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Lok IM, Wever KE, Vliegenthart RJS, Onland W, van Kaam AH, van Tuyl M. Effects of postnatal corticosteroids on lung development in newborn animals. A systematic review. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03114-6. [PMID: 38493255 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postnatal systemic corticosteroids reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia but the effect depends on timing, dosing, and type of corticosteroids. Animal studies may provide valuable information on these variable effects. This systematic review summarizes the effects of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on lung development in newborn animals. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase in December 2022. The protocol was published on PROSPERO (CRD42021177701). RESULTS Of the 202 eligible studies, 51 were included. Only newborn rodent studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies used dexamethasone (98%). There was huge heterogeneity in study outcome measures and corticosteroid treatment regimens. Reporting of study quality indicators was mediocre and risk of bias was unclear due to poor reporting of study methodology. Meta-analysis showed that postnatal corticosteroids caused a decrease in body weight as well as persistent alveolar simplification. Subgroup analyses revealed that healthy animals were most affected. CONCLUSION In newborn rodents, postnatal systemic corticosteroids have a persistent negative effect on body weight and lung development. There was huge heterogeneity in experimental models, mediocre study quality, unclear risk of bias, and very small subgroups for meta-analysis which limited firm conclusions. IMPACT Postnatal corticosteroids reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia but the effect depends on timing, dosing, and type of corticosteroids while the underlying mechanism of this variable effect is unknown. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical newborn animal studies reviewing the effect of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on lung development. In newborn rodent models, postnatal corticosteroids have a persistent negative effect on body weight and lung alveolarization, especially in healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Lok
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wes Onland
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van Kaam
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minke van Tuyl
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Han J, Liu X, Wang L. Dexmedetomidine protects against acute lung injury in mice via the DUSP1/MAPK/NF-κB axis by inhibiting miR-152-3p. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022:102131. [PMID: 35551994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute lung injury (ALI) is a debilitating condition in clinics. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is known for its anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study attempted to investigate the protective mechanism of Dex in ALI mice. METHODS Mice were pretreated with Dex before model establishment by tracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pulmonary function indexes and wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio were measured. Pulmonary pathological changes were observed through HE staining, CD31+-positive mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MPMVECs) were counted through immunofluorescence staining, and apoptosis was detected through TUNEL staining. miR-152-3p mimic, sh-DUSP1, or p38 MAPK inhibitor was delivered into MPMVECs, followed by combined treatment of Dex and LPS. miR-152-3p expression, apoptosis, levels of apoptosis- and MAPK/NF-κB pathway-associated proteins, and inflammatory factors were measured through RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, Western blot, and ELISA. The binding relationship of miR-152-3p and DUSP1 was verified through bioinformatics software and dual-luciferase assay. ALI mouse model was established after injection of miR-152-3p antagomir. RESULTS Dex improved ALI mouse pulmonary function and mitigated injury in mice and MPMVECs. miR-125-3p overexpression or sh-DUSP1 partially abolished the protection of Dex on MPMVECs. miR-152-3p targeted DUSP1. sh-DUSP1 partially averted the protection of Dex on MPMVECs. Dex inhibited the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in MPMVECs mediated by LPS, which was partially reversed by sh-DUSP1. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 antagonized the protective effect of Dex on MPMVECs mediated by sh-DUSP1. Similarly, downregulation of miR-152-3p mitigated ALI via the DUSP1/MAPK/NF-κB axis in vivo. CONCLUSION Dex relieved ALI in mice via the DUSP1/MAPK/NF-κB axis by down-regulating miR-152-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieran Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 989 Hospital of JOINT Logistic Support Force of PLA, Luoyang, 471031, China.
