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Wu X, Xiao X, Fang H, He C, Wang H, Wang M, Lan P, Wang F, Du Q, Yang H. Elucidating shared biomarkers in gastroesophageal reflux disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: insights into novel therapeutic targets and the role of angelicae sinensis radix. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1348708. [PMID: 38414734 PMCID: PMC10897002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1348708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The etiological underpinnings of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain elusive, coupled with a scarcity of effective therapeutic interventions for IPF. Angelicae sinensis radix (ASR, also named Danggui) is a Chinese herb with potential anti-fibrotic properties, that holds promise as a therapeutic agent for IPF. Objective: This study seeks to elucidate the causal interplay and potential mechanisms underlying the coexistence of GERD and IPF. Furthermore, it aims to investigate the regulatory effect of ASR on this complex relationship. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) approach was employed to delineate the causal connection between gastroesophageal reflux disease and IPF, with Phennoscanner V2 employed to mitigate confounding factors. Utilizing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and publicly available microarray data, we analyzed potential targets and mechanisms related to IPF in GERD. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to explore the targets and efficacy of ASR in treating GERD-related IPF. External datasets were subsequently utilized to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for GERD-related IPF. Results: The IVW analysis demonstrated a positive causal relationship between GERD and IPF (IVW: OR = 1.002, 95%CI: 1.001, 1.003; p < 0.001). Twenty-five shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. GO functional analysis revealed enrichment in neural, cellular, and brain development processes, concentrated in chromosomes and plasma membranes, with protein binding and activation involvement. KEGG analysis unveiled enrichment in proteoglycan, ERBB, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways in cancer. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis identified seven hub genes. Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that 104 components of ASR targeted five hub genes (PDE4B, DRD2, ERBB4, ESR1, GRM8), with molecular docking confirming their excellent binding efficiency. GRM8 and ESR1 emerged as potential diagnostic biomarkers for GERD-related IPF (ESR1: AUCGERD = 0.762, AUCIPF = 0.725; GRM8: AUCGERD = 0.717, AUCIPF = 0.908). GRM8 and ESR1 emerged as potential diagnostic biomarkers for GERD-related IPF, validated in external datasets. Conclusion: This study establishes a causal link between GERD and IPF, identifying five key targets and two potential diagnostic biomarkers for GERD-related IPF. ASR exhibits intervention efficacy and favorable binding characteristics, positioning it as a promising candidate for treating GERD-related IPF. The potential regulatory mechanisms may involve cell responses to fibroblast growth factor stimulation and steroidal hormone-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Fang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cuifang He
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyue Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peishu Lan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanyu Du
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Prasad C, Duraisamy SK, Sundar IK. Lung mechanics showing sex-based differences and circadian time-of-day response to bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15828. [PMID: 37798115 PMCID: PMC10555704 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease that impairs lung mechanical properties due to dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling. Lung function assessment is an important physiological endpoint in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) that has gained a broader scientific acceptance in the field. IPF pathophysiology shows sex-based differences, disproportionately affecting more men compared to women. Prior reports suggest that the circadian clock is perturbed during the pathogenesis of PF. We have comprehensively assessed the sex-based differences and time-of-day response (at Zeitgeber time: ZT0/6:00 a.m. or ZT12/6 p.m.) in lung mechanics among sham (control) versus bleomycin (BLM)-challenged female and male (C57BL/6: WT) mice using Flexi-vent. BLM challenge altered lung function significantly in males in both total lung (reduced dynamic compliance, and increased resistance and elastance) as well as lung tissue-specific parameters (increased tissue elastance and tissue damping) but less pronounced in females. BLM-challenged mice showed a time-of-day response in lung function at ZT0 versus ZT12, which was pronounced in the ZT0 BLM group. Overall, these findings provide a comprehensive analysis of altered lung function in female and male mice and the time-of-day difference in lung function parameters following BLM-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar Prasad
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Santhosh Kumar Duraisamy
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
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Ma J, Xie Y, Xu Y, Gu P, Zhang Y, Fan L, Zhou Y, Wang H, Zhou T, He J, Wang D, Chen W. Neutralization of interleukin-11 attenuates silica particles-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:772-783. [PMID: 36503802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to crystalline silica particles can lead to silicosis, which is one of the most serious pulmonary interstitial fibrosis around the world. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism on silicosis is unclear, and the effective treatments are lacking to date. In this study, we aim to explore the molecular mechanism by which interleukin-11 (IL-11) affects silica particles-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. We observed that IL-11 expressions in mouse lungs were significantly increased after silica exposure, and maintained at high levels across both inflammation and fibrosis phase. Immunofluorescent dual staining further revealed that the overexpression of IL-11 mainly located in mouse lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Using neutralizing anti-IL-11 antibody could effectively alleviate the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and fibrotic proteins (i.e., collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-2) induced by silica particles. Most importantly, the expressions of IL-11 receptor subunit α (IL-11Rα), Glycoprotein 130 (GP130), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were significantly increased in response to silica, whereas blocking of IL-11 markedly reduced their levels. All findings suggested that the overexpression of IL-11 was involved in the pathological of silicosis, while neutralizing IL-11 antibody could effectively alleviate the silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting the IL-11Rα/GP130/ERK signaling pathway. IL-11 might be a promising therapeutic target for lung inflammation and fibrosis caused by silica particles exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiju Xu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei Gu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingdie Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lieyang Fan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- National Center of Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission, Beijing 102300, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jintong He
