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Jaffal SM, Abbas MA. TRP channels in COVID-19 disease: Potential targets for prevention and treatment. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109567. [PMID: 34166652 PMCID: PMC8217345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV2] that requires two proteins for entry: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] and -membrane protease serine 2 [TMPRSS2]. Many patients complain from pneumonia, cough, fever, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Notably, different TRP channels are expressed in various tissues infected by SARS-CoV-2. TRP channels are cation channels that show a common architecture with high permeability to calcium [Ca2+] in most sub-families. Literature review shed light on the possible role of TRP channels in COVID-19 disease. TRP channels may take part in inflammation, pain, fever, anosmia, ageusia, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI and neurological complications related to COVID-19. Also, TRP channels could be the targets for many active compounds that showed effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Desensitization or blocking TRP channels by antibodies, aptamers, small molecules or venoms can be an option for COVID-19 prevention and future treatment. This review provides insights into the involvement of TRP channels in different symptoms and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 , potential treatments targeting these channels and highlights missing gaps in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Jaffal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
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2
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Nahama A, Ramachandran R, Cisternas AF, Ji H. The role of afferent pulmonary innervation in ARDS associated with COVID-19 and potential use of resiniferatoxin to improve prognosis: A review. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 5:100033. [PMID: 32292906 PMCID: PMC7147194 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the major causes of mortality associated with COVID-19 disease. Many patients will require intensive care with ventilatory support. Despite progress and best efforts, the mortality rates projected remain high. Historical data outlook points towards 80% expected fatality for patients progressing to advanced pulmonary disease, even when hospitalized in the intensive care unit. This is particularly true among the patient population over 65. Novel life-saving strategies are desperately needed to mitigate the high mortality that will be associated with the late stage SARS-CoV-2 viral infection associated with the fatal respiratory distress. We hypothesize that the morbidity, severity of the disease, and underlying physiological events leading to mortality are closely linked to the TRPV1 expressing neuronal system (afferent/efferent neurons) in the lungs. TRPV1 expressing cells are responsible for pain transmission, inflammation and immunomodulation throughout the entire pulmonary system and are modulating the processes associated with localized cytokine release (storm) and overall rapid disease progression. We suggest that therapeutic approaches targeting TRPV1 containing nerve fibers in the lungs will modulate the inflammatory and immune signal activity, leading to reduced mortality and better overall outcomes. We also propose to further explore the use of resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultra-potent TRPV1 agonist currently in clinical trials for cancer and osteoarthritis pain, as a possible ablating agent of TRPV1 positive pulmonary pathways in patients with advanced COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Nahama
- Sorrento Therapeutics Inc., 4955 Directors’ Place, San Diego, CA, 92121
| | | | | | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics Inc., 4955 Directors’ Place, San Diego, CA, 92121
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Wang R, Lu B, Gerard C, Gerard NP. C5L2, the Second C5a Anaphylatoxin Receptor, Suppresses LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:657-666. [PMID: 27285858 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0067oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS-induced lung injury in the mouse is one of the most robust experimental models used for studies of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. Prior clinical and experimental studies support an important role for complement activation, particularly production of C5a, in the pathophysiology of human ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the mouse model, however, the precise role of C5a and its receptors is unclear. C5L2, an enigmatic second receptor for C5a, has been characterized, and results have generated substantial debate regarding its in vivo function. Our previous work with human neutrophils revealed a unique role for C5L2 in negatively modulating C5a-C5a receptor (C5aR)-mediated cellular activation, in which antibody-mediated blockade of C5L2 resulted in augmented C5a-C5aR responses. Here, we demonstrate that C5L2-/- mice (BALB/c background) administered intranasal LPS exhibit significantly more airway edema and hemorrhage than do wild-type animals. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates have significantly more neutrophils and myeloperoxidase activity, as well as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. When a blocking antibody against the C5aR was administered before LPS administration, the increased neutrophilic infiltration and cytokine levels were reversed. Thus, our data show not only that C5a contributes significantly to LPS-induced ALI in the mouse, but also that C5L2 plays an important antiinflammatory role in this model through actions resulting at least in part from negative modulation of C5a receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- 1 Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Bao Lu