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Fernandes-Silva H, Araújo-Silva H, Correia-Pinto J, Moura RS. Retinoic Acid: A Key Regulator of Lung Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010152. [PMID: 31963453 PMCID: PMC7022928 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a key molecular player in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. In embryo development, RA plays a crucial role in the formation of different organ systems, namely, the respiratory system. During lung development, there is a spatiotemporal regulation of RA levels that assures the formation of a fully functional organ. RA signaling influences lung specification, branching morphogenesis, and alveolarization by regulating the expression of particular target genes. Moreover, cooperation with other developmental pathways is essential to shape lung organogenesis. This review focuses on the events regulated by retinoic acid during lung developmental phases and pulmonary vascular development; also, it aims to provide a snapshot of RA interplay with other well-known regulators of lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fernandes-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.F.-S.); (H.A.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- PhDOC PhD Program, ICVS/3B’s, School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Henrique Araújo-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.F.-S.); (H.A.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.F.-S.); (H.A.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital of Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rute S Moura
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.F.-S.); (H.A.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-12-5360-4911
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Kayalar O, Oztay F. Retinoic acid induced repair in the lung of adult hyperoxic mice, reducing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mediated abnormal alterations. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:810-9. [PMID: 24576683 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of retinoic acid on lung alveolar repair in adult hyperoxic mice and to investigate the relationship between TGF-β1 and retinoic acid during the repair processes. Adult mice were divided into 4 groups. Two groups were given daily intraperitoneal injections of peanut oil/dimethylsulfoxide mixture and retinoic acid (50mg/kg body weight, 50 μl of volume) dissolved in peanut oil/dimethylsulfoxide mixture for 12 days with a 2-day break on days 6 and 7. Following hyperoxia (100% oxygen) for 72 h the remaining two groups were treated in the same manner as already described: peanut oil/dimethylsulfoxide mixture and retinoic acid. Lung structure was investigated by light microscopy. TGF-β1 and Smad protein expressions in the lung were assayed by biochemical methods. Hyperoxic mice exhibited damage to the alveolar walls, increased cell proliferation and induced Smad3/TGF-β1 signaling. Smad2 and phospho-Smad2 protein expressions were unchanged in all groups. Retinoic acid administration improved the degenerative alterations caused by hyperoxia and helped in alveolar repair. This positive effect of retinoic acid resulted from the inhibition of Smad3/TGF-β1 signaling via reduced Smad4 mRNA and increased Smad7 protein expression. Retinoic acid also induced alveolarization and restricted Smad3/TGF-β1 signaling by decreasing Smad4 mRNA in healthy mice. Thus, retinoic acid helped repair Smad3/TGF-β1-induced lung damage in hyperoxic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgecan Kayalar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mechanisms of lung development: contribution to adult lung disease and relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2010; 6:558-63. [PMID: 19934349 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200905-031rm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in major remodeling of the distal airspaces and changes in the differentiation profile of the airway epithelium. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of this disease are little understood. Although environmental factors, including cigarette smoke, have been directly implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, genetic risk factors also appear to play a fundamental role in the individual's susceptibility to this disease. Lung development depends on precise coordination of signals, such as fibroblast growth factors (Fgf), Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), retinoic acid, Notch, and Tgf beta. Dramatic changes in the pattern of branching and differentiation of the lung epithelium results from disruption of these signals in genetically altered mice. Recent studies, including whole-genome expression and genome-wide association analyses, suggest that some molecular regulators originally described in developmental processes may be altered in patients with COPD. Whether disturbances in the molecular and cellular events mediated by these genes during development participate in the initiation or exacerbation of COPD, needs further investigation. The role of selected pathways, including Sonic hedgehog, Notch, retinoid, and Tgf beta in the developing lung and the potential association with COPD are discussed.