- Zhuhai Center for Chronic Disease Control, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Wang Q, Li W, Hu H, Lu X, Qin S. Monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine: New hopes for drug discovery in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114226. [PMID: 36657302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible pulmonary disease, and can lead to decreased lung function, respiratory failure and even death. The pathogenesis research and treatment strategy of PF significantly lag behind the medical progress and clinical needs. The treatment of this disease remains a thorny clinical problem, and the effective therapeutic drugs are still limited. Monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine own various biological activities and high safety. They play a broad part in treating diseases and is also a candidate drug for preventing and treating PF. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanism of action and potential value of various anti-PF monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine. These monomeric compounds can attenuate inflammatory response, oxidative stress, epithelial mesenchymal transformation and other processes of lung through many signaling pathways, and inhibit the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, thus contributing to the treatment of PF. This review can provide new ideas for the development of anti-PF drugs in high efficiency with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xuechao Lu
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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Shen L, Yu Y, Jiang M, Zhao J. Alteration of the m 6A methylation landscape in a mouse model of scleroderma. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1867-1883. [PMID: 34791892 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs and its roles in a mouse model of scleroderma. Materials & methods: To evaluate whether the mouse model of scleroderma could meet the experimental requirements, we examined skin tissue specimens by pathological staining and identified the related indicators by quantitative PCR (qPCR). m6A-tagged mRNAs were identified via m6A epitranscriptomic microarray, and m6A-RNA-immunoprecipitation qPCR and qPCR were performed to confirm microarray data. Results: There were differences in m6A methylation among 843 mRNAs. Further, there were significant differences among Hras, Saa1, Ccl3, Ccl9 and Il1b in terms of methylation and expression. Conclusion: The m6A methylation spectrum in a mouse model of scleroderma may explain the occurrence of scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jingjun Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
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6
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The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107941. [PMID: 34171336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined by excessive formation and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, produced by myofibroblasts, that supersedes normal wound healing responses to injury and results in progressive architectural remodelling. Fibrosis is often detected in advanced disease stages when an organ is already severely damaged and can no longer function properly. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable and easily detectable markers to identify and monitor fibrosis onset and progression as early as possible; this will greatly facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a well-known regulator of bone extracellular matrix and most studied for its role in regulating bone mass, is expressed in various organs and functions as a decoy for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Recently, OPG has been linked to fibrosis and fibrogenesis, and has been included in a panel of markers to diagnose liver fibrosis. Multiple studies now suggest that OPG may be a general biomarker suitable for detection of fibrosis and/or monitoring the impact of fibrosis treatment. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of OPG in fibrosis and will discuss its potential as a biomarker and/or novel therapeutic target for fibrosis.
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7
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Sex-Related Differences in Murine Models of Chemically Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115909. [PMID: 34072833 PMCID: PMC8198091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed two models of chemically induced chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in mice (intratracheally administered hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intratracheally administered nitrogen mustard (NM)) and investigated male–female differences. Female mice exhibited higher 30-day survival and less weight loss than male mice. Thirty days after the instillation of either HCl or NM, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid displayed a persistent, mild inflammatory response, but with higher white blood cell numbers and total protein content in males vs. females. Furthermore, females exhibited less collagen deposition, milder pulmonary fibrosis, and lower Ashcroft scores. After instillation of either HCl or NM, all animals displayed increased values of phosphorylated (activated) Heat Shock Protein 90, which plays a crucial role in the alveolar wound-healing processes; however, females presented lower activation of both transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways: ERK and SMAD. We propose that female mice are protected from chronic complications of a single exposure to either HCl or NM through a lesser activation of TGF-β and downstream signaling. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that confer a protective effect in females could help develop new, gender-specific therapeutics for IPF.
