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Koloko Ngassie ML, Drake LY, Roos BB, Koenig-Kappes A, Pabelick CM, Gosens R, Brandsma CA, Burgess JK, Prakash YS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced senescence in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 327:L126-L139. [PMID: 38771153 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00264.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of proteostasis and cellular senescence have been previously established as characteristics of aging; however, their interaction in the context of lung aging and potential contributions to aging-associated lung remodeling remains understudied. In this study, we aimed to characterize endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cellular senescence, and their interaction in relation to extracellular matrix (ECM) production in lung fibroblasts from young (25-45 yr) and old (>60 yr) humans. Fibroblasts from young and old patients without significant preexisting lung disease were exposed to vehicle, MG132, etoposide, or salubrinal. Afterward, cells and cell lysates or supernatants were analyzed for ER stress, cellular senescence, and ECM changes using protein analysis, proliferation assay, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining. At baseline, fibroblasts from aging individuals showed increased levels of ER stress (ATF6 and PERK), senescence (p21 and McL-1), and ECM marker (COL1A1) compared to those from young individuals. Upon ER stress induction and etoposide exposure, fibroblasts showed an increase in senescence (SA-β-Gal, p21, and Cav-1), ER stress (PERK), and ECM markers (COL1A1 and LUM) compared to vehicle. Additionally, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were increased in the supernatants of MG132- and etoposide-treated fibroblasts, respectively. Finally, the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal decreased the expression of p21 compared to vehicle and MG132 treatments; however, salubrinal inhibited COL1A1 but not p21 expression in MG132-treated fibroblasts. Our study suggests that ER stress response plays an important role in establishment and maintenance of a senescence phenotype in lung fibroblasts and therefore contributes to altered remodeling in the aging lung.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study establishes functional links between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular senescence per se in the specific context of aging human lung fibroblasts. Recognizing that the process of aging per se is complex, modulated by the myriad of lifelong and environmental exposures, it is striking to note that chronic ER stress may play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cellular senescence in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maunick Lefin Koloko Ngassie
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Li Y Drake
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Benjamin B Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amanda Koenig-Kappes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Amargant F, Vieira C, Pritchard MT, Duncan FE. Systemic low-dose anti-fibrotic treatment attenuates ovarian aging in the mouse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600035. [PMID: 38979191 PMCID: PMC11230292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The female reproductive system is one of the first to age in humans, resulting in infertility and endocrine disruptions. The aging ovary assumes a fibro-inflammatory milieu which negatively impacts gamete quantity and quality as well as ovulation. Here we tested whether the systemic delivery of anti-inflammatory (Etanercept) or anti-fibrotic (Pirfenidone) drugs attenuates ovarian aging in mice. We first evaluated the ability of these drugs to decrease the expression of fibro-inflammatory genes in primary ovarian stromal cells. Whereas Etanercept did not block Tnf expression in ovarian stromal cells, Pirfenidone significantly reduced Col1a1 expression. We then tested Pirfenidone in vivo where the drug was delivered systemically via mini-osmotic pumps for 6-weeks. Pirfenidone mitigated the age-dependent increase in ovarian fibrosis without impacting overall health parameters. Ovarian function was improved in Pirfenidone-treated mice as evidenced by increased follicle and corpora lutea number, AMH levels, and improved estrous cyclicity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Pirfenidone treatment resulted in an upregulation of reproductive function-related genes at 8.5 months and a downregulation of inflammatory genes at 12 months of age. These findings demonstrate that reducing the fibroinflammatory ovarian microenvironment improves ovarian function, thereby supporting modulating the ovarian environment as a therapeutic avenue to extend reproductive longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farners Amargant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol Vieira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics and Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Zong L, Lin J, Liu X, Ning S. Emerging roles of ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis: current perspectives, opportunities and challenges. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:301. [PMID: 38914560 PMCID: PMC11196712 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic interstitial lung disorder characterized by abnormal myofibroblast activation, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and thickening of fibrotic alveolar walls, resulting in deteriorated lung function. PF is initiated by dysregulated wound healing processes triggered by factors such as excessive inflammation, oxidative stress, and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Despite advancements in understanding the disease's pathogenesis, effective preventive and therapeutic interventions are currently lacking. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death (RCD) mechanism involving lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion, exhibits unique features distinct from other RCD forms (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis). Imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification leads to ferroptosis, causing cellular dysfunction through lipid peroxidation, protein modifications, and DNA damage. Emerging evidence points to the crucial role of ferroptosis in PF progression, driving macrophage polarization, fibroblast proliferation, and ECM deposition, ultimately contributing to alveolar cell death and lung tissue scarring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest findings on the involvement and signaling mechanisms of ferroptosis in PF pathogenesis, emphasizing potential novel anti-fibrotic therapeutic approaches targeting ferroptosis for PF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Xiangtan Center Hospital of Hunan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Afflilated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, 528400, China
| | - Lijuan Zong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Xiangtan Center Hospital of Hunan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
| | - Shipeng Ning
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China.
