1
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Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 PMCID: PMC11281824 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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2
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Nakaoka R, Kato K, Yamamoto K, Yasui H, Matsumoto S, Kirilyuk IA, Khramtsov VV, Inanami O, Hirata H. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Implemented with Multiple Harmonic Detections Successfully Maps Extracellular pH In Vivo. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3940-3950. [PMID: 36725678 PMCID: PMC9979135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular acidification indicates a metabolic shift in cancer cells and is, along with tissue hypoxia, a hallmark of tumor malignancy. Thus, non-invasive mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) is essential for researchers to understand the tumor microenvironment and to monitor tumor response to metabolism-targeting drugs. While electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been successfully used to map pHe in mouse xenograft models, this method is not sensitive enough to map pHe with a moderate amount of exogenous pH-sensitive probes. Here, we show that a modified EPR system achieves twofold higher sensitivity by using the multiple harmonic detection (MHD) method and improves the robustness of pHe mapping in mouse xenograft models. Our results demonstrate that treatment of a mouse xenograft model of human-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells with the carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) inhibitor U-104 delays tumor growth with a concurrent tendency toward further extracellular acidification. We anticipate that EPR-based pHe mapping can be expanded to monitor the response of other metabolism-targeting drugs. Furthermore, pHe monitoring can also be used for the development of improved metabolism-targeting cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ririko Nakaoka
- Division
of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0814, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kato
- Laboratory
of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory
of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Laboratory
of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division
of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science
and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0814, Japan
| | - Igor A. Kirilyuk
- N.N.
Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, 9, Ac. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Valery V. Khramtsov
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and In Vivo Multifunctional
Magnetic Resonance Center, West Virginia
University Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory
of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Division
of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science
and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0814, Japan,
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3
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Stevens RP, Alexeyev MF, Kozhukhar N, Pastukh V, Paudel SS, Bell J, Tambe DT, Stevens T, Lee JY. Carbonic anhydrase IX proteoglycan-like and intracellular domains mediate pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell repair and angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L48-L57. [PMID: 35672011 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have hyperpermeable capillaries that must undergo repair in an acidic microenvironment. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) have an acid-resistant phenotype, in part due to carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX also facilitates PMVEC repair by promoting aerobic glycolysis, migration, and network formation. Molecular mechanisms of how CA IX performs such a wide range of functions are unknown. CA IX is comprised of four domains known as the proteoglycan-like (PG), catalytic (CA), transmembrane (TM), and intracellular (IC) domains. We hypothesized that the PG and CA domains mediate PMVEC pH homeostasis and repair, and the IC domain regulates aerobic glycolysis and PI3k/Akt signaling. The functions of each CA IX domain were investigated using PMVEC cell lines that express either a full-length CA IX protein or a CA IX protein harboring a domain deletion. We found that the PG domain promotes intracellular pH homeostasis, migration, and network formation. The CA and IC domains mediate Akt activation but negatively regulate aerobic glycolysis. The IC domain also supports migration while inhibiting network formation. Finally, we show that exposure to acidosis suppresses aerobic glycolysis and migration, even though intracellular pH is maintained in PMVECs. Thus, we report that 1) The PG and IC domains mediate PMVEC migration and network formation, 2) the CA and IC domains support PI3K/Akt signaling, and 3) acidosis impairs PMVEC metabolism and migration independent of intracellular pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece P Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Mikhail F Alexeyev
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Natalya Kozhukhar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Viktoriya Pastukh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Sunita S Paudel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Jessica Bell
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Dhananjay T Tambe
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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4
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Leung SWS, Shi Y. The glycolytic process in endothelial cells and its implications. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:251-259. [PMID: 33850277 PMCID: PMC8791959 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an obligatory role in regulating local vascular tone and maintaining homeostasis in vascular biology. Cell metabolism, converting food to energy in organisms, is the primary self-sustaining mechanism for cell proliferation and reproduction, structure maintenance, and fight-or-flight responses to stimuli. Four major metabolic processes take place in the energy-producing process, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. Among them, glycolysis is the primary energy-producing mechanism in endothelial cells. The present review focused on glycolysis in endothelial cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. Since the switches among metabolic processes precede the functional changes and disease developments, some prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategies concerning the role of glycolysis in cardiovascular disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan, Wai Sum Leung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Shi