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Su X, Liu K, Xie Y, Zhang M, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Mushroom Inonotus sanghuang alleviates experimental pulmonary fibrosis: Implications for therapy of pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110919. [PMID: 33202282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom Inonotus sanghuang has been characterized as a traditional medicine in China and has pharmacological activities to treat inflammation, gastroenteric dysfunction, and cancer. Recently, we reported the impact of Inonotus sanghuang extract (ISE) from ethyl acetate fraction on bleomycin (BLM)-induced acute lung injury in mice. Here, we aimed to investigate ISE's impact on pulmonary fibrosis using in vivo and in vitro models and the underlying mechanisms. To evaluate pulmonary fibrosis, female C57BL/6 mice fed ISE (0% or 0.6% in diet) for 4 weeks were instilled intratracheally with BLM and then continued the same diet before the end of the experiment. A549 cells were used to evaluate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Feeding ISE improved BLM-treated mice's survival via decreasing lung infiltrating cells and fibrosis, followed by reducing hydroxyproline content, collagen deposition, and mesenchymal markers (α-SMA and vimentin) while increasing epithelial marker E-cadherin. ISE also suppressed the TGF-β expression, Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and EMT-related transcription factor Snail upon BLM instillation. Iin vitro study demonstrated that ISE inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT-like phenotype and cell behaviors, the expression of α-SMA and vimentin, and prevented E-cadherin reduction of A549 cells. Consistent with in vivo study, ISE abrogated p-Smad2/3, and Snail expression. Finally, the influence of ISE on EMT was not due to ISE toxicity. Our findings indicated that ISE effectively attenuated BLM-induced lung fibrosis. These ISE properties were thought to be involved in interfering TGF-β, Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and EMT process, suggesting that the material has the potential health benefits to improve lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Su
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China; Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050061, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China; School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China.
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Susceptibility Factors in Chronic Lung Inflammatory Responses to Engineered Nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197310. [PMID: 33022979 PMCID: PMC7582686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are products of the emerging nanotechnology industry and many different types of ENMs have been shown to cause chronic inflammation in the lungs of rodents after inhalation exposure, suggesting a risk to human health. Due to the increasing demand and use of ENMs in a variety of products, a careful evaluation of the risks to human health is urgently needed. An assessment of the immunotoxicity of ENMs should consider susceptibility factors including sex, pre-existing diseases, deficiency of specific genes encoding proteins involved in the innate or adaptive immune response, and co-exposures to other chemicals. This review will address evidence from experimental animal models that highlights some important issues of susceptibility to chronic lung inflammation and systemic immune dysfunction after pulmonary exposure to ENMs.
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10
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Rancan L, Puig A, Balibrea JM, Paredes SD, García C, Jiménez L, Fernández-Tresguerres JA, Vara E. Protective effects of 17-β-oestradiol and phytoestrogen on age-induced oxidative stress and inhibition of surfactant synthesis in rat type II pneumocytes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:26-36. [PMID: 32314935 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1757044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest protective effects of oestrogen and phytoestrogen on lung tissue. This study aimed to elucidate the role of 17-β-oestradiol and phytoestrogen in age-related inhibition of surfactant synthesis and oxidative stress in rat type II pneumocytes. Forty male and 66 female Wistar rats were used. Female rats were randomly kept intact or ovariectomized at age 12 months. At age 22 months, ovariectomized rats received 17-β-oestradiol, soy extract, or no treatment. Oxidative stress markers CO, NO, cGMP and lipid peroxide (LPO), antioxidant enzymes and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were measured in cultured type II pneumocytes isolated at ages 2, 14, 18, 22 and 24 months. Old, male and ovariectomized rats showed significantly higher CO, NO, cGMP and LPO and lower PC content and antioxidant enzymes. 17-β-oestradiol and phytoestrogen significantly reversed these effects. In conclusion, aging and oestrogen deprivation decreased PC synthesis and altered the redox status in type II pneumocytes, which were partially restored by 17-β-oestradiol or soy supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rancan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of General Surgery, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio D Paredes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cruz García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Vara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Sugimoto N, Suzukawa M, Nagase H, Koizumi Y, Ro S, Kobayashi K, Yoshihara H, Kojima Y, Kamiyama-Hara A, Hebisawa A, Ohta K. IL-9 Blockade Suppresses Silica-induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:232-243. [PMID: 30240278 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0287oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recapitulative animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and related diseases are lacking, which inhibits our ability to fully clarify the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although lung fibrosis in mouse models is often induced by bleomycin, silica-induced lung fibrosis is more sustainable and more progressive. Therefore, in this study, we sought to elucidate the mediator(s) responsible for the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, through the use of a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis. With a single nasal administration of 16 mg of silica, lung inflammation (assessed by elevated cellular components in the BAL fluids [BALFs]) and lung fibrosis (assessed by lung histology and lung hydroxyproline levels) were induced and sustained for as long as 24 weeks. Of the mediators measured in the BALFs, IL-9 was characteristically elevated gradually, and peaked at 24 weeks after silica administration. Treatment of silica-challenged mice with anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody inhibited lung fibrosis, as assessed by lung hydroxyproline level, and suppressed the levels of major mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, CCL2, CXCL1, and TNF-α in BALFs. Moreover, human lung specimens from patients with IPF have shown high expression of IL-9 in alveolar macrophages, CD4-positive cells, and receptors for IL-9 in airway epithelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-9 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis in diseases such as IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugimoto
