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Li J, Cao J, Yan C, Gong X. TGF-α/EGFR signaling promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced abnormal elastin deposition and alveolar simplification. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:113997. [PMID: 38508328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by shortened secondary septa and fewer, larger alveoli. Elastin deposition to the distal tips of the secondary septa is critical for elongation of the secondary septa. Alveolar myofibroblasts, which are thought to migrate to the septal tips during alveolarization, are mainly responsible for elastin production and deposition. Antenatal exposure to inflammation induces abnormal elastin deposition, thereby increasing the risk of developing BPD. Here, we found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased the expression of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in an LPS-induced rat model of BPD and in LPS-treated human pulmonary epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). In addition, in vitro experiments suggested that LPS upregulated TGF-α expression via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme (TACE) signaling. Increased TGF-α levels via its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) overactivation and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) activity inhibition of myofibroblasts. Similarly, in vivo LOX overactivation and inhibition of Cdc42 activity were observed in the lungs of LPS-exposed pups. LOX overactivation led to abnormal elastin deposition, and inhibition of Cdc42 activity disturbed the directional migration of myofibroblasts and disrupted elastin localization. Most importantly, the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib partially rescued LOX overactivation and Cdc42 activity inhibition, and improved elastin deposition and alveolar development in antenatal LPS-treated rats. Taken together, our data suggest that TGF-α/EGFR signaling is critically involved in the regulation of elastin deposition and represents a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Lu Ding Road, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Lu Ding Road, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongbing Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Lu Ding Road, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Lu Ding Road, 200062, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Reactive Carbonyl Species and Protein Lipoxidation in Atherogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:232. [PMID: 38397830 PMCID: PMC10886358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease of medium and large arteries, characterized by the presence of lipid-rich plaques lining the intima over time. It is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and death worldwide. Redox imbalance and lipid peroxidation could play key roles in atherosclerosis by promoting a bundle of responses, including endothelial activation, inflammation, and foam cell formation. The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids generates various lipid oxidation products such as reactive carbonyl species (RCS), including 4-hydroxy alkenals, malondialdehyde, and acrolein. RCS covalently bind to nucleophilic groups of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, modifying their structure and activity and leading to their progressive dysfunction. Protein lipoxidation is the non-enzymatic post-translational modification of proteins by RCS. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and apolipoprotein B (apoB) modification by RCS play a major role in foam cell formation. Moreover, oxidized LDLs are a source of RCS, which form adducts on a huge number of proteins, depending on oxidative stress intensity, the nature of targets, and the availability of detoxifying systems. Many systems are affected by lipoxidation, including extracellular matrix components, membranes, cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and other components. The mechanisms involved in lipoxidation-induced vascular dysfunction are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on protein lipoxidation during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
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3
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Bi J, Koivisto L, Dai J, Zhuang D, Jiang G, Larjava M, Shen Y, Bi L, Liu F, Haapasalo M, Häkkinen L, Larjava H. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling suppresses αvβ6 integrin and promotes periodontal inflammation and bone loss. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.236588. [PMID: 31722981 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In periodontal disease (PD), bacterial biofilms cause gingival inflammation, leading to bone loss. In healthy individuals, αvβ6 integrin in junctional epithelium maintains anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, whereas its expression is lost in individuals with PD. Bacterial biofilms suppress β6 integrin expression in cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs) by attenuating TGF-β1 signaling, leading to an enhanced pro-inflammatory response. In the present study, we show that GEC exposure to biofilms induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Inhibition of EGFR and ERK stunted both the biofilm-induced ITGB6 suppression and IL1B stimulation. Furthermore, biofilm induced the expression of endogenous EGFR ligands that suppressed ITGB6 and stimulated IL1B expression, indicating that the effects of the biofilm were mediated by autocrine EGFR signaling. Biofilm and EGFR ligands induced inhibitory phosphorylation of the TGF-β1 signaling mediator Smad3 at S208. Overexpression of a phosphorylation-defective mutant of Smad3 (S208A) reduced the β6 integrin suppression. Furthermore, inhibition of EGFR signaling significantly reduced bone loss and inflammation in an experimental PD model. Thus, EGFR inhibition may provide a target for clinical therapies to prevent inflammation and bone loss in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Bi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leeni Koivisto