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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5
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Stevens RP, Paudel SS, Johnson SC, Stevens T, Lee JY. Endothelial metabolism in pulmonary vascular homeostasis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L358-L376. [PMID: 34159794 PMCID: PMC8384476 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00131.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary endothelial cells possess a specialized metabolism necessary to adapt to the unique alveolar-capillary environment. Here, we highlight how endothelial metabolism preserves the integrity of the pulmonary circulation by controlling vascular permeability, defending against oxidative stress, facilitating rapid migration and angiogenesis in response to injury, and regulating the epigenetic landscape of endothelial cells. Recent reports on single-cell RNA-sequencing reveal subpopulations of pulmonary capillary endothelial cells with distinctive reparative capacities, which potentially offer new insight into their metabolic signature. Lastly, we discuss broad implications of pulmonary vascular metabolism on acute respiratory distress syndrome, touching on emerging findings of endotheliitis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece P Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Sunita S Paudel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Santina C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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6
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Lee JY, Stevens RP, Kash M, Alexeyev MF, Balczon R, Zhou C, Renema P, Koloteva A, Kozhukhar N, Pastukh V, Gwin MS, Voth S, deWeever A, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Eslaamizaad Y, Siddiqui W, Nawaz T, Clarke C, Fouty BW, Audia JP, Alvarez DF, Stevens T. Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Hypoxia Promote Rat Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Survival During Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:630-645. [PMID: 34251286 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0537oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low tidal volume ventilation protects the lung in mechanically ventilated patients. The impact of the accompanying permissive hypoxemia and hypercapnia on endothelial cell recovery from injury is poorly understood. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is expressed in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), where it contributes to CO2 and pH homeostasis, bioenergetics and angiogenesis. We hypothesized that CA IX is important for PMVEC survival, and CA IX expression and release from PMVECs are increased during infection. While plasma CA IX was unchanged in human and rat pneumonia, there was a trend towards increasing CA IX in bronchoalveolar fluid of mechanically ventilated critically ill pneumonia patients and a significant increase in CA IX in lung tissue lysate of rat pneumonia. To investigate functional implications of the lung CA IX increase, we generated PMVEC cell lines harboring domain-specific CA IX mutations. Using these cells, we found that infection promotes intracellular expression, release and metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular cleavage of CA IX in PMVECs. Intracellular domain deletion uniquely impaired CA IX membrane localization. Loss of the CA IX intracellular domain promoted cell death following infection, suggesting the important role of intracellular domain in PMVEC survival. We also found that hypoxia improves survival, whereas hypercapnia reverses the protective effect of hypoxia, during infection. Thus, we report that: (1) CA IX increases in rat pneumonia lung; and, (2) the CA IX intracellular domain and hypoxia promote PMVEC survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States;
| | - Reece P Stevens
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mary Kash
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Ronald Balczon
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Chun Zhou
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Phoibe Renema
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Anna Koloteva
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | | | - Meredith S Gwin
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Althea deWeever
- University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 12214, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Brant M Wagener
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 9968, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-François Pittet
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 9968, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Waqar Siddiqui
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Talha Nawaz
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Brian W Fouty
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonathon P Audia
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Diego F Alvarez
- Sam Houston State University, 4038, Huntsville, Texas, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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7