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Liu Y, Tang A, Liu M, Xu C, Cao F, Yang C. Tuberostemonine may enhance the function of the SLC7A11/glutamate antiporter to restrain the ferroptosis to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116983. [PMID: 37532076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stemona is a medicinal plant that has been used in China for thousands of years to treat respiratory diseases such as cough and tuberculosis. The tuberostemonine is the component of the Stemona tuberosa Lour., Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq. or Stemona japonica (Blume) Miq. (The plant name has been checked with http://www.theplantlist.org), of which multiple biological activities has been verified. However, whether it may alleviate pulmonary fibrosis via regulating ferroptosis mechanism has not been confirmed. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to observe whether tuberostemonine alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing the function of the SLC7A11/glutamate antiporter to restrain the ferroptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We validated the effects of tuberostemonine and ferroptosis on TGF-β1-induced proliferation of human lung fibroblast and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In vitro, the ferroptosis effect of TGF-β1 on human lung fibroblast were examined and the activity of ɑ-SMA, collagen, hydroxyproline and ferrous ions in cells were also examined. In vivo, ferroptosis impacts respiratory function. Inflammatory manifestations, hydroxyproline, collagen activity and ferrous ions in the lung or blood were subject to evaluation. RESULTS Tuberostemonine significantly improved respiratory function in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, decreased cellular and lung hydroxyproline content, reduced inflammation and collagen deposition in cells and lung, and promoted an increase in the SLC7A11 and GPX4 proteins. Tuberostemonine inhibits the ferroptosis phenomenon, up-regulates SLC7A11, GPX4 and GSH, and down-regulates the accumulation of iron and ROS. CONCLUSIONS Tuberostemonine significantly inhibited ferroptosis and improved pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Amei Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Changjun Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Cao
- School of Health Care, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Changfu Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Li YQ, An XL, Jin FY, Bai YF, Li T, Yang XY, Liu SP, Gao XM, Mao N, Xu H, Cai WC, Yang F. ISRIB inhibits the senescence of type II pulmonary epithelial cells to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115410. [PMID: 37647802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The role and mechanisms of integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB) on silicosis are still not well defined. In the present study, the effects of ISRIB on cellular senescence and pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis were evaluated by RNA sequencing, micro-computed tomography, pulmonary function assessment, histological examination, and Western blot analysis. The results showed that ISRIB significantly reduced the degree of pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis and reduced the expression of type I collagen, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1. Both in vivo and in vitro results showed that ISRIB reversed the expression of senescence-related factors β-galactosidase, phosphor-ataxia telangiectasia mutated, phosphor-ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein, p-p53, p21, p16, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. The aforementioned results were consistent with the sequencing results. These findings implied that ISRIB might reduce the degree of pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis by inhibiting the cellular senescence of alveolar epithelial cell type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Li
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xu-Liang An
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Fu-Yu Jin
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yi-Fei Bai
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shu-Peng Liu
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue-Min Gao
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Mao
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Health Scicence Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wen-Chen Cai
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- School of public and health, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