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Deshu Zhuang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guoqiao Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Milla Larjava
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Liangjia Bi
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lari Häkkinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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4
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Gu BH, Madison MC, Corry D, Kheradmand F. Matrix remodeling in chronic lung diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 73:52-63. [PMID: 29559389 PMCID: PMC6141350 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms synthesize and renew components of their subcellular and scaffolding proteins, collectively known as the extracellular matrix molecules (ECMs). In the lung, ECMs maintain tensile strength, elasticity, and dictate the specialized function of multiple cell lineages. These functions are critical in lung homeostatic processes including cellular migration and proliferation during morphogenesis or in response to repair. Alterations in lung ECMs that expose cells to new cryptic fragments, generated in response to endogenous proteinases or exogenous toxins, are associated with the development of several common respiratory diseases. How lung ECMs provide or relay vital signals to epithelial and mesenchymal cells has shed new light on development and progression of several common chronic respiratory diseases. This review will consider how ECMs regulate lung homeostasis and their reorganization under pathological conditions that can modulate the inflammatory diseases asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Better understanding of changes in the distribution of lung ECM could provide novel therapeutic approaches to treat chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hee Gu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Madison
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Corry
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Nègre-Salvayre A, Garoby-Salom S, Swiader A, Rouahi M, Pucelle M, Salvayre R. Proatherogenic effects of 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:127-139. [PMID: 28040472 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal generated by peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. This reactive carbonyl compound exhibits a huge number of biological properties that result mainly from the formation of HNE-adducts on free amino groups and thiol groups in proteins. In the vascular system, HNE adduct accumulation progressively leads to cellular dysfunction and tissue damages that are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases. HNE contributes to the atherogenicity of oxidized LDL, by forming HNE-apoB adducts that deviate the LDL metabolism to the scavenger receptor pathway of macrophagic cells, and lead to the formation of foam cells. HNE activates transcription factors (Nrf2, NF-kappaB) that (dys)regulate various cellular responses ranging from hormetic and survival signaling at very low concentrations, to inflammatory and apoptotic effects at higher concentrations. Among a variety of cellular targets, HNE can modify signaling proteins involved in atherosclerotic plaque remodeling, particularly growth factor receptors (PDGFR, EGFR), cell cycle proteins, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum components or extracellular matrix proteins, which progressively alters smooth muscle cell proliferation, angiogenesis and induces apoptosis. HNE adducts accumulate in the lipidic necrotic core of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and may locally contribute to macrophage and smooth muscle cell apoptosis, which may induce plaque destabilization and rupture, thereby increasing the risk of athero-thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm UMR-1048, France; University of Toulouse, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Dept, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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6
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Kulkarni T, O'Reilly P, Antony VB, Gaggar A, Thannickal VJ. Matrix Remodeling in Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:751-60. [PMID: 26741177 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0166ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema are chronic lung diseases characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of these diseases is recurrent or persistent alveolar epithelial injury, typically caused by common environmental exposures such as cigarette smoke. We propose that critical determinants of the outcome of the injury-repair processes that result in fibrosis versus emphysema are mesenchymal cell fate and associated extracellular matrix dynamics. In this review, we explore the concept that regulation of mesenchymal cells under the influence of soluble factors, in particular transforming growth factor-β1, and the extracellular matrix determine the divergent tissue remodeling responses seen in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Kulkarni