- 1 Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig Gerard
- 1 Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Norma P Gerard
- 1 Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Murphy SR, Oslund KL, Hyde DM, Miller LA, Van Winkle LS, Schelegle ES. Ozone-induced airway epithelial cell death, the neurokinin-1 receptor pathway, and the postnatal developing lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L471-81. [PMID: 25063800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00324.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are uniquely susceptible to ozone because airway and lung growth continue for an extensive period after birth. Early-life exposure of the rhesus monkey to repeated ozone cycles results in region-specific disrupted airway/lung growth, but the mediators and mechanisms are poorly understood. Substance P (SP), neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R); and nuclear receptor Nur77 (NR4A1) are signaling pathway components involved in ozone-induced cell death. We hypothesize that acute ozone (AO) exposure during postnatal airway development disrupts SP/NK-1R/Nur77 pathway expression and that these changes correlate with increased ozone-induced cell death. Our objectives were to 1) spatially define the normal development of the SP/NK-1R/Nur77 pathway in conducting airways; 2) compare how postnatal age modulates responses to AO exposure; and 3) determine how concomitant, episodic ozone exposure modifies age-specific acute responses. Male infant rhesus monkeys were assigned at age 1 mo to two age groups, 2 or 6 mo, and then to one of three exposure subgroups: filtered air (FA), FA+AO (AO: 8 h/day × 2 days), or episodic biweekly ozone exposure cycles (EAO: 8 h/day × 5 days/14-day cycle+AO). O3 = 0.5 ppm. We found that 1) ozone increases SP/NK-1R/Nur77 pathway expression in conducting airways, 2) an ozone exposure cycle (5 days/cycle) delivered early at age 2 mo resulted in an airway that was hypersensitive to AO exposure at the end of 2 mo, and 3) continued episodic exposure (11 cycles) resulted in an airway that was hyposensitive to AO exposure at 6 mo. These observations collectively associate with greater overall inflammation and epithelial cell death, particularly in early postnatal (2 mo), distal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Murphy
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Karen L Oslund
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lisa A Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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5
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Liu C, Yang L, Dang H, Fang F, Xu F. Effect of Substance P on type II alveolar epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxia and its regulation of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1604-8. [PMID: 24938870 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress injury and cell death in alveolar epithelial cells may lead to abnormal repair, further resulting in acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Substance P (SP) has multiple biological activities. The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is important in lung development and decreasing epithelial injury. To investigate the effects of SP on alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC IIs), AEC IIs were exposed to 95% oxygen and the SHH signaling pathway was examined. Primary AEC IIs were isolated and purified from premature rats. The cells were divided into four groups: The air (21% oxygen) group, hyperoxia (95% oxygen) group, hyperoxia + SP group and hyperoxia + SP + L703.606 group. The activity of AEC IIs was examined using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The apoptotic rate of AEC IIs was analyzed by flow cytometry. The oxidative damage was evaluated by flow cytometry and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using a 2',7'‑dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of the SHH signaling molecule Smoothened (SMO). The results demonstrated that exposure to 95% oxygen for 24 h significantly increased the level of ROS, contributed to apoptosis and markedly decreased the proliferation of AEC IIs. Compared with hyperoxia exposure, SP treatment decreased the level of ROS, reduced AEC II apoptosis and improved the cell survival sequentially. SMO was found to be expressed in AEC IIs and its expression increased when the cells were in hyperoxic conditions. These effects were enhanced by treatment with SP, which was able to significantly increase the expression of SMO. The aforementioned protective effect was weakened following treatment with L703.606. These findings suggested that SP was a protective regulatory factor that was able to decrease the hyperoxia‑induced cell injury and death, and improve the survival of AEC IIs exposed to hyperoxia, which may be associated with the activation of the SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Dang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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Yang