secondary prevention, thus having greater comorbidity, overall, a decrease is detected in the mortality of these subgroups. This benefit could be generalized to all the critical conditions, although studies with a higher level of evidence are needed for their adequate comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruiz-Bailén
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The widespread use of statins for hypercholesterolemia has uncovered pleiotropic anti-inflammatory properties that were unexpected based on the drugs' original design; yet, mechanisms for these protective actions remain uncertain. In this study lovastatin triggered biosynthesis of the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediator 15-epi-lipoxin A(4) (15-epi-LXA(4)). During interactions between human neutrophils and airway epithelial cells, the statin-induced increase in 15-epi-LXA(4) was associated with increased 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) generation. When added to activated neutrophils, 14,15-EET enhanced 15-epi-LXA(4) biosynthesis. In a murine model of airway mucosal injury and inflammation, lovastatin increased 15-epi-LXA(4) formation in vivo and markedly decreased acute lung inflammation. Administration of 15-epi-LXA(4) also inhibited lung inflammation in an additive manner with lovastatin. Together, these results indicate that statin-triggered 15-epi-LXA(4) generation during human leukocyte-airway epithelial cell interactions is an endogenous mechanism for statin-mediated tissue protection at mucosal surfaces that may also be relevant in the statins' ability to stimulate the resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
|