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Philip O'Reilly
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Veena B Antony
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Amit Gaggar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and.,3 Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and.,3 Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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7
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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8
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A potential role for endogenous proteins as sacrificial sunscreens and antioxidants in human tissues. Redox Biol 2015; 5:101-113. [PMID: 25911998 PMCID: PMC4412910 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of the skin is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Although both exogenous sunscreens and endogenous tissue components (including melanins and tryptophan-derived compounds) reduce UVR penetration, the role of endogenous proteins in absorbing environmental UV wavelengths is poorly defined. Having previously demonstrated that proteins which are rich in UVR-absorbing amino acid residues are readily degraded by broadband UVB-radiation (containing UVA, UVB and UVC wavelengths) here we hypothesised that UV chromophore (Cys, Trp and Tyr) content can predict the susceptibility of structural proteins in skin and the eye to damage by physiologically relevant doses (up to 15.4 J/cm2) of solar UVR (95% UVA, 5% UVB). We show that: i) purified suspensions of UV-chromophore-rich fibronectin dimers, fibrillin microfibrils and β- and γ-lens crystallins undergo solar simulated radiation (SSR)-induced aggregation and/or decomposition and ii) exposure to identical doses of SSR has minimal effect on the size or ultrastructure of UV chromophore-poor tropoelastin, collagen I, collagen VI microfibrils and α-crystallin. If UV chromophore content is a factor in determining protein stability in vivo, we would expect that the tissue distribution of Cys, Trp and Tyr-rich proteins would correlate with regional UVR exposure. From bioinformatic analysis of 244 key structural proteins we identified several biochemically distinct, yet UV chromophore-rich, protein families. The majority of these putative UV-absorbing proteins (including the late cornified envelope proteins, keratin associated proteins, elastic fibre-associated components and β- and γ-crystallins) are localised and/or particularly abundant in tissues that are exposed to the highest doses of environmental UVR, specifically the stratum corneum, hair, papillary dermis and lens. We therefore propose that UV chromophore-rich proteins are localised in regions of high UVR exposure as a consequence of an evolutionary pressure to express sacrificial protein sunscreens which reduce UVR penetration and hence mitigate tissue damage. Major structural proteins such as collagen I and tropoelastin are UVA-resistant. In contrast, proteins which are rich in Cys, Trp and Tyr residues are UV-susceptible. These proteins are concentrated in UV exposed tissues. UV-chromophore (Cys, Trp, Tyr)-rich proteins may act as endogenous sunscreens.
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9
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Watson REB, Gibbs NK, Griffiths CEM, Sherratt MJ. Damage to skin extracellular matrix induced by UV exposure. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1063-77. [PMID: 24124905 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic exposure to environmental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in both photocarcinogenesis and induction of accelerated skin aging. Although the spatiotemporal consequences of UVR exposure for the composition and architecture of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) are well characterized, the pathogenesis of photoaging remains poorly defined. Given the compelling evidence for the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators of photoaging, UVR-exposed human skin may be an accessible model system in which to characterize the role of oxidative damage in both internal and external tissues. RECENT ADVANCES Although the cell-mediated degradation of dermal components via UVR-induced expression of ECM proteases has long been identified as an integral part of the photoaging pathway, the relative importance and identity of cellular and extracellular photosensitizers (direct hit and bystanders models, respectively) in initiating this enzymatic activity is unclear. Recently, both age-related protein glycation and relative amino-acid composition have been identified as potential risk factors for photo-ionization and/or photo-sensitization. Here, we propose a selective multi-hit model of photoaging. CRITICAL ISSUES Bioinformatic analyses can be employed to identify candidate UVR targets/photosensitizers, but the action of UVR on protein structure and/or ROS production should be verified experimentally. Crucially, in the case of biochemically active ECM components such as fibronectin and fibrillin, the downstream effects of photo-degradation on tissue homeostasis remain to be confirmed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Both topical antioxidants and inhibitors of detrimental cell signaling may be effective in abrogating the effects of specific UVR-mediated protein degradation in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E B Watson