L, Liu C, Dang H, Fang F, Tan L, Zhao P, Xu F, Liu C. Substance P attenuates hyperoxia‑induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:595-9. [PMID: 24247295 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of substance P (SP) in hyperoxia‑induced lung injury in newborn rats and to elucidate its protective mechanism of action via the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway. Twelve‑hour‑old neonatal Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into one of four groups: air, hyperoxia, air + SP and hyperoxia + SP. In a separate set of experiments, the neonatal rat pups were exposed to 21 or 95% O2 for 14 days with or without intraperitoneal administration of rat SP. The animals were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively, of hyperoxia exposure. Lung pathology and grade of lung tissue injury were examined by light microscopy. Oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant activity was measured by superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tissue homogenates. The expression of SHH mRNA and protein were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. In the hyperoxia group, marked characteristics of acute lung injury (ALI) were observed. Compared with the simple hyperoxia treatment, the lung damage was significantly ameliorated following the addition of SP. Furthermore, the levels of MDA were decreased and SOD was significantly increased following the addition of SP. SP stimulation may result in activation of the SHH signaling pathway and the expression of SHH markedly increased following treatment with SP. The present study demonstrated that SP protected against the hyperoxia‑induced lung damage by attenuating oxidative stress, elevating the antioxidant activities and upregulating the signaling pathway of SHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Dang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Lingping Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Chenjun Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, and PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Jiang G, Sauler M, Lee PJ. Lung endothelial HO-1 targeting in vivo using lentiviral miRNA regulates apoptosis and autophagy during oxidant injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:4041-58. [PMID: 23771928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The lung endothelium is a major target for inflammatory and oxidative stress. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction is a crucial defense mechanism during oxidant challenges, such as hyperoxia. The role of lung endothelial HO-1 during hyperoxia in vivo is not well defined. We engineered lentiviral vectors with microRNA (miRNA) sequences controlled by vascular endothelium cadherin (VE-cad) to study the specific role of lung endothelial HO-1. Wild-type (WT) murine lung endothelial cells (MLECs) or WT mice were treated with lentivirus and exposed to hyperoxia (95% oxygen). We detected HO-1 knockdown (∼55%) specifically in the lung endothelium. MLECs and lungs showed approximately a 2-fold increase in apoptosis and ROS generation after HO-1 silencing. We also demonstrate for the first time that silencing endothelial HO-1 has the same effect on lung injury and survival as silencing HO-1 in multiple lung cell types and that HO-1 regulates caspase 3 activation and autophagy in endothelium during hyperoxia. These studies demonstrate the utility of endothelial-targeted gene silencing in vivo using lentiviral miRNA constructs to assess gene function and that endothelial HO-1 is an important determinant of survival during hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- 1Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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Marked Effects of Tachykinin in Myositis Both in the Experimental Side and Contralaterally: Studies on NK-1 Receptor Expressions in an Animal Model. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:907821. [PMID: 24049666 PMCID: PMC3765760 DOI: 10.1155/2013/907821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle injury and inflammation (myositis) in a rabbit model of an unilateral muscle overuse were examined. It is unknown if the tachykinin system has a functional role in this situation. In this study, therefore, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) expression patterns were evaluated. White blood cells, nerve fascicles, fine nerve fibers, and blood vessel walls in myositis areas showed NK-1R immunoreaction. NK-1R mRNA reactions were observable for white blood cells and blood vessel walls of these areas. NK-1R immunoreaction and NK-1R mRNA reactions were also seen for muscle fibers showing degenerative and regenerative features. There were almost no NK-1R immunoreactions in normal muscle tissue. Interestingly, marked NK-1R expressions were seen for myositis areas of both the experimental side and the contralateral nonexperimental side. EIA analyses showed that the concentration of substance P in the muscle tissue was clearly increased bilaterally at the experimental end stage, as compared to the situation for normal muscle tissue. These observations show that the tachykinin system is very much involved in the processes that occur in muscle injury/myositis. The effects can be related to proinflammatory effects and/or tissue repair. The fact that there are also marked NK-1R expressions contralaterally indicate that the tachykinin system has crossover effects.