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuta Koizumi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shoki Ro
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Konomi Kobayashi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Hisanao Yoshihara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Asae Kamiyama-Hara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Development of experimental silicosis in inbred and outbred mice depends on instillation volume. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14190. [PMID: 31578388 PMCID: PMC6775097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable variation in methods to induce experimental silicosis with the effects of dose and route of exposure being well documented. However, to what extent the volume of silica suspension alters the dispersion and severity of silicosis has not been adequately investigated. In this study, the optimal volume of a crystalline silica suspension required to obtain uniform distribution and greatest incidence and severity of silicosis was determined in inbred and outbred mice. Silica dispersal, detected by co-inspiration with India ink and polarized light microscopy, was highly dependent upon volume. Furthermore, although peribronchitis, perivasculitis, and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell numbers were detected a lower doses and volumes, significant alveolitis required exposure to 5 mg of silica in 50 μl. This dose and volume of transoral instillation led to a greater penetrance of silicosis in the genetically heterogeneous Diversity Outbred strain as well as greater alveolar inflammation typical of the silicosis in human disease. These findings underscore the critical importance of instillation volume on the induction, severity, and type of inflammatory pathology in experimental silicosis.
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Ray JL, Fletcher P, Burmeister R, Holian A. The role of sex in particle-induced inflammation and injury. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1589. [PMID: 31566915 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials within various applications such as medicine, electronics, and cosmetics has been steadily increasing; therefore, the rate of occupational and environmental exposures has also increased. Inhalation is an important route of exposure to nanomaterials and has been shown to cause various respiratory diseases in animal models. Human lung disease frequently presents with a sex/gender-bias in prevalence or severity, but investigation of potential sex-differences in the adverse health outcomes associated with nanoparticle inhalation is greatly lacking. Only ~20% of basic research in the general sciences use both male and female animals and a substantial percentage of these do not address differences between sexes within their analyses. This has prevented researchers from fully understanding the impact of sex-based variables on health and disease, particularly the pathologies resulting from the inhalation of particles. The mechanisms responsible for sex-differences in respiratory disease remain unclear, but could be related to a number of variables including sex-differences in hormone signaling, lung physiology, or respiratory immune function. By incorporating sex-based analysis into respiratory nanotoxicology and utilizing human data from other relevant particles (e.g., asbestos, silica, particulate matter), we can improve our understanding of sex as a biological variable in nanoparticle exposures. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ray
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Rachel Burmeister
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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14
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Ray JL, Holian A. Sex differences in the inflammatory immune response to multi-walled carbon nanotubes and crystalline silica. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:285-297. [PMID: 31556754 PMCID: PMC6813775 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1669743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Respiratory disease is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. These diseases frequently present with a sex bias in occurrence and severity, yet the mechanisms responsible for these sex biases is a critically understudied area of basic research. Methods: Male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or crystalline silica (cSiO2) via oropharyngeal aspiration. Acute assessments were conducted 24 h and 7 days after a single exposure. In chronic experiments, mice were exposed to respective particles once per week for 4 weeks and sacrificed 8 weeks after the last exposure. Lung lavage fluid (LLF) was assessed for markers of injury and inflammation. Immune cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry and histopathology assessment was performed on lung tissue from chronically exposed mice. Results: Female mice exposed to a single dose of MWCNTs generated a greater eosinophilic response than males 24 h and 7 days post-exposure. Eosinophilia was accompanied by elevated type 2 cytokine production in LLF. The exaggerated acute response in females was consistent with lung pathology observed in the chronic model: females had greater alveolitis and epithelial cell hyperplasia compared to males. There were no sex differences 24 h after cSiO2 exposure, but by 7-day post-exposure female mice had greater airspace neutrophilia and inflammatory cytokine levels compared to males. However, following repeated exposure to cSiO2, male mice had worse alveolitis and greater dendritic cell presence within the lungs. Conclusions: Female mice are more susceptible to acute and chronic MWCNT-induced inflammation, but male mice are more susceptible to chronic cSiO2-induced lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ray
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
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15