- 1 The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Liu X, Hubchak SC, Browne JA, Schnaper HW. Epidermal growth factor inhibits transforming growth factor-β-induced fibrogenic differentiation marker expression through ERK activation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2276-83. [PMID: 24905473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays an important and complex role in renal fibrogenesis. The seemingly simple TGF-β/Smad cascade is intensively regulated at several levels, including crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for epithelial cells and is elevated in diseased kidneys. In this study, we examined its effect on TGF-β-induced fibrotic changes in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Simultaneous treatment with EGF specifically inhibited basal and TGF-β-induced type-I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression at both mRNA and protein levels. These effects were prevented by inhibition of either the EGF receptor kinase or its downstream MEK kinase but not by blockade of either the JNK or PI3K pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active MEK1 construct mimicked the inhibitory effect of EGF. Further, EGF suppressed Smad transcriptional activities, as shown by reduced activation of ARE-luc and SBE-luc. Both reductions were prevented by MEK inhibition. However, EGF did not block Smad2 or Smad3 phosphorylation by TGF-β, or Smad2/3 nuclear import. Finally EGF induced the phosphorylation and expression of TGIF, a known TGF-β/Smad repressor. Both the phosphorylation and the induction were blocked by a MEK inhibitor. Overexpression of TGIF abolished TGF-β-induced αSMA promoter activity. Together these results suggest that EGF inhibits two TGF-β-stimulated markers of EMT through EGF receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream ERK activation, but not through PI3K or JNK. The inhibition results from effector mechanisms downstream of Smads, and most likely involves the transcriptional repressor, TGIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Susan C Hubchak
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - James A Browne
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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11
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Larroque-Cardoso P, Mucher E, Grazide MH, Josse G, Schmitt AM, Nadal-Wolbold F, Zarkovic K, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A. 4-Hydroxynonenal impairs transforming growth factor-β1-induced elastin synthesis via epidermal growth factor receptor activation in human and murine fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:427-436. [PMID: 24561579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is a long-lived protein and a key component of connective tissues. The tissular elastin content decreases during chronological aging, and the mechanisms underlying its slow repair are not known. Lipid oxidation products that accumulate in aged tissues may generate protein dysfunction. We hypothesized that 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a highly reactive α,β-aldehydic product generated from polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation, could contribute to inhibiting elastin repair by antagonizing the elastogenic signaling of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in skin fibroblasts. We report that a low 4-HNE concentration (2µmol/L) inhibits the upregulation of tropoelastin expression stimulated by TGF-β1 in human and murine fibroblasts. The study of signaling pathways potentially involved in the regulation of elastin expression showed that 4-HNE did not block the phosphorylation of Smad3, an early step of TGF-β1 signaling, but inhibited the nuclear translocation of Smad2. Concomitantly, 4-HNE modified and stimulated the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and subsequently ERK1/2 activation, leading to the phosphorylation/stabilization of the Smad transcriptional corepressor TGIF, which antagonizes TGF-β1 signaling. Inhibitors of EGFR (AG1478) and MEK/ERK (PD98059), and EGFR-specific siRNAs, reversed the inhibitory effect of 4-HNE on TGF-β1-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2 and tropoelastin synthesis. In vivo studies on aortas from aged C57BL/6 mice showed that EGFR is modified by 4-HNE, in correlation with an increased 4-HNE-adduct accumulation and decreased elastin content. Altogether, these data suggest that 4-HNE inhibits the elastogenic activity of TGF-β1, by modifying and activating the EGFR/ERK/TGIF pathway, which may contribute to altering elastin repair in chronological aging and oxidative stress-associated aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elodie Mucher
- INSERM UMR-1048, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gwendal Josse
- Centre Européen de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermocosmetique, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt
- Centre Européen de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermocosmetique, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Nadal-Wolbold
- Centre Européen de Recherche sur la Peau, Pierre Fabre Dermocosmetique, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Robert Salvayre