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Wang C, Hua S, Song L. Ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis: an emerging therapeutic target. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1205771. [PMID: 37664432 PMCID: PMC10470006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1205771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis has garnered increasing interest as a potential therapeutic target. Pulmonary fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in affected lung tissues, and currently, there are no effective therapies for preventing or reversing the fibrotic lesions. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is regulated by a network of enzymes and signaling pathways. Dysregulation of ferroptosis has been implicated in several diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. The accumulation of lipid peroxides in the course of ferroptosis causes damage to cell membranes and other cellular components, leading ultimately to cell death. Relevant targets for therapeutic intervention in ferroptosis include key enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase 4, transcription factors like nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and iron chelation. This review provides an overview of the emerging role of ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis and highlights potential therapeutic targets in this pathway. Further research is needed to develop safe and effective approaches targeting ferroptosis in treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Department of General Practice, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Roman J. Fibroblasts-Warriors at the Intersection of Wound Healing and Disrepair. Biomolecules 2023; 13:945. [PMID: 37371525 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is triggered by inflammation elicited after tissue injury. Mesenchymal cells, specifically fibroblasts, accumulate in the injured tissues, where they engage in tissue repair through the expression and assembly of extracellular matrices that provide a scaffold for cell adhesion, the re-epithelialization of tissues, the production of soluble bioactive mediators that promote cellular recruitment and differentiation, and the regulation of immune responses. If appropriately deployed, these processes promote adaptive repair, resulting in the preservation of the tissue structure and function. Conversely, the dysregulation of these processes leads to maladaptive repair or disrepair, which causes tissue destruction and a loss of organ function. Thus, fibroblasts not only serve as structural cells that maintain tissue integrity, but are key effector cells in the process of wound healing. The review will discuss the general concepts about the origins and heterogeneity of this cell population and highlight the specific fibroblast functions disrupted in human disease. Finally, the review will explore the role of fibroblasts in tissue disrepair, with special attention to the lung, the role of aging, and how alterations in the fibroblast phenotype underpin disorders characterized by pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and The Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Alternative polyadenylation writer CSTF2 forms a positive loop with FGF2 to promote tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166541. [PMID: 36113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapies for renal fibrosis, the common endpoint for most kidney diseases, are lacking. We previously reported that alternative polyadenylation (APA) drives transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, suggesting a potential role for APA in renal fibrogenesis. Here, we found that among canonical APA writers, CSTF2 expression was upregulated in tubular epithelial cells (TEC) of fibrotic kidneys. CSTF2 was also identified as a TGF-β-inducible pro-fibrotic gene. Further analysis revealed that CSTF2 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) overproduction in TEC by inducing 3'UTR shortening and upregulation of the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Additionally, 3'UTR shortening stabilised FGF2 mRNA through miRNA evasion. Interestingly, FGF2 enhanced CSTF2 expression, leading to the forming of a CSTF2-FGF2 positive loop in TEC. Furthermore, CSTF2 knockdown alleviated unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis in vivo. Finally, we developed a CSTF2-targeted antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and validated its effectiveness in vitro. These results indicate that the expression of the APA writer, CSTF2, is upregulated by TGF-β and CSTF2 facilitates TGF-β-induced FGF2 overexpression, forming a TGF-β-CSTF2-FGF2 pro-fibrotic axis in TEC. CSTF2 is a potentially promising target for renal fibrosis that does not directly disrupt TGF-β.
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Zhang Y, Li M, Guo Y, Liu S, Tao Y. The Organelle-Specific Regulations and Epigenetic Regulators in Ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905501. [PMID: 35784729 PMCID: PMC9247141 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is fairly different from other types of cell-death in biochemical processes, morphological changes and genetics as a special programmed cell-death. Here we summarize the current literatures on ferroptosis, including the cascade reaction of key material metabolism in the process, dysfunction of organelles, the relationship between different organelles and the way positive and negative key regulatory factors to affect ferroptosis in the epigenetic level. Based on material metabolism or epigenetic regulation, it is obvious that the regulatory network of ferroptosis is interrelated and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiming Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yongguang Tao,
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