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Smith LC, Moreno S, Robinson S, Orandle M, Porter DW, Das D, Saleh NB, Sabo-Attwood T. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1. NANOIMPACT 2019; 14:100152. [PMID: 32313843 PMCID: PMC7169977 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is suspected to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis through modulation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). There is growing evidence that estrogen signaling is important in pulmonary function and modulates pro-fibrogenic signaling in multiple models of pulmonary fibrosis, however an interaction between MWCNT exposure and estrogen signaling in the lung is not known. The purpose of this work was to determine whether estrogen signaling in the lung is a target for MWCNTs and to identify potential signaling mechanisms mediating MWCNT-induced responses using a whole-body inhalation mouse model and an in vitro human lung cell model. Mice exposed to MWCNTs had reduced mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (Esr1 and Esr2, respectively) in lung tissue at multiple time-points post-exposure, whereas expression of g-protein coupled estrogen receptor1 (Gper1) was more variable. We localized ESR1 protein expression as primarily associated with bronchioles and within inflammatory macrophages. The reduction in estrogen receptor expression was concomitant to an increase in TGF-β1 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of MWCNT-exposed animals. We confirmed a role for TGF-β1 in mediating MWCNT-induced repression of ESR1 mRNA expression using a TGF-β type-I receptor inhibitor in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Overall these results highlight a novel mechanism of MWCNT-induced signaling where MWCNT-induced regulation of TGF-β1 represses estrogen receptor expression. Dysregulated estrogen signaling through altered receptor expression may have potential consequences on lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Cody Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Dale W. Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Dipesh Das
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Navid B. Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Huaux F. Emerging Role of Immunosuppression in Diseases Induced by Micro- and Nano-Particles: Time to Revisit the Exclusive Inflammatory Scenario. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2364. [PMID: 30510551 PMCID: PMC6252316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmunity developing upon particle exposure have been exclusively linked with uncontrolled inflammatory processes. The critical role of inflammation is now challenged by several contradictory observations indicating that the emergence of these chronic disorders may result from non-inflammatory events. A growing number of studies reveals that micro- and nano-particles can cause exaggerated and persistent immunosuppression characterized by the release of potent anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), and the recruitment of major regulatory immune cells (M2 macrophages, T and B regs, and MDSC). This persistent immunosuppressive environment is initially established to limit early inflammation but contributes later to fibrosis, cancer, and infection. Immunosuppression promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix element synthesis and subverts innate and adaptive immune surveillance against tumor cells and microorganisms. This review details the contribution of immunosuppressive cells and their derived immunoregulatory mediators and delineates the mutual role of inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases induced by particles. The consideration of these new results explains how particle-related diseases can develop independently of chronic inflammation, enriches current bioassays predicting particle toxicity and suggests new clinical strategies for treating patients affected by particle-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Kato K, Zemskova MA, Hanss AD, Kim MM, Summer R, Kim KC. Muc1 deficiency exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of silicosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1230-1235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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McDonald LT, Johnson SD, Russell DL, Young MRI, LaRue AC. Role of a novel immune modulating DDR2-expressing population in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180724. [PMID: 28700752 PMCID: PMC5507261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-injuries associated with chronic inhaled particle exposures are linked with activation of the immune response and are thought to contribute to progression of fibrotic disease. In the pulmonary environment, we have previously demonstrated a heterogeneous population of circulating fibroblast precursors (CFPs), which are defined by expression of the pan-leukocyte marker CD45 and the collagen receptor, discoidin domain receptor-2 (DDR2). This population is derived from the hematopoietic stem cell, expresses collagen, and has a fibroblastic morphology in vitro. Herein, we demonstrate a novel subset of CFPs expressing immune markers CD11b, CD11c, and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II). The CFP population was skewed toward this immune marker expressing subset in animals with silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Data indicate that this CFP subset upregulates co-stimulatory molecules and MHC II expression in response to silica-induced fibrosis in vivo. Functionally, this population was shown to promote T cell skewing away from a Th1 response and toward a pro-inflammatory profile. These studies represent the first direct flow cytometric and functional evaluation of the novel immune marker expressing CFP subset in an exposure-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis. Elucidating the role of this CFP subset may enhance our understanding of the complex immune balance critical to mediating exposures at the pulmonary-host interface and may be a valuable target for the treatment of exposure-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T. McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Johnson
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dayvia L. Russell
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Rita I. Young