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9
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Luo YL, Guo HM, Zhang YL, Chen PX, Zhu YX, Huang JH, Zhou WL. Cellular mechanism underlying formaldehyde-stimulated Cl- secretion in rat airway epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54494. [PMID: 23372735 PMCID: PMC3553115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that formaldehyde (FA) could be synthesized endogeneously and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel might be the sensor of FA. However, the physiological significance is still unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study investigated the FA induced epithelial Cl(-) secretion by activation of TRPV-1 channel located in the nerve ending fiber. Exogenously applied FA induced an increase of I(SC) in intact rat trachea tissue but not in the primary cultured epithelial cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis identified TRPV-1 expression in rat tracheal nerve ending. Capsazepine (CAZ), a TRPV-1 specific antagonist significantly blocked the I(SC) induced by FA. The TRPV-1 agonist capsaicin (Cap) induced an increase of I(SC), which was similar to the I(SC) induced by FA. L-703606, an NK-1 specific inhibitor and propranolol, an adrenalin β receptor inhibitor significantly abolished the I(SC) induced by FA or Cap. In the ion substitute analysis, FA could not induce I(SC) in the absence of extracelluar Cl(-). The I(SC) induced by FA could be blocked by the non-specific Cl(-) channel inhibitor DPC and the CFTR specific inhibitor CFTR(i-172), but not by the Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel inhibitor DIDS. Furthermore, both forskolin, an agonist of adenylate cyclase (AC) and MDL-12330A, an antagonist of AC could block FA-induced I(SC). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that FA-induced epithelial I(SC) response is mediated by nerve, involving the activation of TRPV-1 and release of adrenalin as well as substance P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Xiao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Hong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Liang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Murphy SR, Schelegle ES, Edwards PC, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Van Winkle LS. Postnatal exposure history and airways: oxidant stress responses in airway explants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:815-23. [PMID: 22962062 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0110oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatally, the lung continues to grow and differentiate while interacting with the environment. Exposure to ozone (O(3)) and allergens during postnatal lung development alters structural elements of conducting airways, including innervation and neurokinin abundance. These changes have been linked with development of asthma in a rhesus monkey model. We hypothesized that O(3) exposure resets the ability of the airways to respond to oxidant stress and that this is mediated by changes in the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). Infant rhesus monkeys received episodic exposure to O(3) biweekly with or without house dust mite antigen (HDMA) from 6 to 12 months of age. Age-matched monkeys were exposed to filtered air (FA). Microdissected airway explants from midlevel airways (intrapulmonary generations 5-8) for four to six animals in each of four groups (FA, O(3), HDMA, and HDMA+O(3)) were tested for NK-1R gene responses to acute oxidant stress using exposure to hydrogen peroxide (1.2 mM), a lipid ozonide (10 μM), or sham treatment for 4 hours in vitro. Airway responses were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR of NK-1R and IL-8 gene expression. Basal NK-1R gene expression levels were not different between the exposure groups. Treatment with ozonide or hydrogen peroxide did not change NK-1R gene expression in animals exposed to FA, HDMA, or HDMA+O(3). However, treatment in vitro with lipid ozonide significantly increased NK-1R gene expression in explants from O(3)-exposed animals. We conclude that a history of prior O(3) exposure resets the steady state of the airways to increase the NK-1R response to subsequent acute oxidant stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Murphy
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8732, USA
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Bhandari V, Choo-Wing R, Harijith A, Sun H, Syed MA, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Increased hyperoxia-induced lung injury in nitric oxide synthase 2 null mice is mediated via angiopoietin 2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:668-76. [PMID: 22227562 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0074oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental oxygen is frequently prescribed. However, prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen causes hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI), which manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults and leads to bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns (NBs). Nitric oxide (NO), NO synthases (NOSs), and angiopoietin (Ang) 2 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HALI. However, the mechanisms of the contributions of NOS/NO and the relationship(s) between NOS/NO and Ang2 have not been addressed. In addition, the relevance of these moieties in adults and NBs has not been evaluated. To address these issues, we compared the responses in hyperoxia of wild-type (NOS [+/+]) and NOS null (-/-) young adult and NB mice. When compared with NOS2(+/+) adult controls, NOS2(-/-) animals manifest exaggerated alveolar-capillary protein leak and premature death. These responses were associated with enhanced levels of structural cell death, enhanced expression of proapoptotic regulatory proteins, and Ang2. Importantly, silencing RNA knockdown of Ang2 decreased the levels of cell death and the expression of proapoptotic mediators. These effects were at least partially NOS2 specific, and were development dependent, because survival was similar in adult NOS3(+/+) and NOS3(-/-) mice and NB NOS2(+/+) and NOS2(-/-) mice, respectively. These studies demonstrate that NOS2 plays an important protective role in HALI in adult animals. They also demonstrate that this response is mediated, at least in part, by the ability of NOS2 to inhibit hyperoxia-induced Ang2 production and thereby decrease Ang2-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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12