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Perl AKT, Gale E. FGF signaling is required for myofibroblast differentiation during alveolar regeneration. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L299-308. [PMID: 19502291 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00008.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal alveolarization has been studied in rodents using detailed morphometric techniques and loss of function approaches for growth factors and their receptors. However, it remains unclear how these growth factors direct the formation of secondary septae. We have previously developed a transgenic mouse model in which expression of a soluble dominant-negative FGF receptor (dnFGFR) in the prenatal period results in reduced alveolar septae formation and subsequent alveolar simplification. Retinoic acid (RA), a biologically active derivative of vitamin A, can induce regeneration of alveoli in adult rodents. In this study, we demonstrate that RA induces alveolar reseptation in this transgenic mouse model and that realveolarization in adult mice is FGF dependent. Proliferation in the lung parenchyma, an essential prerequisite for lung regrowth was enhanced after 14 days of RA treatment and was not influenced by dnFGFR expression. During normal lung development, formation of secondary septae is associated with the transient presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA)-positive interstitial myofibroblasts. One week after completion of RA treatment, alphaSMA expression was detected in interstitial fibroblasts, supporting the concept that RA-initiated realveolarization recapitulates aspects of septation that occur during normal lung development. Expression of dnFGFR blocked realveolarization with increased PDGF receptor-alpha (PDGFRalpha)-positive cells and decreased alphaSMA-positive cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FGF signaling is required for the induction of alphaSMA in the PDGFRalpha-positive myofibroblast progenitor and the progression of alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Karina T Perl
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
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Wang Y, Santos J, Sakurai R, Shin E, Cerny L, Torday JS, Rehan VK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists enhance lung maturation in a neonatal rat model. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:150-5. [PMID: 19262292 PMCID: PMC2921215 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181938c40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma plays a central role in normal lung development. However, the effects of modulating PPARgamma expression by exogenously administered PPARgamma agonists on lung development and basic blood biochemical and metabolic profiles in a developing animal are not known. To determine these effects, newborn Sprague-Dawley rat pups were administered either diluent or rosiglitazone (RGZ), a potent PPARgamma agonist, for either 1 or 7 d. Then the pups were killed and the lungs were examined for specific markers of alveolar epithelial, mesenchymal, and vascular maturation, and lung morphometry. The effect of RGZ on a limited number of blood biochemical and metabolic parameters was also determined. Overall, systemically administered RGZ significantly enhanced lung maturation without affecting serum electrolytes, blood glucose, blood gases, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum cardiac troponin levels. The lung maturation effect of PPARgamma agonists was also confirmed by another PPARgamma agonist, the naturally occurring PPARgamma ligand prostaglandin J2. We conclude that systemically administered RGZ significantly enhances lung maturation without significantly affecting the acute blood biochemical and metabolic profiles, providing rationale for further studying PPARgamma agonists for enhancing lung maturation, and for promoting lung injury/repair in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jamie Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Eugene Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Laura Cerny
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - John S. Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Virender K. Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA,Address for Reprint Requests and Correspondence: Virender K. Rehan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502,
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Ormerod AK, Xing Z, Pedigo NG, Mishra A, Kaetzel DM. The calcitriol analogue EB1089 impairs alveolarization and induces localized regions of increased fibroblast density in neonatal rat lung. Exp Lung Res 2008; 34:155-82. [PMID: 18432454 DOI: 10.1080/01902140801929325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts cultured from rat lungs at postnatal day 4 (P4), during the peak of septation (P3 to P7). In light of the key role of fibroblasts in alveolar septation, the authors conducted studies to measure the extent to which 1,25-(OH)2D3 affects lung maturation in vivo, as well as its ability to influence the stimulatory activity of all-trans retinoic acid (RA). To identify a calcitriol analogue with maximal mitogenic activity and low systemic toxicity, two compounds with reduced calcemic activity (EB1089 and CB1093) and a superagonist (MC1288) were evaluated in neonatal rat lung fibroblast cultures. All 3 analogues were more potent mitogens than 1,25-(OH)(2)D3 itself (MC1288 approximately CB1093 > EB1089 > 1,25-(OH)2D3). In addition, each was more effective than 1,25-(OH)2D3(EB1089 > CB1093 > MC1288 > 1,25-(OH)2D3) in the activation of a vitamin D response element from the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A gene, whose expression is essential for normal alveolarization. Daily administration of EB1089 to rats 4 to 12 days of age caused an increase in mean alveolar chord length (P < .0001), and also elicited prominent regions of fibroblast hypercellularity, as defined in terms of a vimentin-positive, factor VIII-negative phenotype. EB1089 and RA each induced the expression of 2 important lung structural proteins, collagen and elastin. Regions of fibroblast hypercellularity induced by EB1089 were strongly positive for expression of the alveolarization-relevant growth factors, PDGF-AA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These studies demonstrate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 disrupts the overall alveolarization process in the neonatal lung, although it stimulates expression of some proteins associated with lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Ormerod