- INSERM UMR-1048, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- INSERM UMR-1048, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Liu S, Parameswaran H, Young SM, Varisco BM. JNK suppresses pulmonary fibroblast elastogenesis during alveolar development. Respir Res 2014; 15:34. [PMID: 24661418 PMCID: PMC3987842 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of discrete elastin bands at the tips of secondary alveolar septa is important for normal alveolar development, but the mechanisms regulating the lung elastogenic program are incompletely understood. JNK suppress elastin synthesis in the aorta and is important in a host of developmental processes. We sought to determine whether JNK suppresses pulmonary fibroblast elastogenesis during lung development. Methods Alveolar size, elastin content, and mRNA of elastin-associated genes were quantitated in wild type and JNK-deficient mouse lungs, and expression profiles were validated in primary lung fibroblasts. Tropoelastin protein was quantitated by Western blot. Changes in lung JNK activity throughout development were quantitated, and pJNK was localized by confocal imaging and lineage tracing. Results By morphometry, alveolar diameters were increased by 7% and lung elastin content increased 2-fold in JNK-deficient mouse lungs compared to wild type. By Western blot, tropoelastin protein was increased 5-fold in JNK-deficient lungs. Postnatal day 14 (PND14) lung JNK activity was 11-fold higher and pJNK:JNK ratio 6-fold higher compared to PN 8 week lung. Lung tropoelastin, emilin-1, fibrillin-1, fibulin-5, and lysyl oxidase mRNAs inversely correlated with lung JNK activity during alveolar development. Phosphorylated JNK localized to pulmonary lipofibroblasts. PND14 JNK-deficient mouse lungs contained 7-fold more tropoelastin, 2,000-fold more emilin-1, 800-fold more fibrillin-1, and 60-fold more fibulin-5 than PND14 wild type lungs. Primarily lung fibroblasts from wild type and JNK-deficient mice showed similar differences in elastogenic mRNAs. Conclusions JNK suppresses fibroblast elastogenesis during the alveolar stage of lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian M Varisco
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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13
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Takemura T, Yoshida Y, Kiso S, Kizu T, Furuta K, Ezaki H, Hamano M, Egawa M, Chatani N, Kamada Y, Imai Y, Higashiyama S, Iwamoto R, Mekada E, Takehara T. Conditional loss of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor results in enhanced liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:185-91. [PMID: 23743191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our aims were to evaluate the involvement of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in liver fibrogenesis of humans and mice and to elucidate the effect of HB-EGF deficiency on cholestatic liver fibrosis using conditional HB-EGF knockout (KO) mice. We first demonstrated that gene expression of HB-EGF had a positive significant correlation with that of collagen in human fibrotic livers, and was increased in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced fibrotic livers in mouse. We then generated conditional HB-EGF knockout (KO) mice using the interferon inducible Mx-1 promoter driven Cre recombinase transgene and wild type (WT) and KO mice were subjected to BDL. After BDL, KO mice exhibited enhanced liver fibrosis with increased expression of collagen, compared with WT mice. Finally, we used mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to examine the role of HB-EGF in the activation of these cells and showed that HB-EGF antagonized TGF-β-induced gene expression of collagen in mouse primary HSCs. Interestingly, HB-EGF did not prevent the TGF-β-induced nuclear accumulation of Smad3, but did lead to stabilization of the Smad transcriptional co-repressor TG-interacting factor. In conclusion, our data suggest a possible protective role of HB-EGF in cholestatic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Takemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Iwayama H, Sakamoto T, Nawa A, Ueda N. Crosstalk between Smad and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases for the Regulation of Apoptosis in Cyclosporine A- Induced Renal Tubular Injury. NEPHRON EXTRA 2011; 1:178-89. [PMID: 22470391 PMCID: PMC3290860 DOI: 10.1159/000333014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims It remains elusive whether there is a crosstalk between Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and whether it regulates cyclosporine A (CyA)-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs). Methods The effect of CyA on nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and MAPKs (measured by Western blotting or immunofluorescence) and apoptosis (determined by Hoechst 33258 staining) was examined in HK-2 cells. Results CyA induced apoptosis at 24 h and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated (p)-Smad2/3 at 3 h, which was continued till 24 h. CyA enhanced the expression of p-ERK at 1 h, which was continued till 24 h, and of p-p38MAPK at 1–6 h, which returned to control level at 12 h. CyA did not affect JNK. An inhibitor of ERK, PD98059, prevented CyA-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and apoptosis. An inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB202190, deteriorated CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activated ERK and p38MAPK but not JNK. EGF-induced activation of MAPKs ameliorated CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3 and apoptosis. Inhibition of p38MAPK but not of ERK abolished the protective effect of EGF on CyA-induced nuclear translocation of p-Smad2/3 and apoptosis. Conclusion Crosstalk between R-Smad and p38MAPK/ERK, but not JNK differentially regulates apoptosis in CyA-induced