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Helyes Z, Elekes K, Sándor K, Szitter I, Kereskai L, Pintér E, Kemény A, Szolcsányi J, McLaughlin L, Vasiliou S, Kipar A, Zimmer A, Hunt SP, Stewart JP, Quinn JP. Involvement of preprotachykinin A gene-encoded peptides and the neurokinin 1 receptor in endotoxin-induced murine airway inflammation. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:399-406. [PMID: 20579732 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins encoded by the preprotachykinin A (TAC1) gene such as substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are involved in neurogenic inflammatory processes via predominantly neurokinins 1 and 2 (NK1 and NK2) receptor activation, respectively. Endokinins and hemokinins encoded by the TAC4 gene also have remarkable selectivity and potency for the NK1 receptors and might participate in inflammatory cell functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyper-reactivity in TAC1(-/-), NK1(-/-) and also in double knockout (TAC1(-/-)/NK1(-/-)) mice. Sub-acute interstitial lung inflammation was evoked by intranasal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the knockout mice and their wildtype C57BL/6 counterparts 24 h before measurement. Respiratory parameters were measured with unrestrained whole body plethysmography. Bronchoconstriction was induced by inhalation of the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol and Penh (enhanced pause) correlating with airway resistance was calculated. Lung interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were measured with ELISA. Histological evaluation was performed and a composite morphological score was determined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung was measured with spectrophotometry to quantify the number of infiltrating neutrophils/macrophages. Airway hyper-reactivity was significantly reduced in the TAC1(-/-) as well as the TAC1(-/-)/NK1(-/-) groups. However, LPS-induced histological inflammatory changes (perivascular/peribronchial oedema, neutrophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia), MPO activity and TNF-alpha concentration were markedly diminished only in TAC1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, the concentrations of both cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, were significantly greater in the NK1(-/-) group. These data clearly demonstrated on the basis of histology, MPO and cytokine measurements that TAC1 gene-derived tachykinins, SP and NKA, play a significant role in the development of endotoxin-induced murine airway inflammation, but not solely via NK1 receptor activation. However, in inflammatory bronchial hyper-responsiveness other tachykinins, such as hemokinin-1 acting through NK1 receptors also might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Hungary.
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van der Windt GJW, Schouten M, Zeerleder S, Florquin S, van der Poll T. CD44 is protective during hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:377-83. [PMID: 20463290 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute lung injury or respiratory distress syndrome often require supplemental oxygen to maintain tissue oxygenation; however, this treatment can cause or worsen lung inflammation. CD44 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule that is present on a wide variety of cell types, including leukocytes and parenchymal cells, and is an important player in leukocyte trafficking. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CD44 during hyperoxia-induced (> 95% oxygen) acute lung injury. Whereas all wild-type mice survived the 72-hour observation period, 37.5% of CD44 knockout (KO) mice died. CD44 deficiency was associated with a profound influx of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space, in the presence of similar or even lower neutrophil numbers in lung parenchyma, suggesting that CD44 is important for containing neutrophils in the pulmonary interstitium during hyperoxia. In addition, CD44 deficiency resulted in increased IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine release into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). CD44 KO mice further displayed evidence for increased vascular leak and injury of type II respiratory epithelial cells. CD44 protected against bronchial epithelial cell death, as shown by increased epithelial cell necrosis and a trend toward increased BALF nucleosome levels in CD44 KO mice. CD44 can bind and internalize hyaluronic acid (HA), which acts proinflammatory. Concentrations of HA increased in BALF from CD44 KO but not wild-type mice during hyperoxia. These data suggest that CD44 protects against hyperoxia-induced lung injury and mortality by a mechanism that at least in part relies on its ability to clear HA from the bronchoalveolar space.
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