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Nocentini A, Angeli A, Carta F, Winum JY, Zalubovskis R, Carradori S, Capasso C, Donald WA, Supuran CT. Reconsidering anion inhibitors in the general context of drug design studies of modulators of activity of the classical enzyme carbonic anhydrase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:561-580. [PMID: 33615947 PMCID: PMC7901698 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1882453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic anions inhibit the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) generally by coordinating to the active site metal ion. Cyanate was reported as a non-coordinating CA inhibitor but those erroneous results were subsequently corrected by another group. We review the anion CA inhibitors (CAIs) in the more general context of drug design studies and the discovery of a large number of inhibitor classes and inhibition mechanisms, including zinc binders (sulphonamides and isosteres, dithiocabamates and isosteres, thiols, selenols, benzoxaboroles, ninhydrins, etc.); inhibitors anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule (phenols, polyamines, sulfocoumarins, thioxocoumarins, catechols); CAIs occluding the entrance to the active site (coumarins and derivatives, lacosamide), as well as compounds that bind outside the active site. All these new chemotypes integrated with a general procedure for obtaining isoform-selective compounds (the tail approach) has resulted, through the guidance of rigorous X-ray crystallography experiments, in the development of highly selective CAIs for all human CA isoforms with many pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Raivis Zalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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8
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Xie D, Wu J, Wu Q, Zhang X, Zhou D, Dai W, Zhu M, Wang D. Integrating proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic data to construct a global metabolic network of lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias (LVTA) induced by aconitine. J Proteomics 2021; 232:104043. [PMID: 33161167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias (LVTA)-related sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the major causes of death worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying LVTA induced by myocardial ion channel diseases (MICDs) are not yet fully understood. Here, we produced an LVTA rat model induced by aconitine, to mimic MICDs-elicited LVTA, and constructed a global pathway network via integrating proteomic and lipidomic data, and our previously published metabolomic data. Results showed that both proteome and lipidome were disturbed during the LVTA process. Most of the differentially expressed proteins and lipid species were correlated. Proteomic data indicated disturbance of energy metabolism (e.g. fatty acid β-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle) and activation of the protein kinase C and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase pathway; these alterations led to lowered ATP and elevated ROS, respectively. Altered levels of the Ca2+ handling proteins suggested aberrant intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, which might also be secondary to the shortage of ATP and oxidative stress. Significantly, the disrupted pathways implied by proteomic data were largely confirmed by lipidomic and metabolomic data. Collectively, we have constructed a metabolic pathway network of aconitine-induced LVTA using a multi-omics strategy, which confers great promise for the deeper interpretation of the mechanisms underlying LVTA. SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we integrated proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics to explore the pathophysiological processes of LVTA induced by aconitine. It is innovative to try to integrate these three omics in a study exploring the relative mechanisms. Here, based on the DEPs and differentially abundant lipid species (DALPs) between the LVTA groups and the controls, and the different metabolites discovered previously from the same model, we have successfully constructed a global metabolic network. Taken together, the multi-omics integration strategies used in this study show the potential for a new interpretation of the pathophysiological processes of LVTA induced by different conditions and open the possibility to explore deeper and broader mechanisms of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Central laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Danya Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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9
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Miska J, Rashidi A, Lee-Chang C, Gao P, Lopez-Rosas A, Zhang P, Burga R, Castro B, Xiao T, Han Y, Hou D, Sampat S, Cordero A, Stoolman JS, Horbinski CM, Burns M, Reshetnyak YK, Chandel NS, Lesniak MS. Polyamines drive myeloid cell survival by buffering intracellular pH to promote immunosuppression in glioblastoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc8929. [PMID: 33597238 PMCID: PMC7888943 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is characterized by the robust infiltration of immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs). It is not fully understood how TAMCs survive in the acidic tumor microenvironment to cause immunosuppression in glioblastoma. Metabolic and RNA-seq analysis of TAMCs revealed that the arginine-ornithine-polyamine axis is up-regulated in glioblastoma TAMCs but not in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Active de novo synthesis of highly basic polyamines within TAMCs efficiently buffered low intracellular pH to support the survival of these immunosuppressive cells in the harsh acidic environment of solid tumors. Administration of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a clinically approved inhibitor of polyamine generation, enhanced animal survival in immunocompetent mice by causing a tumor-specific reduction of polyamines and decreased intracellular pH in TAMCs. DFMO combination with immunotherapy or radiotherapy further enhanced animal survival. These findings indicate that polyamines are used by glioblastoma TAMCs to maintain normal intracellular pH and cell survival and thus promote immunosuppression during tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 N Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aurora Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Burga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samay Sampat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joshua S Stoolman
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2330, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mark Burns