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Ross AC, Ambalavanan N. Retinoic acid combined with vitamin A synergizes to increase retinyl ester storage in the lungs of newborn and dexamethasone-treated neonatal rats. Neonatology 2007; 92:26-32. [PMID: 17596734 PMCID: PMC3843127 DOI: 10.1159/000100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinyl esters (REs), the major storage form of vitamin A (retinol), provide substrates for the production of bioactive retinoids, including retinoic acid (RA), which are known to promote lung development and maturation. We previously showed that the nutrient-metabolite combination VARA (molar ratio 10 vitamin A to 1 RA), synergistically increased REs in the lungs of 1-week-old rats, compared to vitamin A or RA alone. OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses, first, that VARA is more effective in increasing lung RE than is vitamin A in newborn rats prior to alveolarization, and, second, that the effect of VARA is maintained during concurrent treatment with the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (Dex). METHODS Newborn rats were treated with VARA, vitamin A alone, or oil (C) on postnatal days (P) 1-3, and RE in the lungs was quantified on P4, and again on P8 to assess retention. Additionally, neonatal rats were treated on P5-7 with VARA with and without Dex, and the lung and liver REs were quantified on P8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Lung RE was nearly 8-fold higher in VARA compared to vitamin A-treated rats on P4 (p < 0.01) and 2.5-fold higher on P8. In neonates co-treated with Dex and VARA on P5-7, the elevation in lung RE on P8 by VARA was not antagonized by Dex, although Dex reduced growth. Lung morphology and development were not significantly altered. The VARA combination may significantly increase lung RE content even during concurrent Dex therapy. Because lung retinoids are important for lung maturation and repair, increasing lung RE may possibly have clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Huck Institute for Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Maden M. Retinoids have differing efficacies on alveolar regeneration in a dexamethasone-treated mouse. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:260-7. [PMID: 16574940 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0029oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the relative efficacy of a range of natural and synthetic retinoids on the induction of alveolar regeneration in a dexamethasone-treated mouse model. The aim was to explore the roles of the different retinoic acid receptors using receptor-selective agonists and to determine whether other natural retinoids in addition to all-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) were effective. Dexamethasone treatment of newborn pups led to a reduced lung surface area and increased mean chord length. Subsequently, tRA induced alveolar repair, improved mean chord length, and improved the lung surface area to volume ratio. We found that 4-oxo-RA and a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha-selective compound were as effective as tRA at inducing alveolar regeneration, with neither showing a significantly better efficacy. An RARbeta-selective compound was also effective, whereas a RARgamma-selective compound was not. Other retinoids, such as 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, retinol, and a pan retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, do not induce significant responses. Neither did granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. We also showed that an RARbeta-null mutant mouse line responded to dexamethasone by failing to develop alveoli appropriately and that tRA induced alveolar regeneration, suggesting that RARbeta was not required for the regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, 4th floor, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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Garber SJ, Zhang H, Foley JP, Zhao H, Butler SJ, Godinez RI, Godinez MH, Gow AJ, Savani RC. Hormonal regulation of alveolarization: structure-function correlation. Respir Res 2006; 7:47. [PMID: 16566837 PMCID: PMC1448204 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone (Dex) limits and all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) promotes alveolarization. While structural changes resulting from such hormonal exposures are known, their functional consequences are unclear. METHODS Neonatal rats were treated with Dex and/or RA during the first two weeks of life or were given RA after previous exposure to Dex. Morphology was assessed by light microscopy and radial alveolar counts. Function was evaluated by plethysmography at d13, pressure volume curves at d30, and exercise swim testing and arterial blood gases at both d15 and d30. RESULTS Dex-treated animals had simplified lung architecture without secondary septation. Animals given RA alone had smaller, more numerous alveoli. Concomitant treatment with Dex + RA prevented the Dex-induced changes in septation. While the results of exposure to Dex + RA were sustained, the effects of RA alone were reversed two weeks after treatment was stopped. At d13, Dex-treated animals had increased lung volume, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. On d15, both RA- and Dex-treated animals had hypercarbia and low arterial pH. By d30, the RA-treated animals resolved this respiratory acidosis, but Dex-treated animals continued to demonstrate blood gas and lung volume abnormalities. Concomitant RA treatment improved respiratory acidosis, but failed to normalize Dex-induced changes in pulmonary function and lung volumes. No differences in exercise tolerance were noted at either d15 or d30. RA treatment after the period of alveolarization also corrected the effects of earlier Dex exposure, but the structural changes due to RA alone were again lost two weeks after treatment. CONCLUSION We conclude that both RA- and corticosteroid-treatments are associated with respiratory acidosis at d15. While RA alone-induced changes in structure andrespiratory function are reversed, Dex-treated animals continue to demonstrate increased respiratory rate, minute ventilation, tidal and total lung volumes at d30. Concomitant treatment with Dex + RA prevents decreased septation induced by Dex alone and results in correction of hypercarbia. However, these animals continue to have abnormal pulmonary function and lung volumes. Increased septation as a result of RA treatment alone is reversed upon discontinuation of treatment. These data suggest that Dex + RA treatment results in improved gas exchange likely secondary to normalized septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Garber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huayan Zhang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Foley