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schneberger D, DeVasure JM, Bailey KL, Romberger DJ, Wyatt TA. Effect of low-level CO 2 on innate inflammatory protein response to organic dust from swine confinement barns. J Occup Med Toxicol 2017; 12:9. [PMID: 28352288 PMCID: PMC5366145 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-017-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic hog barn dust (HDE) exposure induces lung inflammation and long-term decreases in lung function in agricultural workers. While concentrations of common gasses in confined animal facilities are well characterized, few studies have been done addressing if exposure to elevated barn gasses impacts the lung immune response to organic dusts. Given the well documented effects of hypercapnia at much higher levels we hypothesized that CO2 at 8 h exposure limit levels (5000 ppm) could alter innate immune responses to HDE. METHODS Using a mouse model, C57BL/6 mice were nasally instilled with defined barn dust extracts and then housed in an exposure box maintained at one of several CO2 levels for six hours. Bronchiolar lavage (BAL) was tested for several cytokines while lung tissue was saved for mRNA purification and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Exposure to elevated CO2 significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and KC, in BAL fluid as compared to dust exposure alone. Expression of other pro-inflammatory markers, such as ICAM-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), were also tested and showed similar increased expression upon HDE + CO2 exposure. A chemokine array analysis of BAL fluid revealed that MIP-1γ (CCL9) shows a similar increased response to HDE + CO2. Further testing showed CCL9 was significantly elevated by barn dust and further enhanced by CO2 co-exposure in a dose-dependent manner that was noticeable at the protein and mRNA levels. In all cases, except for ICAM-1, increases in tested markers in the presence of elevated CO2 were only significant in the presence of HDE as well. CONCLUSIONS We show that even at mandated safe exposure limits, CO2 is capable of enhancing multiple markers of inflammation in response to HDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schneberger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
| | - Jane M. DeVasure
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
| | - Debra J. Romberger
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA
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Shatkin JA, Oberdörster G. Comment on Shvedova et al. (2016), "gender differences in murine pulmonary responses elicited by cellulose nanocrystals". Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:59. [PMID: 27814761 PMCID: PMC5096324 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent publication in “Particle and Fibre Toxicology” reported on the gender differences in pulmonary toxicity from oro-pharyngeal aspiration of a high dose of cellulose nanocrystals. The study is timely given the growing interest in diverse commercial applications of cellulose nanomaterials, and the need for studies addressing pulmonary toxicity. The results from this study are interesting and can be strengthened with a discussion of how differences in the weights of female and male C57BL/6 mice was accounted for. Without such a discussion, the observed differences could be partially explained by the lower body weights of females, resulting in higher doses than males when standardized to body weight or lung volume. Further, few conclusions can be drawn about the pulmonary toxicity of cellulose nanocrystals given the study design: examination of a single high dose of cellulose nanocrystals, administered as a bolus, without positive or negative controls or low dose comparisons, and at an unphysiological and high dose rate. Simulating the bolus type delivery by inhalation would require a highly unrealistic exposure concentration in the g/m3 range of extremely short duration. A discussion of these limitations is missing in the paper; further speculative comparisons of cellulose nanocrystals toxicity to asbestos and carbon nanotubes in the abstract are both unwarranted and can be misleading, these materials were neither mentioned in the manuscript, nor evaluated in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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21
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Latoche JD, Ufelle AC, Fazzi F, Ganguly K, Leikauf GD, Fattman CL. Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 and Sex-Specific Differences in Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1199-207. [PMID: 26955063 PMCID: PMC4977050 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic lung diseases occur predominantly in males, and reports describe better survival in affected females. Male mice are more sensitive to silica-induced lung fibrosis than silica-treated female mice. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, also known as osteopontin) increases in pulmonary fibrosis, and Spp1 transcription may be regulated by estrogen or estrogen receptor-related receptors. OBJECTIVE We determined whether differences in silica-induced SPP1 levels contribute to sex differences in lung fibrosis. METHODS Male and female mice were treated with 0.2 g/kg intratracheal silica, and lung injury was assessed 1, 3, or 14 days post-exposure. Gene-targeted (Spp1-/-) mice, control Spp1+/+ (C57BL/6J) mice, ovariectomized (OVX) female mice, and estrogen-treated male mice were treated with silica, and lung injury was assessed. RESULTS Silica-induced SPP1 in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage, and serum increased more in male than in female mice. Following silica treatment, bronchoalveolar lavage cell infiltrates decreased in female Spp1-/- mice compared with female Spp1+/+ mice, and lung hydroxyproline decreased in male Spp1-/- mice compared with male Spp1+/+ mice. OVX female mice had increased lung SPP1 expression in response to silica compared with silica-treated sham female mice. Silica-induced lung collagen and hydroxyproline (markers of fibrosis), and SPP1 levels decreased in estrogen-treated males compared with untreated males. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that sex-specific differences in SPP1 levels contribute to the differential sensitivity of male and female mice to the development of silica-induced fibrosis. CITATION Latoche JD, Ufelle AC, Fazzi F, Ganguly K, Leikauf GD, Fattman CL. 2016. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 and sex-specific differences in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Environ Health Perspect 124:1199-1207; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Latoche