- Aminex Therapeutics Inc., Epsom, NH 03234, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2330, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Andreucci E, Margheri F, Peppicelli S, Bianchini F, Ruzzolini J, Laurenzana A, Fibbi G, Bruni C, Bellando-Randone S, Guiducci S, Romano E, Manetti M, Matucci-Cerinic M, Calorini L. Glycolysis-derived acidic microenvironment as a driver of endothelial dysfunction in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4508-4519. [PMID: 33471123 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by peripheral vasculopathy and skin and internal organ fibrosis. Accumulating evidence underlines a close association between a metabolic reprogramming of activated fibroblasts and fibrosis. This prompted us to determine the metabolism of SSc dermal fibroblasts and the effect on the vasculopathy characterizing the disease. METHODS Seahorse XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer was exploited to evaluate SSc fibroblast metabolism. In vitro invasion and capillary morphogenesis assays were used to determine the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells (EC). Immunofluorescence, flow cytometer and real time PCR techniques provided evidence of the molecular mechanism behind the impaired vascularization that characterizes SSc patients. RESULTS SSc fibroblasts, compared with control, showed a boosted glycolytic metabolism with increased lactic acid release and subsequent extracellular acidification, that in turn was found to impair EC invasion and organization in capillary-like networks without altering cell viability. A molecular link between extracellular acidosis and endothelial dysfunction was identified as acidic EC up-regulated MMP-12 which cleaves and inactivates uPAR, impairing angiogenesis in SSc. Moreover, the acidic environment was found to induce the loss of endothelial markers and the acquisition of mesenchymal-like features in EC, thus promoting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) process that contributes to both capillary rarefaction and tissue fibrosis in SSc. CONCLUSION This study disclosed a liaison among the metabolic reprogramming of SSc dermal fibroblasts, extracellular acidosis and endothelial dysfunction that may contribute to the impairment and loss of peripheral capillary networks in SSc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andreucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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11
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Quade BN, Parker MD, Occhipinti R. The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 183:114278. [PMID: 33039418 PMCID: PMC7544731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Baking soda and vinegar have been used as home remedies for generations and today we are only a mouse-click away from claims that baking soda, lemon juice, and apple cider vinegar are miracles cures for everything from cancer to COVID-19. Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. In this narrative review, we present evidence in support of the current and potential therapeutic value of countering local and systemic acid-base imbalances, several of which do in fact involve the administration of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Furthermore, we discuss the side effects of pharmaceuticals on acid-base balance as well as the influence of acid-base status on the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Our review considers all major organ systems as well as information relevant to several clinical specialties such as anesthesiology, infectious disease, oncology, dentistry, and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Quade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; State University of New York Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rossana Occhipinti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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12
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Supuran CT. Experimental Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumors. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:603-617. [PMID: 33364855 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms IX and XII are overexpressed in many hypoxic tumors as a consequence of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation cascade, being present in limited amounts in normal tissues. These enzymes together with many others are involved in the pH regulation and metabolism of hypoxic cancer cells, and were validated as antitumor targets recently. A multitude of targeting strategies against these enzymes have been proposed and are reviewed in this article. The small molecule inhibitors, small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADACs) or cytokine-drug conjugates but not the monoclonal antibodies against CA IX/XII will be discussed. Relevant synthetic chemistry efforts, coupled with a multitude of preclinical studies, demonstrated that CA IX/XII inhibition leads to the inhibition of growth of primary tumors and metastases and depletes cancer stem cell populations, all factors highly relevant in clinical settings. One small molecule inhibitor, sulfonamide SLC-0111, is the most advanced candidate, having completed Phase I and being now in Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of advanced hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy
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13
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Gao J, Guo Z, Cheng J, Sun B, Yang J, Li H, Wu S, Dong F, Yan X. Differential metabolic responses in breast cancer cell lines to acidosis and lactic acidosis revealed by stable isotope assisted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21967. [PMID: 33319827 PMCID: PMC7738541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidosis is considered as a hallmark of most human tumors, which plays an important role in promoting tumor malignant and aggressive phenotype in tumorigenesis. Acidosis and lactic acidosis can induce different responses in tumors. Previous studies have associated the response to lactic acidosis of tumors with good survival outcomes. In this study, we investigated the metabolomic changes in triple negative and luminal subtype breast cancer cell lines in response to acidosis and lactic acidosis. Our results showed that acidosis results in the reduction of cell viability and glycolysis in breast cancer cells, which is reversely correlated with the malignancy of cell lines. Under lactic acidosis, this reduction is reversed slightly. Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed that glutaminolysis and fatty acid synthesis in cancer cells under acidosis are increased, while TCA cycle and glycolysis are decreased. Under lactic acidosis, the pentose phosphate pathway and acetate release are increased in MDA-MB-231 cells. The current results uncovered the different metabolic responses of breast cancer cells to acidosis and lactic acidosis, demonstrating the power of combined untargeted and stable isotope assisted metabolomics in comprehensive metabolomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Gao