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hengjiang Zhao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephan J Butler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodolfo I Godinez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marye H Godinez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Room K4.224, University of Texas Southwestern at Dallas, Dallas, TX USA
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Roth-Kleiner M, Post M. Similarities and dissimilarities of branching and septation during lung development. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005; 40:113-34. [PMID: 15965895 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The lungs of small premature babies are at a developmental stage of finalizing their airway tree by a process called branching morphogenesis, and of creating terminal gas exchange units by a mechanism called septation. If the branching process is disturbed, the lung has a propensity to be hypoplastic. If septation is impaired, the terminal gas exchange units, the alveoli, tend to be enlarged and reduced in number, an entity known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Here, we review current knowledge of key molecules influencing branching and septation. In particular, we discuss the molecular similarities and dissimilarities between the two processes of airspace enlargement. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating branching and septation may provide perinatologists with targets for improving lung growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Roth-Kleiner
- Lung Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ridsdale R, Roth-Kleiner M, D'Ovidio F, Unger S, Yi M, Keshavjee S, Tanswell AK, Post M. Surfactant Palmitoylmyristoylphosphatidylcholine Is a Marker for Alveolar Size during Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:225-32. [PMID: 15879423 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200501-109oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common lung-related complications in the neonate are respiratory distress syndrome, which is associated with a failure to generate low surface tension at the air-liquid interface because of pulmonary surfactant insufficiency, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung injury with reduced alveolarization. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species composition during alveolarization has not been examined. Mass spectrometry analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rodents and humans revealed significant changes in surfactant PC during alveolar development and BPD. In rats, total PC content rose during alveolarization, which was caused by an increase in palmitoylmyristoyl-PC (16:0/14:0PC) concentration. Furthermore, two animal models of BPD exhibited a specific reduction in 16:0/14:0PC content. In humans, 16:0/14:0PC content was specifically decreased in patients with BPD and emphysema compared with patients without alveolar pathology. Palmitoylmyristoyl-PC content increased with increasing intrinsic surfactant curvature, suggesting that it affects surfactant function in the septating lung. The changes in acyl composition of PC were attributed to type II cells producing an altered surfactant during alveolar development. These data are compatible with extracellular surfactant 16:0/14:0PC content being an indicator of alveolar architecture of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Ridsdale
- Lung Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Maden M, Hind M. Retinoic acid in alveolar development, maintenance and regeneration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:799-808. [PMID: 15293808 PMCID: PMC1693372 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that exogenous retinoic acid (RA), the biologically active derivative of vitamin A, can induce alveolar regeneration in a rat model of experimental emphysema. Here, we describe a mouse model of disrupted alveolar development using dexamethasone administered postnatally. We show that the effects of dexamethasone are concentration dependent, dose dependent, long lasting and result in a severe loss of alveolar surface area. When RA is administered to these animals as adults, lung architecture and the surface area per unit of body weight are completely restored to normal. This remarkable effect may be because RA is required during normal alveolar development and administering RA re-awakens gene cascades used during development. We provide evidence that RA is required during alveologenesis in the mouse by showing that the levels of the retinoid binding proteins, the RA receptors and two RA synthesizing enzymes peak postnatally. Furthermore, an inhibitor of RA synthesis, disulphiram, disrupts alveologenesis. We also show that RA is required throughout life for the maintenance of lung alveoli because when rats are deprived of dietary retinol they lose alveoli and show the features of emphysema. Alveolar regeneration with RA may therefore be an important novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of respiratory diseases characterized by a reduced gas-exchanging surface area such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and emphysema for which there are currently no treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Massaro D, Massaro GD. Retinoids, alveolus formation, and alveolar deficiency: clinical implications. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:271-4. [PMID: 12594052 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Massaro
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Laboratory, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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