RPTC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Suppression of TG-interacting factor sensitizes arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem J 2011; 438:349-58. [PMID: 21649584 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) is among the most common and lethal cancers worldwide with a poor prognosis mainly due to a high recurrence rate and chemotherapy resistance. ATO (arsenic trioxide) is a multi-target drug that has been effectively used as an anticancer drug in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. However, a Phase II trial involving patients with HCC indicates that the use of arsenic as a single agent is not effective against HCC. TGIF (TG-interacting factor) is a transcriptional co-repressor that interferes with TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) signalling which plays a growth-inhibitory role in HCC. In the present study, we demonstrated that ATO induced hepatocellular apoptosis via TGF-β/Smad signalling and led to downstream induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21). However, ATO could also induce TGIF expression via a post-transcriptional regulation mechanism to antagonize this effect. Using a biotin-labelled RNA probe pull-down assay and in vivo RNA immunoprecipitation analysis, we identified that HuR (human antigen R) bound to the TGIF mRNA 3'-UTR (3'-untranslated region) and prevented it from degradation. ATO treatment increased the interaction between HuR and TGIF mRNA, and reduction of HuR expression inhibited ATO-induced TGIF expression. Moreover, the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)/PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt pathway was shown to mediate the post-transcriptional regulation of TGIF in response to ATO. Finally, we also demonstrated that the down-regulation of TGIF could sensitize ATO-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis. Collectively, we propose that the EGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway may regulate the post-transcriptional regulation of TGIF expression to antagonize ATO-induced apoptosis in HCC. Blockage of the PI3K/Akt pathway or TGIF expression combined with ATO treatment may be a promising strategy for HCC therapy.
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Panchenko MP, Siddiquee Z, Dombkowski DM, Alekseyev YO, Lenburg ME, Walker JD, Macgillivray TE, Preffer FI, Stone JR. Protein kinase CK1alphaLS promotes vascular cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1562-72. [PMID: 20696773 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK1alpha regulates several fundamental cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. Up to four forms of this kinase are expressed in vertebrates resulting from alternative splicing of exons; these exons encode either the L-insert located within the catalytic domain or the S-insert located at the C terminus of the protein. Whereas the L-insert is known to target the kinase to the nucleus, the functional significance of nuclear CK1alphaLS has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that selective L-insert-targeted short hairpin small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CK1alphaLS in human vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells impairs proliferation and abolishes hydrogen peroxide-stimulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, with the cells accumulating in G(0)/G(1). In addition, selective knockdown of CK1alphaLS in cultured human arteries inhibits vascular activation, preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation, intimal hyperplasia, and proteoglycan deposition. Knockdown of CK1alphaLS results in the harmonious down-regulation of its target substrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C and results in the altered expression or alternative splicing of key genes involved in cellular activation including CXCR4, MMP3, CSF2, and SMURF1. Our results indicate that the nuclear form of CK1alpha in humans, CK1alphaLS, plays a critical role in vascular cell proliferation, cellular activation, and hydrogen peroxide-mediated mitogenic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail P Panchenko
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar parenchymal tissue and the concordant loss of lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and interstitial mesenchymal cells. Key features in the pathobiology of emphysema include inflammation, alveolar epithelial cell injury/apoptosis, and excessive activation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases. Mesenchymal cells are versatile connective tissue cells that are critical effectors of wound-repair. The excessive loss of connective tissue and the destruction of alveolar septae in emphysema suggest that the mesenchymal cell reparative response to epithelial injury is impaired. Yet, the mechanisms regulating mesenchymal cell (dys)function in emphysema remain poorly understood. We propose that mesenchymal cell fate, modulated by transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) and the balance of ECM proteases and antiproteases, is a critical determinant of the emphysema phenotype. We examine emphysema in the context of wound-repair responses, with a focus on the regulation of mesenchymal cell fate and phenotype. We discuss the emerging evidence supporting that genetic factors, inflammation and environmental factors, including cigarette smoke itself, collectively impair mesenchymal cell survival and function, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2319, USA.
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