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China.,Hepatal-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shengming Wu
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fangting Dong
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Xianzhong Yan
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
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14
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Angeli A, Carta F, Nocentini A, Winum JY, Zalubovskis R, Akdemir A, Onnis V, Eldehna WM, Capasso C, Simone GD, Monti SM, Carradori S, Donald WA, Dedhar S, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100412. [PMID: 33066524 PMCID: PMC7602163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is crucial for the growth of cancer cells, triggering particular biochemical and physiological changes, which frequently influence the outcome of anticancer therapies. The biochemical rationale behind many of these phenomena resides in the activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 (HIF-1/2). In turn, the HIF pathway activates a number of genes including those involved in glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and pH regulation. Several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, such as CA IX and XII, actively participate in these processes and were validated as antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets. Here, we review the field of CA inhibitors (CAIs), which selectively inhibit the cancer-associated CA isoforms. Particular focus was on the identification of lead compounds and various inhibitor classes, and the measurement of CA inhibitory on-/off-target effects. In addition, the preclinical data that resulted in the identification of SLC-0111, a sulfonamide in Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of hypoxic, advanced solid tumors, are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- IBMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France;
| | - Raivis Zalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006 Riga, Latvia, Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3/7 Paula Valdena Str., 1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Computer-aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources—National Research Council, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages—National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.D.S.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages—National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.D.S.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, 1466 Sydney, Australia;
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Lee JY, Stevens RP, Kash M, Zhou C, Koloteva A, Renema P, Paudel SS, Stevens T. KD025 Shifts Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Bioenergetics and Decreases Baseline Lung Permeability. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:519-530. [PMID: 32628869 PMCID: PMC7528923 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0435oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KD025 is a ROCK2 inhibitor currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of fibrotic lung diseases. The therapeutic effects of KD025 are partly due to its inhibition of profibrotic pathways and fat metabolism. However, whether KD025 affects pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) function is unknown, despite evidence that alveolar-capillary membrane disruption constitutes major causes of death in fibrotic lung diseases. We hypothesized that KD025 regulates PMVEC metabolism, pH, migration, and survival, a series of interrelated functional characteristics that determine pulmonary barrier integrity. We used PMVECs isolated from Sprague Dawley rats. KD025 dose-dependently decreased lactate production and glucose consumption. The inhibitory effect of KD025 was more potent compared with other metabolic modifiers, including 2-deoxy-glucose, extracellular acidosis, dichloroacetate, and remogliflozin. Interestingly, KD025 increased oxidative phosphorylation, whereas 2-deoxy-glucose did not. KD025 also decreased intracellular pH and induced a compensatory increase in anion exchanger 2. KD025 inhibited PMVEC migration, but fasudil (nonspecific ROCK inhibitor) did not. We tested endothelial permeability in vivo using Evans Blue dye in the bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis model. Baseline permeability was decreased in KD025-treated animals independent of bleomycin treatment. Under hypoxia, KD025 increased PMVEC necrosis as indicated by increased lactate dehydrogenase release and propidium iodide uptake and decreased ATP; it did not affect Annexin V binding. ROCK2 knockdown had no effect on PMVEC metabolism, pH, and migration, but it increased nonapoptotic caspase-3 activity. Together, we report that KD025 promotes oxidative phosphorylation; decreases glycolysis, intracellular pH, and migration; and strengthens pulmonary barrier integrity in a ROCK2-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Reece P. Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Mary Kash
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Anna Koloteva
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Phoibe Renema
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Sunita S. Paudel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology
- College of Medicine, and
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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