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Chukwuma Ufelle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fabrizio Fazzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - George D. Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Fattman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lingappan K, Jiang W, Wang L, Moorthy B. Sex-specific differences in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L481-93. [PMID: 27343189 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00047.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Male sex is considered an independent predictor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) after adjusting for other confounders. BPD is characterized by an arrest in lung development with marked impairment of alveolar septation and vascular development. The reasons underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes in premature neonates are not known. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that male neonatal mice will be more susceptible to hyperoxic lung injury and will display larger arrest in lung alveolarization. Neonatal male and female mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to hyperoxia [95% FiO2, postnatal day (PND) 1-5] and euthanized on PND 7 and 21. Extent of alveolarization, pulmonary vascularization, inflammation, and modulation of the NF-κB pathway were determined and compared with room air controls. Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration was significantly increased in hyperoxia-exposed animals but was increased to a larger extent in males compared with females. Lung morphometry showed a higher mean linear intercept (MLI) and a lower radial alveolar count (RAC) and therefore greater arrest in lung development in male mice. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression of markers of angiogenesis (PECAM1 and VEGFR2) in males after hyperoxia exposure compared with females. Interestingly, female mice showed increased activation of the NF-κB pathway in the lungs compared with males. These results support the hypothesis that sex plays a crucial role in hyperoxia-mediated lung injury in this model. Elucidation of the sex-specific molecular mechanisms may aid in the development of novel individualized therapies to prevent/treat BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Lingappan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Taniuchi S, Fujishima F, Miki Y, Abe K, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kasajima A, Fue M, Ishida K, Watanabe M, Sakakibara T, Maeda S, Suzuki T, Sasano H. Tissue concentrations of estrogens and aromatase immunolocalization in interstitial pneumonia of human lung. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:136-43. [PMID: 24861259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia (IP) is characterized by various degrees of pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Estrogens have been demonstrated to play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions of human lung, but significance of estrogens has remained unknown in human IP. Therefore, we measured estrogen concentrations and immunolocalized aromatase and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in IP tissues. Estradiol concentration was significantly (2.8-fold) higher in IP than normal lung tissues, and aromatase activity evaluated by estradiol/testosterone ratio was also significantly (7.2-fold) elevated in IP tissues. Aromatase immunoreactivity in alveolar epithelial cells was significantly frequent in IP than normal lung or inflammatory lung disease other than IP, and it was positively associated with ERβ immunoreactivity in these cells of IP. These results suggest that estradiol concentration is locally increased in human IP tissue by aromatase, and increased estrogens may play an important role in the development of IP through ERβ in the alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Taniuchi
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoko Sato
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kasajima
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Misaki Fue
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakakibara
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sumiko Maeda
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Departments of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Shim B, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Kato J, Darling TN, Vaughan M, Moss J. Sex-specific lung diseases: effect of oestrogen on cultured cells and in animal models. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22:302-11. [PMID: 23997058 PMCID: PMC4241263 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex prevalence in lung disease suggests that sex-specific hormones may contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of at least some lung diseases, such as lung adenocarcinoma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and benign metastasising leiomyoma (BML). Oestrogen is an important hormone in normal lung development and in the pathogenesis of female predominant pulmonary diseases. In vivo and in vitro studies have facilitated our understanding of disease pathogenesis and discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Oestrogen promoted disease progression in cell and animal models of lung adenocarcinoma, LAM and BML. Specifically, oestrogen enhanced tumour growth and metastasis in animal models of these diseases. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol (E2), the most abundant form of oestrogen in humans, increased the size and proliferation of cultured cells of lung adenocarcinoma and LAM. Coupled with the known mechanisms of oestrogen metabolism and signalling, these model systems may provide insights into the diverse effects of oestrogen and other hormones on lung diseases. Anti-oestrogen treatments that target key events of oestrogen synthesis or signalling, such as aromatase activity, oestrogen receptors and signalling pathways, may offer additional opportunities for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosung Shim
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Kato
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha Vaughan
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dept of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Brass DM, Spencer JC, Li Z, Potts-Kant E, Reilly SM, Dunkel MK, Latoche JD, Auten RL, Hollingsworth JW, Fattman CL. Innate immune activation by inhaled lipopolysaccharide, independent of oxidative stress, exacerbates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40789. [PMID: 22815821 PMCID: PMC3397936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of pulmonary fibrosis are characterized by rapid decrements in lung function. Environmental factors that may contribute to acute exacerbations remain poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that exposure to inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces expression of genes associated with fibrosis. To address whether exposure to LPS could exacerbate fibrosis, we exposed male C57BL/6 mice to crystalline silica, or vehicle, followed 28 days later by LPS or saline inhalation. We observed that mice receiving both silica and LPS had significantly more total inflammatory cells, more whole lung lavage MCP-1, MIP-2, KC and IL-1β, more evidence of oxidative stress and more total lung hydroxyproline than mice receiving either LPS alone, or silica alone. Blocking oxidative stress with N-acetylcysteine attenuated whole lung inflammation but had no effect on total lung hydroxyproline. These observations suggest that exposure to innate immune stimuli, such as LPS in the environment, may exacerbate stable pulmonary fibrosis via mechanisms that are independent of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brass
- Neonatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Perinatal Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Boylen CE, Sly PD, Zosky GR, Larcombe AN. Physiological and inflammatory responses in an anthropomorphically relevant model of acute diesel exhaust particle exposure are sex and dose-dependent. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:906-17. [PMID: 22122304 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.625454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are an important contributor to suspended particulate matter (PM) in urban areas. While epidemiological evidence exists for a sex-influenced dose-response relationship between acute PM exposure and respiratory health, similar data are lacking for DEP. Further, experimental evidence showing deleterious effects on respiratory health due to acute DEP exposure is sparse. OBJECTIVE To establish and characterize a mouse model of acute DEP exposure, comparing male and female mice and assessing the kinetics of the elemental carbon content of alveolar macrophages (AMs) to relate our model to human exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with 0 (control), 10, 30 or 100 µg DEP in saline. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellular inflammation and cytokine levels were assessed 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 168 hours post exposure. Elemental carbon uptake by AMs was additionally assessed at 336 and 672 hours post DEP exposure. Thoracic gas volume and lung mechanics were measured 6 and 24 hours post exposure. RESULTS DEP resulted in dose-dependent cellular inflammation and cytokine production in both sexes. Males and females responded differently with females having more severe and prolonged neutrophilia, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and developing greater abnormalities in lung function. The sexual dimorphism in response was not related to the capacity of AMs to phagocytise DEP. CONCLUSIONS Our mouse model of acute diesel exhaust particle exposure shows a dose dependency and sexual dimorphism in response. Quantification of elemental carbon in AMs allows for comparison of the results of our study with human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Boylen
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
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Redente EF, Jacobsen KM, Solomon JJ, Lara AR, Faubel S, Keith RC, Henson PM, Downey GP, Riches DWH. Age and sex dimorphisms contribute to the severity of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L510-8. [PMID: 21743030 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic interstitial pneumonias are more prevalent in males of advancing age, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms. To evaluate the contributions of age and sex to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, we intratracheally instilled young (8-12 wk) and aged (52-54 wk) male and female mice with bleomycin and assessed the development and severity of fibrotic lung disease by measurements of lung collagen levels, static compliance, leukocyte infiltration, and stereological quantification of fibrotic areas in histological sections. We also quantified proinflammatory and profibrotic chemokine and cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Aged male mice developed more severe lung disease, indicated by increased mortality, increased collagen deposition, and neutrophilic alveolitis compared with aged female mice or young mice of either sex. Aged male mice also exhibited increased levels of transforming growth factor-β, IL-17A, and CXCL1 in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Young male mice developed a more fibrotic disease after bleomycin instillation compared with female mice, regardless of age. There was no difference in fibrosis between young and aged female mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that the variables of advanced age and male sex contribute to the severity of pulmonary fibrosis in this model. Our findings also emphasize the importance of stratifying experimental groups on the basis of age and sex in experimental and epidemiological studies of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Umar S, Iorga A, Matori H, Nadadur RD, Li J, Maltese F, van der Laarse A, Eghbali M. Estrogen rescues preexisting severe pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:715-23. [PMID: 21700911 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0078oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure leading to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, RV failure, and death. Current treatments only temporarily reduce severity of the disease, and an ideal therapy is still lacking. OBJECTIVES Estrogen pretreatment has been shown to attenuate development of PH. Because PH is not often diagnosed early, we examined if estrogen can rescue preexisting advanced PH. METHODS PH was induced in male rats with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). At Day 21, rats were either treated with 17-β estradiol or estrogen (E2, 42.5 μg/kg/d), estrogen receptor-β agonist (diarylpropionitrile, 850 μg/kg/d), or estrogen receptor α-agonist (4,4',4"-[4-Propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl] trisphenol, 850 μg/kg/d) for 10 days or left untreated to develop RV failure. Serial echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Estrogen therapy prevented progression of PH to RV failure and restored lung and RV structure and function. This restoration was maintained even after removal of estrogen at Day 30, resulting in 100% survival at Day 42. Estradiol treatment restored the loss of blood vessels in the lungs and RV. In the presence of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 (30 mg/kg) or estrogen receptor-β antagonist (PHTPP, 850 μg/kg/d), estrogen failed to rescue PH. Estrogen receptor-β selective agonist was as effective as estrogen in rescuing PH. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen rescues preexisting severe PH in rats by restoring lung and RV structure and function that are maintained even after removal of estrogen. Estrogen-induced rescue of PH is associated with stimulation of cardiopulmonary neoangiogenesis, suppression of inflammation, fibrosis, and RV hypertrophy. Furthermore, estrogen rescue is likely mediated through estrogen receptor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soban Umar
- University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, BH-160CHS, 650 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7115, USA
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